avtoris stili daculia

ivane javaxiSvilis saxelobis Tbilisis saxelmwifo universiteti

humanitarul mecnierebaTa fakulteti

inglisuri filologiis departamenti

ilia paWkoria

`hamletis~ asociaciuri aRqma

modernizmsa da postmodernizmSi
(j. joisi da t. stopardi)

filologiis doqtoris (Ph.D.) akademiuri xarisxis

mosapoveblad warmodgenili

d i s e r t a c i a

samecniero xelmZRvaneli: filologiis mecnierebaTa doqtori,

profesori Temur kobaxiZe

Tbilisi
2016
 Sinaarsi

Sesavali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

1. `hamletis~ problematika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.1. `hamletis~ modernistuli da postmodernistuli gaazrebis

zogierTi aspeqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

1.2. `hamleti~ da metaTeatri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

1.3. aCrdili, Tu halucinacia? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

1.4. hamleti _ personaJi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

1.5. gertrudi, ofelia da hamletis `qalTmoZuleoba~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

1.6. hamleti, laerti da poloniusi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

1.7. rozenkrancisa da gildensternis roli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

1.8. hamletis saqcielis zneobrivi aspeqti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

2. hamleturi asociaciebi joisis `uliseSi~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

2.1. `hamleti~ da `ulise~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

2.2. stiveni rogorc parodiuli hamleti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

2.3. stivenis `Seqspiruli Teoria~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113

2.4. blumis asociaciuri kavSiri `hamletTan~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120

2.5. piesa `kirke~, anu `aCrdilTa Rame~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133

2.6. `mama-Svili~ hamleti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140

2.7. parodiuli gertrudi da `ulises~ dasasruli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143

3. `hamletis~ postmodernistuli interpretacia:
stopardis `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

3.1. ori teqsti stopardis piesaSi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147

3.2. fabulis xarveziT gansazRvruli sikvdili . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150

3.3. monetebis simbolika . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152

3.4. gaurkvevloba da umiznoba rogorc problema . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155

3.5. msaxiobis vinaobis sakiTxi. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160

3.6. metadramatuli qvecnobieri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163

3.7. `SekiTxvobanas~ TamaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178

3.8. sikvdilis gaazreba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

3.9. `hamletis~ postmodernistuli xedva stopardis piesaSi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189

daskvnebi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 198

damowmebuli literaturis sia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203

 Sesavali

Cveni saukunis dasawyisSi Seqspiris SemoqmedebiT dainteresebulma

sazogadoebam `hamletis~ [Hamlet (1601)] Seqmnidan 400 wlis iubile izeima,
rac gamoixata msoflio masStabiT am piesisadmi miZRvnili mravali
SemoqmedebiTi Tu samecniero RonisZiebiT. miuxedavad imisa, rom
`hamletis~ daweridan oTx saukuneze meti gavida, am piesisadmi
gansakuTrebuli interesi dRemde ar ganelebula. amas mowmobs bolo
erTi saukunis ganmavlobaSi msoflios sxvadasxva TeatrSi misi dadgmis
maRali sixSire, araerTi filmis gadaReba, hamleturi anareklebis siuxve
mxatvrul literaturaSi, TviT piesis mxatvruli gadamuSavebisa da
msoflmxedvelobrivi gadaazrebis SemTxvevebi, misi aqtualoba
samecniero sferoSi da sxva. dRemde iwereba da qveyndeba hamletur
TematikasTan pirdapir Tu iribad dakavSirebuli saerTaSoriso
mniSvnelobis samecniero statiebi, disertaciebi Tu monografiebi. es
literatura ukve erT did biblioTekas Seadgens da kvlavac ganagrZobs
zrdas. TiTqos `hamleti~ amouwuravia. misi pirveli dadgmidan
moyolebuli yvela epoqa sakuTar Tavs xedavs masSi da Tavisi axleburi
interpretaciebiT ar aZlevs am piesas moZvelebis saSualebas. yoveli
Semdgomi epoqa miiCnevs, rom es mis droebaze daiwera, TiToeuli epoqis
sulTan am piesis suliskveTebis TanakveTis xarisxi erTob maRalia, rac
ganxiluli piesis zogadsakacobrio xasiaTze metyvelebs.
winamdebare sadisertacio naSromSi gamokvleulia `hamletis~
asociaciuri aRqma modernizmsa da postmodernizmSi, jeimz joisisa da
tom stopardis nawarmoebebis magaliTze. didia `hamletis~ gavlena
modernistul da postmodernistul literaturaze. modernistuli
literaturis yvelaze gaxmaurebuli romani, jeimz joisis `ulise~
[Ulysses (1922)], cxadia, gverds ver auvlida am gavlenas. postmodernizmis
epoqaSi ki tom stopardi Tavisi eqsperimentuli piesiT `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ [Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead (1966)]
pirdapir `hamletis~ miseul versias gvTavazobs. swored am ori
nawarmoebis mimarTeba `hamletTan~ warmoadgens Cveni Seswavlis sagans.
ratom SevarCieT maincadamainc es ori nawarmoebi da ara romelime sxva?

1
amis dasabuTeba arc ise rTulia. joisis `ulise~ udavod literaturuli
modernizmis arqetipuli romania, xolo masSi areklili hamleturi
motivebi uaRresad mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs romanis rogorc ideur-
msoflmxedvelobrivi, ise misi mxatvrul-SemoqmedebiTi aspeqtis
gansazRvra-formirebaSi. rac Seexeba stopardis piesas `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~, mas Tamamad SeiZleba ewodos `hamletis~
yvelaze cnobili da warmatebuli postmodernistuli interpretacia.
`hamletTan~ mimarTebiT joisisa da stopardis naxsenebi nawarmoebebis
gansakuTrebul mniSvnelobaze miuTiTebs Tundac `literaturul da
Tematur terminTa leqsikonSi~ (A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms)
hamleturi Tematikisadmi miZRvnili saleqsikono statia, romelsac am
Tematikis seriozuli gavlenis matarebeli nawarmoebis nimuSad
modernistuli literaturidan, pirvelyovlisa, swored joisis `ulise~
mohyavs, xolo postmodernistuli literaturidan _ mxolod stopardis
`rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ (ix. quini 2006: 191-192).
yvelasaTvis naTelia, rom piesa `hamletisadmi~ arsebul uSret
interesSi lomis wili swored mis eponimur protagonists ufliswul
hamlets udevs. zneobrivi simaRle, Rrma inteleqtisa da Zlieri emociis
iSviaTi sinTezi, qarizma, bedisagan usamarTlod daCagruloba,
simarTlisaTvis brZola da kidev bevri sxva ram aris is, rac xdis am
personaJs erTob mimzidvels. cota mxatvruli xasiaTi Tu Seqmnila
msoflio dramaturgiaSi, romlis tragediasac ise Zlier TanaugrZnobs
mkiTxveli Tu mayurebeli, rogorc hamletisas.
hamleti renesansuli gmiria. igi aRorZinebis epoqis humanistur
idealebzea gazrdili, magram es idealebi axla kriziss ganicdis masSi.
raSi mdgomareobs ufliswulis tragedia? ra aris misi pesimizmis
umTavresi mizezi? am kiTxvas savsebiT damajereblad pasuxobs Teodor
spenseri (spenseri 1943: 94): adamiani, rogoric is aris da ara rogoric
unda iyos. swored aqedan iRebs saTaves hamletis sulieri gaoreba. igi
adamianSi RmerTs eZebs, magram demons poulobs, samoTxes eZebs, magram
jojoxeTs xedavs, siyvarulsa da siwmindes eZebs, magram Sig mxolod
siZva da simyralea. Tavis pirad, ojaxur tragediaSi hamleti mTeli

2
kacobriobis tragedias xedavs da am gziT TviTonve gviadvilebs mis
personaJSi Cveni pirovnebis anarekli davinaxoT.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, hamlets bolomde mainc ar Cauqnevia xeli
kacobriobaze. mas sjera adamianSi keTili sawyisis arsebobisa da masSi
sikeTisa da saTnoebis gaRvivebis SesaZleblobisa. rogorc niko
yiasaSvili (yiasaSvili 1992: 118-119) aRniSnavs, hamletur pesimizms jer
kidev Tan axlavs mis gamomwvev mizezebTan brZolis suliskveTeba.
miuxedavad, imedgacruebisa ufliswuli, ase Tu ise, mainc ibrZvis
simarTlisaTvis da xedavs kidec am brZolaSi sazriss, Tumca wamxdari
droebis gasworeba mas urTules saqmed esaxeba.
Seqspirisdroindel renesanssa da modernizms daaxloebiT sami
saukune aSorebT erTmaneTisagan. am drois ganmavlobaSi dasavlurma
samyarom gamoiara mTeli epoqebi ganmanaTleblobis, romantizmisa Tu
realizmis saxiT. Sedegad, sakmaod didi msoflmxedvelobrivi
ufskrulia `hamletsa~ da `ulises~ Soris. modernistul epoqaSi
hamletis humanisturi suliskveTeba, faqtobrivad, mkvdaria. joisTan is
parodiis sagnad aris qceuli. modernisti mwerali aRar moelis
adamianisgan maRali idealebisken swrafvas da Sesabamisad, misi
personaJebic gamoclilni arian yovelgvari heroikulobisagan. `uliseSi~
ar meordeba ufliswuli hamleti, arc misi mamis aCrdili; aq mxolod
maTi degradirebuli landebi daZrwian stiven dedalosisa da leopold
blumis saxiT. hamleturi amxedreba da brZola adamianuri borotebisa da
znedacemulobis winaaRmdeg ucxoa modernistuli nawarmoebisaTvis,
radgan ar aris imedi adamianis sulieri amaRlebisa. es realoba
miRebulia, rogorc pesimisturi mocemuloba kacobriobis Sesaxeb.
hamleturi tragizmidan `ulises~ tragikomikur planze gadasvla ki am
realobisadmi ufro nelTbil, Tumc ki ironiul damokidebulebaze
mianiSnebs. miuxedavad yvelafrisa, maRali adamianuri faseulobebi
joisTan da zogadad modernistul literaturaSi bolomde uaryofili
mainc ar aris. raki modernizmi acnobierebs adamianis moralur
dacemulobas, amiT zneobrivi simaRlis arsebobasac aRiarebs, rogorc
fenomens, TumcaRa mas miuwvdomlad miiCnevs adamianisTvis. rac
miuRwevelia, amaze hamletiviT dardi ar Rirs, magram misi sruli

3
ignorirebac SeuZlebelia, radgan es yvelaferi kacobriobaze kargs
arafers metyvelebs. amitomac, dascinis da ganaqiqebs modernistuli
xedva adamianis amgvar mdgomareobas, Tumca gamosavals ar gvTavazobs,
radgan ver xedavs mas.
modernizmisagan gansxvavebiT, postmodernistuli epoqa bolomde
uaryofs maRal Rirebulebebs. man ar icis, ras daarqvas maRali da ras _
dabali. hamleti da rozenkranc-gildensterni erT doneze arian, radgan
aRar arsebobs ierarqia. yvelaferi nivelirebulia; yovelive
gaTanabrebulia. Sedegad, arc adamianis sulieri dacemulobis gancda
gvaqvs, radgan postmodernizmisTvis gaugebaria, ras niSnavs dacema. Tu
modernizmi yvelgan logikas eZebs, postmodernizmisTvis es logika
iluzorul TamaSad qceula. stopardis piesis samyaroSi ar Cans raime
orientiri, radgan arc igulisxmeba misi arseboba. aq WeSmariteba
xelovnuria, pirobiTi da virtualuri. eWqveSaa dayenebuli adamianis
Tavisufali nebac. stopardis gmirebi Seqspiris marionetebi arian,
romelTac `hamletis~ scenari aTamaSebs avtoris nebaze. isini ver
gaurbian sikvdils, radgan scenaris mixedviT, `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~.
aRsaniSnavia, rom joisis `uliseSi~ zogierTi mkvlevari (ix., mag.,
detmari 1996; makheili 1992) postmodernizmis elementebs xedavs da arcTu
usafuZvlod, miuxedavad imisa, rom es romani Tavisi arsiT mainc tipuri
modernistuli teqstia. meore mxriv, stopardis `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ SedarebiT adreuli postmodernizmis
nimuSia da aqedan gamomdinare, masSi postmodernuli suli ise mkacrad
araa gamoxatuli. amitomac, `ulisesa~ da stopardis am piesas Soris
arsobrivad mTlad ufskruli ar aris, Tumca sakmarisad didi
msoflmxedvelobrivi manZili aSorebT erTmaneTisgan imisaTvis, rom maT
urTierTmimarTebaSi naTlad davinaxoT modernizmsa da postmodernizms
Soris arsebuli Zireuli kontrasti. orive `hamletis~ parodirebas
axdens, magram pirvelTan is mainc didTan asocirdeba, xolo meoresTan
es asociaciac, faqtobrivad, parodiis sagania.
miuxedavad imisa, rom winamdebare naSromis mTavar mizans `hamletis~
modernistuli da postmodernistuli aRqmis Seswavla warmoadgens

4
joisisa da stopardis naxseneb teqstebSi, disertaciis pirveli da
yvelaze vrceli Tavi uSualod Seqspiris `hamletsa~ da mis Cveneul
gaazrebas eTmoba. es Tavi, faqtobrivad, Seqspirologiur kvlevas
ganekuTvneba, Tumca hamletur problematikasTan dakavSirebuli uamravi
sakiTxidan, yuradReba gamaxvilebulia mxolod im ZiriTad problemebze,
romlebic TavianT mkafio gamoZaxils hpoveben joisis `ulisesa~ da
stopardis piesaSi `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~.
amgvarad, naSromis pirvel, Seqspirul TavSi ganxiluli Temebi
amzadebs meore, joisur da mesame, stopardul TavebSi Sesaswavl
sakiTxebs. magaliTad, saWirod miviCnevT jer hamletis pirovnebis
renesansuli saxis Cveneuli xedva warmovaCinoT, vidre ganvixilavT, erTi
mxriv, joisis `uliseSi~ stiven dedalosisa da meore mxriv, stopardis
piesaSi rozenkranc-gildensternis parodiul mimarTebas am saxesTan.
aucilebelia, vTqvaT, gaviazroT hamletis damokidebuleba zogadad
qalisadmi, raTa sworad davinaxoT misi msgavseba Tu gansxvaveba stiven
dedalosis xedvasTan qalTa sqesis mimarT. SeqspirologiaSi
orazrovnebaa aCrdilis warmomavlobis Sesaxeb. raki mkvlevarTa nawili
mas realur gamocxadebad miiCnevs, xolo nawili hamletis halucinaciad,
jer unda gavarkvioT am oridan romelTan gvaqvs saqme, vidre paralels
gavavlebT meri dedalosis moCvenebasTan, romelic calsaxad stivenis
halucinaciaa. am paralelizmis interpretacia, cxadia, ver iqneba orive
SemTxvevaSi identuri da is pirdapir damokidebulia `hamletis~
aCrdilis warmomavlobis raobaze. safuZvlianad unda iqnas Seswavlili
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis Seqspiruli saxe, raTa Semdeg
marTebulad Sefasdes stopardis piesis protagonistebad qceuli amave
gmirebis mimarTeba TavianT winamorbedebTan iseve, rogorc stopardis
piesis sxva Seqspirul gmirebTan. swored amitomac `hamletis~ am
meorexarisxovan gmirebs uCveulod didi adgili eTmoba disertaciis
pirvel TavSi.
amrigad, winamdebare naSromis pirveli Tavi (garda imisa, rom igi
warmoadgens hamletologiur kvlevas) mniSvnelovani sayrdenia mis meore
da mesame TavSi Catarebuli kvlevisa. aqve unda aRiniSnos isic, rom Cven
mier ganxilul joisis romansa da stopardis piesas Soris uSualo

5
kavSirze laparaki mecnierul safuZvels moklebulia. maTi kavSiri
ZiriTadad gaSualebulia hamleturi TematikiT. xolo am Tematikis
gansxvavebuli proeqcia joisTan da stopardTan, faqtobrivad,
modernizmsa da postmodernizms Soris arsebul kontrasts gamoxatavs,
rac iZleva aq ganxiluli maTi nawarmoebebis urTierTmimarTebaze
uzogadesi daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas.
naSromis amocanaa aCvenos hamletis maRali, Seqspiruli saxis
sulieri daknineba modernizmSi, da misi sruli, lamis gaqrobamde
damiweba postmodernizmSi. Seqspiruli hamletis saxisadmi modernistuli
xedvis warmosaCenad savsebiT sakmarisia mxolod joisis `ulises~
gaanalizeba, iseve, rogorc am saxisadmi postmodernistuli
damokidebulebis warmosaCenad kmara mxolod stopardis piesis
`rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ Seswavla, radgan orive
nawarmoebSi sakmaod mkafiod aris asaxuli Sesabamis epoqaTa
msoflmxedvelobrivi da esTetikuri damokidebuleba hamletis
renesansul-humanisturi saxisadmi.
vinaidan naSromi exeba Seqspiris, joisisa da stopardis nawarmoebebs,
Sesabamisad, masSi gamoyenebuli ZiriTadi samecniero-kritikuli masalac,
Seqspirologiuri, joisologiuri da stopardis SemoqmedebasTan
dakavSirebuli kvlevebidan garkveuli principiT gamorCeul naSromTa
Tavisebur erTobliobas warmoadgens. `hamletze~ Seqmnili didZali
samecniero literaturidan Cveni yuradRebis centrSi moeqca, mxolod is
masala, romelic gamosadegia am piesis modernistuli da
postmodernistuli gaazrebis Seswavlis Sesamzadeblad Casatarebeli
Seqspirologiuri kvlevisaTvis. joisis `ulisesTan~ dakavSirebuli
kritikuli literaturidan CvenTvis, pirvelyovlisa, aqtualuria mxolod
is naSromebi, romlebSic adgili eTmoba am romanSi hamleturi
paralelebis Seswavlas. stopardis SemTxvevaSi ki ZiriTadad Sexeba
gvaqvs im kvlevebTan, romlebSic Seswavlilia misi `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~.
`hamletis~ maRalmxatvrul Rirebulebaze da mis zogadsakacobrio
mniSvnelobaze mosaubre mkvlevarTa CamoTvla Zalian Sors wagviyvans.
samagierod, ufro Znelia gverdi avuaroT tomas eliotis (elioti 1998:

6
57) Tundac naxevrad mecnierul azrs, romlis Tanaxmadac `hamleti~
Seqspiris SemoqmedebiTi marcxia. am mosazrebas warmatebiT abaTileben
jon douver uilsoni (uilsoni 1951: 307-308) da marvin hanti (hanti 2007: 2).
Temur kobaxiZe (kobaxiZe 2004: 41) ki eliotis am pozicias misi, rogorc
modernisti xelovanis, esTetikuri xedvis TaviseburebiT xsnis.
SeqspirologiaSi orazrovnebaa hamletis mamis aCrdilis realuroba-
irealurobis Sesaxeb. jon douver uilsoni (uilsoni 1951), magaliTad,
miiCnevs, rom aCrdili namdvilia, radgan mas, hamletis garda, horacio,
marcelusi da bernardoc xedavs. uolter gregi (gregi 1917: 410) ki
Tvlis, rom aCrdili hamletis da misi megobrebis sulieri
mRelvarebisagan gamowveuli saerTo halucinaciuri movlenaa.
winamdebare naSromSi gaziarebulia uilsonis azri, xolo gregiseuli
sayovelTao halucinaciis idea uaryofilia. marvin hanti (hanti 2007),
romelic iziarebs uilsonis azrs aCrdilis realurobis Sesaxeb `Ramis
saguSagos scenasTan~ mimarTebiT, uWirs gaiziaros igive azri
`gertrudis oTaxis scenasTan~ mimarTebiT da Sesabamisad, aq aCrdilis
halucinaciurobis ideisaken ixreba. Tumca mainc safiqrebelia, rom aqac
Seqspirma realuri aCrdili igulisxma da amis damadasturebeli
ramdenime argumentic motanilia naSromSi.
aCrdilis Tematika erTob sagulisxmoa joisis `uliseSi~. igi
pirdapir ukavSirdeba nawarmoebis umTavres motivs _ mamisa da Zis
urTierTZiebas. TviT aCrdilis namdviloba-halucinaciurobis sakiTxic
Taviseburad iCens Tavs am romanSi. kerZod, ufliswul hamletTan
asociaciurad gaigivebul stiven dedalosTan mimarTebaSi mamobrivi
suliskveTebiT gamsWvaluli obieqturad realuri leopold blumi,
ZiriTadad, namdvili aCrdilis parodias waagavs, xolo `kirkes~
epizodSi stivenis warmosaxvaSi aRmocenebuli gardacvlili dedis
moCveneba, aCrdilis halucinaciad gaazrebis parodiul gamoZaxils
emsgavseba. aCrdilis Tema pirdapir ukavSirdeba stivenis `Seqspirul
Teorias~ da im religiur Tu esTetikur aspeqtebs, rac figurirebs mis
garSemo. swored stivenis `Teoriis~ WrilSi ganixilaven aCrdilis
Tematikas, magaliTad, uiliam tindali (tindali 1959: 173-179), mod elmani
(etriji 2004a: 83-101), riCard kerni (kerni 2003: 146-150). luk gibonsi

7
(gibonsi 2015) mTlianad wigns uZRvnis am Tematikas, sadac farTod aris
ganxiluli aCrdiloba, rogorc fenomeni ara mxolod `uliseSi~, aramed
zogadad joisis SemoqmedebaSi.
araerTi kritikosi (mulani 1994; ferni 2002; goldStaini 2001)
ufliswul hamletSi qalTmoZuleobas xedavs. Tumca blici (blici 2001:
191) Tvlis, rom hamleti ara maincadamainc qalTmoZuleobas, aramed
zogadad kacTmoZuleobas avlens. naSromSi es mosazrebebi ar aris
gaziarebuli, radgan, rogorc kvlevam aCvena, hamleti arc zogadad
kacTmoZulea da arc konkretulad qalTmoZule, aramed is, rac mas
sZuls ganyenebulia qalobisagan da zogadad adamianobisgan da ufro
metic, upirispirdeba kidevac maT. sxva sityvebiT, hamlets adamiani ki ar
sZuls, aramed adamianSi swored adamianobis nakleboba zaravs, da Tu igi
qalSi am danakliss ufro mwared ganicdis, es mxolod imiTaa
ganpirobebuli, rom piesa `hamletis~ orad ori personaJi qalidan erTi
misi dedaa, xolo meore _ satrfo. mkvlevarTa (uaiTi 1986; uilkneri 2006;
heleri 2002) umravlesoba agreTve miiCnevs, rom ofelia sruliad
udanaSaulo msxverplia im usamarTlo socialuri garemosi, romelSic
igi imyofeba. am pozicias mxolod nawilobriv SeiZleba daveTanxmoT.
marTalia, ofelia udavod msxverplia elsinoris karis mankieri
realobisa, magram ufliswuli hamletis winaSe is mTlad udanaSaulo
mainc ar aris.
hamletis damokidebulebas qalisadmi Taviseburad ireklavs joisis
`uliseSi~ stiven dedalosis xedva qalTa sqesisadmi. stivenisTvis qali
aris rogorc nayofierebisa da sicocxlis wyaro, aseve codvisa da
sikvdilis saTavec. igi qalSi, erTi mxriv, vnebian, macdunebel, garyvnil
arsebas xedavs, meore mxriv ki, misi Tavisuflebis SemzRudvel arsebas.
es ukanaskneli, pirvelyovlisa, dedamisTan asocirdeba. qalisadmi stiven
dedalosis damokidebulebis sakiTxs exebian, magaliTad, riCard elmani
(elmani 1972: 47-48), margerit harknesi (harknesi 1984: 115-118), qeTlin ferisi
(ferisi 2010: 100-103). samive maTgani aseve saubrobs leopold blumis
poziciaze qalTa sqesis mimarT. maTgan stivenisa da blumis xedvebs
Soris yvelaze did gansxvavebas elmani xedavs, xolo yvelaze did
msgavsebas _ ferisi.

8
 SeqspirologiaSi araerTi mkvlevari (raiTi 2001: 21; sadovski 2003: 159-
160; deivisi 2008: 113; Carni 2012: 62) amaxvilebs yuradRebas imaze, rom
`hamletis~ meorexarisxovani gmirebi, rozenkranci da gildensterni
moklebulni arian individualobas da Sedegad, iolad eqvemdebarebian
urTierTCanacvlebas. am garemoebas moxerxebulad iyenebs tom stopardi
Tavis eqsperimentul piesaSi `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi
arian~, sadac Seqspiris es ori uferuli personaJi protagonistebad
gvevlinebian. stopardis piesis sxva Seqspiruli personaJebi ver arCeven
maT erTmaneTisgan. ufro metic, rozenkranci da gildensterni zogjer
TviTonve ureven TavianT saxelebs erTmaneTSi. amiT ki stopardi
postmodernul epoqaSi adamianis identobis problemasa da mis sulier
dezorientirebulobas usvams xazs da amasTanave mianiSnebs, rom
dRevandel civilizebul msoflioSi adamiani, rogorc individi,
sinamdvileSi, arafrad aris CaTvlili. Tumca, meore mxriv, avtori
SesaZloa arc miiCnevs Tanamedrove adamians ukeTesi yofis Rirsad,
radgan misi TvalTaxedviT, postmodernul epoqaSi hamletis adgili
rozenkranc-gildensternebma daikaves.
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis ZiriTadi funqcia hamletze
jaSuSobaa. bolos maT hamletis gacileba evalebaT inglisisaken da
inglisis mefisaTvis klavdiusis werilis gadacema, romelSic
dakveTilia daniis ufliswulis mkvleloba. mekobreebis Tavdasxmis
Sedegad hamleti axerxebs inglisisken mimavali gemidan gaqcevas, magram,
miuxedavad amisa, rozenkranci da gildensterni uhamletod agrZeleben
Tavdapirvel kurss. mecxramete saukunis germaneli mecnieri karl
verderi (verderi 1907: 172-173) erT-erTi pirvelia, vinc am momentze
mkafiod amaxvilebs yuradRebas. igi SeniSnavs, rom hamletis gareSe
inglisis mefisaTvis klavdiusis werilis gadacema azrs moklebulia.
aqedan gamomdinare, verderi askvnis, rom rozenkrancsa da gildensterns
warmodgena ar hqondaT klavdiusis werilis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. amave
azrze dganan mkvlevarebis umetesoba (makalindoni 1991; blici 2001;
sadovski 2003; hogani 2013). es mosazreba imdenad gabatonebulia, rom mas
vawydebiT ara mxolod wmindad samecniero literaturaSi, aramed iseT
sacnobaro tipis wignSi, rogoricaa, magaliTad, `kritikuli gzamkvlevi

9
uiliam Seqspirisaken~ (Critical Companion to William Shakespeare), sadac TiTqmis
udavod aris miCneuli rozenkrancisa da gildensternis mier klavdiusis
SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb ucodinroba (boisi 2005: 154). uiliam lorensi
(lorensi 1944: 59) da tomas rokueli (rokueli 2008: 124) ki erTgvar
neitralur poziciaze dganan da fiqroben, rom gaurkvevelia, icodnen Tu
ara mefis kariskacebma klavdiusis mzakvruli Canafiqris Sesaxeb.
miuxedavad aq moyvanili mosazrebebisa, es sakiTxi met Seswavlas
saWiroebs, radgan, rogorc kvlevam aCvena, Seqspiris rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns imaze meti scodniaT im sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, rac
imaleboda hamletze SeTqmuli klavdiusis muxanaTuri werilis ukan,
vidre es erTi SexedviT Cans, rac mniSvnelovnad cvlis piesis
moqmedebidan maTi gayvanis logikur suraTs. miRebuli Sedegis
safuZvelze ki ganisazRvra, rom daniaSi dauyovnebeli dabruneba ufro
marTebuli iqneboda maTgan, vidre inglisisken svlis gagrZeleba. am
sakiTxis garkveva mniSvnelovani iyo ara imdenad Seqspirologiuri
kvlevis TvalsazrisiT, ramdenadac winamdebare naSromSi ganxilul
stopardis piesasTan mimarTebiT, romlis moqmedeba gansazRvrulia
`hamletis~ siuJetiT. stopardis rozenkranci da gildensterni axsnas ver
uZebnian TiTqmis verafers, rac maT garSemo xdeba. kariskacebs isic ki
ver gaugiaT, ratom gadawyda maTi sikvdili. aq, cxadia, `hamletis~
scenari moqmedebs maTze, rogorc erTgvari mistikuri deterministuli
Zala. miuxedavad imisa, rom piesis protagonistebs ar surT sikvdili,
isini ar cdiloben Tavis gadarCenas da emorCilebian beds, radgan TviT
bedisadmi maTi morCilebac TiTqos determinirebulia. raki irkveva, rom
sakuTriv Seqspiris rozenkrancsa da gildensterns SeeZloT,
gaecnobierebinaT uhamletod inglisSi mogzaurobis gagrZelebis
absurduloba da raki araviTari xelSesaxebi garemoeba ar Cans, rac
aiZulebda maT aseTi suleluri arCevnis gakeTebas, gamodis, rom isinic,
iseve, rogorc stopardis protagonistebi, mekobreebis epizodTan arc ise
gamarTuli `hamletis~ scenaris deterministuli Zalis msxverplni
yofilan, riTac ukve metadramatul ganzomilebaSi gadavdivarT.
Seqspiris rozenkrancisagan da gildensternisagan gansxvavebiT,
stopardis protagonistebi cotaTi sulelebad gamoiyurebian. mkvlevarTa

10
umravlesoba (blumi 2003: 17; hanteri 2000: 32; jernigani 2012: 19) amas met-
naklebad erTgvari mizeziT xsnis, kerZod, imiT, rom stopardis
rozenkrancma da gildensternma rogorc `hamletidan~ nasesxebma
personaJebma mxolod Seqspiris mier maTTvis dawerili rolis
Sesruleba ician jerovnad; am rolis miRma ki isini gzaabneulni da
miuxvedrelni xdebian. Tumca hamletis gareSe inglisisken mimavali
Seqspiris rozenkrancica da gildensternic sulelebs emsgavsebian, Tuki
ar davuSvebT, rom es `hamletis~ fabulis xarvezma ganapiroba.
amrigad, `hamletis~, `ulisesa~ da piesis `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ garSemo Seqmnili samecniero-kritikuli
literaturis analizi, erTi mxriv, cxadyofs, rom TviT mecnieruli
Seswavlis iseTi didi istoriis mqone nawarmoebSi, rogoric Seqspiris
`hamletia~, jer kidev SesaZlebelia mivagnoT `TeTr laqebs~, sul cota
im SemTxvevaSi mainc, Tu piesas vikvlevT, rogorc modernistul da
postmodernistul literaturaSi hamleturi elementebis arsebobis
safuZvels. meore mxriv, ikveTeba isic, rom garkveuli Seqspirologiuri
kvlevis Catareba sasurvelia pirvel etapze, raTa Semdeg mecnieruli
TvalsazrisiT ufro Sedegiani iyos hamleturi Tematikis Seswavla
modernistul da postmodernistul literaturaSi.
naSromis samecniero siaxle, pirvelyovlisa, mdgomareobs imaSi, rom
msoflio masStabiT pirvelad iqca Seqspiris `hamleti~, joisis `ulise~
da stopardis `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ erTiani
monografiuli naSromis Seswavlis sagnad. Sesabamisad, naSromSi
warmoCenilia renesansuli, modernistuli da postmodernistuli
suliskveTebani, rac gamoixateba disertaciis samTavianobaSi, xolo
hamleturi Tematika aris is, rac aerTianebs am suliskveTebebs erT
monografiul mTlianobad. amgvarma midgomam saSualeba mogvca Seqspiris
yvelaze Rrmad da mravalmxriv Seswavlil piesaSi wina planze
wamogvewia iseTi sakiTxebi, romlebic saWirboroto iqneboda Cven mier
ganxilul joisis romansa da stopardis piesaSi. gansakuTrebiT es
SeiZleba iTqvas stopardis piesasTan mimarTebiT, romlis Seswavlis
Semzadebamac sakmaod vrceli da originaluri Seqspirologiuri kvlevis
Catarebas misca biZgi `hamletis~ meoradi personaJebis, rozenkrancisa da

11
gildensternis garSemo, ramac Tavis mxriv, naTeli mohfina araerT
mniSvnelovan sakiTxs stopardis piesis Seswavlisas.
sadisertacio Temis aqtualoba imTaviTve gansazRvrulia sakuTriv
hamleturi problematikis mudmivi aqtualurobiT rogorc samecniero, ise
xelovnebis sxvadasxva sferoSi. naSromis aqtualobas agreTve
ganapirobebs hamleturi Tematikis ganxilva modernistuli da
postmodernistuli literaturis gadmosaxedidan, iseTi mniSvnelovani
mxatvruli nawarmoebebis magaliTze, rogoricaa joisis `ulise~ da
stopardis `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~. am garemoebam,
bunebrivia, win wamoswia naSromSi hamletur problematikasTan XX
saukunis adamianisa da misi yofierebis mimarTebis sakiTxi, rac
gulisxmobs rogorc modernistuli da postmodernistuli epoqebis
TvaliT danaxul hamlets, ise hamleturi idealebis TvalTaxedvidan
danaxul XX saukunis adamians. ukanaskneli garemoeba kvlavdakvlav
mianiSnebs sadisertacio naSromis pirveli, Seqspiruli Tavis
mniSvnelobaze joisur da stopardul TavebTan mimarTebiT.
naSromis Teoriuli Rirebuleba mdgomareobs rogorc modernistuli
da postmodernistuli TvalTaxedvidan renesansuli hamleturi fenomenis
SeswavlaSi, ise hamleturi problematikis gadmosaxedidan mniSvnelovani
modernistuli da postmodernistuli literaturuli teqstis mxatvrul
da msoflmxedvelobriv TaviseburebaTa gaazreba-gaanalizebaSi. amdenad,
naSromi warmoadgens Seqspirologiuri, joisologiuri da stopardis
SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevis Tavisebur sinTezs, romelic,
pirvelyovlisa, miRweulia saerTo hamleturi Tematikis Sedegad.
naSromis praqtikuli Rirebuleba ganisazRvreba imiT, rom misi
Sedegebis gamoyeneba SesaZlebeli da sasargeblo iqneba ara mxolod
literaturis specialistebisaTvis, aramed Seqspiris, joisisa Tu
stopardis SemoqmedebiT dainteresebuli mkiTxvelisTvisac. naSromi aseve
garkveul sargebels moutans modernistuli Tu postmodernistuli
esTetikiT dainteresebul nebismier pirs. kvlevis Sedegebis gamoyeneba
SesaZlebelia Seqspiris, joisisa da stopardis Semoqmedebisadmi
miZRvnil saleqcio kursebSi, umaRlesi ganaTlebis samive (sabakalavro,
samagistro, sadoqtoro) safexurze.

12
 sadisertacio naSromis meTodologiur da Teoriul safuZvels
Seadgens Seqspiris, joisisa da stopardis Semoqmedebis garSemo Seqmnili
mniSvnelovani samecniero-kritikuli literatura, garkveulwilad
agreTve _ literaturaTmcodneobiTi xasiaTis samecniero literatura
inglisuri renesansis, modernizmisa da postmodernizmis Sesaxeb.
naSromSi sxvadasxva doziT gamoyenebulia kvlevis ramdenime meTodi,
maT Soris, aRwerilobiTi, analizur-sinTezuri, SedarebiT-
SepirispirebiTi, konteqstualur-interteqstualuri da hermenevtikis
zogierTi meTodi. meTodologiuri mravalferovneba, bunebrivia,
ganapiroba sakvlevi masalis sirTulem da masStaburobam.
disertaciaSi `hamletsa~ da masSi dadgmul `gonzagos mkvlelobas~
Soris arsebuli metadramatuli mimarTebis ganxilvisas, Semogvaqvs
pirobiTi termini `metahamleti~. am terminiT aRvniSnavT arafiqciur
realobas, Cvens sinamdviles, romelic Tavisi arsiT imave metadramatul
mimarTebaSia piesa `hamletTan~, rogorSic `hamletia~ piesa `gonzagos
mkvlelobasTan~.
stopardis protagonistebis metadramatuli gaTviTcnobierebulobis
Seswavlisas terminSi `qvecnobieri~ vgulisxmobT `cnobiersa~ da
`aracnobiers~ Soris arsebul mdgomareobas, anu gacnobierebis zRvarze
yofnas. `qvecnobierisa~ da `aracnobieris~ amgvari diferenciacia
aucileblad miviCnieT, radgan im movlenaTa da garemoebaTa Soris,
romlebsac stopardis rozenkranci da gildensterni an acnobiereben, an
ver acnobiereben, kidev aris iseTebic, romlebsac isini lamis Tu
TiTqmis acnobiereben.
disertaciis struqtura logikurad gansazRvra winamdebare kvlevis
samplanianobam, kerZod, Seqspirologiurma, joisologiurma da
stopardis SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebulma aspeqtebma. Sesabamisad,
naSromi Sedgeba Sesavlis, sami Tavisa da daskvnebisagan. aseve darTuli
aqvs gamoyenebuli literaturis sia, sul 104 dasaxeleba.
SesavalSi mocemulia Sesaswavli sakiTxis zogadi daxasiaTeba,
gansazRvrulia kvlevis mizani; mimoxilulia problemis garSemo
arsebuli ZiriTadi samecniero-kritikuli wyaroebi; warmoCenilia
disertaciis siaxle da aqtualoba, misi Teoriuli da praqtikuli

13
mniSvneloba; gacxadebulia kvlevis meTodologia da warmodgenilia
naSromis struqturis mokle aRwera.
pirvel TavSi ganxilulia Seqspiris `hamleti~. yuradReba
gamaxvilebulia ara marto piesis dramatul Rirebulebaze, aramed
agreTve mis metadramatul mniSvnelobaze. amis safuZvels iZleva piesaSi
dadgmuli piesa `gonzagos mkvleloba~, romelic pirdapir ireklavs
`hamletSi~ aRweril mxatvrul sinamdviles da am gziT mas ukve Cveni
namdvili sinamdvilis anareklad warmoaCens. mimoxilulia hamletis
gardacvlili mamis aCrdilis realuroba-halucinaciurobis sakiTxi.
gaziarebulia mosazreba misi namdvilobis Sesaxeb da es azri
gamyarebulia damatebiTi argumentaciiT. gaanalizebulia ufliswuli
hamletis personaJi piesis sxva personaJebTan kavSirSi. pirvelyovlisa,
xazgasmulia, rom mis sulSi ar aris klavdiusuri msoflxedvis
Camoyalibebis xelSesaxebi safuZveli. aseve warmoCenilia, rom hamleti,
miuxedavad gertrudTan da ofeliasTan garTulebuli urTierTobisa,
sulac ar aris qalTmoZule, rogorc is zogjer aRiqmeba xolme.
gansakuTrebulad vrclad am TavSi Seswavlilia piesis meorexarisxovani
personaJebis rozenkrancisa da gildensternis mimarTeba hamletTan da im
SeTqmulebasTan, romelic mefe klavdiusma SeimuSava ufliswulis
winaaRmdeg. gamokvleulia, ra SeiZleba scodnodaT mefis kariskacebs im
werilis Sinaarsidan, romelic klavdiusma gaatana maT inglisis
mefisaTvis gadasacemad da gamovlenilia, rom es codna sakmarisi iyo
hamletis gareSe inglisisken mogzaurobis gagrZelebis uazrobis
dasanaxad, magram, rogorc Cans, maTi absurduli gadawyvetilebis
safuZvlebi metadramatul samyaroSia saZiebeli.
meore Tavi Seiswavlis `hamletis~ asociaciur gaazrebas jeimz
joisis modernistul romanSi `ulise~. ufliswul `hamlets~ romanSi
stiven dedalosi Seesabameba da aqedan gamomdinare, pirvel rigSi, am or
personaJs Soris arsebul asociaciur paralelebs ganvixilavT.
paralelebi xSirad kontrastuli xasiaTisaa da zogjer maT sakmaod
groteskul parodiamdec mivyavarT. ganxilulia aseve stivenis
`Seqspiruli Teoria~, romelSic wamyvani roli swored piesa `hamlets~
ekisreba. raki stiveni ufliswuli hamletis parodiaa, mis mimarT

14
mamobrivad gamsWvaluli `ulises~ mTavari protagonisti leopold
blumi romanSi hamletis mamis parodirebul aCrdilad warmogvidgeba.
Sesabamisad, Seswavlilia am personaJebs Soris arsebuli asociaciur-
parodiuli mimarTebac, romelic ZiriTadad aseve kontrastuli
xasiaTisaa. naCvenebia, rom stivenis da blumis saxiT saqme gvaqvs
moralurad degradirebul `hamletTan~ da aseTsave `aCrdilTan~. amiT ki
pirdapir miniSnebulia modernizmis skeptikuri damokidebuleba
renesansis humanisturi Rirebulebebisadmi.
mesame TavSi gamokvleulia tom stopardis eqsperimentuli piesa
`rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~, romelic Seqspiris
`hamletis~ postmodernistul gadaazrebas warmoadgens. Seswavlilia
Seqspirisa da stopardis teqstebs Soris arsebuli mimarTeba.
warmoCenilia, rom Seqspiris rozenkrancisa da gildensternis mier
inglisisken uhamletod mogzaurobis gagrZelebas mniSvnelovani roli
akisria stopardis piesis deterministuli Tematikisa da agebulebis
gansazRvraSi. ikveTeba, rom stopardis protagonistebs aqvT aracnobieri
Tu qvecnobieri gancda metadramatuli sinamdvilisa, xolo am
sinamdviles srulad acnobierebs piesaSi warmodgenili msaxiobTa dasis
mTavari msaxiobi, romlis vinaoba stopardma, savaraudod, Seqspirs
daukavSira. ganxilulia sikvdilis Tema; gaurkvevlobis, umiznobisa da
mexsierebis problema. Seswavlilia piesis ZiriTadi postmodernistuli
maxasiaTeblebi da naCvenebia, rom Seqspirul-hamleturi maRali
faseulobebi zustad iseve mkvdaria postmodernizmisTvis, rogorc
`rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~.
daskvnebSi Sejamebulia Catarebuli kvlevis ZiriTadi Sedegebi.
daskvniTi nawili moicavs rogorc Seqspirologiuri, joisologiuri da
stopardis SemoqmedebasTan dakavSirebuli kvlevis Sedegad miRebul
yvelaze mniSvnelovan Sedegebs, ise zogad daskvnebsac mTel
sadisertacio TematikasTan mimarTebiT.
sadisertacio naSromSi Seswavlili sakiTxebi da kvlevis Sedegebi
warmodgenili iyo sxvadasxva samecniero konferenciaze da daibeWda
saerTaSoriso referirebad Jurnalebsa da Seqspiris Semoqmedebisadmi
miZRvnil saerTaSoriso samecniero konferenciis krebulSi.

15
 1. `hamletis~ problematika

1.1. `hamletis~ modernistuli da postmodernistuli

gaazrebis zogierTi aspeqti

rogorc niko yiasaSvili SeniSnavs, `hamleturi problema sruliad

samarTlianad iTvleba Seqspiris Semoqmedebis centralur problemad.
`hamletSi~ yvelaze naTlad, yvelaze Rrmad aris asaxuli dramaturgis
humanisturi msoflmxedveloba, misi rwmena adamianis uzomo
SesaZleblobisadmi da amave dros am SesaZleblobaTa ganxorcielebis
Cakvlis tragikuli SegrZnoba~ (yiasaSvili 1959: 185). `hamletiT~,
faqtobrivad, Seqspiris Semoqmedebis tragikuli xana iwyeba. es is etapia,
rodesac dramaturgi pirvelad daeWvda adamianSi. es is momentia,
rodesac man ufro Rrmad Caixeda mis sulSi da naTlad gaacnobiera, rom
adamiani ver amarTlebs humanizmis idealebs, rom iSviaTi gamonaklisia
horacio, rozenkranc-gildensternebiT ki savsea qveyana. adamianur
samyaroSi Seqspiris am CaRrmavebis gamoZaxilia swored `hamletis~
eponimuri protagonistis, daniis ufliswulis tragikuli gancda da
pesimisturi filosofiuri msjelobani, ramac ganxilul piesas
zogadsakacobrio mniSvneloba misca. miuxedavad imisa, rom `hamleti~ ar
aris umTavresad religiuri piesa, rogorc amas filip eduardsi
(Seqspiri 2003: 50) miiCnevs, is mainc qristianuli motivebis gamorCeulad
matarebeli tragediaa, rogorc amaze rejinald fouksi (fouksi 1993: 173)
mianiSnebs. cxadia, es garemoeba piesas erTgvar zedroulobas aniWebs.
`hamletis~ gavlenis masStaburobas misi mkafio metadramatulobac
ganapirobebs, rac miRweulia piesaSi dadgmuli piesiT `gonzagos
mkvleloba~, romelic miaxloebiT imeorebs da baZavs `hamletis~
movlenebs. am gziT Seqspiri amcirebs zRvars mxatvrulsa da namdvil
sinamdviles Soris da cdilobs ufro axlos moiyvanos `hamletSi~
asaxuli samyaro mkiTxvelTan da mayurebelTan, rasac udavod axerxebs
kidec dRemde.
pol kantori (kantori 2004: ix) `hamletisadmi~ miZRvnil Tavis wignSi
yuradRebas amaxvilebs am piesis universalur xasiaTze. igi miiCnevs, rom

16
`hamlets~ unikaluri adgili uWiravs msoflio literaturaSi da
imyofeba `antikuri da Tanamedrove literaturis gzajvaredinze~1 (ix).
misi azriT, hamlets bevri ram akavSirebs TanamedroveobasTan Tavisi
kiTxvebiTa da eWvebiT, da amave dros, mis ambavs bevri saerTo aqvs
dasavluri literaturis saTaveebTan Tavisi SurisZiebisa da sisxlis
aRebis istoriiT. aqedan gamomdinare, kantori askvnis, rom `hamlets~ aqvs
pasaJebi, romlebic `iliadas~ mogvagonebs, da amave dros, TiTqos
moepoveba adgilebi, romlebic waagavs beketis piesas `godos molodinSi~.
rogorc Temur kobaxiZe aRniSnavs, `TanamedroveobisaTvis TviT
Seqspiris Semoqmedeba sxva araferia, Tu ara mis Sesaxeb dRes arsebuli
codna, misi Tanamedrove interpretacia, misi dRevandeli `wakiTxva~, rac
Zalian gansxvavdeba Seqspiris droindeli aRqmisgan~ (kobaxiZe 2015: 10).
msgavs mosazrebas gamoTqvams harold godardi (godardi 1960: 331)
zogadad xelovnebis nawarmoebze, romelSic yvela sakuTar anarekls
xedavs, rogorc sarkeSi. am movlenis gamovlenis yvelaze TvalsaCino
magaliTad mas swored Seqspiris `hamleti~ esaxeba. `TiTqos `hamleti~
TviTonvea piesa piesaSi. `gonzagos mkvleloba~ erTs niSnavda
ufliswulisTvis, meores _ mefisTvis, da kidev sxvas _ dedoflisTvis,
poloniusisTvis, ofeliasTvis da danarCenebisTvis. zustad asea CvenTvis
`hamletic~ (godardi 1960: 331). am fenomenis saintereso axsnas gvaZlevs
aseve robert uotsoni (braunmiuleri ... 2003: 320). misi azriT, es piesa
moxerxebulad gvajerebs, rom Cvenc hamletiviT tragikuli gmirebi varT,
radgan Tu megobarma gviRalata rozenkranc-gildensterniviT, an Tundac
satrfom zurgi gvaqcia ofeliasaviT, es ukve dagvafiqrebs adamianuri
samyaros damaxinjebis mizezebze, riTac davemsgavsebiT kidec hamlets.
`hamletisadmi~ miZRvnil eseSi (Hamlet and His Problems) tomas elioti
(elioti 1998: 57-58) am piesas Seqspiris SemoqmedebiT warumateblobad
acxadebs, radgan miiCnevs, rom hamletis tragikul gancdas ar moepoveba
piesis samyaroSi obieqturi korelati.2 misi azriT, ufliswulis emocia

1 aq da Semdgom inglisurenovani samecniero-kritikuli literaturidan moyvanili

citatebis Targmani ekuTvnis disertaciis avtors.
2 obieqturi korelati (objective correlative) _ tomas eliotis mier amave eseSi Seqmnili
termini, romelic gulisxmobs personaJis Sinagani gancdis Sesatyvis garegan movlenaTa
erTobliobas piesis mxatvrul obieqtur samyaroSi.

17
aWarbebs im faqtebs, rac mis garSemo xdeba. elioti fiqrobs, rom
gertrudis danaSaulis simZime ver Seesatyviseba da mkveTrad
Camouvardeba hamletis Sinagani gancdis simZimes dedamisis saqcielze.
aqedan gamomdinare, igi askvnis, rom ufliswuli axsnas ver uZebnis Tavis
grZnobebs da swored es uwamlavs mas cxovrebas da xels uSlis
moqmedebaSi.
jon douver uilsoni (uilsoni 1951: 307-308) marTebulad
ewinaaRmdegeba eliotis mosazrebas, rodesac SeniSnavs, rom gertrudis
saqcieli ar Semoifargleba mxolod qmris gardacvalebis Semdgom
naCqarevi qorwinebiT, aramed is Seicavs iseT saSinel sibilwes,
rogoricaa sisxlis aRreva, rac Seqspiris dros, uilsonis TqmiT, kidev
ufro mZafradac aRiqmeboda, vidre eliotis TanamedroveobaSi. amis
gaTvaliswinebiT da agreTve hamletis mamis aCrdilis naambobis
mxedvelobaSi miRebiT, uilsoni Tvlis, rom hamletis mZime sulier
mdgomareobas udavod moepoveba Sesatyvisi simZimis faqtebi piesis
mxatvrul samyaroSi.
marvin hanti (hanti 2007: 2) mecnieruli argumentaciis sanacvlod,
`hamletis~ ubadlo warmatebulobas usvams xazs msoflio scenaze misi
daweridan dRemde da ase ubralod cdilobs gaabaTilos eliotis
mtkiceba, rom es piesa Seqspiris SemoqmedebiTi marcxia. da marTlac,
Tavad eliotis terminologiiTve rom vTqvaT, `hamletis~ mxatvrul
Rirebulebas dRidan Seqmnisa mudam moepoveba seriozuli obieqturi
korelati rogorc SemoqmedebiT, ise samecniero sferoSi misdami
gaunelebeli interesis saxiT. amis naTeli dadasturebaa Tundac joisis
`ulise~, romelic swored im xanebSi iwereboda da nawil-nawil
gamodioda amerikul JurnalSi The little Review, roca eliotma dawera da
gamoaqveyna Tavisi ese `hamletze~. TviT am eses Seqmnac `hamletis~
warmatebulobis erTgvari gamoZaxilia. imave eliotis leqsi `j. alfred
prufrokis sasiyvarulo simRera~ [The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock (1917)] ki
erTgvarad winaswarmetyvelebs naxevari saukunis Semdeg Seqspiris
`hamletze~ dafuZnebuli stopardis eqsperimentuli piesis `rozenkranci
da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ Seqmnas Tavisi Semdegi sityvebiT: “No! I
am not Prince Hamlet, nor was meant to be; / Am an attendant lord....” (elioti 1963: 7)

18
[`ara! me ar var da verc viqnebodi ufliswuli hamleti; me mxlebeli
var....~1].
amrigad, eliotis damokidebuleba `hamletisadmi~ moklebulia myar
mecnierul safuZvels da metwilad igi misi, rogorc poetis, esTetikuri
xedvis gamoZaxilia. Temur kobaxiZe marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom
krizisuli xanis modernisti xelovanisTvis, parodistisa da skeptikosi
eliotisTvis miuRebeli aRmoCnda renesansuli humanisturi msoflxedvis
mTlianoba da maRali paTosi, `romelsac misTvis hamleti ganasaxierebda~
(kobaxiZe 2004: 41). aqedan gamomdinare, hamletis gancdebi da saqcieli
eliots xelovnuri da gazviadebuli eCveneba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom Seqspiri, sinamdvileSi, bevrad ufro Sors midis
`hamletSi~, vidre es eliots warmoudgenia. dramaturgi ara marto piesis
samyaroSi gvaZlevs hamletis sulieri gancdis obieqtur korelats,
aramed Cvens namdvil samyaroSic migviTiTebs msgavsi gancdis gamomwvevi
korelatis arsebobaze, rodesac Tavis piesaSi ufliswuls adgmevinebs
`hamletis~ movlenebis sarkesaviT amreklav piesas. amgvari
metadramatizmis Sedegad ki, rac ufro metad xedavs `hamletis~
mkiTxveli Tu mayurebeli Cvens samyaroSi msgavs korelats ama Tu im
movlenis saxiT, miT ufro uaxlovdeba misi Sinagani gancda hamletisas.
ase da amgvarad, Seqspiri im metadramatuli obieqturi korelatis
arsebobaze migvaniSnebs Cvens samyaroSi, romlis povnac aucilebelia
imisaTvis, rom saTanadod CavwvdeT hamletis Sinagan gancdas da ar
mogveCvenos, rom piesis mxatvruli samyaro ganicdis ufliswulis
Sinagani gancdis obieqturi korelatis ukmarisobas. da rodesac hamleti
`gonzagos mkvlelobis~ warmodgenamde avalebs msaxiobebs, rom scenaze
maTi sityva da qmedeba Seeferebodes erTmaneTs da orive erTad ki
sarkiseburi bunebriobiT Sesabamebodes sinamdviles (ix. Seqspiri 2003:
3.2.15-19; Seqspiri 1987: 352) _ es eliotis terminologiuri eniT, sxva
araferia, Tu ara msaxiobebisadmi ufliswulis mowodeba obieqturi
korelatis mxedvelobaSi miRebisken scenaze TamaSis dros.
`hamletSi~ dadgmuli `gonzagos mkvleloba~ faqtiurad elsinoris
karze momxdari movlenebis xelaxali gaTamaSebaa. rogorc zemoTac

1 citatis Targmani ekuTvnis disertaciis avtors.

19
aRvniSneT, Seqspiri amiT cdilobs Seamciros zRvari `hamletis~
mxatvrul samyarosa da Cvens namdvil samyaros Soris, raTa xazi gausvas
am samyaroebis urTierTmsgavsebas da Cveni xedva ufro dauaxlovos
piesis protagonistis xedvas. amgvari metadramatizmi ki gvibiZgebs
davfiqrdeT imaze, Tu sad gadis saerTod zRvari realobasa da fiqcias
Soris.
jini muri (muri 2000: 51-58) sagangebo yuradRebas amaxvilebs
`hamletis~ metadramatulobaze da masSi dadgmuli piesis Sedegad Cvens
sinamdvilesa da mxatvrul sinamdviles Soris gabundovanebul zRvarze.
am bundovanebas igi postmodernul orazrovnebasac ki amsgavsebs.
mkvlevari mianiSnebs, rom `hamletis~ metadramatizmi miiswrafvis
erTmaneTTan gaaTanabros mxatvruli da namdvili sinamdvile, Sinagani da
garegani samyaro, msaxiobi da mayurebeli, da amiT erTgvari
dekonstruqcia moaxdinos maT Soris arsebuli gansxvavebebisa. Tumca,
misi azriT, `hamleti~ bolomde ar Slis da ar aqrobs Teatralursa da
namdvils Soris arsebul zRvars, raTa am zRvaris gabundovanebis
paralelurad, Segvaxsenos, rom mainc arsebobs mijna dramatulsa da
metadramatuls Soris.
`hamletis~ metadramatulobiT gamowveuli orazrovneba exmianeba misi
eponimuri protagonistis orazrovan damokidebulebas sinamdvilisadmi.
ufliswulic cdilobs gaignos gza yofnasa da aryofnas Soris,
sinamdvilesa da moCvenebiTobas Soris, gulwrfelobasa da TamaSs Soris.
amdenad, didi mixvedra ar sWirdeba imas, rom `hamletis~ metadramatul
aspeqts piesis interpretaciisTvis sakvanZo roli aqvs. igi TviT
protagonistis Sinagan dramas ukavSirdeba da masTan mimarTebiT Cvens
(mayureblisa Tu mkiTxvelis) Sinagan samyaros erTgvar metadramadac ki
warmoaCens. am yvelafridan gamomdinare, naSromis Semdgomi qveTavi
`hamletis~ metaTeatralurobis sakiTxs daeTmoba, kerZod ki, ganixileba
piesaSi dadgmuli piesa `gonzagos mkvleloba~ da misi metadramatuli
daniSnuleba `hamletSi~.

20
 1.2. `hamleti~ da metaTeatri

`hamletisa~ da `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ siuJetebisaTvis, Sesabamisad,

Seqspirica da hamletic arsebul wyaroebs mimarTaven.1 Seqspiri, romelic
globusis TeatrSi, gadmocemiT, hamletis mamis aCrdilis rols
asrulebda, ara mxolod avtorad, aramed `hamletis~ pirvel reJisoradac
SegveZlo mogveazrebina.2 mis msgavsad, hamletic dgams `hamletSi~
`gonzagos mkvlelobas~ da garkveuli cvlilebebic Seaqvs masSi. rogorc
marvin hanti ambobs, `gonzagos mkvlelobaSi~ Tormeti Tu Teqvsmeti
striqonis CamatebiT, hamleti, ase vTqvaT, `hamletis~ Tanaavtori xdeba~
(hanti 2007: 213). Tumca am piesis dadgmis idea mamis aCrdilis monayolma
ambavma CaawveTa.
aCrdilTan saubris Semdeg hamleti eubneba horaciosa da marceluss:
“Touching this vision here, / It is an honest ghost, that let me tell you” (Seqspiri 2003:
1.5.137-8) [`moCvenebas rac Seexeba, _ patiosani suli aris igi, _
merwmuneT~3 (Seqspiri 1987: 336)]. miuxedavad amisa, hamlets mainc sWirdeba
sruli darwmuneba imaSi, rom aCrdili namdvilad mamamisia da ara mis
dasaRupad movlenili boroti suli. amitom, sulac ar aris gasakviri,
rom hamleti, romelic ambobs: “Man delights not me – no, nor woman neither”
(Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.290-1) [`aRarc kacis naxva miameba, aRarc qalisa~
(Seqspiri 1987: 344)], ucbad uzomod naamebi rCeba, rodesac rozenkranci
auwyebs moxetiale msaxiobTa dasis elsinorSi CamobrZanebas. axla mas
SeuZlia klavdiusis Tvalwin am msaxiobebs gaaTamaSebinos aCrdilis
monaTxrobi ambis msgavsi warmodgena da sabolood daadginos simarTle.
aseT warmodgenad ki hamlets `gonzagos mkvleloba~ esaxeba, romelzedac
igi did imedebs amyarebs: “The play’s the thing / Wherein I’ll catch the conscience of the

1 am SemTxvevaSi sakmarisia `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ siuJeturi wyaros mxolod fiqciuri

arseboba vigulisxmoT: rogorc hamleti gvamcnobs piesaSi, “The story is extant, and written in
very choice Italian” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.238) [`es ambavi namdvilia da Cinebulis italiuris eniT
aris dawerili~ (Seqspiri 1987: 356)]. misi SesaZlo wyaros realuri arsebobis Sesaxeb ix.,
mag., redmondi 2009: 18-23.
2 jon staieni SeniSnavs: `Seqspiri ar iyo Tavisi piesebis reJisori Tanamedrove gagebiT,
magram roca ki xeli miuwvdebodaT masze, rac xSirad scenaze moxdeboda repeticiis
dros, es Caayenebda mas arsebiTad imave poziciaSi~ (staieni 1967: 53).
3 aq da Semdgom `hamletidan~ moyvanili qarTuli teqstis inglisuridan Targmani
ekuTvnis ivane maCabels.

21
king” (Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.557-8) [`es warmodgena me gamimxels mefis sinidiss~
(Seqspiri 1987: 349)].1
garda mefis sindisis da aCrdilis bunebis gamoaSkaravebisa, piesa
piesaSi agreTve emsaxureba dedoflis sindisis gamoRviZebas. hamleti
cdilobs daexmaros dedamiss sakuTari `sindisis daWeraSi~ da amave
dros, afrTxilebs ofelias, ar daemsgavsos mas.
amrigad, hamletis `gonzagos mkvleloba~, iseve rogorc albaT
Seqspiris `hamleti~, asaxavs misi mayureblis moralur sinamdviles. da
gasaocaria, rom es piesa piesaSi agreTve cdis sakuTar marTebulobas:
klavdiuss rom ar gamoemJRavnebina Tavisi danaSauli, aCrdilis
monaTxrobi sicrue aRmoCndeboda, `gonzagos mkvleloba~ ki dakargavda
Tavis moralur safuZvels. aseTi urTierTmimarTebis damyareba
xelovnebasa da sinamdviles Soris hamletis SemoqmedebiTi miRwevaa. es
migvaniSnebs Seqspiris analogiur miRwevaze `hamletis~ dawerisa da
dadgmis saqmeSi.
`gonzagos mkvlelobis~ warmodgenamde, uSualod `yofna-aryofnis~
monologis win, klavdiusi da poloniusi, hamletze TvalTvalis mizniT,
misi da ofelias viTom SemTxveviTi Sexvedris mowyobas cdiloben. am
Canafiqris mimarT poloniusis kritikuli replikis gagonebaze,
klavdiusi faqtobrivad utydeba mkiTxvelsa da mayurebels Tavis
danaSaulSi:

POLONIUS

........................................
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We are oft to blame in this:
’Tis too much proved, that with devotion’s visage,
And pious action, we do sugar o’er
The devil himself.

1 dedniseul teqstSi ukve devs mefis faruli Sedareba TagvTan, romelic unda gaaban
xafangSi. mogvianebiT, hamleti `gonzagos mkvlelobas~ meore saTaurad `Tagvebis maxes~
uwodebs, riTac mianiSnebs, rom mefe Tagvia, romelic am piesam unda daiWiros.

22
 CLAUDIUS (Aside)

Oh, ’tis too true.

How smart a lash that speech doth give my conscience!
The harlot’s cheek, beautied with plastering art,
Is not more ugly to the thing that helps it
Than is my deed to my most painted word.
O heavy burden! (Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.46-54)

polonius

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gasakicxni varT Tumc amisaTvis, magram ki xSirad
farisevlobiT, viTom saTno saxis CvenebiT
Cvens eSmakeul bunebasac wmidanad vsaxavT.

x e l m w i f e (iqiT)

oh, rasac ambob, marTalia, yovlad marTali!

rogor mwvavad hkbens misi sityva Cem sinidissa!
fer-umariliT waTxupnilis roskipis saxe
ar aris ise sazizRari, viT codva Cemi,
gamoxveuli ferad-ferad saTno sityvebSi.
mZime yofilxar, codvis tvirTo! (Seqspiri 1987: 350)

poloniusisTvis dafaruli, xolo mkiTxvelisa da mayureblisTvis

gacxadebuli xelmwifis am sityvebiT Seqspiri migvaniSnebs, rom
klavdiusi namdvilad mkvlelia sakuTari Zmisa, xolo aCrdili _
marTlac hamletis mamis suli. marTalia klavdiusi aq ar acxadebs
uSualod ras Seadgens misi danaSauli, magram mis mier am danaSaulis
simZimis aRwera aSkarad mianiSnebs, rom saqme gvaqvs raRac saSinel da
mzakvrul codvasTan. poloniusis sityvebma uneblieT gakenwla da
amxila mefis sindisi, magram gulwrfeli sinanuli ver aRZra masSi.
miuxedavad imisa, rom isic da poloniusic grZnobs da zogadad aRiarebs
sindisis fenomenis arsebobas, mainc orive siyalbis gzas irCevs, radgan

23
TavianTi sulmokle miznebis misaRwevad es fenomeni mxolod
dabrkolebas warmoadgens maTTvis.
hamletis xelmZRvanelobiT dadgmuli speqtaklis SinaarsiT
SeZrwunebuli klavdiusi ganmartoebisTanave aRiarebs sakuTari Zmis
mkvlelobas mkiTxvelisa da mayureblis winaSe. Semdeg ki daiCoqebs da
locvas Seudgeba. amiT mkiTxvelisTvis da mayureblisTvis sabolood
garkveulia mefis damnaSaveobis sakiTxi. Cven sulac ar gvWirdeba
`xafangis scenaSi~ klavdiusis saxeze dakvirveba, raTa amovicnoT misi
sindisis saidumlo, rogorc es sWirdeba hamlets. rac Seqspirma Cven
mzamzareulad mogvarTva, hamletisaTvis dafarulia. amitom, aq sakiTxi
ase dgas: SeuZlia Tu ara hamlets, darwmunebuli iyos mefis danaSaulSi
im SedegiT, rac moitana `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ dadgmam?
warmodgenis dawyebamde hamleti gaesaubreba msaxiobTa dasis wamyvan
msaxiobs (maCabliseul pirvel aqtors) Teatris rolsa da funqciaze. is
ganumartavs msaxiobs Teatris WeSmarit mniSvnelobas da adarebs mas
sarkes, romelmac unda aCvenos sinamdvile zustad ise, rogoric is
sinamdvileSi aris, raTa miviRoT sasurveli esTetikuri Sedegi. amitom,
hamleti erTgvari zomierebisaken mouwodebs msaxiobebs: maT evalebaT,
rom sityva da moqmedeba erTmaneTs Seuferon, arc yvirili morTon da
arc zedmetad modundnen. garda amisa, maT araferi ar unda daamaton an
moaklon im scenars, romelic hamletma moamzada maTTvis, radgan am
scenarma maqsimalurad realisturad unda warmoaCinos daniis samefo
karis garyvnili samyaro. aCrdilis ambavi, ra Tqma unda, zustad ise unda
gaTamaSdes, rogorc man es uambo hamlets. da marTlac, rogorc jon
douver uilsoni SeniSnavs, `baRis scena, naSuadRevs waZineba, sawamlavis
buneba, mowamvlis meTodi, dedoflis Sebma, gvirgvinis mitaceba:
yvelaferi dublirebulia~ (uilsoni 1951: 140). erTaderTi mniSvnelovani
cvlileba, romelic hamlets Seaqvs am ambavSi, aris is, rom mefe
gonzagos mkvleli, lucianusi, misi Zma ki ar aris, aramed _ ZmisSvili.
am cvlilebasTan dakavSirebiT harold godardi acxadebs: `Zma rom
yofiliyo, `gonzagos mkvleloba~ ramdenadme SeinarCunebda sarkesTan
msgavsebas. oriode marcvlis damatebiT hamleti mentalur maxvils
namdvil maxvilad aqcevs da sabolood, pirdapir muqarad gardaqmnis

24
imas, rac warmosaxviTi eqsperimentis saxiT daiwyo~ (godardi 1960: 367).
ra Tqma unda, hamletis aseTi gadawyvetileba SeiZleba gavigoT, rogorc
misi muqara biZamisisadmi, magram isic unda aRiniSnos, rom amgvari
cvlileba erTgvari aucileblobacaa, radgan, Tu lucianusi gonzagos
Zma iqneboda, maSin gaTamaSebuli warmodgena, klavdiusis sindisis
gamoaSkaravebis nacvlad, pirdapir daadanaSaulebda mas Zmis
mkvlelobaSi, riTac dakargavda kidec WeSmaritebis dadgenis funqcias.
aseT SemTxvevaSi, hamleti verasdros gaarkvevda dadgmul warmodgenaze
mefis reaqciis namdvil mizezs: aseTi reaqcia SeiZleba gamoewvia rogorc
klavdiusis damnaSaveobas, aseve mis brazs hamletis usafuZvlo da
unamuso braldebaze.
godardisgan SemoTavazebuli gamosavlis gakritikeba ar gulisxmobs
imas, rom lucianusis Zmiswuloba srulebiT ar warmoadgens problemas.
warmodgenis SeCerebis Semdeg hamlets SeeZlo sakuTari TavisTvis
SekiTxva daesva: `iqneb mefe udanaSauloa da mxolod warmodgenaSi
miniSnebulma Cemma muqaram daafeTa?~ msgavsi gaugebroba ar
warmoiqmneboda, hamlets, Seqspiris nebiT, lucianusi ara gonzagos Zmad
an Zmiswulad, aramed mis colisZmad an biZaSvilad an Tundac Zed rom
gamoecxadebina.1 amis nacvlad, Seqspirma mkvlevrebs Tavsatexi dautova.
rogorc Cans, mas Zalian surda hamletis dadgmul `gonzagos
mkvlelobas~ erTdroulad daniis samefo karis axlo warsulis
saidumloc gamoemJRavnebina da misi uaxloesi momavalic ganeWvrita.
zogadad, warsulis swori gaazreba momavlis sworad dagegmvis
sawindaria. am konkretul SemTxvevaSi ki, Tu klavdiusi marTlac Zmis
mkvlelia, maSin hamletisgan misi mokvdineba daniis keTili momavlisTvis
aucilebeli xdeba. warmodgenaSi amgvari ormagi azris CadebiT
Seqspirisgan demonstrirebulia Tavisi yvelaze inteleqtuali
protagonistis SemoqmedebiTi ostatoba. garda amisa, unda aRiniSnos
isic, rom gaTamaSebuli warmodgenis warmatebul SedegebSi hamlets,
iseve rogorc horacios, odnavac eWvi ar epareba: “O good Horatio, I’ll take the
ghost’s word for a thousand pound. Didst perceive? . . . Upon the talk of the poisoning?”
1 Zis SemTxvevaSi, hamlets veravin daabralebda mamis mkvlelobas, radgan mamamisis
gardacvalebisas igi vitenbergSi imyofeboda. garda amisa, hamletis mamis sikvdiliT
ara hamletma, aramed klavdiusma isargebla.

25
(Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.260-1; 3.2.263) [`oh, Cemo kargo horacio. im aCrdilis TiTo
sityva aTasi oqro Rirebula. SeniSne? . . . roca mowamvlaze laparaki
daiwyes...~ (Seqspiri 1987: 357)]. horacioc udasturebs, rom yvelaferi
kargad SeniSna. amis Semdgom, hamletisgan SurisZiebis dayovneba ukve
aRar ukavSirdeba WeSmaritebis ucodinrobas.
warmodgenis SeCerebidan ramdenime wuTSi, Suris saZieblad
gamzadebuli hamleti Tavs waadgeba daCoqil da locvaSi myof mefes.
marTalia, ufliswuls mlocveli mefis sityvebi ar esmis, magram
sakuTriv es sanaxaoba misTvis biZamisis damnaSaveobis damatebiTi
sabuTia, radgan sxvanairad Zneli warmosadgenia warmodgenis xilvis
Semdeg klavdiuss daCoqebisa da locvis survili aRZvroda.
amgvarad, metadramatuli gadmosaxedidan, `gonzagos mkvlelobaSi~
mkvlelis, lucianusis, naTesauri mimarTeba mis msxverplTan,
gonzagosTan, `hamletSi~ Sesabameba ara klavdiusis naTesaur mimarTebas
mefe hamletTan, aramed ufliswuli hamletis naTesaur mimarTebas
klavdiusTan; Tumca lucianusisgan arCeuli mkvlelobis meTodi zustad
ireklavs aCrdilis monayol ambavs da amitom klavdiusis namoqmedars
Seesatyviseba. “Let the galled jade winch” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.220) [`visac niori
uWamia, piric imas daewvas~ (Seqspiri 1987: 356)], _ eubneba hamleti
klavdiuss. dadgmulma warmodgenam is unda Seawuxos, visi sindisic ar
aris sufTa, iqneba es ufliswuli Tu mefe. rogorc martin skoufildi
SeniSnavs, `lucianusi potenciurad sarkeSi areklili klavdiusis an
hamletis saxea; Tu mefe gamoamJRavnebs Tavis damnaSaveobas, hamletis
anarekli gauCinardeba~ (skoufildi 1980: 158). rodesac klavdiusi
ekiTxeba hamlets, Tu ra hqvia warmodgenas, ufliswuli cvlis piesis
saTaurs da pasuxobs: “The Mousetrap” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.216) [`Tagvebis maxe~
(Seqspiri 1987: 356)]. igi ganumartavs mefes, rom saTauri metaforuli
mniSvnelobisaa. sainteresoa aseve aRiniSnos, rom es saTauri
metadramatuladac aris gamoyenebuli, vinaidan `Tagvebis maxem~ unda
daiWiros ara lucianusis an Tavisi romelime sxva personaJis sindisi,
aramed masTan mimarTebiT metadramatuli personaJis, klavdiusis,
sindisi. da sabolood, es warmodgena adasturebs xelmwifis
damnaSaveobas da aCrdilis patiosnebas. mefis sindisi ebmeba `Tagvebis

26
maxeSi~. axla srulebiT ar aris gasakviri, rom WeSmaritebis ZiebaSi
hamleti Teatrs daeyrdno. ufliswuls samarTlianad swams xelovnebis
Zalis da endoba mas rogorc sarkes, romelsac Seswevs Zala ara mxolod
asaxos mis win arsebuli vizualuri sinamdvile, aramed agreTve
gaSifros masSi mayurebeli pirovnebis sindisic.
`gonzagos mkvlelobis~ warmodgena daaxloebiT `hamletis~ SuaSi
xdeba. warmodgenis SeCereba gadamwyveti momentia piesaSi. aqedan
moyolebuli, hamlets yovel mizez gareSe da dauyovnebliv marTebs
moqmedeba. aCrdili ar aRmoCnda boroti suli. igi mamamisis tanjuli
sulia, romelic RviZlma Zmam muxanaTurad gamoasalma sicocxles. da
marTlac, avad Tu kargad, hamleti gadadis moqmedebaze.
`gonzagos mkvlelobas~ gars rom akravs metapiesad misive msgavsi
siuJetisa da realobis amsaxveli `hamleti~, amiT Seqspirisgan
miniSnebulia, rom `hamletsac~ albaT gars unda ekras erTgvar
metapiesad misive msgavsi sinamdvile, romelic, sinamdvileSi, Cveni
sinamdvilea. SegviZlia am metapiesas pirobiTad `metahamleti~ vuwodoT.
`hamletis~ pirveli dadgmidan gasul oTx saukunes arsebiTad ar
Seucvlia adamianuri buneba. Cveni samyaroc iseve moculia borotebiT,
rogorc `hamletSi~ asaxuli samyaro. es droebac iseve `naRrZobia~1,
rogorc, hamletis TqmiT, es iyo daniaSi. “Denmark’s a prison” (Seqspiri 2003:
2.2.234) [`dania sapyrobilea~ (Seqspiri 1987: 343)], _ ambobs ufliswuli da
SeniSnavs, rom mTeli msoflio erTi didi sapyrobilea, romelic Sedgeba
mravali jurRmulisagan. “There’s ne’er a villain dwelling in all Denmark / But he’s an
arrant knave” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.123-4) [`boroti kaci daniaSic boroti aris~
(Seqspiri 1987: 335)], _ eubneba hamleti horaciosa da marceluss. “There
needs no ghost, my lord, come from the grave, / To tell us this” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.125-6)
[`magis sacnobad rad gvindoda aCrdilis mosvla~ (Seqspiri 1987: 335)], _
gakvirvebas gamoTqvams horacio. da marTlac, es yvelaferi nebismier
qveyanas exeba, iqneba es hamletis dania, Seqspiris inglisi Tu Cveni
saqarTvelo.

1 dednis The time is out of joint (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.189) _ dro naRrZobia _ maCabelma, niko
yiasaSvilis azriT, savsebiT adekvaturad gadmoitana rogorc: `droTa kavSiri dairRva~
(Seqspiri 1987: 489).

27
 amrigad, „hamleti“ da masSi dadgmuli piesa „gonzagos mkvleloba“
erT arss gamoxataven. mefe hamletis faruli mkvleloba, romelic win
uZRvis da ganapirobebs „hamletSi“ ganviTarebul movlenebs, TiTqmis
zustad aris imitirebuli ufliswuli hamletis mier dadgmul „gonzagos
mkvlelobaSi“. Tumca sayuradReboa, rom siuJeturad am or piesas
erTmaneTisgan mkvlelsa da mis msxverpls Soris arsebuli naTesauri
mimarTeba ganasxvavebs, rac ganpirobebulia hamletis gadawyvetilebiT,
usamarTlod ar daadanaSaulos biZamisi mkvlelobaSi da Tan daemuqros
mas SurisZiebiT, Tuki is marTlac damnaSavea. raxan „gonzagos
mkvlelobis“ dadgmiT hamletma amxila „hamletSi“ warmodgenili
realoba, marTebulia vifiqroT, rom „hamletis“ daweriTa da dadgmiT
Seqspirmac msgavsadve amxila Cveni realoba. aqedan gamomdinare, piesa
„hamletis“ mimarT Cveni realoba erTgvari metapiesis poziciaSi dgeba,
ris gamoc mas pirobiTad „metahamleti“ vuwodeT.
qarTul sinamdvilesTan mimarTebiT, sainteresoa robert sturuas
mier rusTavelis TeatrSi bolos dadgmuli qarTuli `hamletis~1
metaTeatraluroba. am TvalsazrisiT, upirveles yovlisa, ra Tqma unda,
gamovyofT `xafangis scenas~, magram aseve sayuradReboa `yofna-
aryofnisa~ da `hamletis~ damabolovebeli scena, romlebic sturuas
xelSi aSkara metaTeatralurobas iZenen. reJisori samive naxsenebi scenis
sakmaod originalur gadawyvetebs gvaTavazobs da kidev erTxel
mivyavarT im daskvnamde, rom erTgvar `metahamletSi~ vimyofebiT.
sturuas `hamleti~ dayofilia or moqmedebad. moqmedebebs Soris
mijnas swored `xafangis scena~ anu piesa piesaSi avlebs. gonzagos
mkvleloba rom gaTamaSdeba, klavdiusi wamodgeba, SeaCerebs warmodgenas
da moiTxovs sinaTles. zustad am dros sturuas warmodgenac Cerdeba,
darbazSi sinaTle inTeba da mayurebelic wamodgeba. klavdiusis
danaSauls moefina sinaTle, aCrdilis sityvebi ki aRmoCnda simarTle.
rogorc hamletisa da horaciosTvis, aseve CvenTvisac naTeli efineba am
simarTles. aseTi paralelizmiT reJisors surs Seamciros zRvari
scenasa da auditorias Soris, raTa amiT xazi gausvas im siRrmiseul

1 vgulisxmobT sturuas `hamletis~ meore versias, romlis premiera Sedga 2006 wlis
noemberSi. pirveli versia daidga 2001 wels.

28
kavSirsa da msgavsebas, rac arsebobs piesasa da Cvens realobas Soris,
anu `hamletsa~ da `metahamlets~ Soris. antraqtis Semdeg, warmodgenis
meore nawili `xafangis scenis~ swrafi ganmeorebiT ixsneba, da roca
mefe kvlav wamodgeba, piesis sisxliani nawilic iwyeba. sturuasgan
„xafangis scenis“ amgvari gaazreba ki kvlav da kvlav mianiSnebs, rom
„gonzagos mkvleloba“, „hamleti“ da „metahamleti“ arsobrivad yvela erT
sinamdviles gamoxatavs.
metaTeatralurobis meore da Zalian saintereso magaliTs `hamletis~
ganxilul dadgmaSi `yofna-aryofnis~ scena warmoadgens. hamleti dgas
scenis SuaSi, mis ukan ki _ ramdenime msaxiobi. mcire dayovnebis Semdeg,
hamleti inglisurad ityvis _ To be, or not to be _ da iqve wyvets, radgan
scenaze, dasajdomiT xelSi, viRac Semorbis.1 roca Camojdeba, mianiSnebs
hamlets, rom Tavidan daiwyos `yofna-aryofnis~ monologi, magram
hamleti usityvod dgas. Semosuli msaxiobi Seecdeba Seaxsenos mas
monologis dasawyisi (`yofna?.. aryofna?.. sakiTxavi ai es aris~), magram
hamleti kvlav dums da cota dabneulic Cans. msaxiobi Spargalkas
miaCeCebs da kidev erTxel mouwodebs, rom warmoadginos monologi,
magram hamleti, yvelasaTvis gasaocrad, cecxls waukidebs Spargalkis
furcels sityvebiT `sityvebi, sityvebi, sityvebi~ da dawvavs.2
metaTeatraluroba aSkaraa. hamleti da danarCeni personaJebi arRveven
piesis sazRvrebs. ikargeba zRvari personaJsa da msaxiobs Soris. hamleti
wvavs Tavis cnobil monologs da am gziT, sxva personaJebTan erTad,
`metahamletis~ personaJi xdeba, riTac kidev erTxel miniSnebulia
`hamletisa~ da metahamletis~ arsobrivi erTianoba.

1 realurad aq laertis Semsrulebeli msaxiobi Semorbis scenaze, magram am SemTxvevaSi

albaT arc laerti igulisxmeba da arc sxva romelime konkretuli personaJi.
2 SeqspirTan, II moqmedebis II suraTSi, poloniusis SekiTxvaze _ “What do you read my lord?”

[`rasa kiTxulobT, xelmwifis Svilo?~] _ hamleti pasuxobs: “Words, words, words” (Seqspiri
2003: 2.2.187-9) [`sityvebs, sityvebs, sityvebs~ (Seqspiri 1987: 342)]. sturuam hamletis es
sityvebi `hamletis~ III moqmedebis II suraTSi warmodgenil `yofna-aryofnis~ cnobil
monologs daukavSira. mis hamlets surs mianiSnos, rom es monologic mxolod carieli
sityvebia da gzas uxSobs realur moqmedebas. swored amitomac wvavs igi am monologs,
da scenas Semdegi sityvebiT asrulebs: `da goneba, saRi goneba Cvens simamaces
asamarebs~ (Seqspiri 2006). principSi, Seqspiris hamletic msgavsi suliskveTebiT
aboloebs Tavis monologs: “Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, / And thus the native hue of
resolution / Is sicklied o’er with the pale cast of thought, / And enterprise of great pitch and moment / With this
regard their currents turn awry / And lose the name of action” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.83-8) [`ai ase gvxdis
laCrad Cveniv cnobiereba, gabedulobas mosazreba usustebs Suqsa da sasaxelo Zlier
saqmeT, didad ganzraxulT win eRobeba...~ (Seqspiri 1987: 350)].

29
 `hamletis~ ganxiluli dadgmis bolo scenaSic metaTeatralurobis
sagulisxmo magaliTs vxvdebiT. rodesac sturuas fortinbrasi ubrZanebs
horacios, rom hamleti Rirseulad unda daikrZalos, da TiTqos
kulisebiskenac daapirebs wasvlas, uceb Semobrundeba da auditorias
braziani tonalobiT mimarTavs: `Tqven ki, am ambis utyvi mowmeni,
gafiTrebuli rom SescqerodiT sisxlian TamaSs, Tqveeen!...~ xels maRla
aswevs, odnav gaiSvers auditoriisken, magram ginebisgan Tavs Seikavebs,
uxmod Semotrialdeba da mSvidi tonalobiT brZanebs: `gaaTrieT gvamebi!~
(Seqspiri 2006). risi Tqma unda amiT reJisors mayureblisaTvis, amaze
Tavad mayurebelma unda ifiqros, magram is ki cxadia, rom misi
personaJebisaTvis piesis sazRvrebidan realobaSi gadmosvla da kvlav
piesaSi Sebruneba, problemas ar warmoadgens, rac isev da isev
`hamletisa da `metahamletis~ arsobriv gaigivebas gulisxmobs.

1.3. aCrdili, Tu halucinacia?

`hamletis~ zogierTi mkvlevari miiCnevs, rom aCrdili piesis

obieqtur samyaroSi Semosuli gardacvlili mefis suli ki ara aris,
aramed _ hamletis subieqturi samyarodan amozrdili halucinacia. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, hamlets mamis suli ki ar ecxadeba, aramed
mxolod elandeba misi gamocxadeba. niko yiasaSvili TqmiT, `aCrdili
hamletis daZabuli gonebis nayofia. misi gamoCena scenaze erTgvarad im
eWvebsa da mWmunvare fiqrebs gamoxatavs, romelTac hamleti da misi
megobrebi moucavT~ (yiasaSvili 1959: 159). hamletis mier dadgmuli
`gonzagos mkvleloba~ adasturebs aCrdilis sityvebis siswores
klavdiusis danaSaulis Sesaxeb, magram es ar kmara aCrdilis
namdvilobis dasadastureblad. ufliswuls masTan saubramdec udavod
hqonda eWvi, rom mefe hamleti swored klavdiusma gamoasalma sicocxles
misi taxtisa da meuRlis xelSi mogdebis mizniT. es dasturdeba misive
sityvebiT, roca aCrdili gaumxels mas Tavisi sikvdilis saidumlos: “O
my prophetic soul! My uncle?” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.40-1) [`oh, winadmgrZnobo Cemo
gonebav! maS eg gveli biZaCemia!~ (Seqspiri 1987: 334)].

30
 halucinaciis Teoriis erT-erTi TvalsaCino warmomadgenelia
uolter gregi, romlis msjelobis logika daaxloebiT aseTia:
miuxedavad imisa, rom `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ pantomima mkafiod
warmogvidgens mkvlelobis meTods, klavdiuss amaze mZime reaqcia ara
aqvs; raxan sakuTriv piesa am TvalsazrisiT axals arafers matebs
pantomimas, klavdiusis isteriuli reaqcia gamowveulia ara mkvlelobis
scenis xilviT, aramed hamletis muqariT misdami; aqedan gamomdinare,
klavdiuss yurSi sawamlavis CawveTebiT ar mouklavs mZinare Zma;
Sesabamisad, aCrdilis mier aRwerili mkvlelobis meTodi ar aris
marTali, rac mianiSnebs imaze, rom misi monaTxrobi, sinamdvileSi,
mxolod hamletis gonebis nayofia da sxva araferi (golanci 1916: 179-180).
Tu davuSvebT, rom aCrdili hamletis iWvneuli mdgomareobidan
aRmocenebuli halucinaciaa, maSin unda vaRiaroT, rom am halucinaciam
hamlets sworad ukarnaxa, mefe hamleti ara ubeduri SemTxvevis, aramed
ganzrax mkvlelobis msxverpli rom aris, da aseve sworad miuTiTa
mkvlelis vinaobazec. amas verc gregi uaryofs. magram Tu mis mosazrebas
mivyvebiT, mefis mkvlelobis meTods hamletis halucinaciuri warmosaxva
ukve veRar Sifravs sworad.
ramdenad SeiZleba gregis Teoria damajereblad miviCnioT? jon
douver uilsoni (uilsoni 1951), magaliTad, kategoriulad ewinaaRmdegeba
am Teorias. is SeniSnavs, rom Seqspiris epoqaSi sulebis gamocxadebis
SesaZleblobisadmi rwmena sakmaod gavrcelebuli iyo. aCrdilis
realurobis mTavar argumentad ki uilsons mohyavs is faqti, rom piesaSi
igi ara mxolod hamlets, aramed kidev sam personaJs ecxadeba da Tanac
araerTxel. Tumca gregi (gregi 1917: 410) am movlenis axsnas
ufliswulisa da misi megobrebis saerTo STagonebisgan gamowveuli
erTgvari koleqtiuri halucinaciiT cdilobs.
Znelia daveTanxmoT gregs da ar daveTanxmoT uilsons. ra Tqma unda,
zogadad dasaSvebia koleqtiuri halucinaciis rogorc fenomenis
arseboba, magram `hamletSi~ am tipis movlenas aSkarad ara aqvs adgili.
aCrdilis namdvilobaze mianiSnebs ara mxolod misi gamoCenisa da
gauCinarebis erTdrouli dafiqsireba misi mxilveli personaJebisgan,
aramed maT mier aCrdilis Cacmulobis, moZraobisa da gamometyvelebis

31
identuri interpretacia. magaliTad, rodesac hamleti horaciosa da
marcelusis TandaswrebiT mouwodebs aCrdils Tqvas Tavisi saTqmeli,
avtoris remarka miuTiTebs: Ghost beckons Hamlet (Seqspiri 2003: 115) [aCrdili
iwvevs hamlets (Seqspiri 1987: 333)]. am Jests samive personaJi erTdroulad
afiqsirebs. horacio eubneba hamlets: “It beckons you to go away with it, / As if it
some impartment did desire / To you alone” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.4.58-60) [`giwvevT, Tan
wahyveT, TiTqo calke unda ram giTxraT~ (333)]. marcelusic umowmebs:
“Look with what courteous action / It wafts you to a more removed ground” (1.4.60-1)
[`hxedavT, alersiT ganiSnebT, rom Sors wahyveT sadme....~ (333)]. hamletic,
Tavis mxriv, afiqsirebs: “It waves me forth again....” (1.4.68) [`ager maniSnebs,
wamomyeo....~ (333)]. nuTu SeuZlia koleqtiur halucinacias ase zustad
daamTxvios sami personaJis TvalTaxedva?! namdvilad ara!
ase rom, hamletisa da misi megobrebisgan aCrdilis erTdrouli
xilva sakmaod sandod mianiSnebs imaze, rom igi realuria da
ufliswulis halucinaciuri fantaziis nayofs srulebiTac ar
warmoadgens. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom hamleti ar aris pirveli,
visac ecxadeba aCrdili. Sesabamisad, mas halucinaciisken midrekilebas
ver davabralebT. Tundac halucinaciad CavTvaloT aCrdilis xilva, ver
vityviT, rom es fantazia ufliswulis cnobierebam SeTxza. aCrdili
pirvelad marcelusma da bernardom ixiles da Tanac orjer,1 vidre
horaciosTan erTadac naxavdnen. sayuradReboa aseve hamletisa da
horacios dialogi, rodesac horacio apirebs, Seatyobinos ufliswuls
am ucnauri gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. hamleti ambobs: “My father, methinks I see my
father” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.184) [`....mamaCemi... TiTqo mas vxedav~ (Seqspiri 1987:
328)]. horacio aSkarad ieWvebs, ufliswulic xom ar xedavs aCrdilso da
ekiTxeba: “Where my lord?” (1.2.185) [`sada, batono?~ (328)]. hamleti ki
ganmartavs: “In my mind’s eye” (1.2.185) [`me vxedav mas gonebis TvaliT~ (328)].
amiT Seqspiri, erTi mxriv, gvagebinebs, rom hamlets jer ar uxilavs
aCrdili, meore mxriv ki, gvaxvedrebs, rom ufliswuls halucinaciebi ar
awuxebs, radgan igi mSvenivrad ganarCevs gonebis TvaliT danaxuls
sinamdvilisagan. absoluturad bunebrivi da logikuria aseve misi

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 1.1.33 da ix. Seqspiri 1987: 324.

32
reaqcia, rodesac horacio atyobinebs gardacvlili mefis aCrdilis
gamocxadebis Sesaxeb:

HORATIO

My lord, I think I saw him yesternight.

HAMLET

Saw? Who?

HORATIO

My lord, the king your father.

HAMLET

The king my father! (Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.189-91)

horacio

wuxelis, vgoneb, vnaxe igi, xelmwifis Svilo.

hamlet

vin igi naxe?

horacio

mamaTqveni, Cveni xelmwife.

hamlet

mamaCemio? (Seqspiri 1987: 328-329)

hamletis gakvirveba kidev erTxel gvidasturebs misi fsiqikis

sijansaResa da halucinaciebisagan Tavisuflebas.
gansxvavebul SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs saqme, rodesac hamlets ecxadeba
aCrdili dedamisis oTaxSi, masTan kamaTis dros. aq mxolod hamleti

33
xedavs aCrdils, xolo gertrudisTvis igi uxilavia. ufliswuli
miuTiTebs: “Why, look you there – look how it steals away – / My father in his habit as he
lived....” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.135-6) [`erTi Sexede, naxe, rogor miipareba;
mamaCemia Tavissave SesamoselSi...~ (Seqspiri 1987: 363)]. gertrudi ki
pasuxobs: “This is the very coinage of your brain. / This bodiless creation ecstasy / Is very
cunning in” (3.4.138-40) [`eg mxolod Senis warmodgenis nayofi aris, _ bneliT
moculs Wkvas moCveneba ewveva xSirad~ (363)].
ramdenad marTalia dedofali? marvin hanti (hanti 2007: 153-154),
romelic ar iziarebs halucinaciis Teorias aCrdilis wina
gamocxadebebTan mimarTebiT, fiqrobs, rom ganxilul scenaSi
halucinaciasac ver gamovricxavT. hamlets, romelsac adre Tavisi
megobrebis TandaswrebiT obieqturad gamoecxada mamis suli, axla
SesaZloa mxolod elandebodes misi gamocxadeba, raxan mis mexsierebaSi
ukve arsebobs adre nanaxis xsovna. aCrdili axals arafers eubneba aq
hamlets da am gamocxadebis xangrZlivobac Zalian xanmoklea. Tumca
SesaZlebelia, aCrdils ubralod unari aqvs erT adamians eCvenos da
imavdroulad meorisTvis faruli darCes. Tuki es marTlac asea, ratom
unda ifaravdes igi Tavs dedoflisagan? amis pasuxi, savaraudod,
hamletisadmi mimarTul missave sityvebSia: “....look, amazement on thy mother sits.
/ Oh step between her and her fighting soul: / Conceit in weakest bodies strongest works”
(Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.111-3) [`....Sexede dedaSensa, rogor TrTis SiSiT. Cadeg
Sen imis SemkrTal sulsa da imis Soris, Torem ocneba sustzed ufro
Zlier moqmedobs~ (Seqspiri 1987: 363)]. rogorc Cans, aCrdili
ufrTxildeba dedoflis sust bunebas, radgan SiSobs, rom misi fsiqika
ver daitevs aCrdilis xilvas da Seiryeva.
aRsaniSnavia, rom aCrdilis ganxiluli gamocxadeba, realuria is Tu
moCvenebiTi, hamletisTvis arsebiTad arafers cvlis. mas isev imave saqmis
aRsruleba evaleba, rac aqamdec evaleboda. aCrdilic ganumartavs mas am
gamocxadebis mizezs: “Do not forget. This visitation / Is but to whet thy almost blunted
purpose” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.109-10) [`nu daiviwyeb, rom am mosvliT me mwadis
mxolod misustebuli nebisyofa gagicxovelo~ (Seqspiri 1987: 363)]. aqedan
gamomdinare, aCrdilis realuroba-irealurobis sakiTxi mniSvnelovani da

34
saWirboroto mxolod maSinaa, rodesac igi umxels ufliswuls sakuTari
gardacvalebis saidumlos da mouwodebs mas SurisZiebisaken.
miuxedavad gertrudis oTaxSi aCrdilis gamocxadebisadmi arsebuli
orazrovnebisa, mainc ufro logikuria, rom Seqspirma aqac misi realuri
gamocxadeba igulisxma da ara hamletis halucinacia. ufliswulisa da
dedamisis saubaric daaxloebiT SuaRamisas xdeba, roca aCrdils sCvevia
xolme gamoCena. garda amisa, aris erTi niSandoblivi momenti, rac
Tanabrad exeba aCrdilis yvela gamocxadebis SemTxvevas piesaSi, maT
Soris, gertrudis oTaxSic. dramatuli TvalsazrisiT, aCrdili sxva
personaJebis Tanasworia. scenaze misi Semosvla-gasvla Tu sxva moqmedeba
avtoriseuli remarkebiTaa aRniSnuli teqstSi. mis gamoCenasa Tu
gauCinarebas hamleti da misi megobrebi zustad im dros afiqsireben,
roca Seqspiri Tavisi remarkebiT migvaniSnebs amis Sesaxeb. Tavad
dramaturgi aCrdilad moixseniebs mas. rogorc piesis TiToeuli
personaJis, ise aCrdilis kuTvnili replikebic imave wesiTaa gamoyofili
sxvaTa replikebisagan. an rogor unda eTamaSa aCrdilis roli globusis
Teatris scenaze Semosul msaxiobs (gadmocemiT Tavad Seqspirs) imgvarad,
rom igi mayurebels hamletis cnobierebis mier SeTxzul halucinaciad
aReqva?! aseTi, ram mxolod Tanamedrove kinematografiaSi Tu SeiZleba
warmovidginoT da isic kompiuteruli teqnologiis mniSvnelovani
CareviT. Seqspirs rom ndomeboda halucinaciis ideaze pedalirebis
realuri mecnieruli potenciali Caedo aCrdilis warmomavlobis
sakiTxTan mimarTebiT, mas es ar gauWirdeboda namdvilad. amisaTvis
sakmarisi iqneboda aCrdilis moqmedebis amsaxveli yvela remarkisa da
misi yvela replikis amoReba piesidan da Sesabamisad, misi sasceno
rolis gauqmebac. am SemTxvevaSi, aCrdili, rogorc personaJi, dakargavda
dramatul arsebobas piesaSi Tu mis dadgmaSi. gveqneboda mxolod
hamletis, horacios, marcelusisa da bernardos replikebidan miRebuli
informacia misi gamocxadebis Sesaxeb. cxadia, ver gveqneboda hamletisa
da aCrdilis dialogi, magram am danaklisis aRmofxvras Seqspiri iolad
SeZlebda: `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ dadgmamde irkveva, rom hamlets
monayoli aqvs horaciosTvis aCrdilis naambobi, rac imaze mianiSnebs,
rom dramaturgs, saWiroebis SemTxvevaSi, Tavisuflad SeeZlo

35
mkiTxvelisa da mayureblis winaSe warmoedgina piesaSi nagulisxmebi
hamletisa da horacios es saubari da amgvarad gaegebinebina CvenTvis
aCrdilis saidumlo. aseT `hamletSi~ marTlac gaurkveveli iqneboda
aCrdili sinamdvilea, Tu halucinacia, da sayovelTao halucinaciis
ideasac ukve realuri safuZveli gauCndeboda. raxan Seqspiri amgvar gzas
ar adgeba, unda CavTvaloT, rom misi aCrdili namdvilia.
amrigad, aCrdilis gaigiveba halucinaciur movlenasTan erTob
aradamajerebeli mecnieruli poziciaa, romelsac erTgvar dramatul
absurdamdec ki mivyavarT. dedoflis oTaxSic misi gamocxadeba aseve
realurad unda miviCnioT da ara hamletiseul molandebad. Tumca,
aCrdilis es gamocxadeba arsebiTad arafers cvlis piesaSi.

1.4. hamleti _ personaJi

hamletis personaJi da misi ambavi momdinareobs XII-XIII saukunis

danieli mematianis, saqson gramatikosis naSromidan `danielTa saqmeni~,
romelic mogviTxrobs saukuneebiT adrindel skandinaviur legendas
amleTze. Tumca, humanistur-renesansuli Segnebis mqone Seqspiris
hamlets sakmaod bevri aSorebs Tavisi legendaruli winamorbedis
vikinguri sulisgan. hamletis universaloba, misi qarizmatuloba da
TviTSemecnebisaken swrafva, rogorc harold blumi (blumi 2008: 399)
aRniSnavs, amsgavsebs mas TviT bibliur mefe daviTs. aSkaraa isic, rom
hamletis msoflxedva qristianuli faseulobebis sagrZnob gavlenas
ganicdis, rac nawilobriv gansazRvravs kidec ufliswulis qmedebebs.
hamletis Sinagani samyaros Sesaxeb, upirveles yovlisa, misive
monologebidan vgebulobT. ufliswulis monologebSi yvelaze naTlad
irekleba misi gulis moZraoba, misi msoflxedva da moraluri
miswrafebani. monologebis Semdeg yvelaze mniSvnelovania hamletisa da
horacios dialogebi. bunebrivia, Tavis uerTgules megobarTan hamleti
yvelaze gulwrfeli da pirdapiria. harold blumi (blumi 2009b: 5-6)
sagangebod amaxvilebs yuradRebas horacios mniSvnelobaze am
TvalsazrisiT. igi miiCnevs, rom horacio `hamletis~ mayurebels

36
ganasaxierebs da CvensaviT TanaugrZnobs mas. misi azriT, piesa aitans
fortinbrasis, rozenkrancisa da gildensternis, TviT laertis
CamoSorebasac siuJetidan, magram horacios gareSe, hamleti Zalian
gaucxovdeba Cvengan da misi universalobac daknindeba. horacios garda,
hamleti Tavis msoflxedvisa da xasiaTis mniSvnelovan Strixebs piesis
sxva personaJebTan dialogSic avlens. dabolos, ufliswulis pirovneba
vlindeba agreTve mis qmedebebSi Tu umoqmedobaSi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom hamletis damokidebuleba piesis danarCeni
personaJebisadmi didwilad gansazRvravs imas, Tu rogori iqneba Cveni
damokidebulebac maTdami. ufliswulis azri sxva personaJebze TiTqmis
pirdapirproporciulad aisaxeba maT mimarT Cvens azrze. poeturi
samarTlianobis sazomi Seqspirma hamletis xedvaSi Cado da amgvarad,
misi TvalebiT Segvaxeda piesaSi mocemul adamianur samyaros, rac erT-
erTi mniSvnelovani mizezia imisa, rom hamleturi ganwyobileba aseTi
nacnobi da axloa CvenTvis.
hamletologiaSi Zalze aqtualuria hamleturi yoymanis Tema.
ufliswuls TiTqos yovelgvari safuZveli aqvs imisa, rom klavdiusze
Suri iZios, magram igi mainc ayovnebs. gansakuTrebiT TvalSisacemi xdeba
hamletis meryeoba mas Semdeg, rac igi rwmundeba, rom biZamisma
namdvilad Caidina is borotmoqmedeba, romlis Sesaxebac aCrdilma uambo.
amitomac, bevri mkvlevarisTvis hamletis amgvari umoqmedoba erTgvar
gamocanadac iqca. Tumca, rogorc jon holouei miiCnevs, `uazrobaa
mxatvrul nawarmoebSi meryeoba davinaxoT mxolod imitom, rom
saswrafod ar xdeba imis aRsruleba, rac aRsasrulebelia~ (jampi 1968:
163). igi mianiSnebs, rom Tuki `hamletisa~ da misi protagonistis
moqmedebas SurisZiebis motivi warmarTavs, maSin savsebiT bunebrivia, rom
Surisgeba piesis boloSi aRsruldes.
hamleti is pirovnebaa, romlisTvisac samyaro ubralo mocemulobas
ar warmoadgens. is bevrs fiqrobs adamianis sicocxlis sazrisze da
amitom naklebad Cqarobs moqmedebas. mas jerovani safuZveli sWirdeba
imisaTvis, rom imoqmedos. brma da ganukiTxavi moqmedeba misi sulisTvis
ucxoa da miuRebeli. igi SekiTxvebs svams, romelTa umetesobazec
calsaxa pasuxi ar arsebobs da mxolod varaudebi Tu SeiZleba

37
gamoiTqvas. xedavs ra adamianur borotebas, ufliswuli daeWvebulia
kacobriobis zneobriv SesaZleblobebSi. misi eWvi Semdgom vrceldeba
adamianis SemecnebiT SesaZleblobebzec. Tumca hamletis tragikuli
gancdis ZiriTadi mizezi mainc adamianis zneobrivi dacemulobaa da ara
misi SemecnebiTi SezRuduloba (anu, pirvelyovlisa, is, rac pirovnebis
guls gamoxatavs da ara mis gonebas).
hamleti ar aris mxolod dadebiTi TvisebebiT dajildoebuli gmiri,
romelic Secdomebs ar uSvebs. masSi sakmarisad moipoveba uaryofiTi
Tvisebebic. miuxedavad imisa, rom igi Rrma analizis unariT gamoirCeva,
emociur mdgomareobaSi Zalze impulsuricaa. cxadia, es faqti ufro met
damajereblobas sZens gmiris saxes, radgan mxolod dadebiTi TvisebebiT
dajildoebuli personaJi mkiTxvelisa da mayureblis winaSe raRac
miuwvdomel, idealur pirovnebas daemsgavseboda, romelic realobaSi
Zneli mosaZebnia, Tuki saerTod arsebobs aseTi.
aRsaniSnavia, rom zogierTi mkvlevari ufliswul hamletSi potenciur
klavdiussac xedavs. oriveni cdiloben erTmaneTs maxe daugon. rogorc
klavdiusi, ise hamletic aravis indobs, vinc mis miznebs win eRobeba da
sabolood, rogorc helen kuperi (kuperi 2008: 173) SeniSnavs, erTgvar
seriul mkvleladac ki yalibdeba. mis qmedebebs mTlianobaSi rva
adamianis sicocxle ewireba, sakuTari Tavis CaTvliT. miuxedavad am
yvelafrisa, SeiZleba ki hamleti potenciur klavdiusad CaiTvalos?
hamleti rom yofiliyo klavdiusis adgilas, isic Caidenda muxanaTobas
amqveyniuri Zalauflebisa da privilegiebis mosaxveWad? unda iTqvas, rom
es gamoricxulia. hamleti da klavdiusi polarulad gansxvavebuli
sulieri sawyisis matarebeli personaJebi arian da aqedan gamomdinare,
maTi qmedebebis motivebi absoluturad gansxvavebuli bunebisaa.
klavdiusi samefo taxtisa da dedoflis dasaufleblad sakuTari
Zmis mkvlelobaze midis da Zalian male mis daqvrivebul meuRlesTan
sisxlisSemrev saqorwino kavSirs kravs. rodesac hamletisgan safrTxes
igrZnobs, masze sasikvdilo SeTqmulebas awyobs. pirveli gegma
Cauvardeba, magram meores laertis meSveobiT warmatebiT axorcielebs,
Tumca am gegmas hamletTan erTad laertis, dedoflisa da TviT misive

38
sicocxlec gadahyveba. amrigad, klavdiusi aris pirovneba, romelic
sakuTari egoisturi miznebisTvis yvelaferze midis.
rac Seexeba hamlets, pirvelyovlisa unda aRiniSnos, rom misi
qmedebebi, klavdiusis qmedebebisgan gansxvavebiT, ZiriTadad, gareSe
Zalebisagan aris inspirirebuli. hamlets mamis aCrdili da misi
monayoli aqezebs da avaldebulebs moqmedebas. rom ara es garemoeba,
ufliswuli namdvilad ar imoqmedebda biZamisisa da misi garemocvis
winaaRmdeg. klavdiuss ki sakuTari egoisturi ambiciebi ubiZgebs
mzakvrobisaken da hamletis mkvlelobaSic TviTonvea laertis
wamqezebeli. hamletis mTavari mizania damnaSavis dasja da
samarTlianobis aRdgena. klavdiusma ki sxva saTnoebebTan erTad
samarTlianobac gaTela. rogorc agnes heleri ambobs: `hamlets surs
simarTle da mxolod simarTle, xolo klavdiuss surs sicrue da
mxolod sicrue~ (heleri 2002: 93). marTlac, rogorc heleri (93)
SeniSnavs, hamleti cdilobs simarTlis saaSkaraoze gamotanas, xolo
klavdiusi, piriqiT, _ mis miCqmalvas. bolosac, momakvdav hamlets Zlier
adardebs, Tu rogor saxels datovebs igi eris winaSe da horacios
evedreba, mouTxros yvelas misi ambis Sesaxeb. sulTmobrZavi klavdiusi
ki yviris: “Oh yet defend me friends, I am but hurt” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.303)
[`momeSveleniT, megobrebo, me damWra mxolod~ (Seqspiri 1987: 388)].
amrigad, klavdiuss mTlianad egoizmi marTavs, hamleti ki samarTals
eZebs. imdenad ucxoa hamletis bunebisaTvis usamarTloba, rom igi
moqmedebaze ar gadadis, vidre aCrdilis naambobis simarTlesa da
klavdiusis damnaSaveobas `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ dadgmiT ar daamowmebs.
mogvianebiT, gemze yofnisas igi mefis werils gaxsnis da mis mzakvrul
Canafiqris amoikiTxavs, rac ukve klavdiusis muxanaTuri bunebis
damatebiTi sabuTia misTvis. da rodesac sasikvdilod ganwiruli hamleti
Tavisi amqveyniuri sicocxlis ukanasknel wuTebs iyenebs da klavs mefes,
sruli gancda rCeba imisa, rom klavdiusze samarTali aRsrulda.
hamletis mier klavdiusis mkvleloba, rogorc vxedavT, iolad
eqvemdebareba gamarTlebas, magram ramdenad SeiZleba gamarTldes
ufliswulis mier poloniusis mkvleloba? Tu davuSvebT, rom hamleti
mixvda, vin imaleboda fardis ukan, maSin misi moqmedeba arc ise

39
samarTlianad gamoiyureba, miuxedavad imisa, rom poloniusi uRirsad
iqceoda, rodesac ayuradebda ufliswulis saubars dedofalTan. magram
piesaSi aSkarad Cans, rom hamlets fardis ukan mefe hgonia damaluli da
rodesac aRmoaCens, rom poloniusi Semoakvda, gulwrfelad Sewuxdeba
amis gamo. erTi SexedviT hamleti impulsurad moqmedebs, magram unda
SevniSnoT, rom Seqmnili situacia aiZulebs mas saswrafod imoqmedos.
gertruds hgonia, rom hamleti mis mokvlas apirebs da Svelas iTxovs.
poloniusic saSvelad uxmobs xalxs. Tu hamleti umal ar moayuCebda
fardis ukan mdgoms, kariskacebi mocvivdebodnen da daakavebdnen mas.
amiT ki hamleti sabolood daemSvidobeboda araTu Tavisi gegmebis
ganxorcielebis ideas, aramed sakuTar Tavisuflebasac. mas usaTuod
dedis mkvlelobis mcdelobis braldebas wauyenebdnen da rogorc
Seuracxads daamwyvdevdnen sapyrobileSi. amitom, ufliswulma, romelsac
SeeZlo wamebSi es saSiSroeba gaeazrebina, savaraudod imoqmeda ara
imdenad impulsurad, aramed ufro logikurad. romc scodnoda, rom
fardis ukan poloniusi imaleboda, mainc iZulebuli iqneboda naxsenebi
saSiSroebis Tavidan asacileblad analogiuradve emoqmeda. garda amisa,
raxan mas fardis ukan mefe hgonia Casafrebuli, igi ideaSi aRasrulebs
mamis aCrdilis SurismaZieblur mowodebas da klavs `klavdiuss~ swored
imgvar momentSi, roca klavdiusi ki ar loculobs, aramed hamletis
warmodgeniT, fardis uknidan urcxvad ayuradebs misi da dedamisis
saubars.
amrigad, klavdiusisa da poloniusis sikvdili maTsave kiserzea. miT
ufro usamarTloa, hamlets brali davdoT ofeliasa da laertis
sikvdilSi, an Tundac dedoflis sikvdilSi. arc laertis daSna
Seuwamlavs mas da arc gertrudis Rvino Seuzavebia SxamiT. arc
poloniusis mokvla ganuzraxavs da arc amis niadagze _ ofelias SeSla
da sikvdilamde miyvana. yovelive es ki miuTiTebs imaze, rom hamleti
sulac ar aris mkvleli Tavisi mowodebiT da arc klavdiusobis
potenciali devs mis xasiaTSi. yvela ubedureba, sinamdvileSi, swored
klavdiusis pirvelma da yvelaze mTavarma borotmoqmedebam moitana,
romelic piesis moqmedebis dawyebamde daaxloebiT TvenaxevriT an ori
TviT adre moxda. aqedan gamomdinare, yvela gardacvlili personaJis

40
mkvleli realurad klavdiusia da ara hamleti. TviT piesis
meorexarisxovani personaJebis rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
sasikvdilo bedic Tavisda uneburad klavdiusma gansazRvra, Tumca
hamletis pasuxismgebloba maT sikvdilSi albaT yvelaze met gamoZiebas
moiTxovs, rasac mogvianebiT SevecdebiT.
sainteresoa, saerTod, ramdenad amoZravebs hamlets karieruli
interesebi. Zalauflebis mosaxveWad usamarTlo gzis arCeva rom
SeuTavsebelia mis bunebasTan, amaze ukve gvqonda saubari. samefo taxtis
mopoveba rom ar warmoadgens misTvis mTavar mizans, esec cxadia. magram
nuTu hamletis tragikul gancdaSi aranairi roli ara aqvs imas, rom
gamefebaSi Seecilnen? is xom ufliswuli da memkvidrea gardacvlili
mefisa?! patrik hogani (hogani 2013: 65-66), magaliTad, miiCnevs, rom
hamletis miznebi nawilobriv karierulic aris, rac SesaZloa axlosaa
simarTlesTan. piesaSi ori adgilia, sadac xdeba am momentis miniSneba.
erTia mas mere, rac hamleti horacios uambobs klavdiusis mzakvruli
Canafiqris Sesaxeb:

Does it not, think thee, stand me now upon –

He that hath killed my king, and whored my mother,
Popped in between th’election and my hopes,
Thrown out his angle for my proper life,
And with such cozenage – is’t not perfect conscience
To quit him with this arm? And is’t not to be damned
To let this canker of our nature come
In further evil? (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.63-70)

exla xom cxadi aris, raca mdevs valad:

igi, vinc mohkla mamaCemi, gamiryvna deda,
vinc gamimtyuna me imedi mefed aRrCevis,
vinc manqanebiT sasikvdilod maxe damigo, _
nuTu ar aris igi Rirsi, rom am marjveniT
esreT diadi boroteba gadavuxado?
gana kargia, am iaram Cvens bunebaSi

41
 daisadguros da sazarel geslad gadgveqces?!
(Seqspiri 1987: 383)

hamleti klavdiusis danaSaulad, pirvel rigSi, mefis mkvlelobasa da

Tavisi dedis garyvnas asaxelebs, rac imaze mianiSnebs, rom misTvis
upirvelesia zneobrivi faseulobebi da aqedan gamomdinare, misi
tragikuli gancdis mizezic, pirvelyovlisa, adamianSi am faseulobebis
dakninebis mware simarTlis gacnobierebaa. Tumca, amis Semdeg
ufliswuls isic awuxebs, rom biZamisma gaucrua mas gamefebis imedi,
magram es aramc da aramc ar niSnavs imas, rom esaa klavdiusis
winaaRmdeg hamletis amxedrebis mTavari mizezi. ufro metic, biZamisis
mier dedoflis garyvnac ar warmoadgens hamletisTvis sakmaris mizezs
klavdiusis mosaklavad, radgan igi amaSi, upirveles yovlisa, gertruds
adanaSaulebs. magram rodesac mamis aCrdili gaumxels mas Tavisi
sikvdilis saidumlos da mouwodebs SurisZiebisaken, hamleti ukve iwyebs
brZolas klavdiusis winaaRmdeg. xolo rodesac ufliswuli gemze
gamoarkvevs, rom uzurpatori mefe masze sasikvdilo SeTqmulebas awyobs,
mas ukve saswrafod sWirdeba klavdiusis ganeitraleba, Tu unda, rom
sikvdils Tavad gadaurCes. arc SeiZleba, danias aseTi TavzexelaRebuli,
pirsisxliani aramzada marTavdes. is unda ganadgurdes, radgan
winaaRmdeg SemTxvevaSi, rogorc hamleti horaciosadmi naTqvam aq
moyvanil sityvebSi mianiSnebs, boroteba kidev ufro metad gaSlis
frTebs. ufliswuli valdebulia gaanTavisuflos Tavisi qveyana
borotmoqmedi mefisgan, romelic, realurad, sakuTari Zmis, kanonieri
mefis mkvleli da samSoblos moRalatea. ar SeiZleba misi da dedoflis
sisxlisSemrev urTierTobasac wertili ar daesvas, radgan es arcxvens
hamlets, samefo ojaxs da mTel daniasac. am yvelafridan gamomdinare,
cxadi xdeba, rom ufliswulis miznebisa da qmedebebis formirebaSi mis
ambicias samefo taxtTan mimarTebiT mxolod da mxolod
meorexarisxovani roli Tu akisria.
meore adgili piesaSi, sadac ikveTeba hamletis karieruli motivebi
aris ufro adre, `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ warmodgenis SeCerebis Semdgom,
rodesac rozenkranci cdilobs aTqmevinos hamlets xasiaTis gafuWebis

42
mizezi. “Sir, I lack advancement” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.308) [`me samsaxurSi karg
adgils ar maZleven~], _ eubneba ufliswuli rozenkrancs. Tavisi
uxasiaTobis mizezad hamleti aq sxvas arafers asaxelebs, magram es
sulac ar niSnavs imas, rom misi tragikuli gancdis mTavari mizezi
daniis mefed arCevis imedis gacruebaa. hamleti ver gaumxelda
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns mamamisis sikvdilis saidumlos. igi aseve
moerideboda dedamisisa da biZamisis sisxlisSemrev urTierTobaze
yuradRebis gamaxvilebas kariskacebis winaSe. ufliswuli mxolod imas
eubneba maT, rasac isini isedac moelian. aqedan gamomdinare, realur da
srul warmodgenas hamletis motivebze klavdiusis winaaRmdeg brZolaSi
gviqmnis ara rozenkrancisadmi ufliswulis nasroli aq moyvanili
replika, aramed zemoT moyvanili misi sityvebi horaciosadmi, sadac
karieruli motivi erT-erTia, magram aramc da aramc yvelaze
mniSvnelovani an gadamwyveti. raki horacio hamletis yvelaze sando
megobari da erTaderTi mesaidumlea, arc unda gagvikvirdes, rom
ufliswuli mxolod masTan ayalibebs Tavis motivebs srulad,
gulwrfelad da Tanmimdevrulad, xolo sxvebTan imdens ambobs,
ramdenadac endoba maT.
garda ganxiluli ori epizodisa, piesaSi arsad figurirebs hamletis
karieruli motivi. niSandoblivia aseve, rom ufliswuli Tavis
monologebSi, roca igi martoa da SeuZlia sruliad gulwrfeli iyos,
arsad gamoTqvams wuxils am sakiTxze. sayuradReboa isic, rom hamleti
ar klavs mefes, rodesac is loculobs, rac kvlavdakvlav ufliswulis
karieruli ambiciebis sisusteze mianiSnebs da upirispirebs mas am
ambiciebisadmi mTlianad damonebul, uzurpator klavdiuss.

1.5. gertrudi, ofelia da hamletis `qalTmoZuleoba~

hamlets xSirad adanaSauleben ofeliasadmi usamarTlo da mkacr

mopyrobaSi. raki ufliswuli zizRiT uyurebs klavdiusTan sakuTari
dedis sqesobriv cxovrebas da raxan am mizeziT gertrudisadmic
amJRavnebs agresias, zogierTi kritikosi (mag., mulani 1994; goldStaini

43
2001: 56) amis gamo qalTmoZuleobasac swamebs mas. hamletis uxeS
mopyrobas ofelias mimarT, Cveulebriv, dedamisisadmi misi
imedgacruebiTa da aqedan gamomdinare, zogadad qalis Rirsebisadmi misi
rwmenis dakargviT xsnian xolme (ix., mag., bevingtoni 2008: 186). iuen ferni,
magaliTad, fiqrobs: `raki hamlets ar SeuZlia ise Sexedos qals, rom
masSi sasircxo siSiSvlec ar dainaxos, amitomac aris misi sityvebi
ofelias mimarT sisastikisa da qalTmoZuleobis gamomxatveli~ (ferni
2002: 118). stiven grinblatis (grinblati 2010: 41) azriT ki, hamletis aseTi
mopyroba ofeliasadmi savaraudod momdinareobs ara misi
msoflxedvidan, aramed misi dasneulebuli sulieri mdgomareobidan.
mkvlevarTa umravlesoba aseve miiCnevs, rom ofelia umanko kravia,
romelic usamarTlobasa da uiRblobas Seewira (ix., mag., uaiTi 1986: 63;
uinkleri 2006: 86; heleri 2002: 50-51). Tumca sanam hamletisa da ofelias
urTierTdamokidebulebis moralur mxares gavaanalizebdeT da
SevafasebdeT, aucileblad miviCnevT, ganvixiloT ufliswulis
damokidebuleba dedamisis mimarT, radgan es iZleva ofeliasadmi
hamletis mopyrobis garkveul axsnas.
hamletis pirvelive monologi faqtiurad gertrudis moraluri saxis
Sefasebas emsaxureba. hamletisTvis dedofali moRalatea qmrisa,
erTgulebisa, WeSmariti siyvarulisa. dedis cremlebi, romelic cota
xnis win meuRlis gardacvalebas glovobda, ufliswulisTvis axla
niangis cremlebad iqca. “O God, a beast that wants discourse of reason / Would have
mourned longer” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.150-1) [`oh, zecis madlo! uWkvo pirutyvi
iglovebda ufro xangrZlivad~ (Seqspiri 1987: 328)] _ ase afasebs hamleti
gertrudis saqciels. misTvis arc dedamisis meored qorwinebis
gaukuRmarTebuli saxea umniSvnelo: “....married with my uncle, / My father’s brother
. . . / Ere yet the salt of most unrighteous tears / Had left the flushing in her galled eyes, /She
married. Oh most wicked speed, to post / With such dexterity to incestuous sheets” (1.2.151-2;
154-7) [`daqorwinda da mere visTan? biZaCemTana! TviT mamiCemis RviZlsa
ZmasTn! . . . ar SeSrobia gardmonadenni mis cbierTa TvalTagan cremlni
da qmris sawoli Seagina sisxlis SereviT~ (328)]. swored am monologSi
aRmoxdeba hamlets qalisadmi mimarTuli Semdegi sityvebi: “....frailty, thy

44
name is woman” (1.2.146) [`[sisustev]1, dedakaci unda gerqvas Sen~ (328)].
sisusteSi hamleti gulisxmobs qalis sulier sisustes, masSi namdvili
siyvarulis niWisa da erTgulebis naklebobas. ratom azogadebs hamleti
am azrs qalze? iqneb yvela qali ar aris aseTi? azogadebs, radgan
dedamisia aseTi _ misTvis yvelaze axlo dedakaci. deda xom SvilisTvis
qalobis upirvelesi moraluri sazomia. Tumca, unda aRiniSnos, rom
hamletis es azri dedakacis Sesaxeb jer mxolod emociur planSia
ganzogadebuli da ara logikurSi, radgan ufliswuli am momentSi
gansakuTrebulad mZime emociur mdgomareobaSi imyofeba. ufro mSvid
mdgomareobaSi, hamleti jer kidev ar aris logikurad misuli im
azramde, rom yvela qali marTlac aseTia. es dasturdeba misi
Tavdapirveli keTili ganwyobiT ofeliasadmi. magram Tu hamleti masSic
aRmoaCens potenciur gertruds, es albaT ukve sakmarisi iqneba imisaTvis,
rom mas yvela dedakacze erTi uaryofiTi azri Camouyalibdes da
sabolood dakargos ndoba qalisadmi. raRa mniSvneloba eqneba maSin
hamletisaTvis sxva qalebis zneobriobas, Tuki misTvis ori yvelaze
axlobeli da sayvareli qali _ deda da satrfo _ moralurad
gaufasurda. amitom, SemTxveviTi albaT arc aris, gertrudisa da
ofelias garda piesaSi sxva qali personaJi rom ar figurirebs. amis
Sedegad, mkiTxvelisa da mayureblis TvalSi ufliswulis
damokidebuleba maTdami garkveulwilad, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
avtomatur ganzogadebasac ganicdis da qmnis qalisa da qalobis erTian
saxes.
nu gvikvirs, rom hamletisaTvis uzomod tragikuli da
zizRismomgvrelia gertrudis klavdiusze qorwineba, Tanac ase
naCqarevad. dedofalma ara mxolod siyvaruls uRalata, aramed
gardacvlili meuRlis ZmasTan sisxlisSemrevi kavSiris damyarebiT
saqveynod Tavi moWra daniis ufliswulsac. hamlets sruli safuZveli
aqvs ivaraudos, rom am realobis Sedegad, samefo ojaxis avtoriteti
danieli xalxis umravlesobis TvalSi daeca. dedis uxamsma nabijma,
bunebrivia, misi vaJic ramdenadme gasvara. “I pray thee do not mock me fellow
1 maCablis `araraobav~ amoviReT da mis nacvlad CavsviT `sisustev~, radgan dedniseuli
frailty qarTulad sisustes niSnavs. ix. agreTve niko yiasaSvilis SeniSvna am frazaze
(Seqspiri 1987: 487).

45
student, / I think it was to see my mother’s wedding” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.177-8) [`nuki
damcini, megobaro! me es mgonia Sen dediCemis qorwilisTvis ufro
Camoxvedi~ (Seqspiri 1987: 328)], _ mware ironiiT mimarTavs ufliswuli
horacios, romelmac iqamde moaxsena, rom elsinorSi mamaTqvenis
dakrZalvaze dasaswrebad Camovedio.
hamletisa da aCrdilis damokidebuleba gertrudisadmi arsebiTad
identuria. “O Hamlet, what a falling off was there, / From me whose love was of that dignity
/ That it went hand in hand even with the vow I made to her in marriage” (Seqspiri 2003:
1.5.47-50) [`oh, hamlet, hamlet, xom grZnob eseTs Tav-damcirebas! me
miRalata, me, romelsac sikvdilis dRemde ise miyvarda, viT Sevfice
qorwilis Jamsa~ (Seqspiri 1987: 334)], _ SesCivis aCrdili hamlets. ai,
swored am sityvebSi devs dedamisis saqcielisadmi ufliswulis
tragikuli gancdis dedaarsi. hamleti ase igonebs mamamisisadmi
dedamisis damokidebulebas: “....she would hang on him / As if increase of appetite had
grown / By what it fed on” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.143-5) [`esec mas rogor exveoda,
Tavs evleboda, TiTqo gulisTqmas gulisTqmiTa asazrdoebda~ (Seqspiri
1987: 328)]. hamletisaTvis, iseve rogorc aCrdilisaTvis, gamaognebelia
pirveli qmrisadmi gertrudis siyvarulis siyalbis xarisxi. maTTvis
auxsnelia, ra saCuqarze SeiZleboda gaeyida gertruds ase male
sakuTari sindisica da meuRlis siyvarulic, Tuki mas saerTod gaaCnda
an erTi an meore. “O wicked wit and gifts that have the power / So to seduce” (Seqspiri
2003: 1.5.44.5) [`wyeulimc iyos is Wkuac da is saCuqaric, rasac aqvs Zali
esred grZnebiT moRorebisa~ (Seqspiri 1987: 334)], _ ambobs aCrdili,
romelic sakuTari colis aseT dacemas marTlac mxolod jadoqrobis
zemoqmedebiTRa Tu axsnida.
amrigad, imdenad didi da saZagelia gertrudis danaSauli meuRlisa
da Svilis winaSe, da imdenad moulodnelic, rom Znelia ufliswuls
qalTmoZuleoba davwamoT. hamleti qalSi qalobas eZebs da ara
mdedrobiTi sqesis pirutyvs, da Tu igi dedamisSi pirutyvze mets
verafers xedavs, es gertrudis amoralurobis Sedegia da ara
qalebisadmi misi vaJiSvilis gamrudebuli xedvisa. hamleti rom
qalTmoZule ar aris, es dasturdeba dedamisTan misi kamaTis drosac. igi
cdilobs dedofalSi sindisi gaaRviZos: “Confess yourself to heaven, / Repent

46
what’s past” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.150-1) [`gautydi zecas, Seinane Seni warsuli~
(Seqspiri 1987: 363)]. raxan amas cdilobs, uSvebs kidevac misi sulieri
wamodgomis SesaZleblobas, Tundac aseTi dacemulobidan. rogorc ki
gertrudi mcireoden sinanuls gamoavlens, hamletic ar ayovnebs misdami
siTbosa da siyvarulis gamoxatvas: “Once more good night, / And when you are
desirous to be blessed, / I’ll blessing beg of you” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.171-3) [`kidev da
kidev mSvidobasa visurveb SenTvis, da Tu survili guls aRgeZra
daglocos vinmem, me TviT moviTxov, dedaCemo, Sengan dalocvas!~
(Seqspiri 1987: 364)].
dedamisisadmi hamletis damokidebulebis fonze, ra SeiZleba iTqvas
ufliswulisa da ofelias urTierTobaze? xedavs Tu ara hamleti
ofeliaSi potenciur gertruds? miuxedavad dedamisis saqcielisgan
moyenebuli mZime sulieri travmisa, namdvilad ver davabralebT hamlets,
rom ofeliaSi Tavidanve eWvi epareba, da verc imas vityviT, rom ujerod
epyroba mas, vidre maT urTierTobaSi poloniusi ar Caereva. ofeliasa da
poloniusis saubridan Cven vgebulobT rogoria Tavdapirvelad hamletis
damokidebuleba ofeliasadmi. ofelia ufliswulze ambobs: “He hath [...] of
late made many tenders / Of his affection to me. . . . he hath importuned me with love / In
honourable fashion. . . . And hath given countenance to his speech [...] / With almost all the holy
vows of heaven” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.3.99-100; 110-11; 113-14) [`....am bolo dros man
ramdenjerme alersiani sityva miTxra. . . . man mokrZalebiT siyvaruli
gamomicxada. . . . Tvisi sityvebi daamtkica sastiki ficiT~ (Seqspiri 1987:
331-332)]. hamletis qalTmoZuleobaze aq laparakic ki zedmetia. ra xdeba
Semdeg? mamamisis davalebiT, ofelia distancias iWers hamletisgan: “....as
you did command, / I did repel his letters, and denied / His access to me” (Seqspiri 2003:
2.1.106-108) [`....rogorc mibrZaneT, me avukrZale CemTan mosvla da
werilebic aRar miviRe misgan~ (Seqspiri 1987: 339)], _ eubneba hamletis
Sesaxeb ofelia poloniuss. rogori unda iyos hamletis reaqcia,
rodesac mas yovelgvari axsna-ganmartebis gareSe satrfo uars eubneba
urTierTobaze, maSin roca xedavs, rom jer-jerobiT araferi dauSavebia
ofeliasTvis? aRsaniSnavia, rom es ukve is etapia piesaSi, roca dedamisis
klavdiusze qorwinebiT isedac damZimebuli hamletis suli kidev ufro
damZimebulia aCrdilis naambobiT. TavmogiJianebuli hamleti erTgvar

47
meTodad iyenebs am `sigiJes~ ofelias akrZalvis dasarRvevad da
SeSlilis saxiT Tavs daadgeba mas Tavis oTaxSi, rodesac igi sakeravs
uzis. ofelia aRwers hamletis garegnul mdgomareobas da mis ucnaur
moqmedebasac (Seqspiri 2003: 2.1.75-82; 85-98; Seqspiri 1987: 338-339). SeSlilis
niRabs amofarebuli ufliswuli cdilobs mianiSnos ofelias, rom
gulnatkenia masze, Tumca pirdapir arafers eubneba mas. “He raised a sigh so
piteous and profound / As it did seem to shatter all his bulk, / And end his being” (Seqspiri
2003: 2.1.92-4) [`....ise Zlier, sacodavad amoikvnesa, gegonebodaT, Seeryao
mTeli sxeuli da am kvnesas amohyvao misi sicocxlec~ (Seqspiri 1987:
339)], _ hyveba ofelia. hamletis qmedebaSi erTgvari mudarac Cans
satrfosadmi. TiTqos eubneba mas: `Sen mainc daminde, ofelia!~. rogorc
alegzander legati (legati 2005: 69) SeniSnavs, SesaZloa am scenaSi
hamleti imitom aSterdeba ofelias didxans saxeze, rom dainaxos
ramdenad avlens igi gertrudobis niSnebs. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
hamlets jer kidev cudi da Seuracxmyofeli araferi ukadrebia
ofeliasTvis.
ofeliasadmi ufliswulis grZnobebis Sesaxeb garkveul informacias
iZleva hamletis sasiyvarulo werilic, romelsac Tavad ofelia
gadascems poloniuss:

To the celestial, and my soul’s idol, the most beautified Ophelia....

Doubt thou the stars are fire,

Doubt that the sun doth move,
Doubt truth to be a liar,
But never doubt I love.

O dear Ophelia, I am ill at these numbers, I have not art to reckon

my groans; but that I love thee best, O most best, believe it. Adieu.

Thine evermore, most dear lady, whilst this machine is to him, Hamlet.

(Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.109; 2.2.115-22)

zeciT gardmovlenils Cemi sulis RmerTs,

uuSvenieress ofelias....

48
 Tund nu endobi varskvlavT sinaTles,
nurc cis sferaSi trialsa mzisas,
Tund nu endobi marTalT simarTles, _
ende Zals Cemis siyvarulisas.

oh, Zvirfaso ofelia, leqsebis wera me ar mexerxeba, ar

SemiZlian Cemi gulis kvnesa riTmebisaTvis vTvalo, magram
gjerodes, rom miyvarxar, miyvarxar yovlis umetesad.
mSvidobiT!

Seni saukunod, vidre am sust sxeulSi suli SemrCeba, hamlet.

(Seqspiri 1987: 341)

es ar aris qalTmoZulis werili. am weriliT hamleti cdilobs,

ofelias Tavisi siyvaruli daumtkicos. igi irwmuneba, rom misi
siyvaruli Zalian Zlieria. niSandoblivia hamletis leqsis Sinaarsic,
romelic mouwodebs ofelias, TviT simarTleze metad hamletis
siyvaruls endos. TiTqos ufliswuli afrTxilebs mas, ar ahyves sxvebis
azrs, Tundac mamamisisas, da ar uRalatos am siyvaruls. sayuradReboa
aseve werilis damabolovebeli sityvebic, sadac hamleti iribad
mianiSnebs ofelias sakuTari sulis damZimebul mdgomareobaze da
TiTqos erTgvarad acodebs kidec mas Tavs. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom
hamletis werili da zemoT ganxiluli misi eqscentruli gamocxadeba
ofelias oTaxSi erT arss gamoxatavs. orive SemTxvevaSi hamleti
cdilobs, ofelias sakuTari sulis tkivili gauziaros da misi
TanagrZnoba moipovos, Tumca, uSedegod. ofelia ver ugebs mas.
aRsaniSnavia hamletis werilTan dakavSirebiT poloniusis komentari
mefe-dedoflis winaSe: “This in obedience hath my daughter shown me, / And, more
above, hath his solicitings, / As they fell out, by time, by means, and place, / All given to mine
ear” (Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.123-6) [`Cemma asulma morCilebiT me es gadmomca da
yvelaferi dawvrilebiT Sematyobina, Tu sad gaendo mas hamleti, rodis,
an ra gziT~ (Seqspiri 1987: 341)]. ramdenad keTilsindisieria ofeliasgan
hamletis sasiyvarulo werilis gasajaroeba, Tu mas igi namdvilad
uyvars? cxadia, ofelia aq SeyvarebulisTvis Seuferebel saqciels

49
sCadis. igi arRvevs siyvarulis intimurobas da misdami hamletis
grZnobebs sxvebis gansaxilvel sakiTxad aqcevs. miuxedavad amisa,
ofelias am qmedebas garkveuli gamarTleba mainc gaaCnia. jer erTi, igi
emorCileba mamis nebas; meorec, is wuxs hamletis mdgomareobis gamo da
mis Sesaxeb ufrosebisaTvis informaciis miwodebiT imeds itovebs, rom
isini gaerkvevian ufliswulis sulier problemaSi da droulad
uwamleben mas. amiTve SeiZleba aixsnas isic, rom mogvianebiT
klavdiusisa da poloniusis davalebiT ofelia hamletze Casatarebel
erTgvar jaSuSur eqsperimentSi monawileobazec Tanxmdeba. ofelias
zraxvebi hamletisadmi aqac uborotoa, magram misi Secdoma swored is
aris, rom mefisa da mamamisis damokidebulebac aseTive hgonia
ufliswulisadmi. “Read on this book, / That show of such an exercise may colour / Your
loneliness” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.44-6) [`aha, es wigni1, viTom kiTxulob. wigniT
xelSi rom daginaxavs [hamleti _ i.p.], Seni martoka yofna aRar eucxoeba~
(Seqspiri 1987: 350)], _ arigebs poloniusi Tavis qaliSvils. ofeliac, ra
Tqma unda, emorCileba am arc ise keTilsindisier davalebas da hamletis
winaSe wignis moCvenebiTi kiTxviT warsdgeba.
uSualod ofeliasTan Sexvedris win hamleti `yofna-aryofnis~
cnobil monologs warmoTqvams. am momentSi misi sulieri da emociuri
mdgomareoba sakmaod mZimea.2 miuxedavad imisa, rom ufliswuls
TviTmkvlelobis realuri ganzraxva ara aqvs, igi mainc ganixilavs mas,
rogorc ideas, Tundac cocxlad darCenaze bevrad ufro saSiSs.
TviTmkvleloba aseTi saSiSi rom ar iyos, maSin Rirseuli adamiani,
hamletis azriT, gaeqceoda amqveyniur sinamdviles: “For who would bear the
whips and scorns of time, / Th’oppressor’s wrong, the proud man’s contumely, / The pangs of
disprized love, the law’s delay, / The insolence of office, and the spurns / That patient merit of
th’unworthy takes, When he himself might his quietus make / With a bare bodkin?” (Seqspiri

1 savaraudod igulisxmeba locvani. ix. agreTve niko yiasaSvilis komentari (Seqspiri

1987: 493).
2 `yofna-aryofnis~ monologi ufro msjelobaa ufliswulisa, vidre mis sulSi arsebul
sapirispiro ganzraxvaTa urTierTWidili. Tumca hamletis tragikul mdgomareobaSi
aseT samkvdro-sasicocxlo Temaze msjeloba, cxadia, ver iqneboda nelTbili da
uemocio.

50
2003: 3.1.70-6) [`vin moiTmenda uamisod JamTa simwares, mtarvalis Cagvras1,
siamayis Tavgasulobas, tanjvasa mwvavsa uaryofil siyvarulisas,
marTlmsajulebis gvianobas, mZlavrT ukmexobas, Seuracxyofas
Rirseulis uRirsisagan, _ mSvidobis povna rom SegveZlos danis erT
dakvriT?~ (Seqspiri 1987: 350)]. sayuradReboa, rom aq hamleti uaryofili
siyvarulisgan moyenebul mwvave tanjvazec saubrobs, rac mianiSnebs
imaze, rom misi saerTo tragikuli gancdis nawili es tanjvac aris.
ofelias uari urTierTobaze pirdapir uaryofas Tu ar niSnavs, minimum
mis simptomebs mainc atarebs ufliswulisaTvis. da ai, xedavs hamleti
ofelias wignis kiTxviT misken momavals, wyvets Tavis tragikul
monologs da mimarTavs mas: “Nymph, in thy orisons / Be all my sins remembered”
(Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.89-90) [`moixsene Sens locvaSi, hoi, feriav, Cemi
codvebi~2 (Seqspiri 1987: 350)]. ofelia moikiTxavs mas: “Good my lord, / How
does your honour for this many a day?” (3.1.90-1) [`am bolo dros rogor
brZandebiT, xelmwifis Svilo?~ (350)]. hamleti ki pasuxobs: “I humbly thank
you, well, well, well” (3.1.92) [`didad gmadlobT, kargad gaxlavarT~ (350)].
aranairi agresia aq ar igrZnoba hamletisgan. piriqiT, Savbneli fiqrebiT
moculs ofelias danaxva TiTqos Svebasac aniWebs. misi damZimebuli
sulisTvis am dros ofeliasTan Sexvedra erTgvari sulieri Jangbadis
rols asrulebs, magram am sulieri Jangbadis wyarosac ofelia uxSobs
hamlets Semdegi sityvebiT: “My lord, I have remembrances of yours / That I have
longed long to re-deliver. / I pray you now receive them” (3.1.93-5) [`me saxsovrebi rom
maqvs Tqvengan, didi xania, mindoda ukan momerTmia, ai, inebeT~ (350)].
hamleti gaSra. igi aSkarad ar moeloda ofeliasgan aseT gulciv
saqciels da eubneba mas: “No, not I, / I never gave you aught” (3.1.95-6) [`scdebiT,
me TqvenTvis araferi ar momicia~ (350)]. hamletis am replikis araerTi
interpretacia arsebobs (ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari: Seqspiri 1987:
493), Tumca ufro martivi da logikuria, vifiqroT, rom
moulodnelobisagan cotaTi dabneuli ufliswuli am sityvebiT

1 `mtarvalis Cagvras~ anu `mtarvalis mCagvrelobas~. maCabeli orazrovan variants

irCevs, rogorc Cans, taepSi ToTxmeti marcvlis SesanarCuneblad.
2 zogierTi mkvlevari hamletis am sityvebSi ironias xedavs, Tumca naklebad
savaraudoa, rom aq ironia iyos. ix. agreTve niko yiasaSvilis komentari (Seqspiri 1987:
493).

51
cdilobs gadaafiqrebinos ofelias saCuqrebis dabruneba da albaT
gulisxmobs: `raxan araferi miCuqnia, arc arafers ar unda mibrunebdeo~.
magram ofelia mkvaxed miugebs: “My honoured lord, you know right well you did, /
And with them words of so sweet breath composed / As made the things more rich. Their
perfume lost, / Take these again, for to the noble mind / Rich gifts wax poor when givers prove
unkind” (3.1.97-101) [`Tqven kargad iciT, rom miboZeT da im saxsovrebs amod
sasmeni sityvebic Tan gamoataneT, romelTac Zvirfass nivTT Rirseba
gauaskeces. mdidars saCuqars sulgrZelisa mimRebisaTvis fasi aRar aqvs,
Tu gamcemi gagulcivdeba~ (350)]. ofelia ara marto ubrunebs ufliswuls
saCuqrebs, aramed ugulobasac abralebs mas, Tumca is ki daviwyebia, rom
pirvelad TviTon moeqca hamlets gulcivad, rodesac mamamisis
davalebiT aukrZala mas mosvla da werilebis gamogzavnac. igi axlac
ver xvdeba, rom ugulod eqceva hamlets. mis ukmex sityvebSi igrZnoba
poloniusis gavlenac. swored poloniusma Caunerga mas, rom hamletis
grZnoba misdami yalbia da mxolod xorcieli: “Do not believe his vows, for they
are brokers, / Not of that dye which their investments show, / But mere implorators of unholy
suits, / Breathing like sanctified and pious bonds, / The better to beguile” (Seqspiri 2003:
1.3.127-31) [`nu endobi Sen imis ficsa, igi ar aris im ferisa, ra ferisac
sCans: Tumc arawminda gulisTqmaTa mougzavniaT, magram wmidanobs, rom
advilad moxibvla SesZlos~ (Seqspiri 1987: 332)]. poloniusis CawveTebuli
SxamiT ofelia nebsiT Tu uneblieT geslavs hamlets. da ai, aq isedac
suldamZimebuli hamleti kargavs wonasworobas. mis winaSe axla misi
satrfo ki ara, poloniusis qaliSvili dgas. es gadamwyveti momentia
piesaSi ofeliasa da hamletis urTierTobis TvalsazrisiT. ofelias
kdemamosili saxe hamletis cnobierebaSi Seirya. aqedan moyolebuli,
ufliswuli masSi ukve potenciur gertruds xedavs. misi wyena TandaTan
damcinav da brazian replikebSi gardaisaxeba. igi albaT imasac xvdeba,
rom ofelias sityvebisa da saqcielis ukan poloniusis gavlena dgas. es
miniSnebulia imiTac, rom hamleti moikiTxavs poloniuss, da rodesac
ofelia moatyuebs, rom igi Sin aris, TavmogiJianebuli ufliswuli
moxerxebulad da damcinavad eubneba: “Let the doors be shut upon him, that he may
play the fool nowhere but in’s own house” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.128-9) [`karebi magrad

52
Caukete, rom Tavis saxls gareT masxaroba versad SesZlos~ (Seqspiri
1987: 351)].
cxadia, ofelia ver xvdeba ufliswulis ganrisxebis namdvils mizezs.
mas yvelaferi misi sigiJis brali hgonia: “Oh help him you sweet heavens!”
(3.1.130) [`Zalno ciurno, Tqven daubruneT Tavis goneba~ (351)]. hamleti mas
erTgvarad hkbens, rodesac jer eubneba erT dros miyvardio, Semdeg ki _
arasdros myvarebixaro. misi sityvebi simarTles ar Seefereba, magram
hamletis mizania ofeliasac ganacdevinos satrfosgan uaryofis simware,
iseve, rogorc Tavad ganicada misgan. igi ugulobaze ugulobiTve
pasuxobs da amiT uxdis mas samagieros. amavdroulad, SesaZlebelia, rom
am meTodiT hamleti cdis ofelias grZnobebs misdami, raTa ufro kargad
gaerkves, ra aris misgan ofelias gaucxoebis ZiriTadi mizezi:
poloniusis Careva, Tu Tavad ofelias gulcivoba. yvela SemTxvevaSi,
hamleti grZnobs, rom ofelia advilad eqvemdebareba sxvebisgan
manipulirebas. ufliswuli, rogorc Cans, fiqrobs, rom elsinoris
samefo karis binZurma da farisevlurma garemom SesaZloa ofeliac
zneobrivad daamaxinjos da gertrudiviT garyvnas. swored amitom, igi
daJinebiT mouwodebs ofelias monasterSi wasvlas, raTa ganaridos igi
sasaxlis amoralur samyaros: “We are arrant knaves all, believe none of us. Go thy
ways to a nunnery” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.125-6) [`Cven yvelani namdvili matyuarebi
varT. nurc erTs nuras dagvijereb. wadi monasterSi~ (Seqspiri 1987: 351)].
hamletis rwmena adamianisadmi imdenad Seryeulia, rom igi kacobriobis
gamravlebaSic ukve veRar xedavs keTil sazriss. igi mouwodebs ofelias
ar gaTxovdes da ar amravlos codvianebi qveyanaze. jen blicis (blici
2001: 191) azriT, hamletis es sityvebi ukve scdeba qalTmoZuleobis
farglebs da zogadad kacTmoZuleobas gamoxatavs. Tumca aqve
gasaTvaliswinebelia, rom hamletis aseT mizanTropul ganwyobilebas
ramdenadme misi ganrisxebuli mdgomareobac ganapirobebs am momentSi.
garda amisa, SesaZloa ufliswuli imitomac mimarTavs Tavis msjelobaSi
erTgvar radikalizms, rom ufro myarad daarwmunos ofelia sasaxlis
garemosgan Tavis garidebis aucileblobaSi.
hamletis ofeliasadmi mowodebaSi ikveTeba isic, rom ufliswuls ar
unda Seeguos ofelias sxvaze gaTxovebis ideas. hamlets ar emeteba igi

53
sxvisTvis da faqtiurad wyevlis mas, Tu sxvaze moindomebs gaTxovebas:
“If thou dost marry, I’ll give thee this plague for thy dowry: be though as chaste as ice, as pure as
snow, thou shalt not escape calumny. Get thee to a nunnery, go” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.131-3)
[`Tu qmars SeirTav, es simware mziTvad gamomitanebia: yinulsaviT rom
umanko iyo da TovlsaviT wminda, mainc ciliswameba ar agcdeba. geubnebi,
monasterSi wadi~ (Seqspiri 1987: 351)]. hamlets, romlis gatexil gulSi
ofelias mainc rCeba adgili, ra Tqma unda, urCevnia misi monasterSi
wasvla, vidre sxvaze gaTxoveba. xolo iseT ofeliaSi, romelic
gaTxovebis gzas airCevs, hamleti mxolod potenciur gertruds xedavs:
“Or if thou wilt needs marry, marry a fool, for wise men know well enough what monsters you
make of them” (3.1.133-5) [`Tu maincdamainc qmars SeirTav, suleli SeirTe,
Torem Wkvianebs kargad esmiT, ra saSinelebasac imaT umzadebT~ (351)].
mogvianebiT, `xafangis scenaSi~ hamleti da ofelia erTad uyureben
`gonzagos mkvlelobas~. ofelia eubneba hamlets: “You are merry my lord”
(Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.108) [`Tqven dRes mxiarulad brZandebiT~ (Seqspiri 1987:
354)], razec ufliswuli miugebs: “O God, your jig-maker. What should a man do but
be merry? For look you how cheerfully my mother looks, and my father died within’s two hours”
(3.2.111-13) [`ara Tu? me xom Tqveni masxara var, da an kacma sxva ra
gaakeTos Tu ar imxiarulos? ai xom xedavT, dedaCems saxe rogor ucinis
da mamaCemi ki am oris saaTis winad mokvda~]. ofelia usworebs: “Nay, ’tis
twice two months my lord” (3.2.114) [`ras mibrZanebT? ratom orjer ori Tve ar
aris mas aqeT~]. amis gagonebaze ki hamlets aRmoxdeba: “So long? Nay then let
the devil wear black, for I’ll have a suit of sables. O heavens! Die two months ago, and not
forgotten yet?” (3.2.115-16) [`iqneba magdeni xania? maS eSmakma Caicvas Savi da
bneli, me ki yaryumis wamosaburaviT movirTobi, RmerTo Cemo, kaci ori
Tvea mkvdaria da jer kidev ar gamougloviaT~ (354)]. hamletis emocia aq
Zalian niSandoblivia. igi ver malavs imedgacruebas ofelias mimarT.
gana ofelia raime araswors eubneba?! realurad, marTlac or Tveze
metia gasuli hamletis mamis gardacvalebidan da es ufliswulmac
kargad uwyis, magram misi imedgacrueba swored imaSi mdgomareobs, rom
ofeliam ver gaigo hamletis `ori saaTis~ tragikuli mniSvneloba da
rogorc Cans, mxolod misi `sigiJis~ gamoxatuleba hgonia es
`uzustobac~. ofelia ver xvdeba, rom hamletis tkivili gertrudis

54
Rimilia. ufliswulis TvalSi ki ofelias sityvebi TiTqos amarTlebs
gertrudis aseT saqciels: raxan or Tveze meti gasula wina meuRlis
gardacvalebidan, axla araferi uWirs, rom dedofalma imxiarulos.
hamlets zaravs ofelias aseTi sulieri sibrmave. ofelia ver ugebs
mgloviare ufliswuls, magram ugebs gamxiarulebul dedofals. aqedan
ki, hamleti bunebrivad askvnis, rom ofelia arafrad miiCnevs gertrudis
amoralur mdgomareobas. igi sabolood rwmundeba, rom Tu ofelia
monasterSi ar gaixizneba, am garyvnil da znedacemul garemoSi misi
sulieri daRmasvla faqtiurad gardauvali iqneba. Tavisi gadmosaxedidan,
hamlets sakmarisi safuZveli aqvs ifiqros, rom Tu ofelias colad
SeirTavs, isic gertrudiviT Zalian male uRalatebs sakuTar qmars, Tuki
hamleti gardaicvleba. amitom, srulebiT aRar aris gasakviri, rom
ufliswuli ofeliaSi potenciur gertruds xedavs. ofelia sakmaris
safuZvels aZlevs mas am daskvnis gamosatanad da es hamletis
qalTmoZuleobiT verasgziT ver aixsneba. hamlets ar sZuls qali, arc
gertrudi sZuls da arc ofelia. mas aZrwunebs qalis sulieri
sicariele, misi orguloba da usiyvaruloba. rodesac ofelia SeniSnavs,
rom piesis prologi Zalian moklea, hamleti mwared miugebs: “As woman’s
love” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.135) [`rogorc qalis siyvaruli~ (Seqspiri 1987: 355)]
da amiT kidev erTxel adasturebs, ra warmoadgens qalisadmi misi
undoblobis mTavar wyaros. raxan hamletis TvalSi ofelias Zvel umanko
saxes gertrudobis avxorculi perspeqtiva Caenacvla, ufliswuli mas
ukve araTu mokrZalebulad aRar mimarTavs, aramed sakmaod uxamsi
seqsualuri qaragmebiTac umaspinZldeba. TiTqos amiT igi eubneba
ofelias: `raki Sen sulierad Turme gertruds enaTesavebi, me SenSi
seqsualuri obieqtis mets ukve veRarafers vxedav~. “Still better and worse”
(Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.227) [`TandaTan uaressa brZanebT~ (Seqspiri 1987: 356)], _
aprotestebs ofelia, razec hamleti miugebs: “So you mistake your husbands”
(3.2.228) [`diaR, rogorc Tqven TandaTan uaress qmrebs irTavT~ (356)]. amiT
hamleti faqtiurad mianiSnebs ofelias, Tu ratom mimarTavs igi mas ase
uxamsad: `me SenSi momaval gertruds, anu qmris moRalates vxedavo~.
dabolos, hamletis tragikuli gancda ofelias sikvdilis gamo
sabolood adasturebs, rom igi qalTmoZule ar aris. am momentze,

55
magaliTad, Sivan kineni (kineni 2008: 95) amaxvilebs yuradRebas. ofelias
sikvdilisgan da laertis mtruli mopyrobisgan gamwarebuli hamleti
Riad acxadebs: “I loved Ophelia; forty thousand brothers / Could not with all their quantity
of love / Make up my sum” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.1.236-8) [`me ofelia miyvarda da
ormoc aTas Zmas erTad mogrovilT CemsaviT ver eyvarebodaT~ (Seqspiri
1987: 381)]. SeiZleba, hamletis sityvebi gazviadebulia, magram sicrues
namdvilad ar warmoadgens. mas uyvarda ofelia da Zneli warmosadgenia,
zogadad qalTa moZules konkretuli qali Seyvareboda.
amrigad, cxadia, rom hamleti qalTmoZule ar aris. igi qalSi
siyvarulsa da siwmindes, erTgulebasa da umankoebas eZebs. da rom ver
poulobs amas, swored es aris misi mrisxanebis mizezi. hamleti
imedgacruebulia ara marto qaliT, aramed zogadad adamianiT, magram
misTvis, rogorc SvilisTvis, gansakuTrebulad mtkivneulia dedis
sulieri dacema, xolo rogorc mamakacisTvis, gansakuTrebulad mZime _
satrfoSi analogiuri saSiSroebis aRmoCena. swored amiT aixsneba
hamletis meti fokusireba dedakacis zneobriobaze, vidre mamakacisaze.
hamletisa da ofelias urTierTobis analizi aCvenebs, rom ofeliam
sakmarisi safuZveli misca ufliswuls imisaTvis, rom mas Tavis
satrfoSi potenciuri gertrudi daenaxa. hamlets sxva azri arc SeeZlo
hqonoda, radgan mis winaSe warmodgenili realoba yvelanairad am
Sexedulebisaken ubiZgebda. miuxedavad amisa, mainc ismis kiTxva,
obieqturad ramdenad SeiZleba ofelia momavali gertrudobis
kandidatad CaiTvalos, Tu igi ar ganerideba sasaxlis uzneo garemos.
Cven xom mis Sesaxeb meti viciT, vidre hamletma.
erTi ram cxadia: ofelia umanko kravs namdvilad ar warmoadgens. igi
aSkarad cdeba hamletis winaSe. isic Cans, rom mas TavdaviwyebiT mainc ar
uyvars ufliswuli. julietas rogorc uyvarda romeo, ise rom
hyvareboda hamleti, mamamisis brZanebis winaSe misi neba aseTi ususuri
ar aRmoCndeboda. igi aucileblad gaarRvevda poloniusis gavlenas da
ufliswulsac nawilobriv mainc gaugebda. ofelias udavod aklda
hamletis rTul problemaSi wvdomisaTvis sakmarisi inteleqti, rac mas
garkveulwilad amarTlebs kidec, magram Zlier siyvaruls SeeZlo am
ukmarisobis garkveuli kompensacia, radgan am grZnobas Tavisi idumali

56
goni aqvs. siyvarulis goni xSirad warmoudgenel rames moafiqrebinebs
Cveulebriv trafaretulad moazrovne adamians da bevrsac gaabedvinebs,
oRond ki Tavis sanukvar mizans miaRwios. Tumca ofeliasTan ase ar
xdeba. misi siyvaruli hamletisadmi mTlad nelTbili, ra Tqma unda, ar
aris, magram arc Tavganwirulia.
miuxedavad yvelafrisa, ofelias danaSauli sxvebTan SedarebiT
Zalian mcirea. igi ver gaerkva situaciaSi. is axalgazrdaa, sakmaod
miamiti da gamoucdeli. mas uyvars mama da endoba mas. amitom, gaqnil
poloniuss ar uWirs Tavisi qaliSvilis marTva. SeiZleba ofelia ar
aris umanko kravi, magram is namdvilad msxverplia yalbi da daundobeli
garemocvisa. amiT Seqspiri TiTqos mianiSnebs, rom ofelias zneobrivi
daknineba ukeTur garemos ramdenadme SeuZlia, magram gertrudobamde
misi dacemis realuroba mainc aradamajereblad rCeba. sruliad
gasagebia isic, rom hamletma masSi potenciuri gertrudi dainaxa, magram
obieqturad ofelia aseTi mainc ar aris. amaze, yvelaze metad, misi
fsiqikuri SeSla mianiSnebs, rac fenomenalurad aragertruduli
movlenaa.
SeSlili ofelias sityvebsa Tu simRerebSi ara mxolod mamis, aramed
satrfos dakargvis motivebic figurirebs. es ori ram TiTqos azelilia
erTmaneTSi; TiTqos am sigiJeSi mamisadmi da hamletisadmi siyvaruli
epaeqreba urTierTs, rac principSi mis gagiJebamdec ase iyo.
niSandoblivia ofelias Semdegi sityvebi: “They say the owl was a baker’s
daughter. Lord, we know what we are, but know not what we may be” (Seqspiri 2003:
4.5.42-3) [`isini amboben, Woti mepures qali ariso.1 RmerTo Cemo, es viciT,
ra varT, da is ki ar viciT, ra viqnebiT~ (Seqspiri 1987: 370)]. rogorc
Cans, ofelia aq sakuTar Tavs adarebs mepuris qals, romelsac,
Tqmulebis mixedviT, puris micema daenana masTan maTxovris saxiT
gamocxadebuli qristesTvis da amitom man igi Wotad aqcia. maTxovris
saxes amofarebuli qriste, am SemTxvevaSi, albaT sigiJes amofarebuli2
hamletia, romlisTvisac ofeliam siyvaruli veRar gaimeta, xolo mepure,
poloniusi gamodis. raxan ofelia hamletisTvis ver imetebs siyvaruls,
1ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (Seqspiri 1987: 496).
2 ra Tqma unda, sinamdvileSi, hamleti mxolod TavmogiJianebasaa amofarebuli, magram am
SemTxvevaSi Cveni msjeloba ofelias gadmosaxedidanaa warmarTuli.

57
hamleti uklavs mamas da amis niadagze agiJebs ofelias, romelic
sakuTar SeSlas Wotad qcevasTan aigivebs. faqtiurad, ofelia aq Tavis
Tavs adanaSaulebs imisaTvis, rom hamleti poloniusis mkvlelobamde
miiyvana, xolo sakuTari Tavi _ sigiJemde. swored amitom ambobs: `rani
varT viciT, magram rani viqnebiT _ arao~.
ofelias tragedia umZimesia. mama satrfos akargvinebs, satrfo ki _
mamas. is kargavs ara mxolod or usayvarles adamians, aramed swored es
ori usayvarlesi adamiani nebsiT Tu uneblieT anadgurebs erTmaneTs
ofelias gamo, rac bevrad saSineli ram aris misTvis. ofelia xedavs
Tavis danaSaulsac am yvelaferSi. rogorc poloniusi fiqrobda, isic
varaudobs, rom hamleti swored misma uarma gaamwara da SeSala.
miuxedavad imisa, rom ofelias Zalian uyvarda mama, axla is, rogorc
Cans, nanobs, rom mas daujera da hamletTan gawyvita urTierToba, radgan
aseTi brma morCilebiT mamac daRupa, satrfoc da sakuTaris Tavic. Tumc
hamleti fizikurad jer kidev cocxalia, ofeliasTvis igi sabolood
dakargulia, vinaidan mama moukla; marTalia, sigiJeSi, magram es
ofeliasTvis imas niSnavs, rom hamleti am mdgomareobidan veRarasodes
gamova. is pirovnulad mkvdaria, sruliad Seuracxadia da sigiJeSi
SeiZleba TviT misi mokvlac ki moindomos.
rogorc vxedavT, ofelias SeSla pirdapir mianiSnebs, rom igi ar
aris potenciuri gertrudi, romelic xanmokle glovis Semdeg axal
siamtkbilobebze daTanxmda. rogorc ki Tavs damtydari ubedureba mware
sinamdvileze Tvalebs auxels, ofelias suli orad iglijeba. sigiJeSi
is ukve sworad afasebs realobas, magram imasac xvdeba, rom situaciis
gamosworeba awi gvianaa. hamletisgan gansxvavebiT, misi saTuTi buneba ver
uZlebs mZime gansacdels da amitomac ileweba bolomde. Tumca
ofeliasgan am gansacdelis dautevneloba mxolod misi susti qaluri
bunebiT ver aixsneba. aq moulodnelobis efeqtic did rols TamaSobs.
mas sjeroda adamianis sikeTis, endoboda mas; hqonda piradi bednierebis
imedic, da albaT arc hamletTan gamoricxavda am bednierebis povnas,
magram uceb feradi ocnebebi imsxvreva da mis winaSe jojoxeTuri
koSmari iSleba. tragikuli Soki ofeliasTan ufro Zlieria, vidre
hamletTan. ufliswulsac saSineli tragedia atydeba Tavs, ramdenadme

58
moulodnelic, magram isic cxadia, rom mas adamianis sikeTisa da naTeli
momavlis ise arasdros sjeroda, rogorc ofelias. amitom, miuxedavad
didi sulieri tkivilis gancdisa, hamleti rogorRac itans gansacdels
fsiqikuri SeSlis gareSe. tkbili da imediani qaluri ocnebebis
simaRlidan Zirs danarcxebuli ofelias suli ki, bunebrivia, ver uZlebs
aseT Zlier dartymas da mTlianad imsxvreva. igi yvelaze met sibraluls
imsaxurebs, radgan mis mcire SecdomebTan mimarTebiT, masze moweuli
sasjeli ukiduresad sastiki da daundobelia. albaT swored amitomac
aRiqmeba xolme ofelia umanko kravad. aseT mkacr ganaCens is namdvilad
ar imsaxurebs da am fonze igi marTlac umanko kravs emsgavseba.
amrigad, ofelia ar aris potenciuri gertrudi, Tumca ise moiqceva
hamletis winaSe, rom dedis saqcielisgan travmirebuli ufliswuli
masSi alalad gertrudobis niSnebs dainaxavs. ofeliac gulwrfelad
scdeba, rodesac hgonia, rom sigiJea misdami hamletis nasroli mware
sityvebis mTavari mizezi da ara sakuTari gulcivi qmedebebi
ufliswulis mimarT: misTvis mosvlis akrZalva; werilebis gamogzavnaze
uaris Tqma; bolos ki saCuqrebis ukan dabruneba. unda aRiniSnos isic,
rom intrigiTa da sicruiT gaJRenTili garemo ar utovebs ofeliasa da
hamlets erTmaneTis sulebisaken Tundac borZikiT gzis gagnebis
saSualebas. piriqiT, sabediswero Secdomebs aSvebinebs maT da Semdgom
sastikad sjis am Secdomebis gamo.

1.6. hamleti, laerti da poloniusi

hamletis erTgvar oreulad da imavdroulad sapirwoned piesaSi

fortinbrasTan erTad laerti moiazreba. Tumca, rogorc maikl deivisi
(deivisi 2008: 89) SeniSnavs, laerts pirovnulad saerTo aqvs ara mxolod
hamletTan, aramed poloniusTan da TviT klavdiusTanac ki. cxadia,
Tavisi inteleqtiT igi mamamisisa da sakuTari dis kategoriaSi eqceva da
hamletis gonebriv siRrmeebTan Zalian mcire Tu aqvs saerTo. marvin
rozenbergis TqmiT, `laerti aris Tavdajerebuli romantikuli saxe,
romelic piesaSi qmnis saocar sanaxaobriv momentebs~ (rozenbergi 1992:

59
253). misTvis ucxoa hamleturi yoymani. igi mzad aris gadaimteros mTeli
amqveyniuri da imqveyniuri samyaro, oRond ki mamamisis mkvlels
dauyovnebliv gadauxados samagiero.
laertis moraluri saxe albaT, pirvel rigSi, hamletisadmi misi da
mamamisis damokidebulebaTa urTierTgansxvavebaSi vlindeba. safrangeTSi
gamgzavrebis win laerti ofelias ufliswulze esaubreba. laertis
wasvlis Semdeg poloniusic amave sakiTxze elaparakeba. mamisa da misi
vaJis xedva hamletis pirovnebis Sesaxeb namdvilad hgavs erTmaneTs,
magram garkveulwilad gansxvavdeba kidec. laerti hamlets didbunebovan
adamianad Tvlis da uSvebs imasac, rom mas namdvilad uyvars ofelia;
magram laerti, amave dros, afrTxilebs Tavis das:

For nature crescent does not grow alone

In thews and bulk, but as this temple waxes
The inward service of the mind and soul
Grows wide withal. Perhaps he loves you now,
And now no soil nor cautel doth besmirch
The virtue of his will; but you must fear,
His greatness weighed, his will is not his own,
For he himself is subject to his birth. (Seqspiri 2003: 1.3.11-18)

didi buneba marto taniT ar aris didi,

maRal taZarSi maRalia sulis kveTebac.
iqneba hamlets Sen amJamad uyvarde kidec, _
jer sicrue da orpiroba ar dasCnevia
mis saTno survils, magram SiSi ki unda gqondes:
mas, viT mefis Svils, Tvis survilzed ar aqvs ufleba,
igi morCilebs Tavis sisxls da STamomavlobas.
(Seqspiri 1987: 330)

rac Seexeba poloniuss, igi ar uSvebs hamletis gulwrfelobas. is

mis siyvaruls imTaviTve arawmindad miiCnevs da Sesabamisad, akritikebs
ofelias: “Think yourself a baby / That you have tane these tenders for true pay, / Which are

60
not sterling” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.3.105-107) [`Sen bavSvis mzgavsad yalbi sityva
naRdi ggonia~ (Seqspiri 1987: 331)]. amitomac ukrZalavs igi sakuTar
qaliSvils ufliswulTan urTierTobas: “I would not in plain terms from this time
forth / Have you so slander any moment leisure / As to give words or talk with the Lord Hamlet”
(1.3.132-4) [`pirdapir getyvi, ofelia, dRevandel dRidam aRar gabedo
laparaki xelmwifis SvilTan~ (332).
poloniusis aseTi cilismwamebluri warmodgena hamletis Sesaxeb
garkveulwilad missave siyalbesa da ugunurebaze metyvelebs.
laertisgan gansxvavebiT, mas ver warmoudgenia, rom ufliswuls
SeiZleba marTlac uyvardes ofelia, radgan hamletis adgilas rom
yofiliyo Tavad, rogorc Cans, ver SeZlebda amas. Tumca, mogvianebiT,
rodesac ofelia mouyveba mas hamletis SeSlilis saxiT gamocxadebis
Sesaxeb, poloniusi aRiarebs Tavis Secdomas:

I am sorry that with better heed and judgement

I had not quoted him. I feared he did but trifle,
And meant to wrack thee, but beshrew my jealousy.
By heaven, it is as proper to our age
To cast beyond ourselves in our opinions
As it is common for the younger sort
To lack discretion. (Seqspiri 2003: 2.1.109-15)

metad vwuxvar, rom dRevandlamde me imis qcevas

ufro sifrTxiliT, gulmodgined yurs ar vugdebdi;
me megona, rom igi mxolod guls ayolebda
da mas scdilobda, daeRupne. daswyevlos RmerTma
eseTi eWvi! rogorc vatyob, kacs sibereSi
Tvis azrisadmi Cacieba ise scodnia,
viT siymawviles gafrTxileba aklia xolme. (Seqspiri 1987: 339)

poloniusi erTgvar sinanuls avlens imis gamo, rom ver mixvda

hamletis siyvarulis gulwrfelobasa da namdvilobas. poloniusis
TviTkritikuloba, am SemTxvevaSi, mis garkveul Rirsebaze mianiSnebs. igi

61
Tavis rols xedavs ufliswulis SeSlaSi, radgan fiqrobs, rom es
gamoiwvia ofeliasTvis masTan urTierTobis akrZalvam. garda amisa,
poloniusi albaT wuxs imazec, rom hamletis sigiJem mefec Zlier
SeaSfoTa. amitomac, is axarebs klavdiuss, rom daadgina hamletis
gagiJebis namdvili mizezi, rom es sigiJe sinamdvileSi ofeliasgan misi
siyvarulis uaryofis Sedegia da rom mefes, aqedan gamomdinare, safrTxe
ar emuqreba. poloniusi Tavdapirvelad kategoriulad amtkicebda, rom
ufliswuls mxolod qvena grZnobebi amoZravebda ofelias mimarT, axla
ki TavgamodebiT cdilobs sapirispiro daamtkicos da amiT axsnas
ufliswulis SeSlac.
poloniussa da laerts Soris kontrasts mniSvnelovanwilad maTdami
hamletis araerTgvarovani damokidebulebac qmnis. maSin, roca
ufliswuli piesaSi araerTgzis udierad moixseniebs poloniuss da
damcinavad epyroba mas, misi damokidebuleba laertisadmi sruliad
sxvagvaria. es Cans, magaliTad, sasaflaoze, sadac hamleti ofelias
damkrZalav procesiaSi laerts mohkravs Tvals da horacios
gadaulaparakebs: “That is Laertes, a very noble youth. Mark” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.1.191)
[`ai laertic keTilSobili, sulmaRali, ymawvili kaci~ (Seqspiri 1987:
380)]. aq naTlad vlindeba hamletis pativiscema laertisadmi. amis
Semdgom, maT Soris Setakeba moxdeba ofelias saflavSi da rodesac
gaaSveleben, ufliswuli sayvedurobs laerts: “What is the reason that you use
me thus? / I loved you ever....” (5.1.256-7) [`agre mtrulad risTvis mepyrobi? me
xom yovelTvis miyvardi Sen....~ (382)]. mogvianebiT, hamleti horacios
eubneba: “But I am very sorry, good Horatio, / That to Laertes I forgot myself, / For by the
image of my cause, I see / The portraiture of his” (5.2.75-8) [`me amas vwuxvar, horacio,
rom weRan laerts TavdaviwyebiT vawyenine; mas TanavugrZnob, radgan mis
xvedrSi sarkesaviT Cem xvedrsa vxedav~ (383)]. xolo daSnis xmarebaSi
sabediswero Sejibris win ufliswuli mefe-dedoflisa da didebulTa
winaSe laerts Sendobas sTxovs imis gamo, rom daufiqreblad, sigiJeSi
mama moukla mas: “Sir, in this audience, / Let my disclaiming from a purposed evil / Free me
so far in your most generous thoughts, / That I have shot my arrow o’er the house / And hurt my
brother” (5.2.211-16) [`amxade brali am brwyinvale karis winaSe; nu irwmen,
viTomc ganzrax cudi ram momeqmedos da daajere, laert, Seni maRali

62
suli, rom me isari gadavtyorcne sasaxlis bansa da igi Cemda uxilavad
Cemsav Zmas moxvda~ (386). yvela moyvanil magaliTSi naTlad Cans, rom
hamleti laerts maRali Rirsebis mqone pirovnebad Tvlis da
poloniusis sulier naSiers ar xedavs masSi.
aRniSvnis Rirsia laertis avtoriteti daniel xalxSi. rodesac
gamZvinvarebuli SeiWreba mefis sasaxleSi, gareT xalxi yviris, rom
laerti gaxdes mefe, qudebis srolisa da taSis grialis TanxlebiT.
sayuradReboa isic, rom Tavdapirvelad igi klavdiuss mosTxovs pasuxs
poloniusis sikvdilze, rasac Tavad mefec moeloda: “O thou vile king, / Give
me my father” (Seqspiri 2003: 4.5.116-17) [`sazizRo mefev, damibrune me
mamaCemi!~ (Seqspiri 1987: 371)] _ brdRvinavs laerti. aq vlindeba misi
undobloba klavdiusisadmi. miuxedavad imisa, rom mefe poloniusTan
kargad iyo, laerti swored mas adanaSaulebs da srulebiT ar mosdis
TavSi, rom mamamisi SeiZleba hamlets moekla. aSkaraa, rom mis TvalSi,
pirovnuli TvalsazrisiT, hamlets bevrad meti avtoriteti hqonda, vidre
klavdiuss. es kvlavdakvlav mianiSnebs, rom laerts mamamisiviT
gamrudebuli xedva ara aqvs da ukeT SeuZlia Rirseuli gaarCios
uRirsisagan. aqedan gamomdinare, misTvis moulodneli iqneboda, rodesac
klavdiusisgan gaigebda, rom mama hamletma moukla. SurisZiebis
wyurviliT aRvsili da klavdiusisgan waqezebuli laerti mTel Tavis
boRmas hamletisaken mimarTavs: “To cut his throat i’th’church” (Seqspiri 2003:
4.7.125) [`eklesiaSi rom gameqces, iqac ki movklav~ (Seqspiri 1987: 375)], _
imuqreba igi da klavdiusis mzakvrul gegmas uyoymanod miiRebs. ufro
metic, laerti ar ikmarebs klavdiusis ideas, rom Tavis daSna hamletis
daSnisgan gansxvavebiT mxolod mWreli iyos da sxva araferi: “And for that
purpose I’ll anoint my sword . . . I’ll touch my point / With this contagion, that if I gall him
slightly, / It may be death” (4.7.139; 145-7) [`....rom ufro advilad SevZlo ama
ganzraxvis Sesruleba, moviSvelieb erT-gvar sacxebels . . . me Cemsa
daSnas zed wavusvam swored am Sxamsa da Tu gavkawre, usikvdilod ver
gadamrCeba~ (375)]. ai, es aris albaT laertis yvelaze uRirsi sityvebi
mTels piesaSi. am momentSi igi azrovnebis meTodiT Tavis damrigebel
klavdiussac ki emsgavseba. is rom dasjereboda mefis gegmas da ar
Seematebina misTvis es mzakvruli Canafiqric, albaT Tavadac da

63
hamletic gadaurCeboda sikvdils: isini mxolod daWridnen erTmaneTs
basri daSniT. Tumca, mas mere, rac ufliswuli patiebas sTxovs laerts
miyenebuli tkivilisaTvis da auxsnis mas, rom amis mizezi Tavisi sigiJe
iyo, laerts ukve uWirs aRasrulos hamletze dagegmili muxanaTuri
mkvleloba: “And yet it is almost against my conscience” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.274) [`am
saqmes TiTqo Cemi sindisi uarobs~ (Seqspiri 1987: 388)], _ Cailaparakebs is,
rac mianiSnebs, rom Rirseba mTlad ar daukargavs. magram sabolood, is
mainc dasWris hamlets da Semdeg TviTonac daiWreba misgan imave
mowamluli daSniT. laertis Semdegi sityvebi zustad gamoxatavs
sakuTari namoqmedaris moralur arss: “I am justly killed with mine own treachery”
(5.2.287) [`....rac rom sxvisTvis ganvizraxe moRalatobiT samarTlianad
mispobs igi TviT me sicocxles~ (388)]. sasikvdilod ganwiruli laerti
ukve srulad acnobierebs sakuTari borotmoqmedebis simZimes. is
damnaSaved grZnobs Tavs hamletis winaSe da mitevebas sTxovs mas. cxadia,
Tavadac grZnobs, rom valdebulia, iqiTac miutevos yvelaferi
ufliswuls, romelmac misgan gansxvavebiT, SecdomiT mokla poloniusi.
hamletic, ra Tqma unda, patiobs laerts danaSauls.
amrigad, laerts Tavisi RirsebiT hamletamde bevri uklia, magram
mamamisze maRla TiTqos mainc dgas. gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom
laerti gamwarebulia. Tavidan igi TviT mefis mosaklavadac ki mzad
aris. garda amisa, misi da ufliswulis urTierTpativiscemis niSnebs
piesaSi aSkarad vxvdebiT, rasac namdvilad ara aqvs adgili poloniusisa
da hamletis urTierTdamokidebulebasTan mimarTebiT. xolo ufliswulis
xedva sxva personaJebis mimarT, iseve rogorc am personaJebis
damokidebuleba hamletisadmi, udavod seriozul moralur sazoms
warmoadgens piesaSi maTi xasiaTebis gasaxsnelad.

1.7. rozenkrancisa da gildensternis roli

rozenkranci da gildensterni, rogorc personaJebi, moklebulni

arian individualobas. maT TiTqmis araferi ganasxvavebT erTmaneTisgan
da xSirad erTgvar dramatul tyupebadac moixseniebian. piotr sadovski

64
(2003: 159) da maikl deivisi (2008: 113) SeniSnaven, rom Tavisuflad
SeiZleba rozenkrancisa da gildensternis saTqmeli replikebis
urTierTCanacvleba ise, rom ar dairRves piesaSi dramatuli da
fsiqologiuri Tanmimdevruloba. raxan isini arasdros ewinaaRmdegebian
erTmaneTs da maTi funqcia erT personaJsac SeeZlo etvirTa, sadovski1
(sadovski 2003: 160) dainteresebulia, ratom gadaanawila Seqspirma es
funqcia or personaJze. mkvlevari Tavadve cdilobs, amis erT-erTi
SesaZlo axsna mogvces. misi azriT, dramaturgma am xerxiT
individualoba gamoacala Tavis meorad personaJebs, raTa simbolurad
eCvenebina klavdiusis samefo karis warmomadgenelTa umravlesobis
zogadi saxe, da borotebis winaaRmdeg meamboxe hamletis Rrma
individualobis fonze, xazi gaesva maTi konformistuli da usaxuri
bunebisaTvis.
sadovskis mosazreba sakmaod logikuri Cans. savsebiT SesaZlebelia,
rom ori urTierTCanacvlebadi personaJis saxiT, Seqspirs surda,
eCvenebina CvenTvis swored individualobagamoclili pirovnebebis
Sexmatkbilebuli urTierToba im samefo karTan, romelSic `raRaca
dalpa~.2 sagulisxmoa isic, rom hamletis erTguli megobari _ horacio _
erTia, xolo misi orguli megobrebi _ rozenkranci da gildensterni _
orni arian.
garda sadovskis mosazrebisa, SeiZleba kidev moiZebnos ramdenime
mizezi, ris gamoc Seqspirma or personaJs, ase vTqvaT, erTi suli
STabera.
klavdiusma rozenkranci da gildensterni am bolo dros uqeifod
Seqnili hamletis gasarTobad daibara, erTi mxriv, xolo meore mxriv,
daavala maT hamletze dakvirveba misi ucnauri qcevis mizezis
misakvlevad. cxadia, damwuxrebuli hamletis garTobas ori adamiani
ufro warmatebiT gaarTmevda Tavs, vidre _ erTi. Tu, vTqvaT,
rozenkranci ver miagnebda ufliswulis ucnauri qcevis saidumlos,

1 unda SevniSnoT, rom sadovskis calke qveTavic (sadovski 2003: 154-160) ki aqvs
miZRvnili Seqspiris rozenkrancisa da gildensternisaTvis.
2 Seqspiris cnobili fraza “Something is rotten in the state of Denmark” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.4.90) _
raRaca dalpa daniis samefoSi _ maCabelma gadmoitana, rogorc: `mgoni, danias elis
raRac ubedureba~ (Seqspiri 1987: 333).

65
SesaZloa es gildensterns moexerxebina, an _ piriqiT. Tu orives
erTnairi mosazreba eqneboda (piesaSi realurad asec aris) hamletis
amgvari qcevis gamomwvev mizezze, es klavdiusisTvis ufro damajerebeli
iqneboda, vidre _ mxolod erTi adamianis mosazreba. sanam erT-erTi
kariskaci esaubreba hamlets, meores saSualeba eZleva ufro yuradRebiT
daakvirdes ufliswulis saxes, mis reaqciebs; sakuTari saTqmelic ufro
xeirianad SeuZlia Seamzados gunebaSi, sanam mis megobars Zala
gamoeleva da SeSveleba dasWirdeba. TavmogiJianebuli hamletis sityvier
JongliorobasTan gamklaveba rom advili saqme ar aris, esec faqtia.
xolo misgan erTis nacvlad ori Tanamosaubris warmatebuli
gapampuleba, met komikur efeqtsac iZleva da hamletis inteleqtualur
upiratesobasac ufro metad usvams xazs. garda amisa, saWiro iyo
ufliswulis makontrolebelTa raodenobrivi upiratesobac, radgan
`gadareuli~ hamletisgan fizikuri agresiis gamovlenis SemTxvevaSi,
erTi kaci ver SeZlebda misi moqmedebis SezRudvas. orivesi, rogorc
rozenkrancis, ise gildensternis saWiroeba Cans, magaliTad, im scenaSi,
romelSic rozenkranci atyobinebs mefes, rom ver gamotexes hamleti, sad
damala poloniusis gvami; amasobaSi ki gildensterni scenis miRma
meTvalyureobs hamlets (Seqspiri 1987: 366). dabolos, Tavze xelaRebuli
ufliswulis wayvanas inglisisken mimavali gemisaken da aseve gemze mis
meTvalyureobas mxolod erTi kariskaci ver itvirTavda. aRsaniSnavia
agreTve, rom rozenkrancsa da gildensterns inglisis mefisaTvis daniis
mefis saidumlo werilebis gadacemac evalebodaT, rac gvaxsenebs imas,
rom klavdiusma Tavis droze aseve or elCs _ voltimandsa da
korneliuss _ daavala ufliswul fortinbrasis biZisaTvis werilebis
gadacema.
amrigad, araferia ucnauri imaSi, rom Seqspirma hamletze
sameTvalyureod Tu saTvalTvalod erTis nacvlad, piesaSi ori
erTmaneTis msgavsi personaJi Semoiyvana. amis logikurobis warmosaCenad
bolos moyvanili argumentebi SesaZloa ise siRrmiseulad ar
ukavSirdeba piesis ideur-msoflmxedvelobriv aspeqts, rogorc sadovskis
zemoT moyvanili mosazreba (sadovski 2003: 160), magram arc romelime
maTgani ewinaaRmdegeba mas, radgan es argumentebi, realurad, dramatul-

66
fsiqologiuri TvalsazrisiT ori TiTqmis identuri personaJis piesaSi
Semoyvanis damatebiT, Tumc ki sagulisxmo axsnas iZleva.
TvalTvalisa da jaSuSobis Tema `hamletSi~ sakmaod TvalsaCinod
figurirebs. rozenkrancisa da gildensternis garda, hamletze
TvalTvals erT-erT scenaSi klavdiusi da poloniusi axorcieleben. am
saqmeSi ofeliasac ki iSvelieben. mogvianebiT, klavdiusTan da
gertrudTan SeTanxmebiT, poloniusi kvlav axorcielebs ufliswulze
TvalTvals da ewireba kidec am qmedebas. misi jaSuSuri buneba vlindeba
imaSic, rom igi laertTan, sakuTar SvilTanac ki agzavnis Tavis msaxurs,
reinaldos, romelmac laertTan Sexvedramde, jer erTgvari jaSuSuri
saqme unda ganaxorcielos safrangeTSi laertis moRvaweobis Sesaxeb
informaciis mosapoveblad, raTa Semdeg poloniuss moaxsenos, ras
akeTebs realurad iq misi vaJi. marTalia, poloniusis mizani am
SemTxvevaSi ar aris boroti, magram misi meTodi simarTlis garkvevis
saqmeSi amjeradac jaSuSuria. TvalTvals axorcieleben TviT hamleti da
horacioc, rodesac `xafangis scenaSi~ akvirdebian klavdiusis saxes.
hamleti paralelurad dedamissac akvirdeba. TvalTvalis reJimSi arian
hamleti da horacio agreTve sasaflaoze, rodesac Semodis ofelias
damkrZalavi procesia, Tumca am TvalTvals konkretuli, winaswar
ganzraxuli mizani ar gaaCnia. dabolos, TviT piesis dasawyisSi
warmodgenili saguSagoc erTgvar saTvalTvalo asparezs warmoadgens.
amrigad, iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos yvela yvelas
uTvalTvalebs. Tumca, miuxedavad yvelafrisa, jaSuSebTan piesaSi
yvelaze metad mainc rozenkranci da gildensterni asocirdebian, radgan,
gansxvavebiT sxva personaJebisgan, isini swored hamletze saTvalTvalod
arian daqiravebulni mefisgan da maT ZiriTad funqciad piesaSi bolomde
jaSuSoba rCeba, vidre es funqcia xelidan ar gamoeclebaT hamletis
dakargviT, inglisisken mogzaurobis dros.
jer kidev 1859 wels karl verderi svamda SekiTxvas: `ratom ar
gacures ukan daniaSi rozenkrancma da gildensternma mas mere, rac
ufliswuli gaiqca? misi inglisSi miyvanaa maTi mogzaurobis mizani. ra

67
azri aqvs werilis gadacemas mis gareSe?~ (verderi 1907: 172).1 da Semdeg
TviTonve cdilobs upasuxos: `isini imitom agrZeleben mogzaurobas, rom
ar ician ra weria werilSi; maT arCevani ar gaaCniaT, radgan ar arian
srulad informirebulni im saqmis Sesaxeb, rac daevalaT~ (verderi 1907:
173). jen blicic fiqrobs, rom rozenkrancma da gildensternma ar
icodnen klavdiusis werilis Sinaarsi: `Tu maT marTla icodnen
gaugebaria, ratom warudgines werili inglisis mefes mas mere, rac
hamleti gaiqca~ (blici 2001: 357). piotr sadovskic msgavs azrzea: `metad
saeWvoa, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia, rom rozenkrancma da gildensternma
icodnen mefis dabeWdili werilebis zusti Sinaarsi, romlebic
mihqondaT zRviT inglisisken mimavlebs~ (sadovski 2003: 157). tomas
makalindonic amave azrze dgas: `varauds, rom rozenkrancma da
gildensternma icodnen . . . hamletis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli sasikvdilo
SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, ar gaaCnia myari safuZveli~ (makalindoni 1991: 110).
patrik hoganic miiCnevs, rom `mizezi ar arsebobs imis dasajereblad,
rom maT rame icodnen hamletis sicocxlis winaaRmdeg mimarTuli
SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb~ (hogani 2013: 67). Tumca, uiliam lorensi acxadebs,
rom `araferi Cans iseTi, rac calsaxad daamtkicebs rozenkrancisa da
gildensternis udanaSaulobas an damnaSaveobas~ (lorensi 1944: 59). maTi
damnaSaveoba-udanaSaulobis gaurkvevloba ki niSnavs, rom SeuZlebelia
zustad davadginoT icodnen Tu ara maT klavdiusis avbediTi werilis
Sinaarsis Sesaxeb. msgavsi azrisken ixreba tomas rokuelic:
`gaurkvevelia, ra icodnen rozenkrancma da gildensternma SeTqmulebis
Sesaxeb~ (rokueli 2008: 124).
miuxedavad zemoT moyvanili mosazrebebisa, safiqrebelia, rom
rozenkrancma da gildensternma imaze meti ician, vidre es zedapirze
Cans. amitomac, SevecdebiT ufro Rrmad gamovikvlioT, ramdeni SeiZleba
scodnodaT maT daniis mefis saidumlo werilis ukan mdgari realobis
Sesaxeb. cxadia, rac ufro metad gamovlindeba klavdiusis kariskacebis
codna am kuTxiT, miT ufro alogikuri gaxdeba maT mier inglisisaken
mogzaurobis gagrZeleba hamletis dakargvis Semdgom, rac mniSvnelovani

1 es wyaro warmoadgens germaneli mecnieris karl verderis (1806-1893) mier 1859-1860

wlebSi berlinis universitetSi `hamletis~ Sesaxeb wakiTxuli leqciebis inglisur
Targmans.

68
daskvnebis gamotanis saSualebas mogvcems ara mxolod `hamletTan~
mimarTebiT, aramed mogvianebiT Cven mier gansaxilvel stopardis
piesasTan mimarTebiTac.
rozenkranci da gildensterni hamletis yofili skolis amxanagebi da
amJamad klavdiusis karze moxmobili kariskacebi arian. Tavidanve cxadia,
rom isini arasodes yofilan hamletis namdvili megobrebi. hamleti
darwmunebulia, maT arasdros moenatrebodaT igi ise, rom TavianTi nebiT
enaxulebinaT. man mSvenivrad icis, rozenkranci da gildensterni `bedis
saidumlos alagTan~ daaxloebulni rom arian da aqedan gamomdinare,
uproblemod xvdeba imasac, rom isini mefem da dedofalma gamogzavnes
masze saTvalTvalod.
Seqspiri iyenebs rozenkrancsa da gildensterns imisaTvis, rom
gaurkvion klavdiuss hamletis sigiJe namdvilia Tu yalbi, da daadginon
am sigiJis Tu Tavis mogiJianebis mizezi. maT aseve evalebaT gaarTon
hamleti, raTa gadauyaron gulidan mwuxareba da sevda. dabolos, maTi
misiaa hamletis micileba inglisamde da inglisis mefisaTvis klavdiusis
werilebis gadacema.
hamletTan pirveli da yvelaze xangrZlivi saubris Sedegad,
rozenkrancma da gildensternma aRmoaCines, rom hamleti mxolod
aCvenebs SeSlilad Tavs da sinamdvileSi sulac ar aris giJi. amas
vgebulobT maSin, rodesac isini angariSs abareben klavdiuss
ufliswulTan gamarTuli am saubris Sesaxeb:

CLAUDIUS

And can you by no drift of circumstance

Get from him why he puts on this confusion,
Grating so harshly all his days of quiet
With turbulent and dangerous lunacy?

ROSENCRANTZ

He does confess he feels himself distracted,

But from what cause a will by no means speak.

69
GUILDENSTERN

Nor do we find him forward to be sounded,

But with a crafty madness keeps aloof
When we would bring him on to some confession
Of his true state.

GERTRUDE

Did he receive you well?

ROSENCRANTZ

Most like a gentleman.

GUILDENSTERN

But with much forcing of his disposition.

ROSENCRANTZ

Niggard of question, but of our demands

Most free in his reply. (Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.1-14)

xelmwife

maS ver SesZeliT, laparakSi ver SeamCnieT,

Tu ra mizeziT miuRia SeSlilis saxe,
da sigiJisa qartexiliT aRSfoTebuli
risTvis imwarebs igi ase mSvidsa cxovrebas?

rozenkranc

Tvisi WkviT SeSla aRviara Tavis piriTve,

magram mizezi vera RoniT ver vaTqmevineT.

gildenstern

isic SevatyveT, xelmwifeo, rom es gamocda

70
 sawyenad darCa da cdilobda, Sors gagvdgomoda
Wkvidam SeSlilis kacis xerxiT, rodesac ki Cven
mas miviyvandiT Tavis sevdis mizezis Tqmamde.

dedofali

kargad migiRoT?

rozenkranc

Cinebulad, didis TavaziT.

gildenstern

Tumca Tavis Tavs, SevamCnieT, Zalas atanda.

rozenkranc

ara gviTxra ra TiTon, magram arc erT Cven kiTxvas

upasuxoda ar stovebda, Cemo xelmwifev. (Seqspiri 1987: 349)1

rogorc vxedavT, rozenkranci da gildensterni xvdebian, rom hamleti

malavs raRac saidumlos. aqedan gamomdinare, maT ukve SeiZleba ynoses
kidec, rom igi mefisaTvis SesaZlo safrTxes warmoadgens.
hamlets TandaTanobiT TiTqmis yvelasTan eZabeba urTierToba, garda
horaciosi. daZabuloba gansakuTrebiT `xafangis scenis~ Semdgom
matulobs, rasac male hamletis mier poloniusis mkvlelobac mohyveba.
SeSinebuli klavdiusi iyenebs am situacias da hamlets inglisisaken
gaistumrebs. mas Tan aaxlebs rozenkrancsa da gildensterns, romelTac
saidumlo werilebsac gaatans inglisis mefesTan. Cven am werilTa arsis
Sesaxeb vgebulobT klavdiusis monologidan piesis meoTxe moqmedebis
mesame suraTis bolos (ix. Seqspiri 2003: 4.3.54-64; Seqspiri 1987: 367) da
hamletis sityvebidan horacios mimarT mexuTe moqmedebis meore suraTis

1 am epizodTan dakavSirebiT filip eduardsi SeniSnavs: `scenis dasawyisSi, klavdiusi

Sua saubarSi imyofeba rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan. man ukve gaigo, rom [hamlets]
`miuRia SeSlilis saxe~... [aqamde] dasadgeni iyo, ra sWirda hamlets. axla gasarkvevia,
ratom iRebs igi SeSlilis saxes~ (Seqspiri 2003: 155).

71
dasawyisSi (ix. Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.19-25; Seqspiri 1987: 382). magram
mniSvnelovania miaxloebiTi warmodgena SeviqmnaT imaze, Tu ra SeiZleba
scodnodaT sakuTriv rozenkrancsa da gildensterns am werilebis
Sinaarsidan.
`xafangis scenis~ Semdeg rozenkranci eubneba hamlets: “You do surely bar
the door upon your own liberty if you deny your griefs to your friend” (Seqspiri 2003:
3.2.305-307) [`Tu megobars mwuxarebas ar gaumxelT, maSin Tqvenve xels
SeuSliT Tqvenis senisagan ganTavisuflebas~ (Seqspiri 1987: 358)].1 rogorc
eduardsi SeniSnavs, `rozenkranci gulisxmobs, rom hamleti iqneboda
ufro Tavisufali da naklebad damZimebuli fiqrebiT, Tu ityoda Tavisi
problemebis Sesaxeb. magram (rogorc ase xSirad am piesaSi) cudi
adamianebi saubrisas uiRblo mxatvrul xerxebs mimarTaven. rozenkranci
gulis kunWulSi unda gulisxmobdes hamletis cixeSi gamomwyvdevis
SesaZleblobas~ (Seqspiri 2003: 179). garda amisa, sruliad marTebulia
vifiqroT, rom ufliswulis mier dadgmul piesaSi, sadac samefo taxtis
xelSi mosagdebad mefes sakuTari Zmiswuli klavs, rozenkrancma da
gildensternma, iseve rogorc sxvebma, amoikiTxes hamletis muqara
biZamisisadmi.
Semdegi saubari mefe klavdiussa da rozenkranc-gildensterns Soris
aseve iZleva garkevul miniSnebas imaze, Tu rogor xedaven es kariskacebi
sinamdviles piesis am etapze:

CLAUDIUS
I like him not, nor stands it safe with us
To let his madness range. Therefore prepare you:
I your commission will forthwith dispatch,
And he to England shall along with you.
The terms of our estate may not endure
Hazard so near us as doth hourly grow
Out of his brows.

1 niko yiasaSvili aq dedniseul teqstze amaxvilebs yuradRebas: You do surely bar the door
upon your own liberty _ `maSin Tqvenve kars CaurazavT Tqvens Tavisuflebas~. misi
ganmartebiT, aq `rozenkranci afrTxilebs hamlets, rom igi SeiZleba daamwyvdion,
rogorc suliT avadmyofi~ (Seqspiri 1987: 495).

72
GUILDENTERN
We will ourselves provide.
Most holy and religious fear it is
To keep those many many bodies safe
That live and feed upon your majesty.

ROSENCRANTZ
The single and peculiar life is bound
With all the strength and armour of the mind
To keep itself from noyance; but much more
That spirit upon whose weal depends and rests
The lives of many. The cess of majesty
Dies not alone, but like a gulf doth draw
What’s near it with it. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
........................................

CLAUDIUS
Arm you I pray you to this speedy voyage,
For we will fetters put about this fear
Which now goes too free-footed.

ROSENCRANTZ
We will haste us. (Seqspiri 2003: 3.3.1-17; 3.3.24-6)

xelmwife

imisi qceva me ar momwons da safrTxiloa,

rom mis sigiJes vaZlevT amdens Tavisuflebas.
Tqven moemzadeT masTan erTad ingliss wasvlisTvis
da mec exlave gamovgzavni brZanebis qaRalds.
Cveni qveyana ver aitans, rom ise axlo
dastrialebdes mas xifaTi, rac mis sigiJes
erTad mohyveba da Tan-da-Tan ufro SiSs gvagdebs.

73
 gildenstern

Cven SevudgebiT samzadissa, Cemo xelmwifev;

da neba damrTeT, mogaxsenoT, rom ege SiSi
sakeTiloa da wmidaa, radgan Tqven zrunavT
mTelis erisTvis, raic TqveniT scxovrobs, suldgmulobs.

rozenkranc

TviT ubralo, da kerZo kacic movale aris,

yovlis Tavisis sulisa da Wkvis ZlierebiT,
ubedurebis winaaRmdeg aRiWurvodes
da miT umetes valad sdevs mas, vis sikeTezec
mravlis-umravlesT dRegrZeloba dadgenilia.
rodesac modis mefisaTvis aRsasrulis dRe,
maSin sikvdili marto imas ar kmarobs msxverplad
da Tan CaiTrevs, viT morevi, rac mis axloa.
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xelmwife

gTxovT, rom samgzavrod moemzadoT dauyovnebliv,

sjobs, am SiSs male gavuyaroT fexSi borkili
da Tavisuflad uwindelebr aRar vataroT.

r o z e n k r a n c da g i l d e n s t e r n

mosamzadeblad giaxlebiT. (Seqspiri 1987: 359-360)

rozenkrancsa da gildensterns ukve eWvi aRar eparebaT imaSi, rom

hamleti seriozul safrTxes warmoadgens xelmwifisaTvis. es kargad Cans
moyvanili dialogidan. gildensterni uwonebs kidec klavdiuss hamletis
sigiJisadmi gamoTqmul SiSs, xolo rozenkranci vrcel sityvas
warmoTqvams monarqis sikvdilis savalalo Sedegebis Sesaxeb. mefis

74
gadawyvetileba cxadad mianiSnebs, rom hamleti, sul cota, sapyrobileSi
mainc unda Casvan, roca inglisSi Caiyvanen.
am saubris Semdeg ufliswuli male klavdiusis marjvena xels,
poloniuss gamoasalmebs sicocxles. axla rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns ukve sruliad darwmunebulni SeuZliaT iyon imaSi, rom
hamleti marTlac saSiSia da mefis mkvlelobazec ki aris wamsvleli.
rozenkrancisa da gildensternisadmi mimarTul klavdiusis ukanasknel
sityvebSi ukve gangaSis zari ismis:

Follow him at foot, tempt him with speed aboard.

Delay it not, I’ll have him hence tonight.
Away, for everything is sealed and done
That else leans on th’affair. Pray you make haste.
(Seqspiri 2003: 4.3.50-3)

wahyeT fexdafex. miityueT gemzed saCqarod.

nuRar ayovnebT, amaRamve msurs, moviSoro.
rac ki gzisaTvis saWiroa, yvela mzad aris.
gTxovT, daaCqaroT, erT wuTs aRar daagvianoT.
(Seqspiri 1987: 367)

amrigad, inglisisken gamgzavrebis win, rozenkrancma da

gildensternma mSvenivrad ician, rom klavdiusis werili hamletis, sul
cota, datusaRebas moiTxovs, Tu ufro mets ara. maT SeuZliaT isic
ivaraudon, rom hamletis mokvdinebaa gadawyvetili. yovel SemTxvevaSi,
klavdiusis werilis mTavari gmiri, ufro zustad ki antigmiri, rom
hamletia, amas mainc ver uaryofen. Tu maT zustad ar ician, rogor beds
usazRvravs es werili daniis ufliswuls, minimum is mainc ician, rom
swored misi bedia am werilSi gansazRvruli da mis gareSe werili
ufunqcioa.
rodesac rozenkrancsa da gildensterns inglisisaken mihyavT
hamleti, maT xomalds mekobreTa gemi daesxmeba Tavs. brZolisas hamleti
maT gemze gadaxteba da mekobreebic Tan waiyoleben mas. Sedegad,

75
klavdiusis werili SeTqmulebisaTvis usargeblo xdeba da aqedan
gamomdinare, misi gadacema inglisis mefisaTvis ukve absurdulia.1
rozenkranci da gildensterni mSvenivrad unda acnobierebdnen amas,
rogorc es zemoT warmovaCineT. miuxedavad amisa, raoden gasakviric ar
unda iyos, isini yvelaze alogikur da sulelur arCevans akeTeben da
agrZeleben mogzaurobas inglisisaken. aseTi ucnauri gadawyvetilebis
axsnas rogorRac movaxerxebdiT, inglisis napirebTan axlos mainc rom
yofiliyvnen mekobreTa Tavdasxmisas, magram hamletis werili
horaciosadmi gamoricxavs amgvar SesaZleblobas:

Ere we were two days old at sea, a pirate of very warlike appointment gave us
chase. Finding ourselves too slow of sail, we put on a compelled valour, and in the
grapple I boarded them. On the instant they got clear of our ship, so I alone became
their prisoner. (Seqspiri 2003: 4.6.13-17)

Cven jer ori dRe ar gvevlo zRvazed, roca uecrad gamogvidga

mekobarTa gemi, mTlad saomrad SeWurvili. raki metad nela
mivcuravdiT, sxva gza ar iyo, unda Zalad gvemamacna da
gvebrZola. Setakebis dros me imaTs gemze avvardi. maSinve
moSordnen Cvens gems da marto me SevrCi tyved xelSi.
(Seqspiri 1987: 373)

werili gvatyobinebs, rom isini ori dRis gasulebic ar iyvnen

zRvaSi, roca maTze Tavdasxma moxda. gamodis, rom hamletma maTi
mogzaurobis pirvel Rames Seanacvla werilebi, xolo Semdeg dRes igi
mekobreebma gaitaces.2 es garemoeba mogvianebiT horaciosTan saubris
drosac Cans (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.53-5; Seqspiri 1987: 383). raxan werilSi

1 ra Tqma unda, hamlets ukve Canacvlebuli aqvs klavdiusis werili sakuTariT, magram
vinaidan rozenkrancma da gildensternma ar ician es, Cvenc maTi gadmosaxedidan unda
SevxedoT Canacvlebul werils.
2 ase nawildeba droSi is movlenebi, romlebic hamletma ori dRis manZilze gamoiara:
1) saRamos `gonzagos mkvleloba~ dadga;
2) im Ramesve poloniusi imsxverpla;
3) gamTeniisas inglisisken gaaqanes;
4) is dRe rom daRamda, werilebi Seanacvla;
5) vidre Semdegi dRe mosaRamovdeboda, mekobreebma gaitaces.

76
hamleti ambobs `jer ori dRe ar gvevloo~, _ amiT iribad mianiSnebs, rom
mogzaurobis umetesi nawili mekobreebis Tavdasxmisas jer kidev win
aris. garda amisa, unda SevniSnoT, rom Sua saukuneebSi da TviT
Seqspiris drosac gemebis siswrafe Tanamedrove gemebTan SedarebiT
bevrad mcire iyo. aqedan gamomdinare, or dReze nakleb droSi daniidan
inglisisaken mimaval gems gasavleli manZilis mxolod mcire nawili
eqneboda dafaruli da Sesabamisad, elsinoris sanapirosTan bevrad
ufro axlos iqneboda, vidre inglisis napirebTan. klavdiusisadmi
miweril werilSi hamleti ambobs: “I shall [...] recount th’occasion of my sudden and
more strange return” (Seqspiri 2003: 4.7.45-6) [`....mogaxsenebT mizezs ase
saCqarod da uecrad dabrunebisas~ (Seqspiri 1987: 374)]. cxadia, saCqaro da
uecari dabruneba SeuZlebeli iqneboda, mekobreebis Tavdasxma daniis
napirebidan Sors rom momxdariyo.
garda zemoTqmulisa, wesiT da rigiT, rozenkranci da gildensterni
advilad unda mimxvdariyvnen, rom mekobreebi iseT Zvirfas tyves,
rogoric hamletia, swored daniis napirze gadasvamdnen (rogorc
sinamdvileSic xdeba) da ara sxvagan, vinaidan daniis ufliswulis
gamosasyidi, bunebrivia, misi samSoblodan unda mieRoT: “They have dealt with
me like thieves of mercy, but they knew what they did: I am to do a good turn for them”
(Seqspiri 2003: 4.6.17-18) [`Zalian zrdilobianad momeqcen es avazakebi.
magram kargad icoden, rasac sCadiodnen _ icoden, rom gadauxdels ar
davtovebdi~ (Seqspiri 1987: 373)]. rozenkrancsa da gildensterns aseve
unda evaraudaT, rom Tavad hamletic yovel Rones moixmarda, rom
mekobreebs igi samSobloSi daebrunebinaT, rac daniis mefes kvlav
safrTxeSi Caagdebda.
ra mizezebs SeiZleboda SeeSala xeli rozenkrancisa da
gildensternisTvis saswrafod ukan gamobrunebis gadawyvetilebis
miRebaSi? amasTan dakavSirebiT kritikul literaturaSi ramdenime
argumenti mohyavT, romelTa marTebuloba-umarTebulobis sakiTxs aqve
ganvixilavT.
zogierTis mosazrebiT, rozenkrancsa da gildensterns ar SeeZloT
ufleba miecaT TavianTi TavebisTvis da gadaexviaT mefis brZanebisTvis.
Cveulebriv situaciaSi es, ra Tqma unda, bunebrivic iqneboda. magram

77
mocemul SemTxvevaSi moxda sruliad gauTvaliswinebeli ram. maT
dakarges hamleti, romlis gareSec klavdiusis werilmac azri dakarga.
es garemoeba, rogorc kvlevam warmoaCina, rozenkrancisa da
gildensternis yuradRebis miRma verasgziT ver darCeboda. klavdiusis
brZaneba ar yofila mxolod werilebis gadacema inglisis mefisaTvis.
man, upirveles yovlisa, hamletis Cayvana brZana inglisSi da amisi
aucilebloba kariskacebisadmi Tavisi daJinebuli moTxovniTac daamowma
bolos: “Delay it not, I’ll have him hence tonight” (Seqspiri 2003: 4.3.51) [`nuRar
ayovnebT, amaRamve msurs, moviSoro~ (Seqspiri 1987: 367)]. klavdiusis
zraxvebis arsTa arsi rom ufliswulis moSorebaa da ara ubralod
werilebis gadacema, es cxadi unda yofiliyo rozenkrancisa da
gildensternisTvis. amitom, zRvaze hamletis gatacebiT Seqmnili
mdgomareobis gaTvaliswinebiT, maT mier inglisisaken svlis gagrZeleba,
arsobrivad, ukve mefis brZanebis Sesruleba ki ara, misi darRveva ufro
gamodis.
unda aRiniSnos, rom miniWebuli ndobisa da uflebebis TvalsazrisiT
rozenkranci da gildensterni mTlad Cveulebrivi kariskacebic ar
iyvnen, Tundac iseTebi, rogorebic arian voltimandi da korneliusi.
maSin, roca am ukanasknelebs klavdiusi ebuneba “Giving to you no further
personal power / [...] than the scope / Of these dilated articles allow” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.36-8)
[`sxva ufleba Tqven ara gaqvT ra imas garda, rac aq sweria~ (Seqspiri
1987: 326)], rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan mimarTebiT piesis arcerT
epizodSi arafers msgavss adgili ara aqvs. isini hamletis bavSvobis
megobrebad iTvlebian. hamletic Tavidan maT rogorc megobrebs ise
Rebulobs. klavdiusis ndoba maTdami, poloniusis Semdeg, albaT,
yvelaze ufro didia. maT miendoT hamletis TavSeqceva, misi saidumlos
gamorkveva. hamletis mier poloniusis mkvlelobis Semdeg, swored maT
avalebs mefe ufliswulis moZebnasa da poloniusis gvamis eklesiaSi
wasvenebas. aseve maT miandobs inglisis mefisaTvis werilebis gadacemas
da maTive kontrolis qveS gauyenebs hamlets inglisisaken mimaval gzas.
aqedan gamomdinare, unda iTqvas, rom am mogzaurobaSi rozenkranci da
gildensterni TavianTi funqciiT mxolod elCebs ar warmoadgendnen.
isini namdvilad iyvnen aRWurvilni ndobisa da uflebis im xarisxiT, rom

78
hamletis dakargvis Semdeg moexdinaT Seqmnili situaciis revizia da
SeecvalaT TavianTi kursi, magram es ase ar xdeba.
aRsaniSnavia, rom piesaSi ar figurirebs inglisisken mimavali gemis
kapitani, Tumca gemi ukapitnod namdvilad ar iqneboda. miuxedavad imisa,
rom gemis kapitans eqstremalur situaciaSi, zogadad, gaaCnia uflebebi
marSrutis Secvla-arSecvlis gadawyvetilebis miRebaze, ganxilul
SemTxvevaSi is mainc unda gamovricxoT, rom misi uflebebi
rozenkrancisa da gildensternisas aRemateboda. klavdiusi izrunebda
iseTi kapitnisa da ekipaJis SerCevaze, romelic aucileblobis
SemTxvevaSi umal rozenkrancisa da gildensternis survils
daemorCileboda, vidre hamletisas. ar unda dagvaviwydes, rom hamletze
meTvalyureoba maTzea mindobili daniis mefisgan, da klavdiusis
werilebic maT upyriaT xelT da ara gemis kapitans. aqedan gamomdinare,
mefesTan daaxloebul kariskacebs hamletis gatacebis Semdeg ar
gauWirdebodaT kapitnis darwmuneba gezis ukan, daniisaken aRebis
aucileblobaSi. gemis kapitani amas savsebiT bunebrivad miiRebda, radgan
daniis ufliswulis gataceba namdvilad ver iqneboda misTvis usafuZvlo
mizezi kursis Sesacvlelad.
aris kidev erTi mniSvnelovani momenti. zogierTi mkvlevris azriT,
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns hamletis dakargvis Semdeg mainc unda
gaegrZelebinaT mogzauroba inglisisaken, radgan maT, hamletis Cayvanis
garda, inglisisgan xarkis aRebac evalebodaT. unda aRvniSnoT, rom es
argumenti kariskacebis arCevnis gasamarTleblad sakmaod sustia,
upirveles yovlisa, imitom, rom hamletis meTvalyureoba da misi
inglisSi Cayvanaa am mogzaurobis umTavresi mizani da ara xarkis aReba,
rac, wesiT, rozenkrancsa da gildensterns kargad unda moxsenebodaT.
garda amisa, gavixsenoT, ras ambobs klavdiusi hamletze, rodesac xarkis
asaRebad misi inglisSi gagzavnis idea mouva:

There’s something in his soul

O’er which his melancholy sits on brood,
And I do doubt the hatch and the disclose
Will be some danger; which for to prevent,

79
 I have in quick determination
Thus set down: he shall with speed to England
For the demand of our neglected tribute.
Haply the seas, and countries different,
With variable objects, shall expel
This something-settled matter in his heart,
Whereon his brains still beating puts him thus
From fashion of himself. (Seqspiri 2003: 3.1.158-69)

magas raRaca sevdis Tesli guls Cabnevia

da saxifaTo unda iyos, vgoneb, im Teslis
aRorZineba. am xifaTis asacileblad,
me momivida uceb azrad, rom is saCqarod
gavgzavnoT ingliss asakrefad darCenil xarkis.
egeba zRvebma, ucxo mxarem, ucxo sagnebma
gadauyaron ucnauri eg gulis dardi.
rac mas gonebas uavadebs, cnobas ukargavs. (Seqspiri 1987: 352)

klavdiusi am gadawyvetilebas Rebulobs mas Semdeg, rac

poloniusTan erTad miayuradebs hamletisa da ofelias daZabul saubars.
mefis sityvebidan kargad Cans, rom darCenili xarkis aReba sulac ar
warmoadgens dagegmili mogzaurobis mizezsa Tu mizans. is mxolod
sababia hamletis inglisSi gagzavnisaTvis. realuri mizezi ki
ufliswulis ucnauri saqcielia, xolo mizani _ misi damSvideba da
daSoSmineba. amaze meti safuZveli hamletis inglisSi gasagzavnad
klavdiuss am etapze ar gaaCnia. ufliswuls jer arc `gonzagos
mkvleloba~ daudgams da arc poloniusi mouklavs. Sesabamisad,
klavdiusi mis mkvlelobas Tavdapirvelad arc gegmavs, radgan jer
warmodgena ara aqvs, rom ufliswulma icis misi Cadenili mzakvruli
codvis Sesaxeb.
sainteresoa, rogoria klavdiusis zraxvebi hamletisa da misi
meTvalyureebis inglisSi gamgzavrebis win, rodesac ufliswuls

80
`gonzagos mkvleloba~ ukve dadgmuli aqvs da poloniusic mokluli
hyavs:

And England, if my love thou hold’st at aught,

As my great power thereof may give thee sense,
Since yet thy cicatrice looks raw and red
After the Danish sword, and thy free awe
Pays homage to us – thou mayst not coldly set
Our sovereign process, which imports at full,
By letters congruing to that effect,
The present death of Hamlet. Do it England,
For like the hectic in my blood he rages,
And thou must cure me. Till I know ’tis done,
Howe’er my haps, my joys were ne’er begun. (Seqspiri 2003: 4.3.54-64)

Sen ki, ingliso, Cems wyalobas Tu imCnev radme, _

da vgoneb danelT xmalma Cveni Zala gacnoba,
raki Wriloba misgan jer ar gagmrTelebia
da Cvens Zlier taxts xarksac aZlev qveSevrdomulad _
Sen gulmxurvaled moepyar Cvens maRalsa survils,
rac warmogzavnils werilebSi gamoTqmulia
da sikvdils miec myis hamleti. ase moiqec,
Torem viT seni gesliani gulzed mkbens igi
da unda mixsna am senisgan. mis sikvdilamde
veraviTari sixaruli ver gamaxarebs. (Seqspiri 1987: 367)

am monologSi klavdiusi pirdapir gvicxadebs, rom hamletis

inglisSi gagzavnis mizania misi saswrafo mokvdineba. monologidan Cans,
rom mogzaurobis mTavari mizani da savaraudod erTaderTic aris
swored ufliswulis mkvleloba. inglisisgan xarkis aRebas mogzaurobis
sababadac ki ar asaxelebs aq klavdiusi. is mxolod SeniSnavs, rom
inglisi, rogorc daniis qveSevrdomi da misTvis xarkis gadamxdeli,
valdebulia Seasrulos misi brZaneba da moakvdinos hamleti. garda

81
amisa, unda aRvniSnoT, rom am SemTxvevaSi klavdiuss sulac ar awyobs
inglisisgan darCenili xarkis moTxovna, rogorc amas Tavdapirvelad
gegmavda, radgan axla am qveyanam mas iseTi saqme unda gaukeTos, rom
misgan darCenili xarkis moTxovna ki ara, misTvis am xarkis patieba ufro
logikuri iqneboda. da Tu davakvirdebiT, moyvanili monologis
dasawyisSi klavdiusi inglisisadmi Tavis wyalobas axsenebs, rac ar
aris gamoricxuli, hamletis mkvlelobis sanacvlod qveSevrdomi
qveynisaTvis swored im darCenili xarkis patiebas, Semcirebas an
gadavadebas gulisxmobdes, romlis akrefazec saubrobda adre.
amgvarad, cxadia, rom inglisisgan darCenili xarkis miReba mxolod
Tavdapirvelad warmoadgenda ufliswulis inglisSi gagzavnis sababs.
hamletis mier `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ dadgmis Semdeg da miT ufro,
misgan poloniusis mkvlelobis Semdeg, klavdiuss ukve aRar sWirdeba
aseTi sababi ufliswulis inglisSi gadasakargavad. is ukve advilad
axerxebs daarwmunos yvela, rom hamleti Seuracxadia da saSiSia
qveynisaTvis. aqedan gamomdinare, Zalian aradamajerebelia vifiqroT, rom
klavdiusi werilebSi, garda hamletis mokvlisa, darCenil xarksac
iTxovda inglisisgan. piriqiT, ufro metad mosalodnelia, xarkis momenti
klavdiuss erTgvari garigebisTvis gamoeyenebina, rac zemoT ukve
SevniSneT. mniSvnelovania, aseve, aRvniSnoT, rom sakuTriv rozenkrancTan
da gildensternTan sxvadasxva etapze gamarTul saubrebSi klavdiusi
arsad ar axsenebs xarkis aRebis sakiTxs. rogorc zemoT vaCveneT,
mxolod poloniusTan axmovanebs am azrs da isic erTaderTxel.
rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan ki mudam mxolod hamletis sakiTxi
dgas. amitom, rozenkrancisa da gildensternis mier inglisisaken
mogzaurobis gagrZelebis gadawyvetileba xarkis aRebis motiviT sakmaod
absurdulad JRers. piesis teqstis analizi cxadyofs, rom am mosazrebas
seriozuli mecnieruli safuZveli ar gaaCnia.
ganvixiloT kidev erTi SesaZlebloba. vTqvaT, rozenkranci da
gildensterni aseT saSiSroebazec dafiqrebuliyvnen: iqneb hamletma
dauSva maTi ukan Semobrunebis SesaZleblobac da jildos sanacvlod
daavala mekobreebs garkveuli droiT elsinoris navsadgurisaken
mimavali sanaosno gzis gakontroleba. es daniur gems kvlav Tavdasxmis

82
saSiSroebis winaSe daayenebda da Sesabamisad, misi elsinorSi Casvla
seriozuli kiTxvis niSnis qveS dadgeboda. miuxedavad amisa,
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns martivad SeeZloT Semdegnairad
emoqmedaT: mekobreTa Tavdasxmis Semdeg inglisisaken mimavali gezi mcire
xniT ar SeecvalaT, raTa amiT STabeWdileba SeeqmnaT hamletisTvis da
mekobreebisTvis, rom inglisisaken agrZeleben mogzaurobas;
horizontidan maTi gauCinarebis Semdeg Semobrunebuliyvnen da kursi
aeRoT elsinorTan yvelaze axlos mdebare navsadgurisaken; iqidan ki
cxenebiT Casuliyvnen elsinorSi. ra Tqma unda, aseT SemTxvevaSi,
hamletze erTi-ori dRiT gvian CaaRwevdnen sataxto qalaqSi, Tumca
piesis bolo, sisxlian scenamde bevrad adre, romelsac, rogorc
vxedavT, TviT inglisis elCebmac Causwres.1 ase rom, aRweril hipoTetur
situaciaSic rozenkrancsa da gildensterns patara SemovliTi gziT
SeeZloT elsinorSi mcire dagvianebiT dabruneba, xolo inglisSi Casvla
da inglisis mefisaTvis klavdiusis werilebis gadacema, am SemTxvevaSic,
iseTive absurdad rCeba, rogorc aqamde iyo.
dabolos, ramdenad SegviZlia kariskacebis aseTi ugunuri
gadawyvetileba, maT gonebaClungobas davabraloT? Tuki davasabuTebT,
rom isini marTlac aseTebi arian, maSin erTgvar logikurobas SeiZens
maTi ugunuri gadawyvetileba. magram aris ki piesaSi raime seriozuli
miniSneba amis Sesaxeb? rodesac hamleti rozenkrancs sarecx Rrubels
adarebs, rozenkranci ufliswuls eubneba, rom ver gaigo misi naTqvamis
arsi, razec hamleti miugebs: “I am glad of it, a knavish speech sleeps in a foolish ear”
(Seqspiri 2003: 4.2.21) [`miT ufro kargi: moswrebuli sityva regvnis yurs
ver gamoaRviZebs~ (Seqspiri 1987: 366)]. ramdenad SeiZleba hamletis es
sityvebi rozenkrancisa da gildensternis gonebaCamorCenilobis sabuTad
gamogvadges? unda iTqvas, rom namdvilad ver gamogvadgeba ramdenime
mizezis gamo. jer erTi, ar aris gamoricxuli, rom rozenkranci miuxvda
hamlets naazrevs, magram ar SeimCnia es, raxan masSi ufliswulisgan
moyenebuli Seuracxyofa amoikiTxa. Sesabamisad, misi sityvebi _ “I
understand you not my lord” (4.2.20) [`me ar mesmis Tqveni laparaki xelmwifis

1 cxadia, rozenkranci da gildensterni mekobreebis Tavdasxmis Semdeg daniisken rom

gamobrunebuliyvnen, inglisis elCebis elsinorSi Casvla ver moxdeboda.

83
Svilo~ (366)] _ SeiZleba, erTgvarad SeniRbul wyenasa da aRSfoTebas
gamoxatavdes. meorec, Tu rozenkrancma marTlac ver gaigo ufliswulis
sityvebis mniSvneloba, esec arafers niSnavs, radgan TavmogiJianebuli
hamletis qaragmebi xSirad sxva personaJebisTvisac gaugebari rCeba.1 arc
is aris uCveulo, rom hamletisTana sityvebiT moTamaSe inteleqtualis
winaSe sxva personaJebi zogjer mosulelo elementebs emsgavsebian
(magaliTad, igive poloniusi, romelic hamletisTvis SesaZloa CerCeti,
gamotvinebuli beberia, magram mefisTvis mainc _ yvelaze sando
mrCeveli). amitom, rozenkranci da gildensterni sruliad saRi gonebis
adamianebad unda CaiTvalon. ase rom ar iyos, klavdiusi namdvilad ar
mouxmobda maT hamletis saidumlos gamosaZieblad; arc ufliswulis
inglisisaken gacilebas miandobda maT da arc inglisis mefisaTvis
saidumlo werilebis gadacemas. garda amisa, xelmwifesTan Tu
ufliswulTan saubrebSi arsad vlindeba, rom saR azrovnebaSi maT raime
problema gaaCniaT. isini sakmaod mixvedrilebi arian da Tu rames ver
xvdebian, esec sinamdvilis Semecnebis obieqturi sirTulis gamo da ara
gonebaSezRudulobis mizeziT. Sesabamisad, rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns udavod hqondaT zRvaze mekobreTa Tavdasxmis Sedegad
Seqmnili viTarebis swori gaanalizebisa da Sefasebis unari, magram maT
es ratomRac ar gamoiyenes. rogorc zemoT warmovaCineT, normalurad
moazrovne adamianebisTvis namdvilad ar unda yofiliyo rTuli imis
mixvedra, rom hamletis dakargvis Semdeg inglisisaken svlis gagrZeleba
uazro iqneboda. isic vaCveneT, rom daniisaken gamobrunebis ideas, sul
cota, SemovliTi gziT mainc araferi uSlida xels. magram, miuxedavad
amisa, danieli kariskacebi maTTvis sabediswero arCevans akeTeben (an
raRac idumali Zala akeTebinebs maT) da ase da amgvarad, egebebian
TavianT sikvdils inglisis samefoSi.
axla ki, TvalsaCinoebisaTvis, Tezisebis CamonaTvalis saxiT,
SevajamebT Catarebuli kvlevis yvela im Sedegs, romelic asabuTebs
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis daniisaken gamobrunebis logikurobas
hamletis gatacebis Semdgom:

1 Sdr. klavdiusis replika hamletis qaragmul saubarze `xafangis scenis~ win: “I have
nothing with this answer Hamlet, these words are not mine” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.85-6) [`Seni pasuxi ver
gavige, hamlet. eg sityvebi me ar mekuTvnis~ (Seqspiri 1987: 353)].

84
1) rozenkrancsa da gildensterns udavod unda scodnodaT, maTi
mogzaurobis mTavari mizani hamletis inglisisaTvis gadacema rom
iyo;
2) arsad Cans, rom klavdiusma maT inglisisgan darCenili xarkis
akrefac daavala da isic ikveTeba, rom inglisis mier hamletis
mokvdinebis uzrunvelyofamde misTvis xarkis moTxovna ver
iqneboda gonivruli gadawyvetileba;
3) rozenkrancma da gildensternma imdeni mainc ician, rom
klavdiusis avbediTi werilis mTavari Tema da personaJi daniis
ufliswulia da Sesabamisad, isic unda icodnen, rom mis gareSe
werils azri ekargeba;
4) hamletis dakargvis Semdeg klavdiusis kariskacebis mier
inglisisaken curvis gagrZeleba arsobrivad ukve veRar gamodis
daniis mefis brZanebis aRsruleba;
5) rozenkrancsa da gildensterns namdvilad hqondaT samefo karze
im donis statusi, rom zRvaze aseTi katastrofis Semdeg ukan
dabrunebis individualuri gadawyvetileba mieRoT;
6) maTi gemis kapitani udavod mefesTan daaxloebuli kariskacebis
daqvemdebarebaSi iqneboda, razec klavdiusi windawinve izrunebda;
7) maT gems mekobreebis Tavdasxmis dros gasavleli manZilis umetesi
nawili darCenili hqonda da Sesabamisad, daniaSi dabruneba
inglisSi Casvlaze ufro advili da mosaxerxebeli iyo;
8) kariskacebs unda gaecnobierebinaT didi albaToba imisa, rom
mekobreebi hamlets swored daniis napirebTan Camosvamdnen, raTa
misTvis eamebinaT da misgan jildoc mieRoT;
9) isini unda mimxvdariyvnen, rom Seuracxadi da kacismkvleli
hamletis elsinorSi dabrunebiT mefe kvlav safrTxeSi
Cavardeboda da amitom maTgan saswrafo daxmarebac SeiZleboda
dasWirveboda;
10) Tu rozenkrancma da gildensternma elsinoris navsadgurisaken
gamobrunebaSi kvlav mekobreebTan Seyris saSiSroeba dainaxes, maT
martivad SeeZloT SemovliTi gza aerCiaT ukan dasabruneblad;

85
 11) inglisisaken svlis gagrZelebis sulelur gadawyvetilebamde,
rozenkranci da gildensterni arsad Canan piesaSi iseTi
sulelebi, rom hamletis gatacebis Semdgom ver mimxvdariyvnen
daniisaken gamobrunebis aucileblobas.

ganxiluli sakiTxis garSemo zemoT warmodgenili msjelobis

safuZvelze, SegviZlia vikiTxoT: ratom agrZeleben rozenkranci da
gildensterni usargeblo mogzaurobas inglisisaken da nacvlad amisa,
ratom ar grZnoben daniaSi saswrafo dabrunebis aucileblobas? ra
moxdeboda, rom maT SeecvalaT TavianTi gezi da dabrunebuliyvnen
elsinorSi? cxadia, swrafi dabruneba yvelaze brZnuli gadawyvetileba
iqneboda maTgan. klavdiusi amas sruliad bunebrivad miiRebda da
SesaZloa isini hamletis ganadgurebis axal gegmaSic ki gamoeyenebina.
magram Cven vxedavT, rom Seqspirma airCia is, rac airCia. mas ukve aRar
sWirdeba rozenkranci da gildensterni Tavisi piesis msvlelobisaTvis
da amis gamo hamletis meSveobiT awyobs maT Tavze klavdiusis
SeTqmulebas. swored amitom, sulac ar aris gasakviri, rom hamleti da
horacio moelian ara rozenkrancisa da gildensternis ukan dabrunebas,
aramed mxolod maTi mokvdinebis Sesaxeb Setyobinebas:

HORATIO

It must be shortly known to him [Claudius] from England

What is the issue of the business there.

HAMLET

It will be short. The interim’s mine . . . (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.71-3)

horacio

ueWvelia, acnobeben male inglisiT,

Tu viT gaTavda mindobili magisgan [klavdiusisgan] saqme.

hamlet

inglisiT male acnobeben, magram im dromde

86
 kidev maqvs vada . . . (Seqspiri 1987: 383)

am sityvebiT, personaJebi, ubralod, maTi avtoris gadawyvetilebas

amowmeben da sxva araferi. da marTlac, piesis bolos, inglisis elCisgan
vgebulobT, rom `rozenkranci da gildenstern mkvdarni arian~ (Seqspiri
1987: 389).
cxadia, araferia ucnauri imaSi, rom Seqspirma amgvari gadawyvetileba
miiRo, miT ufro, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT, rom Janrobrivad `hamleti~, ase
Tu ise, mainc SurisZiebis Temaze agebul sisxlian tragedias
warmoadgens, miuxedavad imisa, rom am tipis tragediisTvis
damaxasiaTebel garkveul pirobiTobebs arRvevs. magram is namdvilad
ucnauria, Tu rogor mihyavs dramaturgs rozenkranci da gildensterni
sikvdilamde da Sesabamisad, rogor gahyavs isini piesis moqmedebidan.
iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos Seqspiri am SemTxvevaSi afuCeCebs da
zedmetad Tavs ar iwuxebs Tavisi meorexarisxovani personaJebis
sasikvdilo bedis ufro logikurad gansazRvrisTvis. Tumca isic
naTelia, rom piesis saerTo mxatvrul-msoflmxedvelobriv Rirebulebas
es garemoeba safrTxes namdvilad ar uqmnis.
amrigad, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom mekobreebis Tavdasxmis Semdgom
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis mier inglisisaken svlis gagrZeleba
moklebulia safuZvlian motivacias. realurad, klavdiusis kariskacebma
ver aRasrules daniis mefisgan dakisrebuli misia, magram rogorc
personaJebma, amomwuravad Seasrules avtorisgan moniWebuli funqcia.
amitom, Seqspirs sabolood gahyavs isini piesis moqmedebidan, Tumca,
masSi warmodgenil movlenaTa logikuri mimarTebebis TvalsazrisiT,
rogorc warmovaCineT, arc ise bunebrivad.

1.8. hamletis saqcielis zneobrivi aspeqti

SeqspirologiaSi hamleti xSirad erT-erT yvelaze maRalzneobriv

personaJad moiazreba. misi sulieri SeWirvebac xom didwilad adamianis
zneobrivi degradaciis xilviT gamowveuli tragikuli gancdaa. raxan

87
ufliswulisTvis adamianis zneobrioba aseT sasicocxlo Rirebulebas
warmoadgens da raki is did sifrTxiles iCens biZamisis damnaSaveoba-
udanaSaulobis sakiTxis gamoZiebisas, bevri mkvlevari gakvirvebulia,
ratom gaimeta man sasikvdilod ase advilad Tavisi skolis Zveli
amxanagebi.
aq ori saxis mizezi SeiZleba gamoiyos: moraluri da pragmatuli. Tu
rozenkrancma da gildensternma icodnen an eWvi mainc hqondaT
ufliswulis winaaRmdeg klavdiusis mzakvruli Canafiqris Sesaxeb, maSin
hamletis ganaCeni maT mimarT seriozul moralur gamarTlebas iZens;
xolo Tu maT ar icodnen am SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, maSin hamletis aseTi
saqcieli mxolod Tavdacvis mizniT SeiZleba aixsnas da garkveulwilad
gamarTldes kidec, rac ufro pragmatuli gadawyvetileba gamodis misgan,
vidre _ moraluri. cxadia, pirveli SemTxveva meoresac moicavs, radgan
Tu rozenkranci da gildensterni SeTqmulebis Segnebuli
Tanamonawileni arian, maSin maTi cocxlad datoveba TavisTavad
warmoadgens hamletisTvis safrTxes. ufliswulis saqcieli yovlad
gaumarTlebeli da amoraluri mxolod maSin iqneba, Tu davuSvebT, rom
rozenkrancma da gildensternma marTla araferi icodnen klavdiusis
SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb da arc hamletisTvis SeeZloT raime safrTxis
Seqmna. ismis kiTxva: romel SemTxvevasTan gvaqvs realurad saqme?
rogorc zemoT davaskveniT, mefis kariskacebma savaraudod ar
icodnen hamletis mimarT gamotanili sasikvdilo ganaCenis Sesaxeb,
magram namdvilad xvdebodnen, rom ufliswuls inglisSi sul mcire
datusaReba mainc eloda. Sesabamisad, klavdiusis werilebSi hamletze
kargi araferi rom ewereboda, amdens isini usaTuod acnobierebdnen.
miuxedavad amisa, mainc Znelia rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
dadanaSauleba. maT ar ician, rom klavdiusi sinamdvileSi Zmis mkvlelia.
isini xedaven, rom ufliswuli Seuracxadia da Tavisi dadgmuli piesis
mixedviT mefesac ki emuqreba mokvliT. hamletis mier poloniusis
mkvleloba ki, saboloo dasturia kariskacebisTvis imisa, rom
ufliswulis Tavisufleba yovlad gaumarTlebelia. amitom, maTTvis
sruliad gasagebia mefis SiSi da misgan hamletis inglisisaken
gastumrebis gadawyvetileba, Tundac iq ufliswulis datusaRebis mizniT.

88
isini bunebrivad emorCilebian mefis brZanebas, romelic maTi
gadmosaxedidan udavod gonivruli Cans praqtikuli TvalsazrisiT da
jerovani moraluri kuTxiTac. aqedan gamomdinare, hamletisgan maTi
sikvdiliT dasja Zalian mkacri ganaCeni gamodis. ufro adekvaturi
sasjeli, zneobrivi TvalsazrisiT, albaT maTi cixeSi gamomwyvdeva
iqneboda.
amrigad, hamletis gadawyvetilebis gasamarTleblad namdvilad
saWiroa davasabuToT, rom igi Tavdacvis mizniT moqmedebda da
iZulebuli iyo werilSi rozenkrancisa da gildensternis mkvleloba
daekveTa inglisisaTvis da ara ubralod maTi Tavisuflebis aRkveTa.
endriu bredli (bredli 1937: 103), magaliTad, Tvlis, rom maTi sikvdili
sulac ar sWirdeboda hamlets Tavisi miznis ganxorcielebisaTvis.
msgavs azrs imeoreben makalindoni (makalindoni 1991: 110) da sadovskic
(sadovski 2003: 158). magram aris ki sinamdvileSi ase? vecdebiT gavarkvioT.
karl verderis (verderi 1907: 164) azriT, hamleti iZulebuli iyo ase
emoqmeda, radgan Tu rozenkranci da gildensterni inglisSi
CasvlisTanave sikvdiliT ar daisjebodnen, SeiZleba maT moexerxebinaT
inglisis mefis daeWveba hamletis Canacvlebuli werilis SinaarsSi.
mefes SeiZleba daekavebina samive iqamde, sanam daniaSi ar gagzavnida
elCebs da ar gadaamowmebda klavdiusis brZanebis utyuarobas, rac,
cxadia, hamletisTvis ukve sabediswero aRmoCndeboda.
mecxramete saukunis germaneli mecnieris es msjeloba bevrad ufro
marTebuli Cans am sakiTxze, vidre zogierTi Tanamedrove mecnieris azri.
marTlac aSkaraa, rom hamlets sxva gamosavali ar hqonda. mas Tavi unda
daecva. marTalia, hamlets sabolood ar mouwia inglisSi Casvlam, magram
saidan unda scodnoda mas, rodesac werilebs anacvlebda, rom meore
dRes mekobreebi daesxmebodnen Tavs da maT gemze gadaxtomis saSualeba
miecemoda?
zogierTi mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom mekobreebis Tavdasxma Tavad
hamletis organizebuli iyo. amis safuZvels xedaven missave sityvebSi
dedamisis mimarT, inglisSi gamgzavrebis win:

89
 There’s letters sealed, and my two schoolfellows,
Whom I will trust as I will adders fanged,
They bear the mandate. They must sweep my way
And marshal me to knavery. Let it work,
For ’tis the sport to have the engineer
Hoist with his own petar, an’t shall go hard
But I will delve one yard below their mines
And blow them at the moon. (Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.203-10)

dabeWdilia werilebi da Tan brZanebac

micemuli aqvs ors TanaSezrdils amxanags Cemsas,
romelTac ise vendobi, viT Sxamian gvelsa.
gza imaT unda gamikvalon Cemis maxisaken.
dee, iSromon; saamoa, ros memanqanes
misgan namzadi iaraRi maRla afeTqebs.
cudad momiva saqme, Tu rom mec ar gavTxare,
ar movuqcie imaT naRmebs qveSiT sxva naRmi
da mTvaremde ar avafrine. (Seqspiri 1987: 364)

aq ramdenime momenti ikveTeba:

1) hamleti mixvedrilia, rom klavdiusi mas SeTqmulebas uwyobs;

2) rozenkrancisa da gildensternis Sxamian gvelebTan Sedareba
mianiSnebs, rom ufliswuls isini SeTqmulebis Segnebuli
Tanamonawileebi hgonia, rac Semdgom erTgvarad amarTlebs mis
mkacr ganaCens maTdami;
3) hamlets aSkarad mofiqrebuli aqvs am SeTqmulebis CaSlis gegma;
4) es gegma rozenkrancsa da gildensterns cud beds uqadis;
5) raxan laparakia memanqanis afeTqebaze misive damzadebuli iaraRiT,
hamleti unda gulisxmobdes swored werilebis Canacvlebis ideas
da ara mekobreebis Tavdasxmas.

rogorc vxedavT, aq moyvanili hamletis sityvebiT misgan mekobreebis

Tavdasxmis mowyoba ver dasturdeba. es rom ase yofiliyo, gana horacios,
romelsac aCrdilis saidumloc ki gaumxila, daumalavda amis Sesaxeb?

90
xolo, rac sinamdvileSi gadaxda hamlets am mogzaurobis dros, araferi
daufaravs horaciosTvis. mefis werilis Sinaarsic gaacno da Tavisi
Senacvlebuli werilisic. isic ki uTxra, Tu rogor dabeWda axali
werili. ase rom, hamletisa da mekobreebis mokavSireobis ideas ar
gaaCnia myari mecnieruli safuZveli, rac imas niSnavs, rom hamleti
marTlac iZulebuli iyo rozenkranci da gildensterni sasikvdilod
gaewira.
hamletis sityvebSi, rogorc SevniSneT, misi damokidebulebac ikveTeba
Tavisi skolis amxanagebis mimarT, rac aseve mniSvnelovani momentia
ufliswulis mier maTdami gamotanili ganaCenis moraluri
SefasebisaTvis. es damokidebuleba garkveulwilad dedamisTan
saubramdec vlindeba, rodesac gildensterns sayvedurobs _ “[D]o you think
I am easier to be played on than a pipe?” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.334) [`Tqvena ggoniaT, me
am patara salamurzed ufro advili dasakravi viyo!~ (Seqspiri 1987: 359)]
_ da dedamisTan saubris Semdegac, rodesac rozenkrancs sarecx
Rrubels adarebs, romelic, misi azriT, jer Seisrutavs mefis wyalobas
da Semdeg ukanve gamoiwureba mefis mier (Seqspiri 1987: 366). magram
Sxamian gvelebTan Sedareba mainc yvelaze mZafrad gamoxatavs hamletis
zizRs rozenkrancisa da gildensternisadmi, rac faqtiurad mianiSnebs
imaze, rom ufliswuli maT klavdiusis SeTqmulebis Segnebul
Tanamzraxvelebad miiCnevs.
ra Tqma unda, hamleti aq aWarbebs. rogorc teqstis analizma cxadyo,
naklebad savaraudoa, rom mefis kariskacebma icodnen an Tundac
xvdebodnen, rom mTlad sikvdili gamouwera mefem hamlets da ara
ubralod datusaReba. Tumca, isic unda aRiniSnos, rom ufliswuls
namdvilad ar hqonda dro da SesaZlebloba SeTqmulebaSi rozenkrancisa
da gildensternis Careulobis zusti xarisxis dasadgenad: `gonzagos
mkvlelobis~ dadgmidan erTi sruli dRe-Rame ar iqneboda gasuli, rom
hamleti da misi mxleblebi ukve ramdenime saaTis gasulebi iyvnen zRvaSi.
aqedan gamomdinare, Znelia ufliswulis xelaRebiT dadanaSauleba
Tavisi Zveli amxanagebisadmi ulmobel saqcielSi. hamleti rogorc
xedavda sinamdviles, ise moqmedebda da amaze ufro ukeT viTarebis
gaanalizeba amdeni gansacdeliT moculs namdvilad ar SeeZlo. amitom

91
mas Semdeg, rac gaxsna mefis werili da iq amoikiTxa misi mzakvruli
moTxovna, namdvilad ar aukankaldeboda xeli, rodesac TviTonac imaves
werda rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan mimarTebiT. horacios Semdegi
sityvebi albaT yvelaze zustad asaxavs mefis kariskacebisaTvis
gamotanili ganaCenis arss: “So Guildenstern and Rosencrantz go to’t” (Seqspiri
2003: 5.2.56) [`maS rozenkrancsa da gildensterns eg misca bedma?~ (Seqspiri
1987: 383)]. diax, swored bedi Cans mTavari damnaSave maT sikvdilSi. Tumca
hamleti horacios sityvebs ase epasuxeba: “Why man, they did make love to this
employment. / They are not near my conscience. Their defeat / Does by their own insinuation
grow” (5.2.57-9) [`mainc isini maggvar saqmes suniT eZebdnen da sinidisic
ara mtanjavs imaT gulisTvis, _ metiCrobasa daabralon maTi daRupva~
(383)]. am SemTxvevaSi, hamleti TiTqos pirdapir ar adanaSaulebs
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns klavdiusis mzakvruli Canafiqris srul
codnaSi, magram mefis SeTqmulebaSi monawileobis moxaliseebad mainc
miiCnevs maT. isini klavdiusma daibara hamletze saTvalTvalod, rasac
ufliswuli maTTan pirvelive saubrisas maleve xvdeba. maTi iniciativa
ar aris Tundac hamletis gacileba inglisSi. es klavdiusis survilia.
Tumca aRsaniSnavia, rom rozenkranci da gildensterni mefis am
gadawyvetilebas ara mxolod morCilad, aramed didi mowonebiTac ki
Rebuloben (Seqspiri 2003: 3.3.8-23; Seqspiri 1987: 359-360). amitomac
marTebulia maTze hamletis Semdgomi sityvebi: “’Tis dangerous when the baser
nature comes / Between the pass and fell incensed points / Of mighty opposites” (5.2.60-2)
[`saSiSi aris, rodesac sustbunebiani Cauvardeba SuaSi ors
mopirdapires, mopirdapires Zliers, medgars, xmalamowvdenils~ (383)].
amrigad, irkveva, rom hamleti iZulebuli iyo gaewira rozenkranci da
gildensterni sakuTari Tavis dasacavad. vlindeba isic, rom hamlets
Tavisi skolis amxanagebi, sruliad gulwrfelad, ufro metad
damnaSaveebi hgonia, vidre isini sinamdvileSi arian, da Cans aseve is, rom
ufliswuls ar hqonda dro da saSualeba zustad ganesazRvra maTi
gaTviTcnobierebulobis xarisxi biZamisis binZur saqmeSi. am yvelafris
gaTvaliswinebiT, zogierTi kritikosis mier moraluri gadmosaxedidan
ufliswulis dadanaSauleba rozenkrancisa da gildensternisadmi
gamotanili ganaCenis gamo namdvilad ar aris marTebuli. meore mxriv,

92
unda iTqvas, rom rozenkrancica da gildensternic aSkarad daiCagrnen.
marTalia, isini sruliad udanaSauloebi ar arian, magram sikvdili mainc
metad mkacri ganaCenia maTTvis. sagulisxmoa isic, rom mekobreebis
Tavdasxmis ucnaurma bedisweram hamleti ukan, daniisaken gamoixmo; xolo
amave bedisweram rozenkrancsa da gildensterns ver daanaxva
inglisisaken svlis gagrZelebis absurduloba. amitom hamletma ki ara,
sinamdvileSi Tavad Seqspirma gamoutana maT aseTi ganaCeni; hamleti ki
mxolod am ganaCenis Sesabamisi dokumentis Semdgenelad gamoiyena.
udavoa, rom dramaturgs sWirdeboda rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
piesidan gayvana, magram aseve cxadia, rom amis gansaxorcieleblad
mTlad damajereblad ver gamarTa siuJeti. rCeba iseTi STabeWdileba,
rom Tavad Seqspirsac surda maTi sikvdiliT dasja im saxiT, rogorc
hamletma dedamisTan saubris dasasruls maT, cota ar iyos,
metaforulad uwinaswarmetyvela (Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.206-10; Seqspiri 1987:
364). amis safuZvelze, SegviZlia vivaraudoT, rom dramaturgi iziarebs
Tavisi protagonistis pozicias rozenkrancisa da gildensternis mimarT.
poeturi samarTlianobis aRsasruleblad igi ramdenadme arRvevs kidec
siuJetur logikas da raoden ucnauric ar unda iyos, mekobreebis
Tavdasxmis Semdeg mefis kariskacebs mainc agrZelebinebs inglisisaken
mogzaurobas, raTa maTze moiwios sasjeli bumerangis principiT. garda
amisa, Seqspirs, rogorc Cans, Zalian surda `hamletis~ bolo scenaSi
erTgvari dramatuli ironiis misaRwevad inglisis elCisaTvis
eTqmevinebina: “The ears are senseless that should give us hearing, / To tell him his
commandment is fulfilled, / That Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are dead” (Seqspiri 2003:
5.2.347-50) [`uqmni arian igi yurni, romelTac unda moesminaT, rom
nabrZanebi aRsrulda maTi, rom rozenkranci da gildenstern mkvdarni
arian~ (Seqspiri 1987: 389)].
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia davaskvnaT, rom
miuxedavad naklovanebebisa da Secdomebisa, hamleti mainc maRali
adamianuri Rirsebis matarebeli personaJia. SeiZleba igi ver aRwevs
zneobriobis sasurvel simaRles elsinoris farisevlur da mtrul
garemoSi, magram Sinaganad udavod miiswrafvis aqeTken, rasac adamianur
ukeTurebaze misi tragikuli gancdac adasturebs. hamletis xedviT, Tu

93
adamiani Tavis niWsa da unarebs borotebas moaxmars, misi amqveyniuri
arseboba fuWi da amaoa, radgan aseTi adamiani imaze meti ar Rirs, vidre
is miwa, romlisganac igi Seiqmna. amitom, ufliswulisTvis amgvari
adamiani mtvris grovaa da sxva araferi, razec rozenkrancTan da
gildensternTan saubrisas mianiSnebs kidec (Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.286-90;
Seqspiri 1987: 344). mesaflaveebis scenaSi ki amqveyniuri didebisaken
moswrafe adamianis sulier gaxrwnas hamleti miwaSi misi sxeulis
xorciel xrwnasTan akavSirebs.
miuxedavad garkveuli meryeobisa, daniis ufliswuli aumxedrda
mozRvavebul borotebas. man gulwrfelad ibrZola `naRrZobi~ droebis
gasasworeblad, magram ver gaaswora is. misi drouli qmedebac arsebiTad,
albaT, verafers Secvlida am kuTxiT. mas rom droze moekla klavdiusi,
is mainc Zmis mkvleli da misi colis mimtacebeli iqneboda. poloniusi
rom ar Semokvdomoda, is mainc tutuc medroved darCeboda. rozenkrancsa
da gildensternsac cocxlad gadarCena verafriT gamoasworebda.
gertrudis mier gardacvlili qmrisadmi Ralati da mis mkvlel ZmasTan
sisxlis Serevis faqtic versad gaqreboda. albaT, verc ofelias mier
hamletis uaryofa gauqmdeboda. faqtiurad, sulieri TvalsazrisiT yvela
boroteba ZalaSi darCeboda, ubralod, naklebi fizikuri sikvdilianoba
iqneboda. da bolos da bolos, yvelaze didi da saZageli boroteba xom
piesis dawyebamde xdeba, rodesac Zma Zmas sasikvdilod imetebs, raTa
Semdeg datkbes misi samefoTi da misi colTan avxorculi kavSiris
SekvriT. `hamletSi~ warmodgenili borotmoqmedebani, sinamdvileSi, am
mTavari borotmoqmedebis logikuri gagrZelebaa, romelsac, avad Tu
kargad, mainc hamleti usvams boloSi wertils. igi kvdeba, magram
erTgvar imedad fortinbrass gvitovebs. `naRrZobi~ droeba ki ZalaSi
rCeba da misi gasworeba metad saeWvoa. ufliswuli gvemSvidobeba
sityvebiT “....the rest is silence” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.337) [`sxva raRa darCa?
saukuno siCume mxolod~ (Seqspiri 1987: 389)] da amiT TiTqos
winaswarmetyvelebs kidec Tavisi maRali humanisturi suliskveTebis
modernistul miyuCebasa da daqveiTebas sami saukunis Semdeg.

94
 2. hamleturi asociaciebi joisis `uliseSi~

2.1. `hamleti~ da `ulise~

didia jeimz joisis Semoqmedebisa da upirveles yovlisa misi

„ulises“ gavlena XX saukunis literaturul samyaroze. `ulises~ Semdeg
dasavlur literaturaSi araerTi maRalmxatvruli Rirebulebis mqone
nawarmoebia Seqmnili, romelic am romanis pirdapir Tu irib gavlenas
atarebs. „ulise“ didi samyaroa, pirvel rigSi ki, is samyaro, romelsac
adamianis cnobiereba ganasaxierebs da romelic gare samyaros
ukavSirdeba. da sqeltanian nawarmoebSi, sadac aluziaTa mTeli siuxvea
mocemuli, TiTqmis SeuZlebelia iseTma zogadsakacobrio Temam,
rogoricaa hamleturi problema, saerTod ar gaielvos da mniSvnelovani
adgilic ar daikavos, rogorc es „uliseSi“ xdeba. stiuart gilberti
(gilberti 1958: 11) SeniSnavs kidec, rom `uliseSi~ warmodgenili Sinagani
monologebi aSkarad atarebs Seqspiris piesebSi warmodgenili
monologebis gavlenas, gansakuTrebiT ki hamletis monologebisa.
udidesia uiliam Seqspirisa da misi „hamletis“ gavlena msoflio
literaturaze, miT umetes, im epoqaSi, sadac wina planzea wamoweuli
adamianis cnobiereba, misi saidumloebani, sadac dro ara ubralod
`naRrZobia~, aramed srul qaosad qceula da daukargavs Tavisi arsebiTi
Tviseba _ qronologiuroba. amitomac, dro modernistul literaturaSi,
rogorc manana gelaSvili SeniSnavs, `uricxv refleqsiaTa wyarod iqca,
xSirad ki esTetikuri TamaSis sagnadac~ (gelaSvili 2005: 4). ase xdeba
`uliseSic~. drois amgvari aRqma saSualebas aZlevs joiss nebismieri
droeba (maT Soris, Seqspiris renesansuli epoqa) `Seaxvedros~
modernistul droebasTan, pirvelyovlisa, Tavisi personaJebis
cnobierebaSi, da gza gauxsnas parodiis axlebur SesaZleblobebs.
modernizmis epoqaSi adamianma aSkarad SeigrZno sakuTari ususuroba,
nafotoba azvirTebul mdinareSi. man isic gaacnobiera, rom meore
azvirTebuli mdinarec arsebobs, romlis mimarTuleba absoluturad
amoucnobia. es aris adamianis cnobierebis nakadi, misi sulieri
yofierebis mdinareba. XVI-XVII saukuneTa mijnaze Seqmnili „hamleti“ da

95
masSi areklili humanisturi idealebis krizisi erTgvari preludiaa im
uzarmazari sulieri SeWirvebisa, Sinagani gaorebisa, romelic
modernizmis saxiT Tavs daatyda XX saukunis adamians. Tumca, es
yovelive „hamletSi“ jer kidev Canasaxovan saxes atarebs. marTalia,
hamleturi ganwyobileba Tavisi arsiT mTlad winaremodernistuli ar
aris, magram Seqspiri mainc albaT erT-erTi pirvelTagania, vinc ase
Rrmad CaaRwia adamianis cnobierebis siRrmeebSi da gamoaaSkarava misi
rTuli fsiqikuri samyaro. „hamletma“ mkafiod aCvena adamianis pirovnuli
gaoreba da sulieri winaaRmdegobrioba. rogorc niko yiasaSvili
SeniSnavs, `hamletidan~ jeimz joisis `ulisemde~ inglisuri humanizmis
ganviTareba sworxazovani ar yofila. Tu meoce saukunis mwerlobisaTvis
adamiani xSirad Sinaganad gamofituli da brZolisunargamoclilia,
radgan mwerals ar swams adamianuri Rirseba, sikeTe da saTnoebis
gamarjvebis SesaZlebloba, Seqspiris SemoqmedebaSi, hamletis
msoflaRqmaSi ZiriTadi mainc swored adamianis rwmena da adamianuri
Rirsebis apoTeozia. hamleturi skefsisic bzaris gamTelebis paToss
ufro Seicavs, vidre napralis gaRrmavebis realur winaTgrZnobas~
(yiasaSvili 1992: 118-119).
modernizmis epoqaSi adamianis Sinagani samyaro, misi cnobiereba,
mecnierul-SemoqmedebiTi kvlevis umTavresi obieqti xdeba.
literaturaSic cnobierebis nakadis sxvadasxva mxatvruli teqnikis
gamoyenebiT pirovnebis cnobierebaSi CaRrmavebis xarisxi ganuzomlad
izrdeba. swored am meTodis gamoyenebiT SevyavarT joiss gmirTa Sinagan
samyaroSi. Cven vwvdebiT stiven dedalosis, leopold blumisa da moli
blumis cnobierebaTa sxvadasxva Sres. joisis „ulise“ naTlad asaxavs,
rom gare samyaroze aranakleb didi da Seucnobeli samyaroa damaluli
adamianSi. gare samyaro uzarmazaria, Seucnobelic, magram _ erTaderTi.
yoveli adamianis Sinagani samyaro ki, miuxedavad garkveuli msgavsebisa,
metad Tu naklebad gansxvavdeba erTmaneTisagan _ sxvadasxva suls,
sxvadasxva mes asaxavs. TiToeuli maTgani individualuri Sinaarsis
matarebelia. aqedan gamomdinare, yoveli pirovneba Tavisi cnobierebis
erTaderTobisa da ganumeoreblobis gamo gare samyaros araerTgvarad
aRiqvams. ramdeni adamiani, ramdeni Sinagani samyaroc arsebobs, TiTqos

96
zustad imdenive gare samyaroc arsebobs, Tumc ki obieqturad viciT, rom
gare samyaro mainc erTia.
adamianis yofierebis warmarTvaSi mniSvnelovan rols asrulebs
rogorc subieqturi, ise obieqturi samyaro, vinaidan, miuxedavad imisa,
rom nebismieri adamianis Sinagani samyaro unikaluria da Taviseburad
aRiqvams gare samyaros, yoveli wvrilmanic ki, rac gareT xdeba,
garkveul gavlenas axdens masze da ileqeba cnobierebis siRrmeebSi. sxva
sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, gare samyaro im saxiT, ra saxiTac Cven aRviqvamT
mas, namdvilad axdens gavlenas Cvens Sinagan samyaroze. „ulisec“ amas
adasturebs. miuxedavad imisa, rom masSi adamianis cnobierebis Cvenebaa
wina planze wamoweuli, am cnobierebis moqmedeba mainc gare samyarosTan
kavSirSia mocemuli. yvela informacia, rac garedan Sedis personaJebis
cnobierebaSi, garkveul mimarTulebas, garkveul Sinaarss aZlevs maT
fiqrTa dinebas.
joisis „ulise“, homerosis „odiseas“ Semdeg, yvelaze metad albaT
Seqspiris „hamletis“ suls atarebs, xolo misi modernistuli
suliskveTeba, romlisTvisac dro-sivrculi daSoreba bariers ar
warmoadgens, ZiriTadad parodistis funqcias asrulebs romanSi
gaelvebul sxvadasxva literaturul teqstTan mimarTebiT, maT Soris,
`hamletTan~ mimarTebiTac.
ufliswul hamlets `uliseSi~ stiven dedalosi Seesabameba. stivenTan
rogorc parodirebul ufliswul hamletTan mimarTebiT `ulises~
mTavari protagonisti leopold blumi parodirebul mefe hamletis
aCrdilad moiazreba. amave principiT, romanis sxva personaJebi
`hamletis~ sxvadasxva personaJis parodias warmoadgenen. Tumca,
personaJebs Soris gavlebuli paralelebi mudam erTi-erTze ar
Seesabameba erTmaneTs. sxva sityvebiT rom vTqvaT, paralelebi yovelTvis
mdgradi ar aris da zogjer garkveul variacias eqvemdebareba. ase,
magaliTad, stiven dedalosi ZiriTadad ufliswul hamlets Seesabameba,
magram iSviaTad hamletis mamis aCrdilsac ganasaxierebs (cxadia, aq
mamisa da Zis erTarsovnebis logika moqmedebs); bak maligani ZiriTadad
uzurpator klavdiusTan asocirdeba, magram xandaxan rozenkranc-
gildensternad an horaciodac ki SeiZleba gaviazroT.

97
 stivensa da hamlets Soris, iseve, rogorc blumsa da aCrdils Soris
arsebuli paralelebi ara mxolod romanSi aRweril samyaroSi vlindeba,
aramed stivenisa da blumis cnobierebaTa nakadebSic. sakuTriv stiven
dedalosTan gavlebuli hamleturi paralelebis gaanalizeba-gaazrebamde,
unda aRiniSnos, rom stiveni Tavadve grZnobs sulier siaxloves
ufliswul hamletTan da erTgvari Teoriac ki aqvs SemuSavebuli
Seqspiris cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis Sesaxeb. es `Teoria~ erT-erT
amosaval wertiladac ki SeiZleba CaiTvalos „ulises“ mxatvruli
meTodologiisa da ideuri Sinaarsis gaazrebisaTvis. stivenis ukan aq
TviT joisi dgas, iseve, rogorc msaxiobebis damrigebeli hamletis ukan
iq Tavad Seqspiri dgas.
stiveni Tavis `Teorias~ romanis me-9 anu `biblioTekis~ epizodSi
ayalibebs, romelic homerosTan skila da qaribdas epizods Seesabameba.1
am epizodis mniSvnelobaze Tavad joisis mier Sedgenili „ulises“
sqematuri monaxazi mianiSnebs, sadac me-9 epizodis simboloebad tvini da
literaturaa warmodgenili.2 amaTgan tvini SegviZlia davukavSiroT
Seqspirsa da hamlets rogorc SemoqmedebiTad moazrovneebs, xolo
literatura _ Seqspiris Semoqmedebas.
stivenis azriT, geniosi adamianisTvis sakuTari Tavia yovelive
materialurisa Tu zneobrivis sazomi. aqedan gamomdinare, is fiqrobs,
rom Seqspiri, ufliswul hamletze ufro, mefe hamletis aCrdilis
prototipad unda moviazroT, romlis rolsac dramaturgi, gadmocemis
Tanaxmad, Tavadve asrulebda globusis TeatrSi; xolo ufliswuli
hamleti, ideaSi, misi gardacvlili Zis hamnetis mxatvrul reinkarnaciad
unda ganixilebodes, riTac miniSnebuli iqneba memkvidredakarguli
mamisgan sulieri ukmarisobis erTgvari kompensaciis mcdeloba. amis
mkafio gamoZaxils sakuTriv „ulises“ siuJeti warmoadgens, romlis
mTavari mamoZravebeli RerZi swored mama-Svilis urTierTZiebaa, stiven
dedalosisa da leopold blumis, `odisevsisa~ da `telemaqes~, `mama
hamletisa~ da `Ze hamletis~ urTierTSeyris ideisaken mimarTuli.

1 odisevsis gavla skilasa da qaribdas Soris moTxrobilia homerosis poemis me-12

wignSi (ix. homerosi 2011: 136-145).
2 ix. gilberti 1958: 211; ix. agreTve leiTemi 2014: 218.

98
 garda mama-Sviluri urTierTmimarTebebisa, stivenis `Teoria~ exeba
uzurpaciisa da Ralatis Temebs. raxan stiveni Seqspirs aCrdilTan
aigivebs, igi aviTarebs im ideasac, rom stretfordSi darCenili
Seqspiris coli, en heTuei, TiTqos Ralatobda londonSi moRvawe qmars
mis ZmebTan, riCardTan da edmundTan.1 swored amitom, stivenis
mosazrebiT, Seqspirma „riCard mesameSi“ da „mefe lirSi“ misi boroti
Zmebi, riCardi da edmundi gamoiyvana, xolo „hamletSi“ maT daumata Zmis
mkvleli, misi samefosa da meuRlis mimtacebeli klavdiusi da qmris
moRalate gertrudi.
me-9 anu yvelaze Seqspiruli epizodi `uliseSi~, faqtobrivad, mTels
romanSi warmodgenili hamleturi paralelebis Tavisebur Teoriul da
mxatvrul safuZvels qmnis. amitomac aucileblad miviCnieT am epizodis
mniSvnelobaze garkveuli yuradReba windawinve gagvemaxvilebina.
mogvianebiT ki ufro vrclad ganvixilavT `ulises~ me-9 epizods.
Seqspirul-hamleturi paraleli romanSi Tavidanve vlindeba. igi
exmianeba stivenis `Teorias~ da aseve misi da sxva gmirebis
cxovrebiseul gamocdilebas. rogorc irakli cxvediani SeniSnavs,
`Seqspiruli paraleli, homerosis `odiseasagan~ gansxvavebiT,
araTanmimdevrulia da Tavidan bolomde ar gasdevs romans, magram isic
udavoa, rom igi joisis STagonebis erT-erT mTavar wyaros warmoadgens
da mniSvnelovan mxatvrul funqciebs asrulebs~ (cxvediani 2006: 83).
aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom paralelebi xSirad Zalian kompleqsur
asociaciur-aluziur xasiaTs atareben da analogiasTan erTad
kontrastsac qmnian, rac umetesad parodiis gamZafrebas emsaxureba da
romanis msoflmxedvelobriv aspeqtsac mniSvnelovanwilad gansazRvravs.

2.2. stiveni rogorc parodiuli hamleti

viciT, rom jer kidev „ulisesa“ da „hamletis“ siuJetebis dawyebamde

orive, stivenica da hamletic swavlis sababiT gaurbis Tavis samSoblos,
ojaxur wres. erTi garbis dublinidan parizSi, meore – elsinoridan

1 es idea mTlianad stiven dedalosis fantaziis nayofia.

99
vitenbergSi. mogvianebiT orives msgavsi mizezi abrunebs ukan: hamlets –
mamis sikvdili; stivens – dedis avadmyofoba, romelsac male sikvdilic
mohyveba. miuxedavad imisa, rom gavida garkveuli dro, stiveni da hamleti
mainc glovoben mSoblebis gardacvalebas.1
romanis 1-el epizodSi bak maligani2 mouwodebs stivens gamoicvalos
samgloviaro tansacmeli, iseve, rogorc piesis 1-el moqmedebaSi
klavdiusi mouwodebs hamlets Sewyvitos glova. maligani stivens
wamoayvedris, momakvdavi dedis Txovna rom ar Seasrula da faqtiurad
glovis simulaciaSi adanaSaulebs mas: “Etiquette is etiquette. He kills his mother
but he can’t wear grey trousers” (joisi 2000: 5) [`etiketi etiketia. dedas klavs.
nacrisfer Sarvals ki ver atarebs~3 (joisi 2012: 8)]. hamletic glovis
garegnulad gaTamaSebis SesaZleblobasa da Sinagani glovis
namdvilobaze esaubreba klavdiussa da gertruds: “....I have that within which
passes show – / These but the trappings and the suits of woe” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.85-6) [`....me
gulSi maqvs raRaca; garwmunebT, igi ar saWiroobs mwuxarebis
mokazmulobas~ (Seqspiri 1987: 327)]. maligani zemoT moyvanili
mayvedrebeli sityvebis Semdeg sigiJesac axsenebs stivenTan mimarTebiT,
rac SegviZlia hamletis sigiJesa Tu Tavis mogiJianebas davukavSiroT: “–
That fellow I was with in the Ship last night, said Buck Mulligan, says you have g. p. i. He’s up
in Dottyville with Conolly Norman. General paralysis of the insane” (joisi 2000: 5) [`is
tipi, wuxel `xomaldSi~4 rom vnaxe, Tqva bak maliganma, Senze ambobs W. p.
d. Wirso. giJebSi muSaobs konoli normanTan. Wkuasustebis progresuli
dambla~ (joisi 2012: 8)]. maligani moaxlis gabzarul sarkes miuSvers
stivens, xolo sarke mogvagonebs hamletis mier msaxiobebisadmi micemul
rCeva-darigebas, romlis Tanaxmadac Teatri bunebis sarke unda iyos.
joisis SemTxvevaSi, sarkes, rogor Cans, modernistuli bzari aqvs
Separuli. maligani, xvdeba ra, rom awyenina stivens, mklavs gauyris mas
da koSkis garSemo Semoatarebs; stiveni ki damtkbar maliganze

1 Tumca, rogorc piter maoni (maoni 2009: 182) SeniSnavs, hamleti gadaWarbebulad ara
mamis, aramed dedis gamo glovobs da amitomac emsgavseba mas dedis mgloviare stiveni.
2 bak maligani _ stivenis arasando megobari, romlis prototipia irlandieli poeti
oliver sent jon gogarti (1878-1957).
3 aq da Semdgom `ulisedan~ moyvanili qarTuli teqstis inglisuridan Targmani
ekuTvnis niko yiasaSvils.
4 `xomaldi~ _ taverna dublinSi, romelic romanSi ramdenjerme ixsenieba.

100
gaifiqrebs: “He fears the lancet of my art as I fear that of his. The cold steelpen” (joisi
2000: 6) [`magas Cemi xelovnebis lancetis eSinia, iseve rogorc me magisi.
foladis civi kalmis~ (joisi 2012: 9)]. es SegviZlia davukavSiroT
hamletis xelovnebis `lancets~, romelsac klavdiusisTvis dadgmuli
warmodgena, `gonzagos mkvleloba~ warmoadgens, romlisac klavdiuss
aseve eSinia. stiveni eubneba maligans, Seuracxyofa dedaCems ki ara me
momayeneo. klavdiusmac Seuracxyo hamleti dedamisis colad SerTviTa
da masTan sisxlis SereviT.
jenifer levini (etriji 2004b: 126) saintereso paralels avlebs
piesaSi hamletisa da klavdiusis pirvelad gamoCenis scenasa da romanis
pirvelive gverdze avtorisgan stivenisa da maliganis Semoyvanis scenas
Soris. misi dakvirvebiT, `hamletisa~ da `ulises~ Sesabamis scenebSi
klavdiusi da maligani arian yuradRebis centrSi da bevrad metsac
laparakoben, vidre hamleti da stiveni, romlebic am dros ukana planze
imyofebian.
sagulisxmo paralels qmnis gertrudis mier Sesmul sasikvdilo
TasTan stivenis dedis sasikvdilo sarecelTan mdebare Tasi. es kavSiri
ikveTeba Semdegi bibliuri aluziiT: “It lay behind him, a bowl of bitter waters”
(joisi 2000: 9) [`stivenis ukan gawoliliyo Tasi, romelSic esxa wyali
igi mxilebisa~1 (joisi 2012: 11)]. aq miniSnebaa ebraelebis religiur
tradiciaze, romelic ukavSirdeba colis patiosnebis Semowmebas. es ki
qmris moRalate gertrudTan gvakavSirebs, xolo gertrudis sulieri
gaxrwnileba, Tavis mxriv, albaT kavSirSia stivenis gardacvlili dedis
fizikuri gaxrwnis motivTan, romelic figurirebs stivenis cnobierebaSi.
rodesac stiveni, maligani da heinzi martelos koSkSi sauzmoben,
Semodis moxuci merZeve qali, romelsac Tan rZe moaqvs. stivenis
cnobierebaSi bibliuri evas saxe amotivtivdeba da gunebaSi moxuc
merZeves gvelis msxverpl arsebad ganixilavs; xolo, Tu gavixsenebT,
aCrdili hamlets amcnobs, rom gvelis kbenam ki ar mokla, aramed im
gvelma, romelsac axla misi gvirgvini adgas Tavze2 da romelmac misi

1 wyali igi mxilebisa (ricx. 5, 27) _ Zveli aRTqmis rjulis kanoniT qmris RalatSi
eWvmitanil cols miwian wyals asmevdnen da Tu marTlac naRalatevi hqonda qmrisTvis,
muceli gausivdeboda, Tu ara da, uvnebeli darCeboda.
2 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.35-40; Seqspiri 1987: 334.

101
colis namusic imsxverpla, CaiTria ra igi garyvnilebis morevSi. mas
mere, rac merZeve qali gava, stivenis cnobierebaSi sindisis Tema
amotivtivdeba, rac `hamletSi~ ase aqtualuria. swored am dros
gaixsenebs heinzi stivenis gamonaTqvams moaxlis gabzarul sarkeze, 1 rac
hamletiseuli `sarkis~ erTgvari parodiaa, da zustad ai aq xdeba
hamletis pirveli xseneba romanSi. bak maligani heinzs miuTiTebs
`Seqspirul Teoriaze~, romelic stivens hamletTan mimarTebiT aqvs
SemuSavebuli: “– Wait till you hear him on Hamlet, Haines” (joisi 2000: 18) [`_ erTi
mogasmenina, heinz, hamletze ras ambobs~ (joisi 2012: 17)]. cota
mogvianebiT, maligani misTvis damaxasiaTebeli avyia masxrobiT
`ganumartavs~ heinzs stivenis `Teoriis~ arss da mianiSnebs erTgvar
kavSirze stivensa da mama-Svil hamlets Soris: “....He proves by algebra that
Hamlet’s grandson is Shakespeare’s grandfather and that he himself is the ghost of his own
father” (joisi 2000: 21) [`....algebris meSveobiT amtkicebs, rom hamletis
SviliSvili Seqspiris papaa da rom TviTon sakuTari mamis aCrdilia~
(joisi 2012: 19)]. patrik parinderi (parinderi 1984: 12) miiCnevs, rom
stivenis `Seqspiruli Teoria~ sakmaod absurdulia, radgan masSi
Seqspiris mTeli Semoqmedebis ZiriTadi mamoZravebeli Zala dayvanilia
mxolod da mxolod im gancdebze, rac Seqspirs unda hqonoda Tavisi,
stivenis mier moRalated gamoyvanili, colis gamo, da Sesabamisad,
maliganis masxroba am `Teoriaze~, parinderis azriT, mTlad usafuZvlo
aRar gamodis. iqve maligani gaexumreba stivens: “– O, shade of Kinch the elder!
Japhet in search of a father!” (joisi 2000: 21) [`_ o, aCrdilo mama-kinCisa!2 iafeti
daeZebs mamas!~ (joisi 2012: 19)]. da amiT, faqtiurad, pirvelad Semodis
romanSi Svilisgan mamis Ziebis motivi. heinzi aRniSnavs, rom is koSki da
kldovani napiri, sadac imyofebian, raRaciT elsinors agonebs da
`hamletidan~ mohyavs kidec citata, romelic aRwers elsinoris kldovan
napirs.3 am momentSi stiveni acnobierebs, sakuTar samgloviaro
Cacmulobas maliganisa da heinzis WrelaWrula tansacmlis fonze,

1 “– It is a symbol of Irish art. The cracked looking-glass of a servant” (joisi 2000: 6) [`_ irlandiuri
xelovnebis simbolo: moaxlis gabzaruli sarke~ (joisi 2012: 9)].
2`kinCi~ _ metsaxeli, romelic stivens Searqva bak maliganma.
3“.... That beetles o’er his base into the sea....” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.4.71) [`....raic maRlidam mRelvare
zRvas Zirs dascqeria....~ (Seqspiri 1987: 333)].

102
rogorc albaT gamoiyureboda hamletis samgloviaro tansacmeli
klavdiusisa da sxvaTa sazeimo Cacmulobis fonze.
jer kidev 1-eli epizodis dasrulebamde ikveTeba, rom stiveni ara
mxolod modernizebul-parodirebul telemaqes, aramed aseTsave
hamletsac warmoadgens. Tavidanve Cans misi undobloba rogorc
maliganis, ise heinzis mimarT. maligani aSkarad klavdiusis adgils
ikavebs, xolo ingliseli heinzi albaT inglisis mefes unda
ganasaxierebdes, romelsac klavdiusis davalebiT, hamletis Tavi myisve
misi tanisgan unda ganeSorebina.1 rogorc daniis mefes surda mokavSired
gaexada inglisis mefe daniis princis mkvlelobaSi, ise irlandieli
maligani cdilobs mokavSired gaixados ingliseli heinzi irlandieli
stivenisadmi arakeTilsindisier damokidebulebaSi. Tumca, klaus
raixerti (blumi 2009a: 84) SeniSnavs, rom `ulisesa~ da `hamletis~
personaJebs Soris paralelebi ar aris mudmivi da fiqsirebuli.
mkvlevari fiqrobs, rom maligani mxolod uzurpator klavdiuss ar
ganasaxierebs. misi azriT, martelos koSkis dakavSireba elsinoris
cixesTan gvaxsenebs Ramis saguSagos `hamletSi~, rasac mivyavarT
maliganis horaciod gaazrebamde (heinzi, am SemTxvevaSi, albaT
marcelusis adgils daikavebs); xolo roca stiveni maliganTan da
heinzTan erTad tovebs koSks, raixertis TqmiT, mas gancda aqvs, rom or
moRalates Soris imyofeba, romlebic cdiloben mis sulSi xeli
afaTuron, riTac isini ukve rozenkrancsa da gildensterns emsgavsebian.
1-eli epizodis dasasruls, maligani stivens koSkis gasaRebs
gamoarTmevs, rasac stiveni sakuTari samyoflis uzurpaciad miiRebs da
gadawyvets saerTod miatovos martelos koSki. mis cnobierebaSi
gaelvebuli sityva `uzurpatori~, romelic asrulebs `ulises~ 1-el
epizods, axasiaTebs maligans, rogorc erTgvar klavdiuss, romelmac
gasaRebis gamorTmeviT stivens teqnikurad wasvla gadaawyvetina da
faqtobrivad gaagdo igi elsinoris msgavsi martelos koSkidan. maligani
xom Tavadve akavSirebs stivens aCrdilTan Tavis oxunjobebSi, iseve
rogorc mamis maZiebel ZesTan. klavdiusmac rogorc Zma hamletis, ise
Zmiswuli hamletis taxtis uzurpacia moaxdina.

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.24-5; Seqspiri 1987: 382.

103
 niSandoblivia, rom `ulises~ mTavari protagonisti, leopold
blumic imave diliT ugasaRebod gadis saxlidan. man icis, rom
mogvianebiT, mis aryofnaSi, misi saxlisa da colis uzurpacias briala
boilani1 moaxdens. rogorc hamletis mamis aCrdils, masac moRalate
coli hyavs, magram aCrdilisgan gansxvavebiT iolad egueba am realobas
da amiT ara mxolod modernizebul da parodirebul odisevsad
warmogvidgeba, aramed agreTve _ parodirebul aCrdilad. miuxedavad
imisa, rom gansxvavebiT aCrdilisagan, blumi cocxalia da SeuZlia Suri
iZios, is amaze saerTod arc fiqrobs. aqedan gamomdinare, harold blumi
Tavis mogvare leopold blums Semdegnairad axasiaTebs: `is tanjulia,
romelic uars ambobs tanjvaze, adamianuri TviTgadarCenis instinqtis
gamomxatveli, Tanac ara sxvebis xarjze~ (glidi ... 2011: viii).
rogorc stiveni da hamleti, blumic glovobs, oRond Svilis
gardacvalebas da amiT ufro axlos dgas SeqspirTan. swored am glovis
niSnad ukve me-11 weli midis, rac Tavis colTan, molisTan srulyofili
seqsualuri urTierToba ar hqonia, rac isedac Ralatisken midrekil
cols xel-fexs uxsnis. garda amisa, kaTolike irlandielebis
antisemituri ganwyobilebis niadagze blumi, rogorc ebraeli, gariyulia
dublinis sazogadoebidan, riTac enaTesaveba aCrdils, romelic
muxanaTurad gaistumres amqveyniuri cxovrebidan. da isev mivediT
aCrdilis rolis moTamaSe Seqspiramde, romelic aCrdiliviT yvelaze met
informacias flobs simarTlis Sesaxeb da marTavs yvela personaJis
moqmedebas. aSkarad stivenis `Teoriis~ suni udis am yvelafers, stivenis,
prototipad sxvebze bevrad metis mcodne, TviT joisi rom udgas ukan,
romelmac cxadia, „ulises“ yvela gmiris avanCavani icis da bolo-bolo,
rogorc irlandiidan nebayoflobiT gadaxvewil xelovans, dublinis
`aCrdils~, sulieri naTesaobis gancda aqvs SeqspirTan da mefe hamletis
aCrdilTan. amas unda davumatoT isic, rom trevor uiliamsi daniis
samefoSi raRacis lpobis Seqspirul motivs akavSirebs irlandiaSi
arsebuli paralizis joisur motivTan da tomas eliotis
terminologiiT ganmartavs, rom `stivenisTvis `hamleti~ aris Seqspiris

1 briala boilani _ blumis colis sayvareli.

104
erTaderTi piesa, romelic iZleva irlandiis mdgomareobis obieqtur
korelats~ (ori 2008: 82).
romanis me-2 epizodSi kvlav amotivtivdeba dedis Tema stivenis
cnobierebaSi, rodesac is gakveTils atarebs vaJebis skolaSi. erT-erTi
moswavlis, vinme siril sarjentis Semxedvare dafiqrdeba: “Ugly and futile:
lean neck and tangled hair and a stain of ink, a snail’s bed. Yet someone had loved him, borne
him in her arms and in her heart. But for her the race of the world would have trampled him
under foot.... She was no more: the trembling skeleton of a twig burnt in the fire, an odour of
rosewood and wetted ashes. She had saved him from being trampled under foot and had gone,
scarcely having been” (joisi 2000: 33) [`gonji da uazro: gawvrilebuli kiseri
da aCeCili Tma da melnis laqa, lokokinas navali. da mainc viRacas
uyvarda, xeliT da guliT atara. is rom ara, samyaros srbola fexqveS
gaTelavda.... deda wavida, aRar aris: cecxlSi damwvari totis
mTrTolvare ConCxi, wiTeli xisa da xrwnelis suni. dedam fexqveS
gaTelvas gadaarCia da wavida, TiTqos arc yofila~ (joisi 2012: 28)].
stiveni dedis siyvarulis uangarobasa da uzomobaze fiqrobs da
sakuTar Tavs ekiTxeba: “Was that then real? The only true thing in life?” (33) [`maS es
[dedis siyvaruli Svilisadmi _ i.p.] iyo namdvili, erTaderTi WeSmariti
ram cxovrebaSi?~ (28)]. stivenis sindisi aSkarad wuxs, rom momakvdav
dedas Txovna ar Seusrula da ar daiCoqa salocavad misi sasikvdilo
sareclis win, rac kontrasts qmnis hamletTan, romelic iqiT cdilobs
dedis sindisi gamoaRviZos, rodesac gacxarebuli kamaTi aqvs masTan.1
dedaze fiqrebSi myofi stiveni sarjentis maTematikuri amocanis
gamoyvanaze gadadis. maTematikuri amocanis keTeba ki misi `Seqspirul-
hamleturi Teoriis~ Sesaxeb maliganis zemoT moyvanil oxunjobas
axsenebs, bunebrivia, masSi gamoyenebuli sityva algebris gamo.
romanis me-3 epizodSi araerTi hamleturi aluzia gvxvdeba, romelic
ZiriTadad stivenis cnobierebaSi irekleba. stiveni zRvis piras
moseirnobs. mis cnobierebaSi azrTa asociaciuri nakadi iRvreba. am
nakadSi zogjer hamleturi aluziebi Tu motivebi iCens xolme Tavs. Cven
drodadro vxedavT, rom stiveni sakuTar Tavs hamletTan aigivebs. es Cans
me-3 epizodis dasawyisSive, rodesac stivenis cnobierebaSi heinzis mier 1-

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 3.4; Seqspiri 1987: 361-364.

105
el epizodSi `hamletidan~ moyvanili citatis winamavali sityvebi
gaielvebs: “If I fell over a cliff that beetles o’er his base....” (joisi 2000: 45)
[`Tvaluwvdomeli sali kldis wveridan rom gadavCexiliyav....~ (joisi 2012:
37)].1 stiveni aqve fiqrobs: “I am getting on nicely in the dark. My ash sword hangs at
my side” (45) [`mSvenivrad mivabijeb sibneleSi. Cemi ifnis xmali mkidia
welze~ (37)]. esec sibneleSi aCrdilisken mimaval hamlets exmianeba,
romelsac aseve xmali hkidia welze. stivens am momentSi axsendeba,
maliganis gamonacvali Sarvali da fexsacmeli rom acvia.2 es gasakviri
albaT arc aris, radgan swored Tavisi samgloviaro tansacmlisken
miimarTeba stivenis yuradReba 1-el epizodSic, rodesac heinzs mohyavs
zemoT naxsenebi citata `hamletidan~.
stivenis am fiqrebs aluziebis axali xlarTebi mosdevs, sadac kvlav
hamleturi paralelebi figurirebs. Semodis bibliuri evas rogorc
codvis saSos saxe, romelic SeiZleba codvil gertruds daukavSirdes,
miT ufro, Tu davukvirdebiT stivenis cnobierebaSi gamaval Semdeg
nakads: “Wombed in sin darkness I was too, made not begotten. By them, the man with my
voice and my eyes and a ghostwoman with ashes on her breath” (joisi 2000: 46) [`mec,
bnelcodvil wiaRSi, ki ar gamaCines, Semqmnes. maT, kacma Cemxmianma da
CemTvalebam da xrwnelsunTqvianma qalis moCvenebam~ (joisi 2012: 38)]. aq
stiveni kvlav xrwnaSi myof moCvenebad iazrebs Tavis gardacvlil dedas,
romlis fizikuri xrwna SegviZlia isev gertrudis sulier gaxrwnilebas
mivuyenoT; xolo stivenis deda rom moCvenebaa, _ es Seesabameba hamletis
gardacvlili mamis aCrdilobas. garda amisa, xmisa da Tvalebis msgavseba
mamasTan, da uSualod Semdgom stivenis cnobierebaSi ganzogadebuli
mamisa da Zis RvTaebrivi erTarsovnebis idea SegviZlia davukavSiroT
mama-Svili hamletis erTsaxelianobasa da Tanamoazreobas. mocemuli
msjelobisas stivenis gonebaSi mwvalebeli ariozis saxe amotivtivdeba.
mas stiveni im saarako maimuns amsgavsebs, romelsac hamletma Seadara
dedamisi im SemTxvevaSi, Tu gertrudi gascemda mis saidumlos.3

1 “....Or to the dreadful summit of the cliff....” (Seqspiri 2003: 70) [`....an agiyvanoT TvalTuwdomel
salis kldis wverzed....~ (Seqspiri 1987: 333)].
2 “My two feet in his boots are at the end of his legs....” (joisi 2000: 45) [`Cemi fexebi mis fexsacmelSi
da misi Sarvlis totebSi bolovdeba....~ (joisi 2012: 37)].
3 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.193-7; Seqspiri 1987: 364.

106
 romans Semdegi hamleturi aluzia agrZelebs: “Airs romped around him,
nipping and eager airs” (joisi 2000: 47) [`qarma daubera, susxavs, TiTqos
ikbinebao~ (joisi 2012: 38)].1 es aluzia hamletisa da horacios mier
amindis Sefasebas efuZneba, rodesac isini SuaRamisas aCrdilTan
Sesaxvedrad ikribebian. parodia grZeldeba stivenis SekiTxviT sakuTar
TavTan: “Am I going to Aunt Sara’s or not? My consubstantial father’s voice” (47)
[`mivdivar bicola sarasTan Tu ara? Cemi erTarseba mamis xma~ (38)], ramac
SeiZleba mogvagonos, rom hamletisTvis gertrudi erTdroulad dedacaa
da bicolac, xolo klavdiusi _ erTdroulad biZaca da mamac, rogorc
amas Tavadve hamleti SeniSnavs rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan
saubrisas: “You are welcome – but my uncle-father and aunt-mother are deceived”
(Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.344-5) [`miama Tqveni naxva, Tumca mama biZaCemi da Zalua
dedaCemi Zalian Semcdarni arian~ (Seqspiri 1987: 345)].
stivenis fiqrTa dineba grZeldeba. hamleturi aluziebi da
reminiscenciebi isev gakrTeba xolme aqa-iq. zogjer rTulia konkretuli
hamleturi (da zogadad, ara mxolod hamleturi) aluziisa Tu
reminiscenciis dakavSireba romanis raime siRrmiseul ideasTan, radgan
garkveul SemTxvevebSi, maT TiTqos cnobierebaSi mimdinare fiqrebis Tu
azrebis asociaciuri jaWvis calkeuli rgolebis roli akisriaT
mxolod da sxva araferi. amis magaliTia stivenis gonebaSi gaelvebuli:
“Ay, very like a whale” (joisi 2000: 50) [`zedgamoWrili veSapia~ (joisi: 2012:
41)]2 _ poloniusis sityvebi, rodesac hamleti mas Rrublis moyvanilobis
Sesaxeb miuTiTebs. miuxedavad amisa, am tipis SemTxvevebi mainc
mniSvnelovania, vinaidan isini kvlavdakvlav gvaxseneben, rom `uliseSi~
sxva `sulebTan~ erTad `hamletis~ `sulic~ trialebs da rom stiveni,
telemaqes garda, hamletis pirovnebis modernistuli gamovlinebac aris.
mogvianebiT, me-3 epizodSi stivens axsendeba, rom koSkis gasaRebi
uzurpator maligans aqvs da gunebaSi Tavis adrindel gadawyvetilebas
gaimeorebs: “I will not sleep there when this night comes” (joisi 2000: 55) [`amaRam iq
ar daviZineb~ (joisi 2012: 46)]. aqve gvxvdeba hamleturi reminiscencia,
romelic ukavSirdeba hamletis SekiTxvaze horacios pasuxs: “So in the

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 1.4.1-2; Seqspiri 1987: 332.

2 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.339-44; Seqspiri 1987: 359.

107
moon’s midwatches I pace the path above the rock, in sable silvered, hearing Elsinore’s tempting
flood” (55) [`mTvarian saguSagoze kldovani bilikiT mivabijeb, Sav wverSi
WaRaragamoreuli da elsinoris macduri zRvis moqceva mesmis~ (46)].1 am
SemTxvevaSi, stiveni gandevnil aCrdilTan aigivebs Tavs, Tumca arc
ufliswul hamletTan kargavs saerTos, radgan `elsinoris macduri
zRvis~ xma swored hamlets uqmnis kldidan gadaCexvis safrTxes da ara
aCrdils. bak maliganic xom Tavis oxunjobebSi stivens erTdroulad
aCrdilTan da mis mosaxele SvilTan akavSirebs, rogorc es adre vnaxeT.
rodesac zRvis napiras myof stivens qali da kaci Cauvlis, misi
cnobiereba afiqsirebs: “A side-eye at my Hamlet hat” (joisi 2000: 59)
[`almacerad gamoxedes Cems hamletur quds~2 (joisi 2012: 49)], rasac
hamleturi aluziebisa da reminiscenciebis axali nakadi mosdevs,
romelic, Cveulebriv, Sereulia stivenis cnobierebis nakadis sxva,
arahamletur elementebTan da garkveul mimarTebebs amyarebs maTTan. amis
Semdgomi winadadebac ukavSirdeba `hamlets~, kerZod ki, im sityvebs,
romlebsac hamleti klavdiuss swers: “If I were suddenly naked here as I sit?”
(joisi 2000: 59) [`aq mjdomare ucbad SiSveli rom aRmovCeniliyav?~ (joisi
2012: 49)].3
momdevno abzacSi stivenis gonebaSi Semdegi fraza gaielvebs: “My
tablets” (joisi 2000: 60) [`Cemi saxsovari wigni~ (joisi 2012: 49)], rac
gvaxsenebs hamletis sityvebs: “My tables – meet it is I set it down / That one may smile,
and smile, and be a villain” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.107-8) [`kargi iqneba, aq Cavwero
saxsovar wignSi, rom borot kacsa Rimili ar gauWirdeba~ (Seqspiri 1987:
335)]. `hamletisa~ da `ulises~ moyvanil epizodebSi swored mexsierebis
problema modis wina planze. stivens uecrad qaRaldi dasWirdeba raRac
poeturi ideis Casawerad, romelic es-es aris TavSi mouvida, iseve
rogorc hamleti iwers ideas boroti kacis Sesaxeb Tavis saxsovar
wignSi, raTa ar daaviwydes. magram aRmoCndeba, rom stivens Turme

1 hamleti horacios ekiTxeba aCrdilis Sesaxeb: “His beard was grizzled, no?” (Seqspiri 2003:
1.2.239) [`TeTri wveri xom ara hqonda?~ (Seqspiri: 1987: 330)]. horacio pasuxobs: “It was as I
have seen it in his life, / A sable silvered” (1.2.240-1) [`ara, Sav wverSi WaRara hqonda gareuli, viT
sicocxlis dros.~ (330)].
2 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (joisi 2012: 726).
3 “....I am set naked on your kingdom” (Seqspiri 2003: 4.7.43-4) [`....Tqvens saxelmwifoSi SiSveli
gadmomsves~ (Seqspiri 1987: 374)].

108
daviwynia gamosaweri baraTebis wamoReba biblioTekidan, romlebzec
SeZlebda Canawerebis gakeTebas. amitom, jibidan batoni dizis werils1
amoiRebs, moaxevs sufTa nawils da zed dawers. cxadia, am momentSi
stiveni ufliswul hamlets Seesabameba, Tumca aqve misi kavSiri mefe
hamletis aCrdilTanac TiTqos ikveTeba, jer avtoris sityvebSi, Semdeg
ki stivenis Sinagan monologSi: “His shadow lay over the rocks as he bent, ending....
Me sits there with his augur’s rod of ash, in borrowed sandals, by day beside a livid sea,
unbeheld, in violet night walking beneath a reign of uncouth stars. I throw this ended shadow
from me, manshape ineluctable, call it back” (joisi 2000: 60) [`misi Crdili lodebs
daefina, rodesac bolo sityvis dasawerad waixara.... es me vzivar iq
avguris ifnis kverTxiT2, naTxovari qalamnebiT, dRisiT mkvdrisfer
zRvasTan, SeumCneveli, iisfer RameSi idumali varskvlaveTis qveS
moxetiale. Cemgan ecema es sasruli Crdili adamianisdagvari,
gardauvali, ukanve gamoiZaxe~ (joisi 2012: 50)]. adamianis Crdilisa da
RamiT xetialis idea aSkarad aCrdils ukavSirdeba, xolo gamoZaxebis
idea SesaZloa sulis gamoZaxebas gulisxmobdes, rac aseve aCrdils
daukavSirdeba, rogorc gardacvlili mefis suls.
`ulises~ me-3 epizods da imavdroulad mTel `telemaqiadas~
saintereso pasaJi asrulebs, romelic garkveul kavSirs avlens
`hamletTan~. am kavSiris gaanalizebamde, srulad moviyvanT xsenebul
pasaJs:
“My handkerchief. He threw it. I remember. Did I not take it up?
His hand groped vainly in his pockets. No, I didn’t. Better buy one.
He laid the dry snot picked from his nostril on a ledge of rock, carefully. For the rest let look
who will.
Behind. Perhaps there is someone.
He turned his face over a shoulder, rere regardant. Moving through the air high spars of a
threemaster, her sails brailed up on the crosstrees, homing, upstream, silently moving, a silent
ship” (joisi 2000: 64).
`Cemi cxvirsaxoci. gadaagdo [maliganma]. maxsovs. gana ar aviRe?
xelma amaod moiCxrika jibeebi. ara, ar amiRia. axali unda viyido.

1 me-2 epizodis bolos, batoni dizi, im skolis direqtori, sadac stiveni aswavlis,
Zroxebis daavadebasTan dakavSirebul werils atans stivens gazeTSi gamosaqveyneblad.
2 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (joisi 2012: 726).

109
 gamxmari wvintli amoiRo [stivenma] nestodan da lodis qimze dado,
frTxilad. visac unda miyuros.
ukan. iqneb vinmea.
saxe miabruna da ukan gaixeda, zurgi daicavi! samanZiani xomaldi,
maRali kadonebiT, salingebze akecili afrebiT, haers miapobda, Sinisken,
dinebis sawinaaRmdego mimarTulebiT, uxmod moZravi, uxmo xomaldi~
(joisi 2012: 52-53).
aq cota ar iyos SeniRbul da kompleqsur parodiasTan gvaqvs saqme.
elsinorismagvar kldovan napirze moseirne stivens cxviris mosaxocad
cxvirsaxoci dasWirda da gaaxsenda, rom klavdiusiviT uzurpatorma
maliganma misi cxvirsaxocis uzurpaciac moaxdina. mexsierebis hamleturi
problemis gaelveba SegviZlia davinaxoT imaSi, rom stivens zustad ar
axsovs maliganisgan gadagdebuli cxvirsaxoci aiRo Tu ara, sanam
jibeebs amaod ar moiCxreks da ar aRmoaCens, rom ar auRia. amitom
iZulebuli gaxdeba, cxviridan gamoRebuli wvintli lodis qimze dados.
mas TiTqos ar adardebs, rozenkranciviT da gildensterniviT vinme
uTvalTvalebs Tu ara am dros. es TiTqos exmianeba hamletis
udardelobas rozenkrancisa da gildensternis saboloo bedis mimarT1
da agreTve Semowolili dardis ignorirebas ufliswulis mier
laertTan daSnis xmarebaSi Sejibrze daTanxmebis Semdgom.2 miuxedevad
amisa, stiveni mainc gadawyvets, ukan moixedos da mis Sinagan monologSi
gaielvebs farikaobis termini _ “rere regardant” [`zurgi daicavi~]3, _ rac
SegviZlia swored hamletsa da laerts Soris daSnis xmarebaSi
gamarTul sabediswero Serkinebas davukavSiroT. garkveuli gagebiT,
hamletsac zurgidan Casces, radgan is sulac ar moeloda, rom laertis
daSna mowamluli iqneboda da bunebrivia, mxolod orTabrZolis
mogebazeRa fiqrobda.
Semdeg stiveni dainaxavs dinebis sawinaaRmdegod Sinisken uxmod
momaval samanZian xomalds. xomaldi, pirvelyovlisa, homerosuli

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.57-8; Seqspiri 1987: 383.

2 “But thou wouldst not think how ill all’s here about my heart – but it is no matter” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.185-6)
[`magram ver warmoidgen, horacio, guls rarigi dardi Semomawva, Tumca amiTi ara
uWirs-ra~ (Seqspiri 1987: 386)].
3 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (joisi 2012: 728).

110
paralelia da asociaciurad odisevsis xomalds Seesabameba (ix.
parinderi 1984: 141; Seri 2004: 30), romelic aseve Sin cdilobs dabrunebas.
xomaldi simbolurad agreTve blums, stivensa da molis ukavSirdeba (ix.
tindali 1959: 147; 216). rogorc don gifordi (gifordi 1988: 66) SeniSnavs,
sami anZa da salingebi (ingl. crosstree salingi) gvagoneben golgoTas
mTaze aRmarTul sam jvars da Sesabamisad, or avazaks Soris jvarcmul
macxovars. amis safuZvelze, `hamletTan~ mimarTebiT SegviZlia
davamatoT, rom xomaldi unda ukavSirdebodes inglisisken mimaval im
xomaldsac, romelzedac ori borotmoqmediT, rozenkranciTa da
gildensterniT garemoculi hamleti imyofeboda. dinebis sawinaaRmdegod
svla SegviZlia qristes moRvaweobasa da zogadad qristianul cxovrebas
davukavSiroT, rac mimarTulia adamianis Tavdapirveli dacemidan
warmoqmnili borotebis dinebis winaaRmdeg. hamletic irgvliv
gamefebuli borotebisa da garyvnilebis sayovelTao dinebas aumxedrda.
rogorc qriste ver igua am sofelma, iseve hamletic ver miiRo daniis
samefo karma da Ralatis meSveobiT orives sasikvdilo ganaCeni
gamoutanes. xomaldis Sinisken svla SesaZlebelia gaviazroT, rogorc Ze
RmerTis mama RmerTTan dabruneba, jvarze sikvdilis, aRdgomisa da
amaRlebis Semdgom. xomaldi rom uxmoa da uxmod moZraobs, _ es
SegviZlia, erTi mxriv, macxovris mier tanjvis, dacinvisa da
Seuracxyofis uxmod daTmenas davukavSiroT, xolo, meore mxriv, _
hamletis ukanasknel sityvebs: “....the rest is silence” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.337)
[`sxva raRa darCa? saukuno siCume mxolod~ (Seqspiri 1987: 389)]. `ulises~
`uxmo~ da `hamletis~ `siCume~ inglisur, original teqstebSi mxolod da
mxolod gansxvavebuli metyvelebis nawilebis gamomxatvel, magram erTi
da imave Ziris mqone sityvebs warmoadgenen, riTac ufro axlos dganan
erTmaneTTan: “silent” (joisi 2000: 64) da “silence” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.337).
garda amisa, rogorc `ulises~ ganxilul pasaJSi vnaxeT, stiveni Tavis
Sinagan monologSi ambobs: “For the rest let look who will” (joisi 2000: 64)
[`visac unda miyuros~ (joisi 2012: 53)]. xolo “the rest” da “silent”
erTmaneTTan asociaciaSi miT ufro mogvagoneben hamletis bolo
sityvebs: “....the rest is silence” (5.2.337). piesis dasasrulTan axlos naTqvami
hamletis es ukanaskneli sityvebi exmianeba stivenis `telemaqiadis~

111
damasrulebel sityvebs. saerTod ki niSandoblivia, ganxilul pasaJSi
ZiriTadad swored piesis ukanaskneli (anu me-5) moqmedebis bolo (anu me-
2) suraTis motivebi rom figurirebs. amiT albaT miniSnebulia
avtorisgan, rom `ulises~ pirveli sami epizodi ara marto stivenis
`telemaqiadas~, aramed erTgvar `hamletiadasac~ warmoadgens.
ganxilul pasaJSi aRwerili xomaldi Cven elsinoridan inglisisken
mimaval xomalds davukavSireT, sadac hamleti imyofeboda,
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis meTvalyureobis qveS. aqve sainteresoa
gavixsenoT 1-eli epizodis bolos maliganisa da stivenis SeTanxmeba
taverna `xomaldSi~ Sexvedraze. rogorc me-9 epizodSi vgebulobT,
stivenma daarRvia es SeTanxmeba, ar gamocxadda xsenebul tavernaSi da
sanacvlod depeSa gaugzavna `xomaldSi~ msxdom maligansa da heinzs. maT
ludis fuli ar hqondaT da darCnen xaxamSralebi. TiTqos aqac
garkveuli saxis parodiuli paraleli gvaqvs `hamletTan~. marTalia,
hamleti rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan erTad adis inglisisken
mimaval xomaldze, magram Semdgom iqidan Tavis daZvrenasac axerxebs;
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns ki sikvdilis gzas gauyenebs. stivenis
depeSa, erTi mxriv, SegviZlia davukavSiroT klavdiusis werils inglisis
mefesTan, romelic Canacvlebis Semdgom, realurad, hamletis werilad
iqca; xolo, meore mxriv, is daukavSirdeba hamletis werils klavdiusis
mimarT, saidanac mefe gebulobs, rom hamleti gadaurCa mis mzakvrul
gegmas da ukve daniis miwaze imyofeba. amiT klavdiusic maliganiviT da
heinziviT pirCalagamovlebuli rCeba.
`ulises~ pirvel sam epizodSi, romlis mTavari gmiria stiven
dedalosi, aSkarad ikveTeba araerTi paraleli `hamletTan~. stiveni
garkveulwilad rogorc ufliswul, ise mefe hamletsac Seesabameba.
paralelebi ZiriTadad parodiul xasiaTs atarebs. magaliTad, qalis
garyvnilebisadmi, zogadad, hamletica da stivenic uaryofiT
damokidebulebas amJRavneben, magram gansxvaveba maT Soris imaSia, rom
hamletisTvis es movlena uzomod tragikulia, radgan is qalis amgvar
mdgomareobas anomaliad miiCnevs, xolo stivenisTvis igi normaSi jdeba,
vinaidan, misi azriT, garyvnileba met-naklebad yoveli qalis bunebrivi

112
maxasiaTebelia.1 qalis garyvnileba hamletSi zizRis grZnobas iwvevs;
stivenSi ki _ avxorcul vnebas, radgan mas mxolod maSin ezizReba qali
Tu is uSnoa an moxuci, anu roca qals ar SeuZlia masSi vneba aRZras.
paraleli aSkarad kontrastuli xasiaTisaa. hamletisTvis yvelaze axlo
adamiani, misi deda, gertrudi, garyvnilebis saxea, romelsac Svili
amxels; xolo stivenisTvis yvelaze axlo adamiani, misi deda, meri
dedalosi, piriqiT, TviTon aris Svilis garyvnilebis mamxilebeli. is,
rom hamleti da stiveni gansxvavebulad aRiqvamen qalebs, damokidebulia
da gansazRvrulia maTive Sinagani samyaroTi: hamleti qalSi sisufTaves
eZebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom garyvnili deda hyavs; stiveni ki, piriqiT,
qalSi garyvnilebas eZebs, miuxedavad imisa, rom deda patiosani hyavs.
Tumca gasaTvaliswinebelia isic, rom hamleti da stiveni sruliad
sxvadasxva situaciaSi imyofebian. stivens gertrudi rom yoloda dedad,
xolo hamlets _ meri dedalosi, maTi damokidebuleba qalebisadmi
udavod Seicvleboda. aseT SemTxvevaSi, hamletSi tragikuli gancda
uTuod ukan daixevda, stivenSi ki win wamoiwevda.
`telemaqiadis~ araerT sxva adgilas SesaZlebelia aseve vivaraudoT
garkveuli saxis kavSirebi `hamletTan~, magram amisi utyuari dasabuTeba
yovelTvis ar aris SesaZlebeli, vinaidan zogjer rTulia, paralelebis
ukiduresi faruloba gaimijnos mkvlevaris fantaziisgan.

2.3. stivenis `Seqspiruli Teoria~

`ulises~ me-4 epizodidan me-8 epizodis CaTvliT, siuJeti romanis

mTavar protagonists leopold blums mihyveba, magram me-9 epizodSi
blumis `odisea~ droebiT ukana planze gadadis da kvlav stiven
dedaloss eTmoba joisis yuradReba. miuxedavad imisa, rom am epizods
„skila da qaribdas“ uwodeben, misi mTavari gmiri stivenia da ara
blumi. amiT darRveulia homerosTan kavSiris logikuri

1 deivid uieri (uieri 2015: 78), romelic stivensa da hamletSic qalTmoZuleobas xedavs,
miiCnevs, rom maT uaryofiT damokidebulebas qalTa sqesisadmi saerTo safuZveli
gaaCnia da rom qalis moRalateobis Tema orive SemTxvevaSi ukavSirdeba uzurpaciis
Temas.

113
Tanmimdevruloba, radgan `odiseaSi~ skilasa da qaribdas Soris gavla
odisevss uwevs da ara telemaqes. Tumca `ulises~ im epizodSi, sadac
stivenis `Seqspiruli Teoriis~ ganxilva xdeba, bunebrivia, wina planze
wamoiwevs Seqspiruli aluziebi da paralelebi, xolo homerosuli _
ukan gaiwevs da daiCrdileba. miuxedavad amisa, mocemul epizodSi skila
da qaribdas motivi mainc mniSvnelovani rCeba, rogorc stivenis
`Teoriis~ gagebis, ise Seqspirul-hamleturi paralelebis gaanalizebis
TvalsazrisiT.
riCard petersoni (petersoni 1990: 366) SeniSnavs, rom `ulises~ me-9
epizodSi stiveni, hamletis msgavsad, epaeqreba Tavis namdvil Tu
warmosaxviT mtrebs. misi azriT, es epizodi daaxloebiT imave mizans
emsaxureba, rasac joisis adreuli romanis `xelovanis portreti
axalgazrdobisas~ ukanaskneli Tavi, romelSic stiven dedalosi
saboloo arCevans xelovnebis sasargeblod akeTebs. stiveni iq Tavis
erT-erT megobars eubneba: “When the soul of a man is born in this country there are nets
flung at it to hold it back from flight. You talk to me of nationality, language, religion. I shall try
to fly by those nets” (joisi 1992: 220) [`roca am qveyanaSi adamianis suli
ibadeba, mas uamravi badiT iWeren, rom gafrenis saSualeba ar miscen. Sen
melaparakebi erovnebaze, enaze, religiaze. me vecdebi davusxlte am
badeebs~ (joisi 2005: 180)]. es `badeebi~ warmoadgens stivenisTvis misi
SemoqmedebiTi ganviTarebis umTavres dabrkolebas. is xelovnebas
yvelaferze maRla ayenebs da samSoblos, enasa da religias Tavis
Semoqmedebas uqvemdebarebs. amis naTeli ilustracia sakuTriv joisis
`ulisea~, sadac es faseulobebi avtoris mxatvruli eqsperimentis
nawilad qceula.
`ulises~ me-9 epizodis moqmedebis adgilia irlandiis erovnuli
biblioTeka. epizodi pirdapir `hamletze~ msjelobiT iwyeba. bunebrivia,
am epizodSi yvelaze meti hamleturi aluzia, reminiscencia Tu citata
gvxvdeba, vidre `ulises~ romelime sxva epizodSi. isini zogjer cxadia,
zogjer _ met-naklebad SeniRbuli. stivenis `Seqspirul-hamleturi
Teoria~ dasawyisSive gamoirCeva garkveuli TaviseburebiT. igi Seqspiris
Semoqmedebis mTavar safuZvlad mis biografiul momentebs ganixilavs.

114
raseli1, rogorc platonisti, ewinaaRmdegeba am mosazrebas, radgan is
Seqspiris SemoqmedebaSi da zogadad xelovnebaSi mxolod uformo ideebs
eZebs. stivenis xedva ki ufro aristoteleseulia da Sesabamisad,
konkretuli magaliTebidan, induqciuri meTodiT, zogadisaken miemarTeba.
rodesac stiveni iwyebs Tavisi `Teoriis~ Camoyalibebas, is cdilobs
yuradRebis centrSi moeqces, ZiriTadad Tavad ilaparakos, xolo sxvebi
Tanamonawileebad gaixados. `hamletze~ saubari aCrdilisa da misi
rolis pirveli Semsruleblis, Seqspiris gaigivebiT iwyeba. Sesabamisad,
hamleti da hamnetic stivenis `TeoriaSi~ erTmaneTTan aris gaigivebuli,
xolo gertrudi en heTueis Seesabameba. Seqspiris sasikvdilo sareclis
warmosaxva stivens sakuTari dedis sasikvdilo sarecels axsenebs, riTac
myardeba garkveuli asociaciuri kavSiri dedamissa da Seqspirs Soris.
mogvianebiT am kavSirs romanSi aZlierebs hamletis mamis aCrdilsa da
meri dedalosis moCvenebas Soris arsebuli erTgvari Sesabamisobac, rac
`kirkes~ epizodSi ikveTeba.
stivenis cnobierebaSi kidev erTxel vlindeba misi damokidebuleba
qalebisadmi, rodesac igi msjelobs en heTueisa da Seqspiris pirvel
intimur urTierTobaze: “....is a boldfaced Stratford wench who tumbles in a cornfield a
lover younger than herself” (joisi 2000: 244) [`....es Tavxedi stretfordeli
dedakacia, puris yanaSi masze axalgazrda sayvareli rom wauwvenia~
(joisi 2012: 185)]. daasrulebs Tu ara am sityvebs, gaifiqrebs: “And my turn?
When?” (244) [`Cemi jeri? rodisRa?~ (185)]. aqedan Cans, rom stiveni
natrobs, isic vinme lamazmanma acdunos. misTvis misaRebia macdunebeli
qali, gansxvavebiT hamletisagan. miT ufro asea es, Tu gaviTvaliswinebT,
rom stiveni Seqspiris Semoqmedebis ZiriTad mamoZravebel Zalas
akavSirebs en heTueis mier mis SecdenasTan da agreTve Tavissave
SeTxzul fantaziasTan en heTueis moRalateobis Sesaxeb. vinaidan
stivenic SemoqmedebiT gzaze iwyebs svlas, is fiqrobs, rom masac
sWirdeba amdagvari biZgi. es SesabamisobaSi modis mis azrTan, rom
Seqspiri ar Semcdara, roca ens acdunebina Tavi: “A man of genius makes no
mistakes. His errors are volitional and are the portals of discovery” [`geniosi Secdomebs

1 jorj uiliam raseli (1867-1935) _ irlandieli poeti, Teosofi da ekonomisti,

romelic `ulises~ me-9 epizodis erT-erTi personaJia.

115
ar uSvebs. misi yoveli cdomileba winaswaraa ganzraxuli da aRmoCenis
karibWes warmoadgens~ (joisi 2012: 184)]. sayuradReboa, rom stivenis
prototipma _ joisma _ `ulises~ moqmedebis drod Tavis momaval
meuRlesTan, nora barnaklTan pirveli paemnis dRe (16.06.1904) airCia.
faqtiurad, am dRidan joisi sabolood adgeba xelovnebis gzas.
mogvianebiT stivenis cnobierebaSi kidev ufro mkafiod Cans, rom igi
qalisgan cdunebas natrobs: “Wait to be wooed and won. Ay, meacock. Who will woo
you?” (joisi 2000: 269) [`elodebi rodis gagearSiyebian da Segacdenen. eh,
ubadruko adamiano, vin gagearSiyeba?~ (joisi 2012: 205)]. amrigad,
stivenisTvis qali ara mxolod sqesobrivad mimzidveli arsebaa, aramed
SemoqmedebiTi muzac. swored es ganapirobebs imas, rom igi Seqspiris
Semoqmedebis ukanac amgvar muzas eZebs, romelsac, Tavisi azriT, en
heTueiSi poulobs. es ki erTob subieqturi da TviTneburi gaazrebaa am
Semoqmedebis saidumlosa. stivenis `Teoria~, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas,
ufro xelovanis SemoqmedebiTi insinuaciebia, vidre mkvlevris
mecnieruli msjeloba. es vlindeba Tundac imaSi, rom raxan Seqspiri
gadmocemiT aCrdilis rols TamaSobda, amitom, stivenis fantaziiT, mas
Turme aucileblad gertrudiviT moRalate coli unda hyoloda. stiveni
gamogonil argumentebsac iSveliebs, oRond sakuTari `Teoriis~
marTebuloba daamtkicos. magaliTad, is eubneba Tavis msmenelebs, rom
Tvrameti wlis Seqspiri RamiT kudian varskvlavs gascqeroda, rodesac
saxlSi brundeboda en heTueisTan intimuri urTierTobis Semdeg. Tumca
iqve gaifiqrebs: “Don’t tell them he was nine years old when it was quenched” (269) [`ar
ki uTxra maT, rom is cxra wlis iyo, roca kudiani varskvlavi gaqra~
(205)]. amiT Cven vxvdebiT, rom stiveni gacnobierebulad ityueba. es mis
`sportul~ interesze mianiSnebs: is am kamaTiT WeSmaritebis povnas ki ar
cdilobs, aramed sakuTriv kamaTis mogebas. amasTanave misi mizania
sakuTari maRalerudirebulobisa da zeinteleqtualobis gamovlena.
amitom, stivenisTvis ufro mniSvnelovania ramdenad STambeWdavi da
efeqturia misi argumentebi, vidre ramdenad swori da marTebulia isini.
amaze isic mianiSnebs, rom mas TviTonve ar sjera sakuTari `Teoriis~,
rasac Tavadve aRiarebs msmenelTa winaSe. stiuart gilberti marTebulad
SeniSnavs, rom stivenisTvis `erTi daskvna iseTive misaRebia, rogorc

116
meore~ (gilberti 1958: 217), mTavaria esTetikurad Rirebuli da
Tanmimdevruli iyos.
amrigad, stivenisTvis Sinaarsze mniSvnelovani, misi gadmocemis
xerxebia. albaT amitomacaa, rom joisis `ulisec~, upirveles yovlisa,
mxatvruli formiT gvxiblavs da ara SinaarsiT. stivenisgan gansxvavebiT,
hamleti, pirvel rigSi, WeSmaritebas eZebs, rodesac warmodgenas dgams.
ra Tqma unda, misTvis mniSvnelovania warmodgenis saSemsruleblo
mxarec, magram isev da isev masSi Cadebuli Sinaarsobrivi mxaris
warmatebuli gadmocemisaTvis da ara ubralod `sportuli~ an Tundac
mxolod SemoqmedebiTi interesisaTvis. misi mizania gairkves simarTle da
am mizans emsaxureba piesa `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ esTetikuri mxarec.
SeqspirTan ideuri Sinaarsia wamyvani, joisTan ki _ mxatvruli forma,
Tumca, rogorc SeqspirisTvis mniSvnelovania forma, ise arc
joisisTvisaa idea umniSvnelo.
stivenis `Seqspirul TeoriaSi~ mama-Sviluri urTierTmimarTebis
sakiTxi sakmaod logikuria, magram TiTqos garkveulwilad –
winaaRmdegobrivic. stiveni mamisa da Svilis erTarsovnebis ideas
emxroba, rodesac saubrobs mama-Svil hamletebze da mama-Svil uiliam da
hamnet Seqspirebze; magram roca saqme midgeba uiliamis mamis, jon
Seqspiris aCrdilobis sakiTxze, igi mkveTrad uaryofs am ideas da
argumentaciisaTvis acxadebs, rom mamoba mxolod iuridiuli fiqciaa,
rom arcerT Svils ar uyvars mama da arcerT mamas – Svili, rom
bunebaSi maT Zalian cota akavSirebT erTmaneTTan. stivenis aseTi
gaoreba, romelic sakuTari `Teoriis~ dajerebaSic uSlis xels, isev
misi cxovrebidan momdinareobs. is gaucxoebulia sakuTari mamisgan, ver
amyarebs veraviTar sulier kavSirs saimon dedalosTan da swored
amitomac uyenebs sakuTar gamocdilebas jon da uiliam Seqspirebis
erTarsovnebis aradamajerebel ideas. is am moments ramdenadme TviTonac
acnobierebs. radgan stiveni sulieri mamis ukmarisobas ganicdis, is
siaxloves grZnobs mamas monatrebul hamletTan da izidavs aCrdilisa
da ufliswulis urTierToba rogorc saocnebo mama-Sviluri siyvarulis
gamoxatuleba. aqedan gamomdinare, logikuria stivenis `Teoriis~
winaaRmdegobriobac, radgan am winaaRmdegobriobas isev axalgazrda

117
xelovanis piradi cxovrebiseuli faqti _ mamisagan gaucxoeba _ udevs
safuZvlad da Sesabamisad, misi Semoqmedeba sxva sazomebTan erTad am
sazomiTac unda gaizomos. rogorc li spinksi SeniSnavs, `stivenisgan
`hamletis~ idiosinkretuli wakiTxva adasturebs mis inteleqtualur
virtuozobas, magram aseve xazs usvams mis Sepyrobilobas mamobisa da
avtonomiis problemebiT~ (spinksi 2009: 112). stiuart gilberti ki askvnis,
rom saboloo jamSi stiveni TviT blumTan saubris Semdegac
imedgacruebuli rCeba: `mas ar daukargavs mama, rogorc telemaqem
dakarga, magram verc verasdros SeZlebs mis povnas~ (gilberti 1958: 64).
me-9 epizodSi stivenis cnobierebaSi gaelvebuli sityvebi “Swill till
eleven” (joisi 2000: 276) [`svi da Wame TerTmetamde~ (joisi 2012: 210)]
migvaniSnebs, rom dublinSi ludxanebi 11 saaTze iketeboda.1 `hadesis~
epizodSi blumi Tavis Sinagan monologSi ambobs: “11 p.m. (closing time)”
(joisi 2000: 137) [`saRamos 11 saaTia (sasaflaoebis daketvis dro)~ (joisi
2012: 106)]. am epizodSi, romelsac mogvianebiT ganvixilavT, ludi da
ludxana `hamletis~ mesaflaveebis scenasTan aris dakavSirebuli. mas
mere, rac stiveni gaifiqrebs zemoT moyvanil sityvebs ludxanebis
daketvis drois Sesaxeb, iqve mis cnobierebaSi swored mesaflaveebis
scenis frazeologiac gaielvebs: “I gall his kibe” (276) [`quslebze fexs
vabijebdi~2 (210)]. amgvari asociaciuri kavSirebiT joisi TiTqos
anaTesavebs erTmaneTTan blumisa da stivenis cnobierebebs, da maT Soris
mama-Sviluri mimarTebis sulier potencialze mianiSnebs. raki am
asociaciur kavSirebSi figurirebs scena `hamletidan~, amiT, rogorc
Cans, kvlav miniSnebulia, rom blumi aCrdilia, xolo stiveni _
ufliswuli hamleti.
`skila da qaribdad~ wodebuli `ulises~ me-9 epizodi albaT yvelaze
Seqspiruli da hamleturi epizodia mTels romanSi, radgan swored aq
xdeba Seqspiris cxovrebisa da Semoqmedebis ganxilva, xolo am
ganxilvaSi sakvanZo piesa misi `hamletia~. skilasa da qaribdas Soris
momwyvdeva raRacnairad hamleturi `yofna-aryofnis~ dilemas

1ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (joisi 2012: 792).

2 `hamletis~ maCabliseul TargmanSi dakargulia am frazeologiis nakvalevi (ix.
Seqspiri 1987: 379). ix. agreTve gifordi 1988: 252.

118
mogvagonebs. hamletisTvis da SeqspirisTvis yofnaca da aryofnac
tragikulia. skilasTan an qaribdasTan Seyrac, Cveulebriv, tragikuli
SedegiT sruldeba. hamleturi dilema swored skilasa da qaribdas
Soris momwyvdevis, or cecxls Sua yofnis tolfasia. stivenic
Taviseburi dilemis winaSe dgas „skila da qaribdas“ epizodSi. man unda
sabolood gadawyvitos, ra SemoqmedebiT gzas daadgeba xelovnebaSi.
misTvis miuRebelia rogorc ukiduresad idealist-mistikosi raseli, ise
ukiduresad materialist-cinikosi maligani. braian arkinsis TqmiT,
stivenisTvis skila da qaribda warmoadgens `mxolod suls jorj
raselis saxiT da mxolod sxeuls bak maliganis saxiT~ (makkorti 2009:
241). amitomac, saWiroa erTgvari oqros Sualedis daWera:
araromantikuloba, magram sulierebis SenarCunebac, arc mxolod
tragikuli da arc mxolod komikuri, aramed tragikomikuri gza,
romelic Tavisebur skilasa da qaribdas Soris gava da dilemas
gaaneitralebs. stivenisTvis xelovneba arcerT aspeqtSi ar SeiZleba
iyos calmxrivi. man unda moicvas yvelaferi da aCvenos yvela
SesaZlebeli rakursiT, rac stivenisa da Sesabamisad, joisis azriT,
mxolod tragikomikur planSia SesaZlebeli. amis misaRwevad stiveni
Tavisi polemikis daskvniTi nawilis win, danieli ufliswuliviT,
sakuTar Tavs moqmedebisaken mouwodebs: “Speech, speech. But act. Act speech. They
mock to try you. Act. Be acted on” (joisi 2000: 271) [„laparaki, laparaki. magram
imoqmede. laparakiT imoqmede. eseni dagcinian, rom gamogcadon. amoqmeddi.
moqmedebas moqmedebiT upasuxe“ (joisi 2012: 207)].
unda aRiniSnos, rom garkveuli paraleli SeiZleba gaivlos stiven-
joisis xelovnebasTan damokidebulebasa da hamlet-Seqspiris
SemoqmedebiT koncefcias Soris. rogorc stiveni xelovnebaSi WeSmariti
realizmis misaRwevad erTgvar skilasa da qaribdas Soris gavlas
amjobinebs, ise hamleti zomierebisken mouwodebs msaxiobebs, raTa
Teatri bunebis sarked iqces. „hamletSi“ „gonzagos mkvlelobis“ dadgma
swored amis ilustrirebas emsaxureba. xelovnebis ZaliT WeSmariteba
zeimobs: aCrdilis simarTle dasturdeba, xolo klavdiusis siyalbe
aSkaravdeba. es xdeba `hamletis~ SuaSi, rac piesaSi da misi
protagonistis Semdgomi qmedebebis gansazRvraSi udavod gadamwyveti

119
momentia, saidanac ukve axal ideur da siuJetur relsebze vinacvlebT.
axla hamlets yvelanairad moqmedeba evaleba; aCrdili boroti suli ar
aRmoCnda, is mamamisis tanjuli sulia. da piesis meore naxevarSi hamleti
marTlac gadadis aqtiur moqmedebaze.
„ulises“ me-9 anu „skila da qaribdas“ epizodi 18-epizodiani romanis
pirvel naxevars asrulebs da stivenic, skilasa da qaribdas Soris
gavliT, cxovrebis axal etapze gadadis, romelmac garkveuli drois
Semdeg unda moitanos WeSmaritebis Cvenebasa da maRalesTetikurobaze
pretenziis mqone, didi da ambiciuri xelovnebis nawarmoebi, daaxloebiT
iseTi, romlis gmiric Tavadaa.

2.4. blumis asociaciuri kavSiri `hamletTan~

romanis me-4 epizodSi joiss pirvelad Semohyavs `ulises~ mTavari

protagonisti leopold blumi, romelic homerosis gmiris odisevsis
(igive ulise1) modernizebul-parodirebul saxes warmoadgens.
Sesabamisad, am epizodidan iwyeba blumis odisea. mas hyavs coli da
TxuTmeti wlis qaliSvili. is sareklamo agentia. raki stiven dedalosi,
telemaqesTan erTad, ufliswul hamletis parodiul gardasaxvasac
warmoadgens, es qmnis leopold blumis, odisevsTan erTad, mefe hamletis
aCrdilTan parodiuli gaigivebis erTgvar winapirobas. blumi 38 wlisaa.
sagulisxmoa, rom Seqspiric 38 wlis iyo, roca pirvelad daidga misi
`hamleti~ scenaze,2 sadac hamletis mamis aCrdilis rols, gadmocemiT,
Tavadve asrulebda. am dros Seqspirs ukve ramdenime wlis gardacvlili
hyavda Tavisi erTaderTi vaJi, 11 wlis hamneti. blumsac gardaecvala
Tavisi erTaderTi vaJi, 11 dRis rudi. rodesac blumi romanSi pirvelad
ixsenebs Svilis gardacvalebas, gulSi ambobs Semdeg sityvebs: “He would
be eleven now if he had lived” (joisi 2000: 80) [`axla TerTmeti wlis iqneboda

1ulise _ odisevsis laTinuri saxeli.

2 `hamleti~ pirvelad 1602 wels daidga. amave wlis aprilSi Seqspirs 38 weli
Seusrulda.

120
rom ecocxla~ (joisi 2012: 65)]1, anu _ im asakis, sadamdec hamnetma
miaRwia. rogorc adrec SevniSneT, blums moRalate coli hyavs da man es
kargad icis. Sesabamisad, igi amiTac enaTesaveba aCrdils, Tumca misi
wuxili am gansacdelis gamo aCrdilis tragikuli gancdis sawyalobel
parodias warmoadgens mxolod.
romanis me-4 epizodSive ikveTeba blumis damokidebuleba zogadad
qalisadmi. Tirkmlis yidvisas igi axalgazrda moaxle qalis mimarT
avxorcul ltolvas amJRavnebs, xolo cota mogvianebiT, viRac beberi
qalis mimarT erTgvar zizRnarev damokidebulebas gamoxatavs gulSi,
rac mTlianobaSi, qalTa sqesisadmi stiven dedalosis damokidebulebas
waagavs. isic ar eZebs qalSi siwmindesa da sulierebas. blumisTvisac
qalis Rirebuleba ZiriTadad misi seqsualuri mimzidvelobiT
Semoifargleba da raki am parametrs bebruxana veRar akmayofilebs, is,
rogorc qali, blumisTvis mkvdaria. rogorc riCard elmani (elmani 1972:
47-48) SeniSnavs, stivenis xedva qalisadmi ufro ganzogadebuli
xasiaTisaa, vidre blumis xedva, romelic konkretul qalebs afasebs.
amgvari gansxvaveba, Tu davakvirdebiT, ufliswul hamletsa da misi mamis
aCrdilis xedvebs Sorisac SeimCneva, rodesac isini gertrudis saqciels
ganixilaven. Tavisi dedis saqcielis safuZvelze hamleti qals zogadad
sust da arasando arsebad saxavs, xolo aCrdili konkretulad
gertruds adanaSaulebs.
blumis xedva qalisadmi romanis me-5 epizodSic kargad Cans. mas
satrfialo mimowera aqvs vinme marTa klifordTan. misi werilis
wakiTxvis Semdeg blums marTaze aseTi daskvna gamoaqvs: “Doing the indignant:
a girl of good family like me, respectable character” (joisi 2000: 96) [`gulmosuls
TamaSobs: CemisTana ojaxiSvils, patiosan qaliSvils~ (joisi 2012: 76)].
cxadia, blums ar sjera marTas Sinagani patiosnebis da albaT arc Tu
usafuZvlod. Tavisi colic xom aseTia. amitom, gansxvavebiT stivenisgan,
romelsac patiosani deda hyavs, blums sruli safuZveli eZleva, rom
garyvnileba da moRalaturi buneba yvela qalisaTvis aucileblad

1 Tumca blums cotaTi eSleba. rudi daibada 1893 wlis 29 dekembers. Sesabamisad, mas,
`ulises~ moqmedebis dRes (1904 wlis 16 ivnisi), TerTmeti weli jer ar eqneboda
Sesrulebuli. is daaxloebiT aTnaxevris iqneboda am droisaTvis da mxolod gadasuli
iqneboda meTerTmete welSi. Tumca, am SemTxvevaSi, mTavaria ras fiqrobs blumi.

121
damaxasiaTebel Tvisebad miiCnios, iseve, rogorc es hamletsa da
mamamisis aCrdils eZleva gertrudis moRalaturi garyvnilebis
magaliTze. Tumca unda aRiniSnos, rom ufliswulisa da gardacvlili
mefis sulisTvis dedoflis uzneo saqcieli tragikuli aRmoCenaa qalis
Sesaxeb, xolo blumisTvis TiTqos es saerTod ar warmoadgens aRmoCenas.
mas didad ar akvirvebs da bevrsac ar nerviulobs, rom coli Ralatobs.
misTvis es gansacdeli erTgvari tragikomikuri realobaa, Tumc ki
obieqturad am movlenaSi komikuri albaT arc araferia.
me-5 epizodSi blums axsendeba hamletis rolis Semsrulebeli
msaxiobi qali bendman palmeri da amis fonze agondeba eduard vainingis
mier gamoTqmuli idea, romlis Tanaxmadac, hamleti kacad gadacmuli
qalia, da ofeliac TiTqos amitom iklavs Tavs.1 es ki blums axsenebs,
rom mamamismac Tavi moikla, romelic Turme sicocxleSi ofelias am
rolis Semsrulebelze hyveboda xolme. aq marTebulia gavixsenoT, rom
ofelias mama moukles, rac misi savaraudo TviTmkvlelobis mTavar
mizezad iqca. sayuradReboa isic, rom sigiJeSi ofelia sxvadasxva
mcenarisa Tu yvavilis mier gansaxierebul simbolikaze saubrobs;
yvavilebis enaze ki blumi amaxvilebs yuradRebas mas mere, rac marTas
werils waikiTxavs da misgan gamogzavnil yvavils daynosavs.
`ulises~ me-6 anu „hadesis“ epizodi `odiseas~ me-11 wigns (ix. homerosi
2011: 121-135) Seesabameba imiT, rom swored iq aris moTxrobili odisevsis
Casvla hadesis samflobeloSi.2 romanis am epizodSi Semodis `hamletTan~
paralelebis axali wyeba, romelTa Soris xidad idumali ricxvi 11-ia
gadebuli.
Seqspirs daeRupa Tavisi erTaderTi vaJi da memkvidre, 11 wlis hamneti,
romelic 11 agvistos dakrZales. blums daeRupa Tavisi erTaderTi vaJi
da memkvidre, 11 dRis rudi. „hadesis“ epizodSi dignamis dakrZalva,
romelsac Tavad blumic eswreba, 11 saaTzea. damkrZalav procesiaSi
monawile im etlSi, romelSic blumi zis, stiven dedalosis mama, saimon
dedalosic imyofeba. blumi etlis fanjridan samgloviaro ZaZebSi
Cacmul stivens mohkravs Tvals da mamamiss Seatyobinebs amis Sesaxeb.

1 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentarebi (joisi 2012: 734).

2 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari `hadesis~ epizodis Sesaxeb (joisi 2012: 738).

122
saimoni salanZRav sityvebs warmoTqvams maliganze da ganacxadebs, rom
ar dauSvebs misgan Tavisi Svilis daRupvas. blumi saimonze gaifiqrebs,
rom Svils Tan hyveba, da mis cnobierebaSi 11 dRis asakSi gardacvlili
rudis suraTi amotivtivdeba. is cdilobs warmoidginos, rogori
iqneboda misi vaJi rom ecocxla, rogor izrunebda masze da daayenebda
fexze, riTac vlindeba blumis aSkara sulieri ukmarisoba memkvidris
aryolis gamo. faqtiurad romanSi am momentidan iwyeba blumis sulieri
swrafvis gamovlena stiven dedalosisadmi. nawarmoebis manZilze Cven
vxedavT, rogor miimarTeba blumis mamobrivi grZnobebi stivenisaken. igi
stivenSi eZebs sulier Zes da amiT cdilobs sulieri danaklisi Seivsos,
iseve rogorc, stivenisve `TeoriiT~, Seqspiric cdilobda hamnetis
dakargviT gamowveuli sulieri danaklisi „hamletis“ daweriTa da
TeatrSi hamletis mamis aCrdilis rolis SesrulebiT Seevso. dignamis
dakrZalvis yurebisgan Tavad blums „hamletis“ mesaflaveebis scena
axsendeba. rogorc mama-Svil hamletebs, ise gardacvlil dignamsa da mis
cocxlad darCenil vaJs erTi saxeli aqvT – patriki. sayuradReboa, rom
blumis gardacvlil mamasa da Svils, orTaves rud(olf)i hqvia.
sainteresoa aseve isic, rom umcros patrik dignams meore saxelad
aloiziusi hqvia, iseve rogorc – joiss.
garda gamovlenili mamaSviluri urTierTmimarTebebisa, sainteresoa
sakuTriv zemoT moxseniebuli 11-ebis urTierTmimarTebac. gvaqvs ori
wyvili 11: erTis mxriv 11 wlis hamneti da 11 agvistos misi dakrZalva,
meores mxriv 11 dRis rudi da 11 saaTze dignamis dakrZalva. orive
wyvilis pirveli wevri erTmaneTs Seesabameba (11 wlis hamneti da 11 dRis
rudi); aseve, orive maTganis meore wevric erTmaneTs Seesabameba (11
agvistos hamnetis dakrZalva da 11 saaTze dignamis dakrZalva). orive
Sesabamisoba ki erTgvar mimarTebas qmnis TavianT komponentebs Soris. es
aris mimarTeba didsa da mcire erTeulebs Soris: erTi mxriv, 11 wlis
hamneti, anu weliwadi rogorc didi erTeuli; meore mxriv, hamnetTan
SedarebiT udReuri 11 dRis rudi, anu dRe rogorc mcire erTeuli; erTi
mxriv, dakrZalva 11 agvistos, anu dRe rogorc didi erTeuli; meore
mxriv, dakrZalva 11 saaTze, anu saaTi rogorc dResTan SedarebiT mcire
erTeuli. es Sepirispireba didsa da mcires Soris simbolur saxes iZens

123
„ulisesTan“ mimarTebiT da aSkarad eqvemdebareba nawarmoebis zogad
parodiul sqemas, sadac Cveulebrivia warsulis didsa da
Tanamedroveobis mcires Soris analogiebis moZebna da kontrastis
gamovlena.
ricxvi 11 gansakuTrebuli yuradRebis qveS eqceva jon rikardis
wignSi, romelic eZRvneba mexsierebis sakiTxs joisis `uliseSi~.
SeqspirTan da `hamletTan~ paralelebis ZiebaSi, rikards 11-Tan erTad
joisis dabadebis dRe _ 2 Tebervalic _ Semohyavs. `Seqspiris vaJi,
hamneti, 11 wlis asakSi gardaicvala, maSin roca blumis vaJma, rudim,
gardacvalebamde 11 dRe icocxla. stiveni (savaraudod) 2 Tebervals
daibada _ zustad im dRes, roca hamnet Seqspiri da joisi daibadnen _
zodiaqos me-11 niSnis, merwyulis qveS _ da stiveni 11 wlis iyo, rudi
blumi rom daibada~ (rikardi 1999: 150).
`hadesis~ epizodSi blumTan da sxvebTan erTad dignamis damkrZalav
procesiaSi monawile, etlSi myofi martin kaningami gaixsenebs, rogor
amotrialda erTxel katafalki danfis1 ludxanasTan, kuTxeSi, sadac gza
uxvevs, da rogor gadmovarda kubo gzaze. am incidentis gaxsenebaze,
blumi warmoidgens, rom dignamis cxedaric analogiurad gadmovarda da
gagorda gzaze. is iwyebs fiqrs micvalebulis gaxrwnis Sedegebze, iseve,
rogorc hamleti mesaflaveebis scenaSi. am momentSi paueri gamoacxadebs,
rom swored danfis ludxanasTan arian axla; xolo blumi gaifiqrebs:
“Dunphy’s corner. Mourning coaches drawn up drowning their grief. A pause by the wayside.
Tiptop position for a pub” (joisi 2000: 123) [`danfis kuTxe. samgloviaro etlebi
Camwkrivebulan, mwuxarebis ludSi CasaxSobad. Sesveneba gzis piras.
Cinebuli adgili ludxanisTvis~ (joisi 2012: 96)]. ludi da ludxana ki
hamletis sityvebs gvaxsenebs imave mesaflaveebis scenidan: “Why may not
imagination trace the noble dust of Alexander, till a find it stopping a bunghole?” (Seqspiri
2003: 5.1.171-3) [`ratom ar SeiZleba viTom, rom gonebiT mivyveT da didi
aleqsandres naSTi ludis WurWlis sacobSi vipovoT?!~ (Seqspiri 1987:
380).
cota mogvianebiT, etli, romelSic blumi da misi Tanamgzavrebi
sxedan, pirquS baRebsa da saxlebs Cauvlis, romelTagan erT-erTSi vinme

1 ix. gifordi 1988: 114.

124
Caildzi1 mouklavs, savaraudod, Tavis Zmas, rogorc klavdiusma
gamoasalma sicocxles baRSi mZinare Zma. da aqve, blumis cnobierebaSi
gvxvdeba hamleturi aluzia2 _ “unweeded garden” (joisi 2000: 125)
[`gaumarglavi baRi~ (joisi 2012: 97)], _ romelic momdinareobs hamletis
pirveli vrceli monologidan: “O God, God, / How weary, stale, flat and unprofitable
/ Seem to me all the uses of this world! / Fie on’t, ah fie, ’tis an unweeded garden / That grows to
seed, things rank and gross in nature / Possess it merely” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.132-7) [`oh,
RmerTo, RmerTo! yvela saqme am wuTis soflis rogor fuWia, unayofo,
daobebuli. TiTqo qveyana iyos baRi gaumarglavi, raSiac xarobs mxolod
RvarZli, cudi balaxi~ (Seqspiri 1987: 328). dignamis daqvrivebul colze
dafiqrebisas, blumis gonebaSi qvrivi qalis sxvaze miTxovebisa da
dedofal viqtoriasgan gardacvlili qmris xangrZlivi glovis motivebi 3
gaielvebs, rac SegviZlia daqvrivebuli dedofali gertrudis xanmokle
glovasa da klavdiusze miTxovebas davukavSiroT.
sasaflaoze, dignamis dakrZalvis dros blumis cnobierebaSi ufro
srulad da mkafiod Semodis `hamletis~ mesaflaveebis scena da masTan
dakavSirebuli sxvadasxva motivi, upirveles yovlisa ki, isev da isev
gvamis miwaSi gaxrwnis motivi. gvxvdeba agreTve sxva hamleturi aluziebi
Tu reminiscenciebi, rogoricaa, magaliTad: “Always someone turns up you never
dreamt of” (joisi 2000: 138) [`yovelTvis viRac gamoCndeba moulodnelad,
sizmarSic rom ar moglandebia~ (joisi 2012: 106)]. cxadia, es ukavSirdeba
aCrdilTan saubris Semdgom hamletis sityvebs horacios mimarT: “There are
more things in heaven and earth, Horatio, / Than are dreamt of in your philosophy” (Seqspiri
2003: 1.5.166-7) [`bevri ram hxdeba, horacio, zecad da qveynad, rac
filosofosT sizmrad arc ki molandebiaT~ (Seqspiri 1987: 336)]. blumi am
viRacaSi gulisxmobs ucnob, makintoSian pirovnebas, romelic eswreba
dignamis dasaflavebas: “Now who is that lankylooking galoot over there in the
macintosh? Now who is he I’d like to know? Now, I’d give a trifle to know who he is” (joisi
2000: 138) [`netav is vinaa, makintoSiani aylayuda? ara, mainc vin aris? ras
ar mivcemdi, rom vicode vinaa~ (joisi 2012: 106)]. swored amas mohyveba

1 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (joisi 2012: 742).

2 ix. gifordi 1988: 115.
3 ix. joisi 2000: 128; joisi 2012: 99.

125
blumis Sinagan monologSi `hamletTan~ dakavSirebuli zemoT moyvanili
sityvebi. hamletis moyvanil sityvebs ki win uZRvis horacios
cnobismoyvareobiTa da gakvirvebiT aRsavse replika _ “O day and night, but
this is wondrous strange” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.164) [`dRisa da Ramis gayras vficav,
rom es ambavi gasaoceblad ucxo aris~ (Seqspiri 1987: 336) _ da hamletis
pasuxi _ “And therefore as a stranger give it welcome” (1.5.165) [`Tu geucxova, ise
miiRe, viT ucxosa Seefereba~ (336)]. blumis gacxovelebuli interesi
idumali makintoSiani ucnobis mimarT aSkara paralels qmnis horacios
uzomo wyurvilTan, gaigos hamletisgan aCrdilis namdvili raoba Tu
vinaoba da aseve misi saidumloc. cxadia, am SemTxvevaSi, aCrdili da
makintoSiani ucnobi erTmaneTs Seesabamebian.
romanis me-7 epizodSi blumi gazeTis redaqciaSi imyofeba. erT
momentSi cxvirsaxocs amoiRebs jibidan da cxvirze aifarebs.
cxvirsaxocs Tavisi colisaTvis nayidi sapnis aromati aqvs akruli.
blumi sxva jibeSi gadaitans sapons, cxvirsaxocis amoRebisas rom ar
amouvardes. sapnis suni gaaxsenebs marTa klifordis SekiTxvas imis
Sesaxeb, Tu romel sunamos xmarobs misi coli. am dros blumi saxlSi
Sevlis ideaze dafiqrdeba. aqve, savaraudod, gasaRebi rom darCa saxlSi,
isic axsendeba. `ivning telegrafis~ redaqciidan uecari xarxari rom
moesmeba, gadawyvets SigniT Sevides. Zneli saTqmelia, ramdenad axsovs
blums am momentSi, moRalate coli rom hyavs, magram albaT SemTxveviTi
ar aris, joisisgan mkiTxvelisTvis blumis gertrudisebri colis
Sexsenebas, aSkara hamleturi aluzia rom mohyveba teqstSi:
“He enterered softly....
.... – The ghost walks, professor MacHugh murmured softly, biscuitfully to the dusty
windowpane” (joisi 2000: 156).
`Cumad Sevida1....
.... _ aCrdili dadis, Cumad wasCurCula pirnamcxvrianma profesorma
makhium fanjris damtveril rafas~ (joisi 2012: 119-120).
profesori makhiu rom ambobs aCrdili dadiso, igi Teatralur da
Jurnalistur Jargons _ `xelfass arigeben~ _ gulisxmobs,2 magram

1 igulisxmeba, rom blumi Sevida `ivning telegrafis~ redaqciis ofisSi.

2 ix. niko yiasaSvilis SeniSvna (joisi 2012: 749).

126
mkiTxvelisTvis aq `hamletTan~ kavSiric aSkarad ikveTeba. blumi rom
redaqciaSi Cumad Sevida, xolo makhium am momentSi, Cumadve rom
waiCurCula aCrdili dadiso _ es TiTqos blumis aCrdilobaze
mianiSnebs, romelsac namdvilad hyavs gertrudiviT moRalate coli,
romlisaTvis nayidi saponic es-es aris ukana jibeSi gadaitana. rogorc
fargnoli da gilespi SeniSnaven, makhius sityvebi `SeiZleba ganvixiloT,
rogorc hamletis mamis aCrdilis ironiuli Sexseneba uZiro blumTan
kavSirSi da rogorc mama-Svilis Temis Semxsenebeli, romliTac
gamsWvalulia mTeli romani~ (fargnoli ... 2006: 181). SemTxveviTi albaT
arc is aris, blums redaqciis oTaxSi stiven dedalosis mama, saimon
dedalosi, rom daxvda, radgan blums xom stivenis mimarT mamobrivi
gancdebi aqvs, xolo saimon dedalosi da misi Svili erTmaneTisgan
gaucxoebulni arian. Tu stivens parodirebul hamletad gaviazrebT,
xolo saimons, parodirebul aCrdilad, maSin maTi urTierTgaucxoebis
fonze, blumis rogorc saimonis alternatiuli aCrdilisa da stivenis
erTgvari urTierTgageba romanis bolo nawilSi, mama-Svili hamletebis
Tanamoazreobis aSkara parodias warmoadgens.
aqve niSandoblivia, rom redaqciis ofisSi, am dros, saimon
dedalosis megobari, ned lemberti sicil-xarxariT kiTxulobs vinme
movaWre-politikosis, den dosonis1 maRalfardovan da poetur gamosvlas.
gamosvlis teqstSi2 neptunia naxsenebi, iseve rogorc `hamletSi~
gaTamaSebul `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ analogiurad maRalfardovan da
poetur teqstSi3. cota mogvianebiT, profesori makhiu hamlets axsenebs
dosonis teqstTan mimarTebiT, konkretulad ki gulisxmobs horacios
maRalfardovan sityvebs riJraJis Sesaxeb: “But look, the morn in russet mantle
clad / Walks o’er the dew of yon high eastward hill” (Seqspiri 2003: 166-7) [`SexedeT,
rogor vardisfersa saburvelsaviT dilis riJraJi efineba mTis wverzed
cis nams~ (Seqspiri 1987: 326)].4

1 ix. gifordi 1988: 107.

2 “....to the tumbling waters of Neptune’s blue domain....” (joisi 2000: 157) [`....neptunis cisferi
samflobelos daudgromeli zvirTebisken....~ (joisi 2012: 120)].
3 “Full thirty times hath Phoebus’ cart gone round / Neptune’s salt wash and Tellus’ orbed ground....” (Seqspiri
2003: 3.2.136-7) [`febosis etlma ocdaaTgzis Semouara gars neptunisa zRvaT-samefos da
rgvalsa miwas....~ (Seqspiri 1987: 355)].
4 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (joisi 2012: 750).

127
 rodesac redaqciaSi stiven dedalosic imyofeba, kvlav axseneben me-6
epizodSi ukve naxseneb Caildzis mkvlelobas, romelic, savaraudod,
misma Zmam Caidina. am dros stivenis cnobierebaSi sruliad logikurad
aCrdilis Semdegi sityvebi gaielvebs: “....And in the porches of my ears did pour....”
(Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.63) [`....da is wyeuli sawamlavi yurs CamawveTa....~ (hamleti
1987: 334)].1
me-8 epizodSi blumi waxemsebamde dublinis quCebSi daiareba. mis
cnobierebaSi ramdenjerme gakrTeba hamleturi reminiscencia, Tumc ki
zogjer damaxinjebuli saxiT (ix., mag., joisi 2012: 146). ZiriTadad
aCrdilTan dakavSirebuli aluziebi da reminiscenciebia. es albaT arc
aris SemTxveviTi, radgan blumi `hamletis~ personaJebidan swored mas
Seesabameba. epizodis bolos igi Tavisi colis sayvarels, briala
boilans SeniSnavs, magram, rogorc aqamde masze fiqrebs cdilobda
gaqceoda, ise axla TviTon masac moaridebs Tvals da muzeumSi
Seafarebs Tavs. aseTi mdgomareoba blums isev da isev erTgvari
aCrdilis statuss aniWebs, radgan, rogorc hamletis mamis aCrdils ar
SeeZlo piradad gasworeboda klavdiuss fizikurad, raxan Tavad suli
iyo, ise blumsac dakarguli aqvs angariSsworebis unari. aCrdili
uxorcobis gamo ver axorcielebda Tavis mizans da amitomac sTxovda
ufliswul hamlets am amocanis Sesrulebas, xolo xorcSesxmuli blumi
sulier-fsiqikuri problemis gamo ver axerxebs amas da amitomac
damnaSavesaviT iZurweba boilanisgan.
romanis me-9 anu `skila da qaribdas~ epizodi, sadac warmodgenilia
stiven dedalosis `Seqspirul-hamleturi Teoria~, Cven ukve zemoT
ganvixileT. blumis arseboba am epizodSi ZiriTadad `scenismiRmuria~. is
mcire xniT biblioTekaSi Seivlis da ukan gamosvlisas stivensa da bak
maligans Soris gaivlis, rac mas simbolurad skilasa da qaribdas
Soris gamaval odisevsTan akavSirebs.2
`ulises~ me-10 epizodi erTgvar qveTavebad aris dayofili da
TiToeuli maTgani aRwers romanis sxvadasxva personaJis moqmedebas
dublinis quCebSi. erT-erT qveTavSi (joisi 2012: 243-244) maligani da

1 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentarebi (joisi 2012: 755).

2 ix. gifordi 1988: 255.

128
heinzi stivenze saubroben da mis `Seqspirul-hamletur~ Teoriasac
axseneben. sayuradReboa, rom am qveTavs asrulebs pasaJi, sadac
figurirebs samanZiani xomaldi `rouzvini~, romelic aseve fiqsirdeba
romanis me-3 epizodis bolo pasaJSi. es aris me-10 epizodis erTaderTi
qveTavi, sadac naxsenebia Seqspiris `hamleti~ da es samanZiani xomaldi,
rac erTgvarad mianiSnebs zemoT gamovlenili faruli hamleturi
aluziebis realur arsebobaze romanis me-3 epizodis boloSi.
me-10 epizodis erT-erT qveTavs asrulebs romanis meorexarisxovani
personaJi lenehani Semdegi sityvebiT: “....you know... There’s a touch of the artist
about old Bloom” (joisi 2000: 302) [`....ici... raRac artistuli aqvs Cvens
blums~ (joisi 2012: 230)]. savaraudod, blumis saxiT aq gandevnili
xelovanis motivi figurirebs, rac mas kvlav aCrdilTan da misi rolis
Semsrulebel SeqspirTan akavSirebs. dedniseuli “old Bloom” kidev ufro
metad aaxlovebs mas aCrdilTan, rogorc old Hamlet-Tan. garda amisa,
lenehanma es-es aris daasrula Tavis Tanamosaubre makkoisTan imis
moyola, Tu rogor gauCnda seqsualuri ltolva blumis colis mimarT,
rodesac mis gverdiT aRmoCnda etlSi. es ki gertrudisadmi klavdiusis
xorciel ltolvas gvaxsenebs da blumis aCrdilobas kidev erTxel
usvams xazs. SemTxveviTi albaT arc isaa, rom lenehanis mier uSualod am
Tavisi garyvnili `Tavgadasavlis~ moyolis win romanSi gaielvebs patrik
aloizius dignami (ix. joisi 2012: 229) _ patrik dignamis Tanamosaxele
Svili, _ romelsac mamis Tanamosaxele hamletis msgavsad, mama
axalgardacvlili hyavs.
me-10 epizodis im qveTavSi, sadac yuradReba eTmoba ymawvil patrik
dignams, SegviZlia paraleli gavavloT massa da massaviT samgloviaro
tansacmelSi gamowyobil hamlets Soris, romlebic TavianTi
Tanamosaxele mamebis gardacvalebas glovoben. am qveTavis boloSi
patriki Tavis Sinagan monologSi imeds gamoTqvams mamamisis imqveyniuri
xvedris Sesaxeb: “I hope he is in purgatory now because he went to confession to father
Conroy on Saturday night” (joisi 2000: 324) [`imedi maqvs axla salxinebelSia,
radgan SabaT saRamos aRsarebaze iyo mama konroisTan~ (joisi 2012: 246)].
es ki aSkarad hamletis mamis aCrdilTan akavSirebs gardacvlil dignams,
radgan Seqspiris piesis mixedviT, aCrdili, rogorc Cans, gansawmendelSi

129
anu salxinebelSi imyofeboda: “....And for the day confined to fast in fires, / Till the
foul crimes done in my days of nature / Are burnt and purged away” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.11-
13) [`....dRe cecxlSi viwvi, iq vmarxulob da cecxliTve vwmend, rac
sicocxleSi me codvebi momiqmednia~ (Seqspiri 1987: 334)], _ acxadebs igi.
Tumca, gardacvlili dignamisgan gansxvavebiT, aCrdils aRsarebis
Cabarebis saSualeba gardacvalebamde mcire xniT adre ar miscemia.1
romanis me-11 epizodSi raime sagulisxmo hamleturi paraleli Tu
aluzia ar gvxvdeba, garda ramdenime meorexarisxovani aluziisa,
rogoricaa, magaliTad, `simSvenieris xarki~ (joisi 2012: 267), an `kidev
Tavis qaliSvils gadaswvda~ (268). orive aluzia ofelias ukavSirdeba.2 am
epizodSi Cven mxolod msgavseba SegviZlia vipovoT blumsa da aCrdils
Soris, maTs situaciebs Soris. blumi, cota ar iyos aforiaqebulia,
radgan icis, rom sul male misi colis sxeuls briala boilani
daeufleba. naTlad Cans, rom blumi aCrdiliviT gariyulia, naRalatevi
da daRupuli. `yvelaferi daiRupa~ _ aseTia erT-erTi melodiis
saxelwodeba, romelsac blumi usmens ormond-otelis musikalur
darbazSi, da principSi, romanis am epizodis erT-erTi mTavari motivic.
romanis me-12 epizodSi pirdapiri aluzia gvxvdeba hamletis sityvebze:
“....as to the manner born” (joisi 2000: 387) [`....viT ekadreba mag wesTan
Sezrdils....~3 (joisi 2012: 295)]. swored hamletis im msjelobas, romelSic
monawileobs moyvanili sityvebi4, mohyveba moxetiale aCrdilis
Semosvlac scenaze. romanSi ki am aluzias Zalian male moqalaqis5
Semdegi sityvebi mosdevs: “– What’s that bloody freemason doing ... prowling up and
down outside?” (387) [`_ ras akeTebs es oxeri frankmasoni ... aRma-daRma rom
dawanwalebs gareT?~ (295)]. igi gulisxmobs leopold blums, romelsac
barni kirnanis pabidan Tvali mohkra quCaSi. blumis gareT wanwali
aSkarad aCrdilis RamiT xetials ukavSirdeba: “I am thy father’s spirit, / Doomed
for a certain term to walk the night....” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.9-10) [`me var suli

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.74-9; Seqspiri 1987: 335.

2 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentarebi (joisi 2012: 809).
3 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (joisi 2012: 815).
4 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 1.4.14-15; Seqspiri 1987: 332.
5 moqalaqe _ `ulises~ me-12 epizodis erT-erTi personaJi, romelsac blumTan cxare
kamaTi mouva misdami antisemituri siZulvilis niadagze, da epizodis bolos Tunuqis
qilas esvris pabidan gaqceul blums.

130
mamaSenisa da sasjelad mZevs, xansa rasme Rame viaro....~ (Seqspiri 1987:
334)], _ amcnobs aCrdili hamlets. sasjelis motivic figurirebs romanSi
am dros, radgan elf bergani profesionali jalaTis samotivacio
werilebs gadascems jou hainzs wasakiTxad. aqve elfi SeniSnavs, rom
pedi dignami naxa cota xnis win. jou ki umtkicebs, rom moelanda,
vinaidan dignami gardaicvala da ukve dakrZales kidec: “– You saw his ghost
then....” (388) [`_ imis moCveneba ginaxavs da eg ari....~ (296)]. cxadia, dignamis
moCveneba hamletis mamis aCrdilTan qmnis paralels. mama-Svil hamletsa
da mama-Svil patrik (pedi) dignams Soris arsebul erTgvar paralelizms
adre ukve gavusviT xazi. “....God between us and harm” (388) [`....RmerTo, Sen
gvixseni avi sulebisgan~ (296)], _ ambobs jou. hamletic cdilobs
gaarkvios av sulTan xom ara aqvs saqme, mamis aCrdilis nacvlad. elfs
uWirs dajereba imisa, rom dignami gardacvlilia da ramdenime saaTis
dakrZalulic ki, radgan gulwrfelad hgonia, rom xuTiode wuTis win
ixila igi quCaSi. xolo mis msmenelebs, bunebrivia, ar sjeraT is, rom man
dignami naxa. es raRacnairad exmianeba Tavdapirvelad horacios mier
aCrdilis gamocxadebis ar dajerebas: “Tush, tush, ’twill not appear” (Seqspiri
2003: 1.1.30) [`neta ras ambobT, aba eg ra dasajeria?~ (Seqspiri 1987: 324)].
moqalaqe kvlav mohkravs Tvals gareT moxetiale blums da
Tanamosaubreebs miuTiTebs: “There he is again” (390) [`_ ager isev is~ (297)].
`hamletSic~, roca aCrdili meorejer Semodis, horacio ambobs: “Peace,
break thee off. Look where it comes again” (1.1.40) [`Cumad! SehxedeT! kidev modis!~
(325)]. moqalaqe blumze SeniSnavs: “....He’s on point duty up and down there for the last
ten minutes” (390) [`....ukanaskneli aTi wuTia guSagiviT aqeT-iqiT dadis~
(298)]. sityva `guSagi~ ki im guSagebs gvaxsenebs `hamletidan~, romelTac
SuaRamisas aCrdili ecxadebodaT saguSagoze. moqalaqis avi ZaRlis
SiSiT damfrTxali blumi bolo-bolo mainc gabedavs da SemoiZurweba
pabSi. mogvianebiT, am epizodSi kidev ufro gamoikveTeba blumis
erTgvari aCrdiloba, misi Taviseburi uTvistomobisa da gariyulobis
mkafio gamovlenis saxiT.
`ulises~ me-13 epizodis mTavari personaJi blumTan erTad aris
axalgazrda, mimzidveli qaliSvili gerti makdaueli. rogorc epizodis
homerosuli saTauri migvaniSnebs, gertis paraleli `odiseaSi~ aris

131
mSvenieri qalwuli navzikae. Tumca, garda homerosuli paralelisa, mas
hyavs Seqspiruli paralelic `hamletSi~: misi mosaxele gert(rud)i.
`hamletTan~ kavSirze mianiSnebs, magaliTad, gerti makdauelis
cnobierebaSi gaelvebuli hamleturi aluzia, rodesac is blums
akvirdeba da masze fiqrobs: “....cruel only to be kind” (joisi 2000: 474) [`....Tu
sastikia, es sikeTis nayofi aris~ (joisi 2012: 360)]. am sityvebs hamleti
swored gertrudis mimarT gamoTqvams mas mere, rac amxels dedofals
uzneobaSi: “I must be cruel only to be kind” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.179) [`Tu sastiki
var, es sikeTis nayofi aris~ (Seqspiri 1987: 364)]. blumi, am SemTxvevaSi,
vnebamoreuli `aCrdilia~, romelic `Tavis~ `gertruds~ daxarbebuli
Sescqeris.
`ulises~ me-14 epizodSi blumi imyofeba erovnul samSobiaro saxlSi,
axalgazrda medikosTa Soris, romlebic ludis smiTa da oxunjuri
saubriT arian garTulni. maT Soris imyofeba stiven dedalosic. da ai,
swored aq aSkarad vlindeba blumis mamobrivi swrafva stivenisaken:
“....Leopold that had of his body no manchild for an heir looked upon him his friend’s son and
was shut up in sorrow for his forepassed happiness and as sad as he was that him failed a son of
such gentle courage....” (joisi 2000: 510) [`....leopoldi, romelsac vaJi
memkvidre ar hyavda, Sehyurebda mas, Tavisi megobris vaJs, friad
damwuxrebuli Tavisi dakarguli bednierebis gamo da rom ar eRirsa
aseTi yovelmxriv Semkuli Svili....~ (joisi 2012: 386)]1. blumi wuxs, rom
stivenisTana niWieri axalgazrda Tavqarian cxovrebas eweva da meZavebSi
flangavs, rac abadia. epizodis boloSi, stivenisadmi mamobrivi
mzrunvelobiT gamsWvaluli blumi gahyveba mas da mis megobars
saroskiposken.
me-14 epizodSi stiveni Tavis megobrebTan erTad luds svams da Tan
mkrexelur da RvTismgmobel saubars eweva. erT momentSi igi ambobs:
“....Hamlet his father showeth the prince no blister of combustion” (joisi 2000: 514)
[`....ufliswul hamlets mamamisi ar gamouCens salxineblis iarebs~ (joisi
2012: 389)]. stiveni, ra Tqma unda, gulisxmobs, rom aCrdili pirdapir ar
uyveba hamlets gansawmendelis saSinelebaTa Sesaxeb, Tumca viciT, rom
1 moyvanili citatis enobrivi stili romanis me-14 epizodis lingvistur eqsperiments
ukavSirdeba. ix. agreTve niko yiasaSvilis komentari `ulises~ me-14 epizodisaTvis
(joisi 2012: 830).

132
miniSnebiT mianiSnebs.1 rodesac stiveni Tavis mkrexelur msjelobas
sazeimod daasrulebs, gareT Zlieri Weqa-quxilis sazareli xma gaismeba
da cota xnis win siamayiT Tavgasul stivens SiSi aitans. mzrunveli
blumi amSvidebs mas da uxsnis, rom es mxolod bunebis movlenaa da sxva
araferi. miuxedavad amisa, stivens mainc eWvi RrRnis, Tavisi amxanagis,
linCis gafrTxileba marTali ar iyos da es grgvinva marTlac RvTis
risxvas ar gamoxatavdes Tavisi bilwsityvaobisa da RvTismgmobi qilikis
gamo.
me-14 epizodis im pasaJSi, romelSic molazRandare axalgazrdebs
moulodnelad Seqspiris Tanamemamule, ingliseli heinzi daadgeba Tavs,
romanis sxva epizodebSi gaelvebuli hamleturi aluziebi ielvebs kvlav.
ZiriTadad, Zmis mkvlelisa da mokluli Zmis aCrdilis motivebi
figurirebs aq.

2.5. piesa `kirke~, anu `aCrdilTa Rame~

`ulises~ me-15 anu `kirkes~ epizodi mTlianad piesis saxiTaa

dawerili da erTgvar fantasmagorias warmoadgens. rogorc niko
yiasaSvili SeniSnavs me-15 epizodisadmi miZRvnil komentarSi, `mkiTxvels
moeTxoveba blumisa da, nawilobriv, stivenis dRis manZilze miRebuli
STabeWdilebebis, moqmedebebis, Sexvedrebisa da emociebis gaxseneba, raTa
gaSifros am epizodis aluziebi~ (joisi 2012: 837). es asea konkretulad
Seqspirul-hamletur aluziebTan mimarTebiTac.
stivenisa da blumis gzebis ucnauri gaerTianeba xdeba „kirkes“
epizodSi, sadac isini erTad atareben dros belas saroskipoSi. ucnauri
imitom, rom homerosis `odiseaSi~ kirkes kunZulze odisevsi xvdeba da
masTan erTad telemaqes iq yofna Seusabamoa poemaSi aRweril
movlenebTan. Sesabamisad, `kirkes~ epizodSi stivensa da telemaqes Soris
arsebuli paralelizmi darRveulia. es, Tavis mxriv, ramdenadme asustebs
romanis am epizodSi blumsa da odisevss Soris arsebul paralelizmsac.
Tumca piesis saxiT daweril „kirkes“ epizodSi stivensa da ufliswul

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.15-20; Seqspiri 1987: 334.

133
hamlets Soris paralelebi namdvilad daiZebneba, iseve rogorc blumsa
da mefe hamletis aCrdils Soris.
`kirkes~ epizodis moqmedeba jer saroskiposken mimaval blums
mihyveba, Semdeg ki sakuTriv saroskipoSi viTardeba. TiTqmis mTeli
epizodis ganmavlobaSi blumis cnobierebaSi halucinacia halucinacias
enacvleba. gzaze, sxva `gamocxadebebisa~ Tu `Sexvedrebis~ garda, blums
qalbaton brinTan Sexvedrac moelandeba, romelTanac adre, vidre is
denis brinze gaTxovdeboda da vidre igi jouzi paueli iyo,
flirtismagvari romantikuli urTierToba hqonda. am halucinaciaSic
blumi da ukve qalbatoni brini kvlav flirts abamen. blumis
cnobierebaSi hamletis sityvebis cotaoden Secvlili varianti gaielvebs:
“The witching hour of night” (joisi 2000: 575) [`Ramis bneli Jami grZneulT
safari~ (joisi 2012: 436)]. ufliswuli am sityvebs warmoTqvams mas mere,
rac Tavisi dadgmuli piesisgan miRebuli Sedegebis safuZvelze
gadawyvets, rom aRasrulos klavdiusze SurisZieba: “’Tis now the very
witching time of night” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.349) [`aw dadga Ramis bneli Jami
grZneulT saferi....~ (Seqspiri 1987: 359)]. niSandoblivia agreTve blumis
Semdegi sityvebi qalbatoni brinis mimarT: “When you made your present choice
they said it was beauty and the beast. I can never forgive you for that.... All you meant to me
then.... Woman, it’s breaking me!” (575) [`roca axlandeli arCevani gaakeTeT1,
yvela ambobda es mzeTunaxavisa da urCxulis kavSiriao. amas verasodes
gapatiebT.... ara da, ra iyaviT CemTvis maSin.... esaa, rom mklavs, qalo!~
(436)]. blumis am sityvebis meSveobiT saintereso hamleturi paraleli
ikveTeba. blumi, romelic stivenisadmi mamobrivi zrunviT
gamsWvalulobis gamo xvdeba dublinis am saroskipoTa ubanSi, kvlav
aCrdilis rolSia; xolo qalbatoni brini _ gertrudis. gertrudiviT,
manac, blumis sityvebis mixedviT, ugvano kacze gacvala RirsebebiT
Semkuli pirveli satrfo anu Tavad leopoldi. gavixsenoT, rogor
cdilobs hamletic, daanaxos dedamiss gansxvaveba mis adrindel
meuRlesa da axlandels Soris2, da ra Tqma unda, gavixsenoT gertrudsa

1 blumi gulisxmobs jouzis gaTxovebas denis brinze.

2 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 3.4.53-71; Seqspiri 1987: 362.

134
da klavdiuss Soris damyarebuli kavSiris Sefaseba sakuTriv aCrdilis
mier.1
vidre blumi bela koenis saroskipomde miva, erT-erT halucinaciaSi
mas fantasmagoriul sasamarTloze sasikvdilo ganaCens gamoutanen. mis
dasacavad gardacvlili pedi dignamis suli gamocxaddeba da etyvis mas:
“Bloom, I am Paddy Dignam’s spirit. List, list, O list!” (joisi 2000: 597) [`blum, me
suli var pedi dignamisa. axla ki mismine, hoi, mismine!~ (joisi 2012: 454)].
swored aseTi sityvebiT mimarTavs aCrdili hamlets: “I am thy father’s spirit....
List, list, oh list!” (Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.9; 1.5.22) [`me suli var mamiSenisa.... exla ki
momismine, hoi, mismine!~ (Seqspiri 1987: 334)]. es kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs,
rom blumis garda, hamletis mamis aCrdils gardacvlili pedi dignamic
Seesabameba. faqtiurad, aq erT `aCrdils~ meore ecxadeba. blumis
samgloviaro Cacmuloba dignamis gardacvalebiT aris ganpirobebuli.
swored mis dakrZalvaze rom iyo blumi _ amiT gadaurCeba is
warmosaxviT sikvdiliT dasjas.
`kirkes~ epizodSi, sxva mravali adamianisa Tu arsebis garda, blums
Tavis fantasmagoriul samyaroSi Seqspiric ecxadeba. Seqspiris
gamocxadebas blumis fantaziaSi stivenis megobris, linCis mier hamletis
sityvebis citireba aZlevs biZgs: “The mirror up to nature” (joisi 2000: 671)
[`bunebas sarked gauxdes~2 (joisi 2012: 513)]. linCis am replikaze blumi
sarkeSi Caixedavs da Sig sakuTari Tavis nacvlad Seqspirs dainaxavs,
rac kvlav maT Soris arsebul kavSirze mianiSnebs. niSandoblivia, rom
am dros stivenic iyureba imave sarkeSi, magram, gansxvavebiT blumisgan,
arc Seqspiri elandeba da arc sxva vinme. amiT joisi albaT migvaniSnebs,
rom ufliswuli hamletis mimbaZvelma stivenma ar icis an ar ufiqria
mefe hamletis aCrdilis rolis Semsrulebel Seqspirsa da misdami
mamobrivad ganwyobil blums Soris arsebuli kavSiris Sesaxeb. Seqspiris
moCvenebis mier warmoTqmuli pirveli sityvebi _ “’Tis the loud laugh bespeaks
the vacant mind” (671) [`xmamaRali sicilia fuW gons rom amxels~ (513)], _
SegviZlia davukavSiroT hamletis mier msaxiobisadmi micemul darigebas,
romlis ZiriTadi azria, rom msaxiobebi unda eridon zedmet yvirilsa da

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 1.5.42-57; Seqspiri 1987: 334.

2 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.18-19; Seqspiri 1987: 352.

135
sicils scenaze, radgan amiT mxolod TavianT uniWobas daamtkiceben.1
zustad am darigebaSi vxvdebiT linCisgan citirebul hamletis sityvebs
_ “The mirror up to nature” [`bunebas sarked gauxdes~], _ romlebmac biZgi
misces blumis ganxilul halucinacias. Semdeg, Seqspiris moCvenebis
sityvebSi misi `otelos~ personaJTa saxelebi gakrTeba damaxinjebuli
formiT. am piesis ZiriTadi movlena _ qmrisgan moRalated Seracxuli
udanaSaulo colis sikvdiliT dasja _ udavod upirispirdeba blumis
TiTqmis gulgril damokidebulebas Tavisi colis moRalateobis
namdvili faqtis mimarT, ris Sesaxebac blums zusti informacia aqvs da
sabuTebic ar sWirdeba. roca Seqspiris moCveneba jer kidev imyofeba misi
fantasmagoriuli xilvis scenaze, blums moelandeba patrik dignamis
daqvrivebuli meuRle Tavis SvilebTan erTad. patrik dignamsa da
hamletis mamis aCrdils Soris arsebul paralelizmze ukve araerTxel
gvqonda zemoT saubari. blumis halucinaciaSi qalbatoni dignami
samgloviaro ZaZebSia Cacmuli da Tan gamosapranWad saxes iRebavs da
ipudreba. am suraTis fonze blumiseuli Seqspiris moCveneba
damaxinjebuli formiT ambobs `gonzagos mkvlelobaSi~ dedoflis
personaJis mier warmoTqmul sityvebs: “None wed the second but who killed the
first” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.161) [`aravis SeurTavs meore, visac ar mouklavs
pirveli~2]. cxadia, blumis warmosaxvaSi qalbatoni dignami, romelic Tan
samgloviarod aris Semosili da Tan ipranWeba, gertruds ukavSirdeba,
romelsac gardacvlili qmris glova jer ar hqonda dasrulebuli, rom
meored iqorwina.
blumis halucinaciur fantaziaSi amotivtivebuli Seqspiris saxe
kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom blumi hamletis mamis aCrdilis
modernistuli parodiaa. aCrdils saflavSi ar asvenebs sakuTari colis
Ralati da gamwarebuli gaandobs hamlets Tavis gulistkivils. blumi
ki, uSualod Seqspiris molandebis win, sakuTar colsa da mis sayvarels
Soris realurad Semdgari sqesobrivi aqtis sakmaod naturalistur
rekonstruqcias axdens Tavis cnobierebaSi, da SeZrwunebis nacvlad, am

1 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.1-12; 3.2.14-29; 3.2.31-36; Seqspiri 1987: 352. ix. agreTve niko yiasaSvilis
komentari (joisi 2012: 850).
2 ix. niko yiasaSvilis komentari (joisi 2012: 850).

136
warmosaxvisgan aRZruli vnebiT tkbeba. xolo, Seqspiris moCvenebis
gamocxadebis meSveobiT blumsa da aCrdils Soris arsebuli paralelis
SexsenebiT, joisis parodia saocrad groteskul saxes iZens da amxels
blumis anomaliur fsiqikasa da sulier degradacias.
me-15 epizodi ZiriTadad blumis halucinaciuri Tavgadasavlebisagan
Sedgeba, Tumca verc stiveni gadaurCeba erT aseT `Tavgadasavals~
epizodis bolosken da garkveul usiamovnebasac gadaeyreba amis gamo.
kaxpebTan cekva-trialiT Tavbrudaxveul da amave dros mTvral stivens
dedis ConCxad qceuli moCveneba moelandeba, romlis pirveli sityvebia:
“I was once the beautiful May Goulding. I am dead” (joisi 2000: 681) [`erT dros
lamazi mei guldingi viyavi. axla mkvdari var~ (joisi 2012: 521)]. es
gvagonebs gardacvlil ofeliaze Tqmul mesaflavis sityvebs, rodesac
hamleti dainteresdeba, vis uTxris saflavs: “One that was a woman sir, but rest
her soul she’s dead” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.1.114) [`erTi vismesTvis, romelic, _
RmerTma ulxinos imis sulsa, _ dedakaci iyo da exla ki mZovria~
(Seqspiri 1987: 379)]. stiveni cdilobs moCvenebul dedas gaagebinos, rom
Tavad araviTari roli ar hqonia mis sikvdilSi. dedis moCveneba ki
mouwodebs mas codvebis monaniebisaken; afrTxilebs, rom sxvagvarad
jojoxeTi moelis, da evedreba RmerTs, rom ixsnas Tavisi Svili
daRupvisagan. es Segoneba stivenSi agresias iwvevs: is ilanZReba, imuqreba
da bolos saroskipos WaRsac lewavs Tavisi ifnis xeljoxiT.
rogorc hamlets ecxadeba gardacvlili mamis aCrdili (jer gareT
saguSagoze, Semdeg sasaxleSi dedamisTan kamaTis dros), ise stivens
ecxadeba `kirkes~ epizodSi gardacvlili dedis moCveneba. hamletis mamis
aCrdili, rogorc hamleti avxorc dedamiss zneobrivi Segonebisas
mianiSnebs, nacrisfrad elavs. stivenis halucinaciaSi dedamisis
moCveneba, romelic aqeT cdilobs avxorcobaSi gamoWerili Svili
Seagonos, gaxrwnili gvamia. hamleti da aCrdili Tanamoazreebi arian:
mama Svils andobs Tavisi sikvdilis saidumlos da mouwodebs
SurisZiebisken. stivenis dedis moCvenebas ki swored is faqti ar aZlevs
mosvenebas, rom sakuTari Svili misi Tanamoazre ar aris: rogorc adrec
SevniSneT, stivenma uaryo momakvdavi dedis mowodeba, rom daeCoqa da
eloca dedis sasikvdilo sareclis win, da misi sikvdilis Semdeg,

137
rogorc `kirkes~ epizodidanac Cans, stiveni agrZelebs saroskipoebSi
siarulsa da uRvTo cxovrebas. hamlets aCrdili ecodeba misi bedis
gamo, stiveni ki, piriqiT, aqeT ecodeba dedis moCvenebas da ufals
sTxovs sabolood ar daRupos Tavisi Svili. hamlets Zalian uWirs
SurisZieba, magram boloSi mainc aRasrulebs aCrdilis mowodebas da
moklavs klavdiuss. stivens danaSaulis gancda aqvs dedis moCvenebis
winaSe, Tumca bolos mainc ukuagdebs mis mowodebas, sigiJe mouvlis,
daamsxvrevs saroskipos WaRs da gareT gavardeba. cxadia, aq aSkara
paralelizmia „ulisesa“ da „hamlets“ Soris, magram mZafri kontrastuli
mimarTebiT.
aRsaniSnavia, rom erTgvari gansxvaveba SeimCneva hamletis mamis
aCrdilisa da meri dedalosis moCvenebis warmomavlobebs Soris. meri
dedalosis moCveneba ufro stivenis cnobierebis nayofia vidre hamletis
mamis aCrdiliviT obieqtur realobaSi movlenili arseba. stiveni dedis
moCvenebisgan axals arafers gebulobs. mis cnobierebaSi mxolod
warsulis suraTebi iRviZebs am dros. swored warsulSi rom uaryo
dedis Txovna, imitom ecxadeba axla misi moCveneba da adanaSaulebs
Cadenili saqcielis gamo. stivenis cnobierebaSi daleqili faqtebis
logikuri Sedegia es moCvenebac. da arc isaa SemTxveviTi, rom
saroskipoSi yofnisas elandeba dedamisi, radgan swored aq axorcielebs
stiveni garyvnilebis im aqtebs, romlis gamoc deda amxelda mas
gardacvalebamdec. hamleti ki mamis aCrdilisagan absoluturad axalsa
da konkretul informacias gebulobs, kerZod imas, rom misi mama ki ar
momkvdara, aramed mokles; imas Tu vin aris amis Camdeni, da rogor da ra
viTarebaSi Caidina es. aqedan gamomdinare, gamoricxulia hamletis
cnobierebis nayofi yofiliyo es yvelaferi, vinaidan mis mexsierebaSi es
faqtebi ver iarsebebda da Sesabamisad verc daileqeboda cnobierebaSi,
rogorc warsulis landebi, romlebic kacma ar icis ra dros
amotivtivdeba.
„kirkes“ epizodSi dedaSviluri siyvarulis disharmoniis fonze,
mZafrad ikveTeba mamaSviluri siyvarulis harmoniuloba. am
erTmoqmedebiani piesa-epizodis boloSi blumi TiTqmis gondakargul
stivens mieSveleba. miwaze gaSxlarTuli da galeSili stivenis Semyures,

138
Tavisi 11 dRis asakSi gardacvlili vaJi, udReuri rudi moelandeba 11
wlis biWunas saxiT. daaxloebiT am asakis iqneboda axla rudi, rom
ecocxla, rac kidev erTxel gvagonebs, rom Seqspiris vaJi hamnetic 11
wlis iyo, roca gardaicvala. rudis moCvenebas xelSi wigni uWiravs da
kiTxulobs, rac gvaxsenebs, rom aCrdilis rolis Semsrulebeli
Seqspiris `Svilobil~ hamlets erT-erT scenaSi, rudiviT, wigni uWiravs
da kiTxulobs.1 cxadia, blumis cnobierebaSi susti da udReurobiT
daCagruli rudis warmosaxva daCagruli stivenisadmi mamobrivi grZnobis
gancdam gamoiwvia. es gasakviri arc aris, radgan blumi swored stivenSi
eZebs gardacvlili Zis Semcvlels. Tumca rendal pogorzelskis
(pogorzelski 2016: 104) azriT, mocemul momentSi blumis halucinaciur
warmosaxvaSi rudis moCvenebis gamoCena eWqveS ayenebs blumsa da stivens
Soris SesaZlebel mama-Svilur daaxloebas, radgan amiT miniSnebulia,
rom mainc rudia blumis realuri Svili da ara stiveni.
saerTod ismis kiTxva: ratom miiswrafvis mamobrivi grZnobebiT
gamsWvaluli blumi maincdamainc stiven dedalosisken da ara romelime
sxva axalgazrdisken? amaSi yvelaze did rols albaT stivenSi blumis
mier moazrovne da Rrmaderudirebuli adamianis danaxva asrulebs. blumi
is tipaJia, romelic gonierebasa da erudirebulobas gansakuTrebulad
afasebs adamianSi. miuxedavad imisa, rom Tavad igi am TvalsazrisiT ar
gamoirCeva, mas mudam swrafva aqvs, rom aseTi iyos. blumis mier `sulier
memkvidred~ stivenis gamorCevas swored dasaxelebuli mizezi rom udevs
ZiriTad safuZvlad, mbodav stivenze blumis replikac mianiSnebs: “Poetry.
Well educated. Pity” (joisi 2000: 702) [`leqsebi. didad ganaTlebuli. afsus~
(joisi 2012: 537)]. garda amisa, blumis swrafvas maincadamainc stivenisaken
xels uwyobs is garemoebac, rom igi kargad icnobs stivenis mamas da
xedavs, rom saimon dedalosi saTanado yuradRebas ver aqcevs Tavis vaJs.
xolo Seqspirul-hamleturi paralelebi kidev erTxel migvaniSnebs, rom
blumisTvis stiven dedalosia rudis monacvle, iseve, rogorc
SeqspirisTvis ufliswuli hamletia hamnetis monacvle. es agreTve
gvaxsenebs stivenis `Seqspirul Teorias~, romlis Tanaxmadac Seqspiri
`mefe hamletis aCrdilia~, hamneti ki _ `ufliswuli hamleti~.

1 ix. Seqspiri 1987: 341.

139
 amrigad, rudi asociaciurad gaigivebulia hamnetTan, xolo blumi,
Sesabamisad, SeqspirTan; stiveni _ ufliswul hamletTan, romelTan
mimarTebiTac blumi ukve aCrdils Seesabameba. stivenis `hamletoba~
araerTxel aris xazgasmuli mis `telemaqiadaSi~, iseve, rogorc blumis
`aCrdiloba~ _ mis `odiseaSi~. `kirkes~ epizodis bolos gamovlenili
mama-Svilur mimarTebaTa asociaciuri gama ki asrulebs blumis `odiseas~
da romanis meore nawils. niSandoblivia, rom `stivenis~ `telemaqiadas~
boloSic, sxva asociaciebTan erTad, hamleturi asociaciebic
figurirebs, riTac xazgasmulia, rom stiveni ara mxolod `telemaqea~,
aramed `ufliswuli hamletic~. blumis `odiseas~ dasasruliTac joisi
analogiurad migvaniSnebs, rom blumi ara mxolod moxetiale
`odisevsia~, aramed moxetiale `aCrdilic~. blumis `aCrdilobas~ xazs
usvams isic, rom piesis saxiT dawerili `kirkes~ epizodis moqmedebis
dro SuaRamea, anu `hamletSi~ aCrdilis gamocxadebis dro, da aseve es
aris romanSi erTaderTi epizodi, sadac adgili aqvs moCvenebebis
`gamocxadebebs~.

2.6. `mama-Svili~ hamleti

`ulises~ me-16 epizodSi blumsa da stivens Soris ukve uSualo

urTierToba Sedgeba. sakomunikacio veli ZiriTadad blums upyria.
stiveni pasiurobs, radgan gadaRlili da gamofitulia. misi laparaki
ZiriTadad mokle replikebiT Semoifargleba. Tumca, mTels romanSi
mainc es aris pirveli SemTxveva, rodesac blumi da stiveni marTlac
erTad arian da sxvac aravin axlavT Tan. mamobrivi mzrunvelobiT
anTebuli blumi stivens meetleTa uaxloes TavSesafarSi miiyvans, raTa
iq cota daasvenos da yaviTa da funTuSiT moamagros.
blumTan saubarSi stiveni pirdapir avlens Tavis gulciv
damokidebulebas sakuTar mamasTan. rodesac blumi ekiTxeba, Tu sad
cxovrobs saimon dedalosi, stivenis pasuxia: “I believe he is in Dublin
somewhere” (joisi 2000: 713) [`mgoni aq sadRac dublinSi unda iyos~ (joisi

140
2012: 545)]. blums, ra Tqma unda, ar moswons stivenis amgvari distancireba
mamisagan.
blumi ramdenadme frTxilad esaubreba stivens, magram aSkarad
damrigeblurad. is udavod xedavs da afasebs stivenis niWs, gonebasa da
erudicias, magram, amave dros, xedavs mis fantaziorobasa da
arapragmatulobas. stivenis msoflmxedvelobis idealisturi tendenciebi
aSkara winaaRmdegobaSi modis blumis materialistur, bunebismetyvelur
da praqticistul xedvasTan. SeiZleba aq erTgvari paraleli gavavloT,
erTi mxriv, stivenisa da hamletis idealistur xedvebsa da, meore mxriv,
blumisa da aCrdilis ufro pragmatul xedvebs Soris. aCrdils naklebad
ainteresebs hamletis tragikuli refleqsia amqveyniuri amaoebisa da
sayovelTao borotebis Sesaxeb, da ufliswuls moqmedebisken,
SurisZiebis aRsrulebisken mouwodebs. blumic stivens muSaobisa da
sakuTari SesaZleblobebis realizebisken mouwodebs. aCrdili rom
moqmedebis kaci iyo, amaze sicocxleSi misgan ufrosi fortinbrasis
damarcxeba mianiSnebs. blumic TiTqos moqmedebis kacia, Tumca is, amave
dros, meocnebec aris, da realurad, misi miRwevebi aCrdilis miRwevebis
aCrdilia mxolod.
blumisa da stivenis saubarSi mkafiod vlindeba, rom blums RmerTis
arsebobis ar swams, miuxedavad imisa, rom monaTlulia kaToliked.
stiveni ki RmerTis arsebobisadmi garkveul rwmenas avlens: “[T]hat [...] has
been proved conclusively by several of the best known passages in Holy Writ, apart from
circumstantial evidence” (joisi 2000: 733) [`es ucilobladaa dadasturebuli
saRvTo werilis ramdenime kargad cnobil teqstSi, gare damowmebebze
rom araferi iTqvas~ (joisi 2012: 559)], _ ambobs is. magram joisi
SeniSnavs: “On this knotty point, however, the views of the pair, poles are apart as they were,
both in schooling and everything else, with the marked difference in their respective ages,
clashed” (733) [`mokamaTeebi, sruliad polarulad gansxvavebulebi, rogorc
ganaTlebulobis ise yvela sxva TvalsazrisiT, Tanac esoden
gansxvavebuli asakisa, am CaxlarTul sakiTxSi erTmaneTs Seejaxnen~
(559)]. rodesac blumi wminda werilis sityvebis mimarT urwmunoebas
gamoxatavs, is `hamletsac~ axsenebs: “My belief is, to tell you the candid truth, that
those bits were genuine forgeries all of them put in by monks most probably or it’s the big

141
question of our national poet over again, who precisely wrote them, like Hamlet and Bacon, as
you who know your Shakespeare infinitely better than I, of course I needn’t tell you” (733)
[`gulwrfelad rom giTxraT, yvela eg teqsti namdvil nayalbevad
mimaCnia, yvelaze savaraudoa, rom berebis Camatebulia, anda Tundac Cveni
didi erovnuli poetis problemisa ar iyos, mainc vin dawera magaliTad
`hamleti~ da beikoni, razec, Cemgan ar geswavlebaT, radgan Tqven Tqvens
Seqspirs, ra Tqma unda, Cemze gacilebiT ukeT icnobT~ (560)]. rwmenis
sakiTxSi stivenisa da blumis dapirispirebac bunebrivad Seesatyviseba
maT msoflmxedvelobebs Soris arsebul idealistur-materialistur
kontrasts.
bolos blumi Tavis saxlSi wayvanas SesTavazebs stivens da
faqtiurad yovelgvari winaaRmdegobis gareSe stiveni daTanxmdeba mis
SemoTavazebas. isini xelixelgayrilebi midian gzaze da Tan saubroben.
blums ar unda gauSvas stivenTan ufro meti saubris Sansi. amave dros,
mas, cxadia, mamobrivi mzrunvelobac amoZravebs misdami.
`ulises~ me-17 epizodi katexizmos formiT aris dawerili. am
epizodis pirveli naxevari blumisa da stivenis sulieri kavSiris
erTgvari analizia. warmoCenilia maT Soris arsebuli saerTo da
ganmasxvavebeli pirovnuli niSnebi. blumi Ramis gaTevas SesTavazebs
stivens sakuTar saxlSi, magram stiveni Tavazianad uars etyvis. blumi
stivenTan momavali urTierTobis SesaZleblobebs eZebs da wamoayenebs
ideas, rom Tavisma colma simReraSi amecadinos stiveni, xolo stiveni
molis italiuris SeswavlaSi daexmaros. blumis am ideaSi, garda
stivenisken mamobrivi swrafvisa, aleqsander uelSi (uelSi 2001: 167)
saintereso hamletur paralels xedavs. misi azriT, rogorc aCrdili
cdilobda hamletis daxmarebiT CamoeSorebina Tavisi saqorwino
sareclisaTvis uzurpatori klavdiusi, iseve surs blumsac sakuTari
colis yuradReba stiveniT daakavos da amgvarad CamoaSoros Tavis
saqorwino sarecels uzurpatori boilani. Tumca stiveni blumis
zemoxsenebuli ideisadmi did enTuziazms ar avlens da blumic grZnobs,
rom am ideas ganxorcieleba naklebad uweria. aqedan gamomdinare,
SeiZleba iTqvas, rom blumisa da stivenis `erTsulovneba~ mama-Svili
hamletis erTsulovnebis parodias warmoadgens mxolod.

142
 garda uelSis mier miniSnebuli hamleturi paralelisa, me-17
epizodSi, Tu ar CavTvliT ramdenime umniSvnelo aluzias, TiTqos ar
ikveTeba kidev raime mkafio da sagulisxmo hamleturi paralelizmi.
SegviZlia CavTvaloT, rom blumsa da stivens Soris sabolood mainc ver
Sedga mama-Sviluri erTsulovneba. Tumca, rogorc zak boueni (boueni
1975: 58) SeniSnavs, erTgvari erToba mainc Sedga maT Soris Tundac imiT,
rom isini garkveulwilad Seexnen erTmaneTis Sinagan samyaros. aSkaraa
isic, rom mxolod blumi eltvoda am erTsulovnebis miRwevas, stiveni ki
namdvilad ar hgavda mamis maZiebel telemaqes. miuxedavad yvelafrisa,
blumi mainc kmayofilia am SedegiT. saboloo jamSi, igi egueba da
emorCileba Tavis Cveul yofas, romelic misi ocnebebisa da
ganuxorcielebeli miznebis parodiadac ki ver gamodgeba albaT.

2.7. parodiuli gertrudi da `ulises~ dasasruli

`ulises~ damasrulebeli, me-18 epizodi mTlianad moli blumis

Sinagan monologs warmoadgens, romelic cnobierebis nakadis teqnikiT
aris gadmocemuli. es monologi dayofilia rva uzarmazar, ramdenime
gverdian `winadadebad~, oRond abzacebis meSveobiT da ara wertilebis
safuZvelze, radgan am epizodSi araviTari sasveni niSani ar aris, albaT
isev da isev cnobierebis dinebis ufro damajerebeli simulaciisaTvis.
TviTon es dayofac TiTqos ramdenadme xelovnuria, radgan yovelTvis ar
aRniSnavs molis cnobierebis mimarTulebis sagulisxmo Secvlas, maSin
roca TviT am `winadadebebis~ SigniT zogjer adgili aqvs erTob mkveTr
cvlilebasac.
molis cnobierebaSi hamletur aluziebs namdvilad ver vipoviT,
magram misi cnobierebis Sinaarsidan gamomdinare, SegviZlia garkveuli
daskvnebi gamovitanoT mis pirovnebaze da gavavloT paraleli massa da
dedofal gertruds Soris. marTlac sainteresoa moli blumis Sedareba-
Sepirispireba gertrudTan da maT Soris msgavseba-gansxvavebis gamovlena.
molica da gertrudic, oriveni Ralatoben sakuTar qmrebs. Tumca,
hamleti molis Svili rom yofiliyo, Zneli safiqrebelia mis zneobriv

143
Segonebas sindisis qenjna aReZra moliSi, rac man garkveulwilad
gamoiwvia gertrudSi. molisaTvis Svilis aseTi braldeba albaT ufro
sasacilo iqneboda vidre SemaZrwunebeli, maSin roca gertrudma
hamletis mamxilebeli sityvebis Semdeg TiTqos ramdenadme SeigrZno
Tavisi codvis simZime. igi, molisagan gansxvavebiT, tragikuli pirovnebaa.
misi susti buneba ver ewinaaRmdegeba irgvliv gamefebul borotebas,
romelzec hamleti miuTiTebs. rac Seexeba molis, misTvis blumi,
boilani da sxva mravali, romelTa saxelebi TviTonac ar axsovs, pirvel
rigSi, misi romantikul-seqsualuri Tavgadasavlebis personaJebia. qmars
rom Ralatobs, molisTvis arafers niSnavs. igi cuds verafers xedavs
imaSi, rom axal-axali seqsualuri Tavgadasavlebi da fantaziebi eZios
sxvadasxva mamakacebTan. es misi arCevania. misi cnobierebis nakadidan Cven
vgebulobT, rom molisTvis misi cxovrebis yvelaze saintereso da
sasiamovno momentebi swored aseT Tavgadasavlebs ukavSirdeba, romelTa
mogoneba ase xSirad aZaxebinebs „hos“. Tu blumi degradirebuli
aCrdilia, xolo stiveni _ degradirebuli hamleti, maSin molic
SegviZlia degradirebul gertrudad CavTvaloT. ra Tqma unda,
gertruds, Tavis mxriv, ar aklia degradaciis garkveuli xarisxi, magram
modernistuli dacema renesansulze bevrad ufro Rrma da srulia.
Seqspiris hamletis tragikuli saxe Tavisebur transformacias
ganicdis joisTan da aSkarad tragikomikur elfers iZens. hamletis
maRalbunebovneba mwvaved aRiqvams SeqspirTan mocemul sinamdviles da
swored misi aseTi buneba ver guobs kompromisuli gzis Ziebas,
stiveniseuli oqros Sualedis moZebnas – gavlas `skilasa~ da `qaribdas~
Soris da amiT erTgvarad dilemis neitralizacias. gmiri hamletis
Widili samyarosTan amaoa, radgan samyaro titanuria Tavisi ZaliT. am
amaoebis gacnobiereba tragikul SegrZnebas badebs. magram stiven
dedalosis an blumisTana araheroikuli, ubralo mokvdavebis „Serkineba“
titanur samyarosTan ar SeiZleba mxolod tragikul grZnobebs
aRZravdes. masSi komikuric bevri iqneba; miT ufro, rodesac erTmaneTs
SevadarebT, erTi mxriv, im araordinalurad mZime situacias, romelSic
hamletia Cavardnili da, meore mxriv, im mdgomareobas, romelSic stiveni
da blumi imyofebian TavianTi cxovrebis erT banalur dRes. hamlets

144
`naRrZobi~ droebis gasworeba daevala gangebisagan; TiTqos masze mTeli
kacobriobis bedia damokidebuli. am mZime tvirTis fonze ki, stivenisa
da blumis problemebi Zalian patara Cans, problemebi, romelic ar
scildeba sakuTriv stiven dedalosisa da leopold blumis farglebs,
maTi gadarCena-argadarCenis sakiTxs. Tumca, vin icis, am tragikomikuri
parodiis ukan iqneb ufro didi tragediac imaleba, raki is gamoxatavs
adamianis sulier daclilobasa da dekadanss, mis deheroizaciasa da
detitanizacias.
saintereso mimarTebaa am TvalsazrisiT „hamletisa“ da „ulises“
dasasrulTa Soris, riTac aSkarad vlindeba, Seqspiris tragizms
joisTan tragikomikuroba rom enacvleba. joisi Rebulobs im
cxovrebiseul mocemulobas, rac ase ar unda miiRos Seqspirs. swored
amitom, „uliseSi“ krizisi kompromisulad aris daZleuli, TiTqos misi
arseboba erTgvarad ignorirebulicaa; „hamletSi“ ki krizisi bolomde
dauZleveli rCeba.
hamletis ukanaskneli sityvebi _ “....the rest is silence” (Seqspiri 2003:
5.2.337) [„sxva raRa darCa? saukuno siCume mxolod“ (Seqspiri 1987: 389)] _
sicarielisa da didi sulieri daqanculobis SegrZnebas gamoxatavs.
marTalia, piesaSi daxatul samyaroSi kvanZis gaxsna TiTqos xdeba, magram
hamletis Sinagan samyaroSi kvanZi mainc gauxsneli rCeba: hamleturi
problema gadauwyvetelia; mas es problema saflavSi Caaqvs, xolo Cven
maradiul safiqrals gvitovebs.
moli blumis cnobierebaSi asaxuli, „ulises“ damaboloebeli
sityvebi _ “....yes I will Yes” (joisi 2000: 933) [„....ho me Tanaxma ho“ (joisi
2012: 707)], _ TiTqos xazs usvams adamianis Tavisufali nebisa da arCevnis
arsebobas, magram imavdroulad erTgvar daTmobas gamoxatavs im
dacemulobis mimarT, rasac hamleti aumxedrda adamianSi. cxadia, moli
aq igonebs, Tu rogor daTanxmda blums colobaze, magram am vnebiani
Tanxmobis ukan ufro meti imaleba, vidre realurad Cans. rogorc moli
ixsenebs, am Tanxmobis gancxadebamde mas blumze gaufiqrebia: “....well as
well him as another....” (933) [`....gind es yofila da gind sxva....~ (707)].
faqtiurad, amiT yvelaferi naTqvamia. aq WeSmarit siyvarulsa Tu sxva
amaRlebul grZnobebze saubari zedmetia.

145
 amrigad, is, rac humanisturi suliskveTebiT gamsWvalul `hamletSi~
tragikuli gancdis mizezia, `ulises~ modernistul samyaroSi mxolod
tragikomikuri parodiis safuZvelia. adamianis dacemuli bunebis
winaaRmdeg mimarTul hamletur amboxs, joisTan am sinamdvilisadmi
stiven dedalosiseuli ironiuli damokidebuleba enacvleba. colis
Ralatis gamo aCrdilis mZime dards ki blumis nelTbili wuxili
anacvlebs amave movlenaze. ufro metic, SeiZleba iTqvas, blumi am
problemis ara mxolod gaubraloebas axdens, aramed TiTqos misi sruli
ignorirebisaken miiswrafvis, riTac uTuod postmodernuli epoqis
usaxuri kacunas winamorbedad warmogvidgeba.
yovelive zemoTqmulidan gamomdinare, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom `ulises~
modernistul samyaroSi hamletis renesansul-humanisturi suliskveTebis
mxolod nakvaleviRa aris SemorCenili da xSirad isic damaxinjebuli
formiT. hamleturi asociaciebi umal am suliskveTebisagan gamijvnas
emsaxureba romanSi, vidre masTan daaxloebas. am asociaciebis analizi ki
cxadyofs, rom modernizmi swored im did gaugebrobasa da qaoss
amzadebs, rac postmodernistuli epoqis saxiT iwvnia kacobriobam.

146
 3. `hamletis~ postmodernistuli interpretacia:
stopardis `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~

3.1. ori teqsti stopardis piesaSi

tom stopardis `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ aris

piesa, romelic warmogvidgens rozenkrancisa da gildensternis TvaliT
danaxul Seqspiris `hamletis~ ambavs da amave dros, gvixatavs Seqspiris
am meorexarisxovani personaJebis cxovrebisa da xasiaTebis axal
detalebs. aqedan gamomdinare, stopardis piesisTvis ukve eseni arian
mTavari gmirebi, xolo hamleti da yvela danarCeni mxolod meoradi
personaJebis funqcias iTavseben. es garemoeba, rogorc niko yiasaSvili
SeniSnavs, `miuTiTebs avtoris ganzraxvaze _ Seqspiris tragediis
deheroizacia moaxdinos~ (yiasaSvili 1972: 43). `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~, uiliam dimastesis TqmiT, `sargeblobs
SemTxveviT da svams kiTxvas, Tu raze SeiZleba fiqrobdes ori
meorexarisxovani personaJi didi Sinaarsis matarebel piesaSi, rodesac
movlenaTa niaRvari walekvas uqadis maT arsebobas da miaqanebs maT
sasikvdilo bediswerisken~ (dimastesi 2012: 48-49).
ganxiluli piesa, faqtobrivad, ori teqstisgan Sedgeba. pirveli da
umetesi nawili sakuTriv stopardiseulia da ZiriTadad warmoadgens
Tanamedrove inglisur enaze rozenkrancsa da gildensterns Soris
gamarTul dialogebs, da agreTve maT saubars moxetiale msaxiobTa
dasis xelmZRvanel msaxiobTan; xolo meore teqsti, `hamletidan~
ucvlelad nasesxebi fragmentebia, Seqspiris enis sruli SenarCunebiT,
Tumca stopardi Tavisi interpretaciiT SigadaSig mainc avsebs am teqsts
axali remarkebiT. `hamletis~ teqstis umetesi nawili stopardis piesis
miRma rCeba, magram piesaSi moxvedril nawilTan misi faruli da
ganuyofeli Tanaarseboba yvela SemTxvevaSi igulisxmeba. is, rac
SeqspirTan sceniseulia, stopardTan ZiriTadad scenismiRmuria.
niSandoblivia, rom Tavisi piesis meore moqmedebis pirveli remarkis
boloSi stopardi Seqspiris piesis konkretul moqmedebasa da konkretul
suraTze migviTiTebs: “The first intelligible line is HAMLET’s, coming at the end of a
147
short speech—See Shakespeare Act II, scene ii” 1 (stopardi 1967: 39) [`pirveli taepi,
romelic gasagebad moismeba, hamletis mokle replikis boloSia _ ix.
Seqspiri, moqmedeba II, suraTi ii~2]. amiT stopardi xazs usvams, rom is ar
cvlis Seqspiris teqsts. is mxolod calkeuli fragmentebis CamontaJebas
axdens am teqstidan Tavisi piesis originaluri teqstis sxvadasxva
adgilas. fragmentebis arCevani ki maTSi rozenkrancisa da
gildensternis aucilebel monawileobas efuZneba, vinaidan stopardi
piesis bolomde ar tovebs Tavis protagonistebs scenis miRma; xolo
`hamletis~ teqstis darCenili, udidesi nawilis arseboba, rogorc ukve
SevniSneT, uciloblad igulisxmeba stopardis teqstis miRma da misi
piesisTvis scenismiRmur sinamdviles warmoadgens. miuxedavad amisa,
zogjer es principi ramdenadme irRveva da TiTqos mainc aqvs adgili
stopardisgan garkveul Carevas Seqspiris teqstSi. magaliTad, rodesac
stopardis piesaSi poloniusi Semodis scenaze, raTa hamlets acnobos
msaxiobebis mosvla, hamleti gasasvlelisken gaemarTeba da is da
poloniusi laparak-laparakiT gadian scenidan, xolo rozenkranci da
gildensterni scenaze rCebian da hamletTan saubris Sedegebs
ganixilaven, vidre hamleti da poloniusi kvlav ar Semovlen scenaze,
ukve msaxiobebis TanxlebiT (ix. stopardi 1967: 39-44). Seqspirul
originalSi ki ase ar xdeba: hamleti da poloniusi bolomde
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis TandaswrebiT saubroben am epizodSi;
maTive TandaswrebiT Sedgeba hamletisa da mTavari msaxiobis (pirveli
aqtoris) pirveli saubari, da roca poloniusi da msaxiobebi datoveben
scenas, mxolod amis Semdeg daiTxovs hamleti rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns (ix. Seqspiri 2003: 146-152; Seqspiri 1987: 345-348). erTaderTi,
rac TiTqos xels aZlevs am SemTxvevaSi stopards aris is, rom hamletis,
poloniusisa da msaxiobis am saubarSi rozenkranci da gildensterni
saerTod ar erevian, Tumca es argumenti ver uaryofs stopardis mier
`hamletis~ teqstSi cvlilebis Setanis faqts, radgan iq rozenkranci da
gildensterni, marTalia, usityvod da pasiurad, magram mainc realurad

1 es ar aris stopardis mier Seqspiris teqstze msgavsi miTiTebis erTaderTi SemTxveva

piesaSi. ix., mag., stopardi 1967: 52.
2 aq da Semdgom piesidan `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ moyvanili
qarTuli teqstis inglisuridan Targmani ekuTvnis disertaciis avtors.

148
eswrebian naxseneb saubars da sulac ar laparakoben erTmaneTSi am
dros, rogorc es stopardis teqstSi xdeba.
rogorc zemoTac aRvniSneT, stopardi mudmivad avsebs Tavisi
piesisTvis gamoyenebul `hamletis~ teqsts axali remarkebiT da
Sesabamisad, personaJTa moqmedebaSi meti Sinaarsi da konkretika Seaqvs.
es RonisZieba isev da isev misi protagonistebis xasiaTis gaxsnasa da
maTi situaciis ufro zust Cvenebasa da axlebur gaazrebas emsaxureba.
rom ara amgvari avtoriseuli CanarTebi, stopardi ver Semoitanda Tavis
piesaSi iseT axal mniSvnelovan garemoebas, rogoricaa, Tundac,
hamletisa da mefe-dedoflis mier rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
erTmaneTSi aRreva.
sagulisxmoa, rom stopardis mier `hamletis~ axleburi interpretacia
mainc moiTxovs garkveul Zaladobas Seqspiris teqstze, Tumca aqve isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom stopardi sakuTriv personaJTa im replikebSi,
romlebsac isini `hamletSi~ gamoTqvamen arafers cvlis da faqtiurad
srulad icavs Seqspiris teqstTan avTenturobas am TvalsazrisiT: es
personaJebi axals an gansxvavebuls arafers amboben stopardis
`Seqspirul teqstSi~, rac ar uTqvamT sakuTriv `hamletSi~. enac ki,
rogorc adrec SevniSneT, Seqspirisdroindelia SenarCunebuli,
miuxedavad imisa, rom piesis stopardiseul teqstSi is Tanamedrovea.
aseTi lingvisturi diferenciaciiT stopardi erTmaneTisagan mijnavs
elizabetisdroindel renesansul samyaros da meoce saukunis
postmodernul epoqas.
jon flemingi (flemingi 2001: 48) marTebulad SeniSnavs, rom
stopardis ganxiluli piesa mis SemoqmedebaSi gamoirCeva Tavisi
warmoSobiTa da mxatvruli meTodiT. flemingi yuradRebas amaxvilebs im
faqtze, rom stopardi Seqspiris mier ukve didi xnis win Seqmnili
personaJebisa da `hamletSi~ warmodgenili situaciis safuZvelze qmnis
Tavisi piesisTvis Temebs, maSin roca mis sxva cnobil piesebSi, piriqiT,
ukve moazrebuli Tematuri ideis safuZvelze qmnis am piesebis
personaJebsa da situaciebs.
qeTlin maklaskisa da maikl bristolis azriT, `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ SegviZlia ufro adekvaturad

149
ganvsazRvroT, rogorc `Teatraluri komentari `hamletze~, romelic
uxmobs xalxs, romelTac sinamdvileSi ar waukiTxavT es piesa~
(bristoli ... 2001: 11).
Janrobrivad, `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~
tragikomediad SeiZleba CaiTvalos. zogjer mas Sav komediadac
ganixilaven, romlis garkveul niSan-Tvisebebs udavod atarebs. rogorc
pol kantori (kantori 2004: 88) aRniSnavs, stopardis mier rozenkrancisa
da gildensternisTvis Seqmnili dialogis gverdiT `hamletis~ teqstis
gamoyeneba, Seqspiris seriozul striqonebs sasacilo elfers aZlevs.
Sedegad, stopardis protagonistebi hamletiviT tragikul personaJebs
aRar warmoadgenen, miuxedavad imisa, rom maTi boloc cudia. Tumca
kliford liCis azriT, `maTi bedic tragikulia, radgan isini sabolood
mixvdnen, ra xdeboda maT Tavs~ (liCi 2002: 77).

3.2. fabulis xarveziT gansazRvruli sikvdili

unda aRiniSnos, rom stopardis piesis saTauri momdinareobs

`hamletis~ ukanaskneli scenidan, romelSic elsinoris karze
axladmosuli inglisis elCi madlobis miRebas eZiebs daniis mefisgan
imisaTvis, rom `rozenkranci da gildenstern mkvdarni arian~ (Seqspiri
1987: 389). aseTi saTauri ar gulisxmobs, rom rozenkranci da
gildensterni stopardis piesis dasawyisSive mkvdrebi arian, magram amiT
windawinve gansazRvrulia maTi gardauvali sikvdili piesis
dasrulebamde, rogorc amas Seqspiris `hamletis~ siuJeti adgens da
stopardis gadawyvetileba, ar gadauxvios mas.
`hamletSi~ rozenkrancisa da gildensternis saboloo misias
ufliswulis inglisSi gacileba warmoadgens. maT aseve klavdiusis
werilis gadacema marTebT inglisis mefisadmi. kariskacebma SesaZloa ar
ician, rom werilSi hamletis mokvlaa dakveTili, magram maT udavod
ician, rom werilis mTavari Tema swored ufliswulis bedis gadawyvetas
ukavSirdeba da amdenad, hamletis gareSe is ufunqcioa. miuxedavad amisa,
rozenkranci da gildensterni mainc agrZeleben uazrod qceul

150
mogzaurobas inglisisaken, imis nacvlad, rom dabrundnen daniaSi. piesis
fabulaSi amgvari xarvezis Zireuli mizezi, rogorc zemoT davaskveniT,
aris Seqspiris gadawyvetileba, moicilos rozenkranci da gildensterni,
romelTac ukve Seasrules is roli, rac maT avtorma daakisra, rogorc
`hamletis~ meorad personaJebs. poeturi samarTlianobisa da erTgvari
dramatuli ironiis warmosaCenad, Seqspirs aseve surs Tavisi piesis
boloSi gvamcnos, rom `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~.
Seqspiris `hamletis~ fabulaSi arsebuli xarvezi uSualo mizezi
xdeba imisa, rom stopardma Seqmna Tavisi `rozenkranci da gildensterni
mkvdrebi arian~. cxadia, Tu rozenkranci da gildensterni, mekobreebis
mier hamletis gatacebis Semdeg, elsinorSi dabrundebodnen, stopards
ar eqneboda Sesaferisi saTauri da fabula Tavisi piesisaTvis. amgvar
fabulas SesaZloa verasdros daeinteresebina igi da amdenad, arasdros
daweriliyo `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~. fabulis
naxsenebi xarvezi, aseve mianiSnebs stopardis rozenkrancisa da
gildensternis xasiaTis garkveul Strixze. maTi gadawyvetileba, rom
hamletis dakargvis miuxedavad, gaagrZelon inglisisaken svla, cota ar
iyos, sulelebad warmoaCens maT. SeiZleba iTqvas, rom hamletsa da
horacios sjeraT maTi sulelobis, radgan isini sulac ar moelian maT
dabrunebas, aramed mxolod cnobas maTi sikvdilis Sesaxeb (ix. Seqspiri
2003: 5.2.71-3; Seqspiri 1987: 383). amis Sedegad, stopardis piesaSi
rozenkranci da gildensterni zogjer sulelebad Canan, Tumca ki
`hamletSi~ rozenkranci da gildensterni namdvilad ar gvanan
gonebaCamorCenilebs.
`hamletis~ fabulis xarvezi gansazRvravs stopardis piesis
deterministul bunebas. determinizmi am piesis Tematuri gulia.
stopardi ise Sors midis, rom Sanss aZlevs rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns, gaeqcnen sikvdils: isini xsnian da kiTxuloben hamletis
mier Canacvlebul werils, sadac maTi sikvdilia nabrZanebi. am werilis
mixedviT, elsinorisken gamobrunebac saSiSi xdeba maTTvis. Tumca,
vinaidan werili jer kidev maT xelSia, SeuZliaT gaanadguron da Tavs
uSvelon. magram stopards surs gviCvenos raoden myarad usazRvravs maT
beds `hamletis~ fabulis xarvezi: maT ar SeuZliaT ar airCion

151
sikvdilTan Sexvedra inglisSi, radgan, rogorc personaJebs, Sansi ara
aqvT gadalaxon TavianTi avtoris gadawyvetileba. rogorc uagdi zeidi
ambobs, `maTi bediswera Seqspiris scenaria, romelsac sikvdilamde
mihyavs isini~ (zeidi 2012: 45).
dimastesis (dimastesi 2012: 52) dakvirvebiT, stopardis ganxiluli
piesis mixedviT, arsebobs bediswera, araprognozirebadi determinizmi,
romlis farglebSic adamians mainc rCeba uamravi saxis Tavisufali
moqmedebis ganxorcielebis saSualeba. sxva sityvebiT, adamianis cxovreba
warmoadgens arasruli determinirebulobisa da arasruli Tavisuflebis
erTobliobas, gamoiyofa ra masSi gardauvali da gadawyvetadi,
aucileblobad gansazRvruli da SesaZleblobad daSvebuli. Seqspiruli
ambavi rozenkrancisa da gildensternis Sesaxeb gvevlineba, rogorc
deterministuli Zala stopardis protagonistebisaTvis, xolo stopardis
mier maTTvis gamogonili ambavi, ZiriTadad, im SezRudul Tavisuflebas
warmogvidgens, romelic TiTqosda gaaCniaT maT mis piesaSi. Tumca, TviT
am SezRuduli Tavisuflebis arsebobac SegviZlia eWvqveS davayenoT
piesaSi, vinaidan am `Tavisuflebas~ ara aqvs araviTari gavlena
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis saboloo bedze. yvelaze mniSvnelovani
mainc Seucvleli rCeba. maTi sikvdili gansazRvrulia Seqspiris
surviliT, romelic ugulebelyofs fabulis ganviTarebis im xarvezs,
rac aiZulebs rozenkrancsa da gildensterns gaagrZelon inglisisken
mogzauroba hamletis dakargvis Semdgom.

3.3. monetebis simbolika

piesis dasawyisSi rozenkranci da gildensterni monetebis agdebis

TamaSiT arian garTulni.1 `Tavis~ mxaris usaSvelo mosvla udavod

1 monetis mxareebs inglisurSi heads da tails uwodeben. monetis heads mxareze, Cveulebriv,
monarqis Tavia gamosaxuli da am mxaris saxelwodebac swored aqedan momdinareobs.
qarTvelebi monetebis agdebisas xSirad rusulidan nasesxeb sityvebs _ орёл da решка _
viyenebT. sakuTriv qarTuli variantia alCu da Toxani. Cven ki varCevT inglisuri
sityvebis Zireuli mniSvnelobebis gadaTargmnil variants _ `Tavi~ da `kudi~, _ radgan
es mniSvnelobebi piesis garkveuli sakiTxebis analizisaTvis arsebiTi da
niSandoblivia.

152
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis gardauval sikvdils unda
moaswavebdes: piesis dasrulebamde maT an Tavebis mokveTa an maTi
yulfSi gayofineba da CamoxrCoba elodebaT. Tumca, pirveli moqmedebis
sadRac SuaSi moneta bolos da bolos `kudis~ mxareze jdeba. rodesac
rozenkranci aRmoaCens amas da gadaugdebs monetas gildensterns,
ganaTeba erTbaSad icvleba da qmnis gansxvavebul garemos, riTac piesis
protagonistebi axal ganzomilebaSi gadadian: isini axla sasaxleSi
amohyofen Tavs. maT jer warmogena ara aqvT, rom maTi misia cota xanSi
hamletze dakvirveba da TvalTvali gaxdeba, anu jaSuSoba daevalebaT.
da safiqrebelia, rom monetis `kudze~ dajdoma swored amas moaswavebs,
vinaidan inglisurSi sityva tail, rogorc zmna, saTvalTvalod kvalSi
Cadgomas, kudSi midevnas niSnavs da rogorc arsebiTi saxeli, garda sxva
mniSvnelobebisa, am misiis Semsrulebeli adamianis anu jaSuSis
mniSvnelobasac atarebs.
aRsaniSnavia, rom `Tavisa~ da `kudis~ mxareebi gansakuTrebul
mimarTebas qmnian piesis protagonistebis mdgomareobasTan. garda imisa,
rom inglisuri sityva head, rogorc arsebiTi saxeli, niSnavs Tavs
(adamianis an cxovelis sxeulis nawils), is, amave dros, aRniSnavs
gonebas, gonebriv SesaZleblobebsac. yvela saqmes sWirdeba goneba, rom
warmatebiT aRsruldes, maT Soris, jaSuSobis saqmesac. raxan
rozenkrancma da gildensternma jerovnad ver gamoiyenes TavianTi goneba
da uxeiro jaSuSebi gamodgnen, maT hamletis kudSi devna, sabolood,
Tavebis dakargvad daujdaT.
sayuradReboa inglisuri idioma can’t make head or tail of something _
raRacis Tavi da bolo rom ver gagigia. piesis protagonistebsac ver
gaugiaT Tavi da bolo im movlenebisa, romelic maT garSemo xdeba.
aqedan gamomdinare, monetebis agdebis TamaSi, romelsac inglisurad heads
or tails uwodeben, SesaZloa samyaros Seucnoblobis, misi wesebisa da
kanonebis gaugebrobis gamosaxatavadac iyos gamoyenebuli piesaSi.
swored monetebis TamaSis epizodSi dgeba eWvqveS, magaliTad, albaTobis
kanoni, rac gildensterns ase abnevs da akvirvebs.
mel gasousTan interviuSi stopardma ganacxada, rom `rozenkranci da
gildensterni erTi temperamentis or mxares warmoadgendnen~ (gasou 1996:

153
35). swored amitom, piesis dasawyisSive avtori gvTavazobs orive mTavari
gmiris xasiaTis Strixebs imis mixedviT Tu rogori reaqcia aqvT maT
monetebis TamaSSi `Tavis~ mxaris usaSvelod zedized mosvlaze.
rozenkrancs saerTod ar akvirvebs da ar eucnaureba es movlena;
ubralod, Tavs cota uxerxulad grZnobs, amdeni fuli rom aacala
megobars. gildensterns fulis wageba namdvilad ar adardebs, magram
mSvenivrad amCnevs am movlenis ucnaurobas da ramdenadme aSfoTebs
kidec ras unda niSnavdes es, Tumca amis gamo panikaSi Cavardnas sulac
ar gegmavs. gildensterni bunebiT logikosia da, Sesabamisad, cdilobs
axsna mouZebnos mecnieruli kanonis SesaZlo darRvevas. mis inteleqts
movlenaTa Semecnebis meti moTxovnileba gaaCnia da gaugebrobaSi yofna
garkveul diskomforts uqmnis. rozenkranci ki aseTi sakiTxebisadmi
sakmaod indiferentulia da, Cveulebriv, verc amCnevs maT logikurobas
Tu alogikurobas, riTac xSirad aRizianebs kidec Tavis megobars.
stopardma aucileblad CaTvala Tavisi protagonistebis xasiaTTa
ganmasxvavebeli niSnebis gamoyofa da sagangebod xazgasma, radgan isini
erTob mcirea. sxva mxriv, rozenkranci da gildensterni TiTqmis
anacvleben erTmaneTs da SesaZloa erTmaneTSi agverios kidec maTi
identoba ise, rogorc es ara mxolod piesis sxva personaJebs, aramed
Tavad maTac mosdiT sakuTari Tavebis mimarT. isini erTi monetis or
mxares warmoadgenen da, albaT, azrs moklebuli ar iqneba Tu vecdebiT
ganvsazRvroT konkretulad romeli romel mxares warmoadgens.
piesis dasawyisSive irkveva, rom monetebis TamaSSi rozenkrancma
`Tavis~ mxare airCia, xolo gildensternma, Sesabamisad, _ `kudis~. raxan
uCveulod zedized `Tavis~ mxare modis, rozenkranci igebs TiTqmis
yvela monetas, rac mis megobars uwyvia CanTaSi. mogvianebiT
gildensterni meti enTuziazmiT Rebulobs jaSuSuri davalebis
aRsrulebas hamletze. jaSuSobis anu kudSi midevnis idea sabolood
marcxdeba. ukanasknel moqmedebaSi sulierad SeWirvebuli rozenkranci
sikvdilis survilsac ki gamoxatavs gemze yofnisas, da piesis boloSi is
aris pirveli, vinc bedisweras danebdeba da gaqreba Tvalsawieridan.
roca gildensternic xangrZlivi yoymanis gareSe aseve gaqreba,
sabolood, sikvdilis anu Tavebis dakargvis idea imarjvebs. ase rom,

154
cxadia: Tu piesis am or mTavar personaJs simbolurad erTi monetis or
mxared ganvixilavT, maSin rozenkranci `Tavis~ mxared unda moviazroT,
xolo gildensterni _ `kudisad~.

3.4. gaurkvevloba da umiznoba rogorc problema

niSandoblivia, rom piesis dasawyisSi rozenkranci da gildensterni

landSafts moklebul, udabnosmagvar adgilas imyofebian. es TiTqos
Tavidanve simbolurad mianiSnebs maT cxovrebaSi da albaT, zogadad,
Tanamedrove adamianis cxovrebaSi samizne orientirebis ararsebobaze.
stopardis remarka gveubneba: “GUIL gets up but has nowhere to go.... ....his attention
being directed at his environment or lack of it” (stopardi 1967: 8) [`gildensterni
fexze wamodgeba, magram wasasvleli arsad aqvs.... ....misi yuradReba
mimarTulia garemosken Tu misi naklebobisken~]. maT mizani ar gaaCniaT,
arc misi ZiebiT iklaven Tavs, da romc eZion, SesaZloa, mainc ver ipovon,
radgan misi arseboba, am piesis TvalsazrisiT, saTuo Cans.
rodesac monetebis TamaSSi `Tavis~ mxaris zedized mosvla oTxmocs
gadaacilebs, rozenkranci gildensterns eubneba: “Getting a bit of a bore, isn’t
it?” (stopardi 1967: 8) [`cota ar iyos, mosabezrebelia, ara?~]. misi es
sityvebi xazs usvams, rom igi ver grZnobs monetebis gauTaveblad erT
mxareze dajdomis ucnaurobas. rozenkrancis interess mxolod
axladdamyarebuli rekordi warmoadgens. gildensterni aRSfoTebas ver
malavs rozenkrancis ugulisxmoebisa da araadekvaturobis gamo.
rozenkrancs hgonia, TamaSSi wagebam gaaRiziana gildensterni. mas
azradac ar mosdis, rom misi megobari sul sxva ramem SeaSfoTa.
gildensterni amaod cdilobs miaxvedros rozenkranci Tavis SeSfoTebis
mizezs da bolos xelsac Caiqnevs.
monetebis TamaSisas albaTobis kanoni erTgvarad irRveva, radgan
monetis erTsa da imave mxareze dajdomas TiTqos bolo ar uCans.
gildensterni cdilobs, kanonis am `darRvevas~ sxvadasxva savaraudo
axsna mouZebnos. is CamoTvlis, Tavisi azriT, oTx SesaZlo axsnas,
romelTagan yvelaze sayuradRebo albaT meoTxea, rac gulisxmobs, rom

155
yovel konkretul jerze agdebul monetas iseTive Sansi aqvs davardes
`Tavze~, rogorc `kudze~. am gadmosaxedidan, maTi TamaSis procesSi arc
erT konkretul jerze ar darRveula albaTobis kanoni, Tumca,
mTlianobaSi, monetis erTi da imave mxaris gauTavebeli mosvla kiTxvis
niSnis qveS ayenebs am kanons, radgan misi orive mxaris Tanabrad
mosvlisaken swrafva Tu tendencia ara da ar vlindeba. miuxedavad amisa,
albaTobis Teoria uSvebs im realobasac, rom agdebuli moneta Tundac
asjer zedized erTsa da imave mxareze davardes, magram amisi albaToba
erTob mcirea, Tumc ki aramc da aramc SeuZlebeli.
stopardis protagonistebTan ikveTeba mexsierebis problema. es
gansakuTrebiT rozenkrancs exeba. gildensternis SekiTxvaze, Tu ra aris
pirveli ram, rac axsovs yvela daviwyebuli movlenis Semdeg,
rozenkranci pasuxobs, rom daaviwyda SekiTxva. gamodis, rom pirveli ram,
rac rozenkrancs xsomebia aris is faqti, rom gildensternis SekiTxvis
Sinaarsi daaviwyda, xolo bolo daviwyebuli ram, sakuTriv am SekiTxvis
Sinaarsia. rozenkrancis amgvar pasuxs gildensterni ver uZlebs: fexze
wamoxteba da mohyveba nerviul siaruls. Semdeg Tavis megobars ekiTxeba:

GUIL: Are you happy?

ROS: What?
GUIL: Content? At ease?
ROS: I suppose so.
GUIL: What are you going to do now?
ROS: I don’t know. What do you want to do?
GUIL: I have no desires. None. (stopardi 1967: 11)

gil: bednieri xar?

roz: ra?
gil: kmayofili xar? mSvidad xar?
roz: ase mgonia.
gil: ris gakeTebas apireb axla?
roz: ar vici. Sen risi gakeTeba ginda?
gil: me ar gamaCnia survilebi, srulebiT ara.

156
 aq mkafiod Cans gmirebis umiznoba da dezorientirebuloba. swored
am dros gildensterni ixsenebs, rom mefis Sikriki movida da auwya maT,
rom oriveni sasaxlis karze iyvnen dabarebulni. amiT dairRva maTi
umizno cxovrebis idilia da gareSe Zalis Carevam aiZula isini gzas
dadgomodnen. gildensterns monetis zedized erTsa da imave mxareze
gauTavebeli davardnac imitom aSfoTebs, rom eWvobs esec gareSe,
zebunebrivi Zalis moqmedebis Sedegi ar iyos da raime cuds ar
moaswavebdes maTTvis. is garkveul kavSirs uSvebs am ucnaur movlenasa
da daniis samefo karze maT dabarebas Soris, magram axsnas ver uZebnis:
“The sun came up about as often as it went down, in the long run, and a coin showed heads about
as often as it showed tails. Then a messenger arrived. We had been sent for. Nothing else
happened. Ninety-two coins spun consecutively have come down heads ninety-two consecutive
times . . . and for the last three minutes on the wind of a windless day I have heard the sound of
drums and flute. . . .” (stopardi 1967: 12) [`mze daaxloebiT imave sixSiriT
amodioda, rogorc Cadioda, grZelvadian periodSi, da moneta jdeboda
Tavze daaxloebiT iseve xSirad, rogorc _ kudze. Semdeg Sikriki movida.
Cven gvixmes. sxva araferi momxdara. zedized agdebuli oTxmocdaTormeti
moneta zedized oTxmocdaTormetjer davarda Tavze . . . da bolo sami
wuTis manZilze uqaro dRis qarze mesmis dafdafebisa da fleitis xma. . .
.~]. gildensternma jer ar icis, rom maT moxetiale msaxiobTa dasi
uaxlovdeba, dafdafebisa da fleitaze dakvriT.
amrigad, rozenkrancisgan gansxvavebiT, gildensterni, faqtiurad
Tavidanve xvdeba, rom raRac ucnauroba xdeba maT Tavs. igi cdilobs am
yvelafers mecnieruli axsna mouZebnos, radgan, rogorc Tavadve
SeniSnavs, “The scientific approach to the examination of phenomena is a defence against the
pure emotion of fear” (stopardi 1967: 11-12) [`fenomenTa gamokvlevisadmi
mecnieruli midgoma wminda SiSis gancdisagan Tavdacvas warmoadgens~].1
magram problema swored is aris, rom gildensterni ver poulobs am
SiSis damamSvidebel, argumentirebul mecnierul axsnas, da mxolod
varaudebiT Semoifargleba.

1 sxvaTa Soris, SesaZlebelia es momenti SevadaroT joisis `uliseSi~ stiven

dedalosis SeSinebas Weqa-quxilis xmaze, xolo Semdeg leopold blumisgan misi
damSvidebis mcdelobas swored mecnieruli axsnis meTodiT (ix. joisi 2012: 390-391).

157
 rodesac gildensterni odnav gamartivebuli formiT gaumeorebs
megobars Zvel SekiTxvas, rozenkrancs bolos da bolos gaaxsendeba, rom
viRaca ucxom gaaRviZa isini gamTeniisas da acnoba maT, rom
dauyovnebliv samefo karze gamocxadebuliyvnen. gildensterns cotaTi
moeSveba, raki misma megobarma aRidgina gonebaSi maTi mgzavrobis
gamomwvevi mizezi.
vidre ulandSafto adgilas Sesasveneblad SeCerebuli rozenkranci
da gildensterni gzas ganagrZoben, maT moxetiale msaxiobTa dasi
Semoxvdeba, romelsac meTaurobs da xelmZRvanelobs erT-erTi msaxiobi.
rogorc rozenkranci da gildensterni, isinic elsinorisken
miemarTebian. maTi Sexvedris ambavs Cven `hamletSi~ vgebulobT, rodesac
rozenkranci mimarTavs hamlets: “....if you delight not in man, what lenten
entertainment the players shall receive from you” (Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.295-96) [`....Tu
kacis naxva aRar giamebaT, verafrad dauxvdebiT aqtorebs, romelnic
gzazed Segvxvdnen....~ (Seqspiri 1987: 344)]. rozenkrancTan da
gildensternTan komunikacias faqtiurad mxolod dasis xelmZRvaneli
msaxiobi amyarebs. piesaSi misi sakuTari saxeli ar figurirebs. igi
ubralod moixsenieba, rogorc msaxiobi.
Tavdapirvelad rozenkranci gildensternad ecnoba msaxiobs,
gildensterns ki rozenkrancad acnobs, magram gildensternis miTiTebiT
Seasworebs am Secdomas da axla msaxiobs ukve swori saxeliT gaacnobs
sakuTar Tavsa da Tavis megobars. avtoris remarka mianiSnebs, rom
rozenkrancs sulac ar ugrZvnia Tavi uxerxulad, aseTi Sesworeba rom
dasWirda. mas, rogorc Tavis megobarze ufro zerele azrovnebisa da
mokle mexsierebis mqones, swori TviTidentificirebis problema aqvs,
Tumca verc gildensterni usworebs mas swrafad da darwmunebiT: “GUIL
confers briefly with him” (stopardi 1967: 16) [`gildensterns xanmokle
molaparakeba aqvs masTan~]. amiT stopardi TiTqos gveubneba: rozenkranci
da gildensterni imdenad umniSvneloni arian, rom maT Soris
gansxvavebac aseTive umniSvneloa, da swored amitomac Wirs maTi
gamorCeva erTmaneTisgan.
mogvianebiT piesaSi gildensterni rozenkrancs gamosacdelad jer
rozenkranciT mimarTavs, Semdeg ki gildensterns dauZaxebs. rozenkranci

158
orive jerze erTnairad reagirebs, razec gildensterni akritikebs: “Don’t
you discriminate at all?” (stopardi 1967: 36) [`nuTu saerTod ver ganarCev?~].
cxadia, gildensterns kvlav aSfoTebs Tavisi megobris zerele azrovneba
da susti mexsiereba. amis mere sulac aRar aris gasakviri, rom
klavdiusi da gertrudic ureven erTmaneTSi stopardis protagonistebs
(ix. stopardi 1967: 25-26). stopardis mixedviT, Tavidan hamletsac eSleba
rozenkranci da gildensterni erTmaneTSi, magram ucbad gaasworebs am
Secdomas, razec samiveni gulianad icineben (ix. stopardi 1967: 37-38).1
aRsaniSnavia, rom piesis pirvel moqmedebaSi rozenkranci da
gildensterni msaxiobTan saubarSi erTdroulad TiTqmis ar erTvebian:
an gildensterni elaparakeba mxolod da rozenkranci gamoTiSulia, an _
piriqiT. amiT avtors albaT xazi unda gausvas maTi urTierTCanacvlebis
SesaZleblobas. orive personaJi dakiTxvismagvar saubars gaubams
msaxiobs, da orive wyobidan gamohyavs msaxiobi biWuna alfredis
meSveobiT msaxiobis mier SemoTavazebul homoerotikul pornografias.
vidre msaxiobebi wavlen, gildensterni mTavar msaxiobs xurdebis
agdebis TamaSs SesTavazebs, ufro zustad, Semoityuebs am TamaSSi. is
moxerxebulad iyenebs im garemoebas, rom am dRes mudmivad `Tavis~ mxare
modis. msaxiobi mesame cdaze Secdeba da `kudis~ mxares daasaxelebs,
moneta ki, ra Tqma unda, isev `Tavze~ jdeba. msaxiobs aRar surs TamaSis
gagrZeleba, magram gildensterni ar eSveba xurdebis agdebas. msaxiobi
Sebrundeba da wasvlas daapirebs. gildensterni, bolojer davardnil
monetas ar daxedavs ise, sxva TamaSs SesTavazebs msaxiobs, romelsac
kvlav motyuebiT mougebs. bolos msaxiobebi wasvlas iwyeben, Tumca
mTavari msaxiobi adgilidan ar iZvris. rozenkranci cal fexs aawevinebs
da aRmoCndeba, rom msaxiobi gildensternis mier bolos dagdebul
xurdas faravda. rozenkranci Tavad daadgams am xurdas fexs, xolo
msaxiobi gabrundeba da gahyveba Tavis dass. roca rozenkranci daixreba
da monetas daxedavs, aRmoCndeba, rom bolos da bolos `kudis~ mxare
mosula. msaxiobTan TamaSisas es monetis mecxre agdeba iyo. iqamde
zedized rvajer `Tavi~ movida, xolo kidev ufro adre, rozenkrancisa
1 sxvaTa Soris, Tu Seqspiris originals davukvirdebiT, igi yovelgvari gadakeTebis
gareSe iZleva am Sexvedris stopardiseuli interpretaciis SesaZleblobas (ix. Seqspiri
2003: 2.2.217-8).

159
da gildensternis TamaSis dros, `Tavi~ zedized oTxmocdaTormetjer
movida. sabolood gamodis, rom `Tavis~ mxare zedized asjer mosula,
xolo asmeerTe jerze ukve `kudi~ daajda. marTalia, stopardis
protagonistebs msaxiobTan TamaSis dros Tvla aRar gaugrZelebiaT da
Sesabamisad, arc asamde damrgvaleba daufiqsirebiaT, magram
safiqrebelia, rom avtorma gangeb aiyvana `Tavebis~ zedized mosvlis
raodenoba asamde da monetis mxolod asmeerTe agdebaze daarRvia es
ucvleli mimdevroba. Tu es damTxveva ar aris da marTlac gangeb aqvs
stopards zedized `Tavis~ mosvla gaasebuli, maSin es, erTi mxriv,
avtoris farul iumors unda gamoxatavdes da, meore mxriv, albaT imas,
rom rozenkrancsa da gildensterns asi procentiT Tavebis dakargva
moeliT da Sesabamisad, maTi gadarCenis Sansi nulis tolia. rodesac
rozenkranci gadaugdebs gildensterns am sabediswero monetas, isini
ucbad elsinoris sasaxleSi aRmoCndebian da gadavdivarT `hamletis~
realobaSi. TiTqos msaxiobi Secda, rodesac Tqva `kudio~, magram bolos
da bolos `kudi~ marTlac movida. albaT fexic SemTxveviT ar edga
`kudze~ mosul monetaze. msaxiobis idumali roli namdvilad SeimCneva am
ucabed cvlilebaSi. xolo, ras unda niSnavdes `Tavidan~ `kudze~
gadasvla, amaze ukve gvqonda zemoT saubari.

3.5. msaxiobis vinaobis sakiTxi

rozenkrancisa da gildensternis Semdeg, stopardis piesis yvelaze

mniSvnelovani personaJi aris swored mTavari msaxiobi, romelic
`hamletSi~ pirvel msaxiobs (maCabliseul pirvel aqtors) Seesabameba.
hamleti avalebs mas da mis kolegebs `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ TamaSs
klavdius mefisa da misi garemocvis winaSe, da aZlevs garkveul
instruqciebsac, Tu rogor unda iTamaSon. igi ganumartavs msaxiobs
Teatris namdvil arss da mouwodebs maT erTgvari zomierebisaken, raTa
scenaze Sesrulebuli sarkesaviT ireklavdes realobas, rogorc mis
naTel, ise bnel mxares. ufro konkretulad ki, hamletis mizania,
dadgmuli piesa asaxavdes elsinoris sasaxlis mankier sinamdviles da

160
agreTve avlendes garkveul siuJetur msgavsebas misi mamis aCrdilisgan
monayol ambavTan. faqtiurad, SeiZleba iTqvas, rom raRac azriT, hamleti
dgams `hamlets~. aqedan gamomdinare, aq advilad SegviZlia
warmovidginoT Seqspiri, romelic hamletiviT arigebs msaxiobebs Tu
rogor unda iTamaSon misi `hamleti~. es warmodgena ufro damajerebeli
gaxdeba Tu gamovxatavT araerTi mkvlevaris azrs da SevniSnavT, rom
Tavis personaJebs Soris yvelaze metad Seqspiris bunebas sarked swored
hamleti uxdeba. magram sayuradReboa, rom stopardis msaxiobs aranairi
rCeva-darigeba ar sWirdeba hamletisgan, vinaidan man, rogorc Teatris,
aseve elsinoris sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, bevrad meti icis, vidre hamletma
an romelime sxva personaJma. aseTi personaJis prototipad ki mxolod
`hamletis~ pirveli msaxiobi ver gamodgeba. stopardma masSi bevrad meti
igulisxma: man faqtiurad Seqspiris suli STabera Tavis msaxiobs da
garkveulwilad aziara postmodernistul sulTanac. piesis manZilze
nel-nela cxadi xdeba, rom stopardis msaxiobis ukan Seqspiris saxe
imaleba. amis warmosaCenad ramdenime arguments moviyvanT.
pirvel rigSi, unda SevniSnoT, rom Seqspiris piesaSi warmodgenili
piesa `gonzagos mkvleloba~ erTi mniSvnelovani niuansiT gansxvavdeba
stopardis piesaSi warmodgenili amave piesisgan: SeqspirTan mkvleli,
lucianusi, gonzago mefis Zmiswulia, stopardTan ki mkvleli gonzago
mefis Zmaa, xolo lucianusi _ mokluli mefis Svili da mkvlel biZaze
SurismaZiebeli.1 rogorc vxedavT stopardis piesaSi warmodgenil piesis
personaJebs Soris naTesauri mimarTeba zustad Seesabameba ara
`hamletSi~ dadgmul amave piesis personaJTa naTesaur mimarTebas, aramed
sakuTriv `hamletis~ personaJTa naTesaur mimarTebas. sxva sityvebiT,
`gonzagos mkvlelobis~ es varianti ufro metad `gahamletebulia~,
romlis dadgmasac am SemTxvevaSi ara hamleti, aramed msaxiobi
xelmZRvanelobs, rac aaxloebs mas SeqspirTan, rogorc `hamletis~
avtorTan. imavdroulad igi biZaze SurismaZiebeli lucianusis rolsac
asrulebs da amiT hamlets Seesabameba, rogorc Seqspiris bunebis

1 aq vgulisxmobT stopardis piesaSi rozenkrancisa da gildensternis winaSe

gaTamaSebul `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ sarepeticio, magram srul versias. klavdiusis
winaSe dadgmuli da misgan SeCerebuli versia stopardis scenaze ar TamaSdeba, Tumca
piesaSi misi dadgma da Sewyveta igulisxmeba.

161
yvelaze mkafiod gamomxatvel personaJs. lucianusis TamaSisas msaxiobi
paralelurad uyveba rozenkrancsa da gildensterns maT winaSe
gaTamaSebuli movlenebis Sesaxeb, rac faqtobrivad `hamletis~ siuJetia.
miuxedavad imisa, rom klavdiusis winaSe jer ar dadgmula `gonzagos
mkvleloba~ da Sesabamisad, `xafangis scenac~ jer ar damdgara, msaxiobi
`hamletis~ siuJets bolomde warmoadgens, Tavisi finaliTurT. man icis
`hamletis~ TiToeuli personaJis momavali, romelTa garemocvaSi
TviTonac imyofeba. da vin imaleba mis ukan Tu ara Tavad Seqspiri,
`hamletis~ avtori, romelmac ara Tu mSvenivrad icis Tavisi personaJebis
saboloo bedi, aramed TviTonvea maTi Semoqmedi.
garda zemoTqmulisa, SeiniSneba garkveuli analogia hamletTan misi
mamis aCrdilis, xolo rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan msaxiobis
gamocxadebas Soris. aCrdilic da msaxiobic simarTles umxelen TavianT
adresatebs. msaxiobi `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ swored aCrdiliseul
variants sTavazobs rozenkrancsa da gildensterns. da raxan
SeqspirologiaSi musirebs azri, rom Tavdapirvelad hamletis mamis
aCrdilis rols londonis scenaze Tavad Seqspiri asrulebda,
Sesabamisad, kvlav myardeba kavSiri msaxiobsa da Seqspirs Soris.
dabolos, unda aRiniSnos, rom stopardis piesis pirvel moqmedebaSi
msaxiobi Tavis tragikosebs dauyvirebs ricxv `ocdaTvramets“ (stopardi
1967: 23). zustad ras gulisxmobs igi am ricxvSi _ gaugebaria, magram Tu
msaxiobs CavTvliT Seqspirad, maSin cxadi gaxdeba ras unda niSnavdes es
ricxvi: ocdaTvrameti aris Seqspiris mier dawerili piesebis, albaT,
yvelaze xSirad dasaxelebuli raodenoba.
naSromis darCenil nawilSi, sxva sakiTxebis ganxilvisas, kidev
araerTgzis gamoCndeba, rom tragikosebis xelmZRvaneli msaxiobis saxiT
realurad saqme gvaqvs SeqspirTan. amitom, am etapze sakmarisad miviCnevT
zemoT moyvanil argumentebs msaxiobisa da Seqspiris igiveobis Sesaxeb.

162
 3.6. metadramatuli qvecnobieri

`hamletis~ pirvelsa da meore moqmedebas Soris garkveuli drois

gasvla unda vigulisxmoT. pirveli moqmedebis bolos hamletma
gadawyvita, rom Tavisi gegmebis warmatebiT gansaxorcieleblad Tavi
SeSlilad warmoaCinos. meore moqmedebis pirvel suraTSi ki ofelia ukve
uyveba poloniuss, rom hamleti es-es aris Semovarda masTan da rogorc
Wkuidan SeSlili ise moiqca. swored am scenis momswreni xdebian
stopardis rozenkranci da gildensterni mas mere, rac ucabedad
elsinoris sasaxleSi amohyofen Tavs. stopardis mier am incidentis
aRwera ofelias poloniusTan monayols efuZneba uSualod1 da sruldeba
imiT, rom ofelia garbis, hamleti rom gavida imis sapirispiro
mimarTulebiT, udavod swored imisaTvis, rom mamamiss moaxsenos, rac
SeemTxva. rozenkranci da gildensterni gaSeSebuli mdgomareobidan
gamodian, magram ucbad klavdiusi da gertrudi Tanmxleb pirebTan
erTad Semocvivdebian da klavdiusi pirdapir gaubams dabarebul
kariskacebs im saubars, romliTac ixsneba `hamletis~ meore moqmedebis
meore suraTi (ix. Seqspiri 1987: 339). pirvelad swored am suraTSi
gvevlinebian rozenkranci da gildensterni Seqspiris piesaSi da
klavdiusis nalaparakeviT vxvdebiT, rom isini meore moqmedebis
dawyebamde ukve moxmobilni iyvnen elsinoris sasaxleSi.
rodesac klavdiusi daavalebs rozenkrancsa da gildensterns
hamletze dakvirvebas da daasrulebs maTTan saubars, `hamletSi~
rozenkranci da gildensterni gadian scenidan, xolo stopardis piesaSi,
piriqiT, rozenkrancisa da gildensternis garda yvelani toveben scenas.
cxadia, stopardis mizans gamoxatavs es gansxvaveba: gvaCvenos `hamletis~
movlenebi misi meoradi personaJebis, rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
TvalTaxedviT da, amave dros, maT Sesaxebac gviTxras meti. scena,
romelzec misi protagonistebi dganan, Tavdapirvelad udabnosmagvari
ukacrieli adgilia, Semdeg _ elsinoris sasaxle, bolos ki _ xomaldi.
Seqspiruli siuJetis suraTebi Semodian da gadian maTSi monawile
moqmedi pirebiTurT, garda rozenkrancisa da gildensternisa, romlebic

1 Sdr. Seqspiri 1987: 338-339 da stopardi 1967: 24-25.

163
isedac sul scenaze imyofebian. faqtiurad, mTeli piesis manZilze isini
stopardis scenas ar toveben, maSin roca `hamletSi~ misi eponimuri
protagonisti araerTgzis gadis Seqspiris scenidan. Sedegad,
rozenkranci da gildensterni TviTonve emsgavsebian scenas, romelSic
drodadro personaJiviT SemoiWreba xolme `hamletis~ siuJeti, Seitans
inertulobis harmoniaSi garkveul disonanss, da Semdeg kvlav ukanve
garbis. esec stopardis eqsperimentuli piesis erT-erTi Tavisebureba.
rozenkranci depresiaSi vardeba mefe-dedofalTan pirvelive saubris
Semdeg: “I want to go home....” “I’m out of my step here....” “It’s all over my depth....” “....out
of my head....” “....it’s all heading to a dead stop...” (stopardi 1967: 27) [`saxlSi minda
wasvla....~ `Cems kanSi ara var aq....~ `es yvelaferi Cems gonebas
scildeba....~ `....Cems Tavs aRemateba....~ `....yvelaferi Cixisken miemarTeba...~].
gildensterni ki cdilobs daamSvidos igi. mogvianebiT, hamletTan
warumatebeli gasaubrebis Semdegac, gildensterni cdilobs rac
SeiZleba meti dadebiTi dainaxos am gasaubrebis SedegebSi; rozenkranci
ki, SeiZleba iTqvas, uaryofiTad afasebs am Sedegebs da Tvlis, rom
sruli kraxi ganicades hamletTan (ix. stopardi 1967: 40). maTi
gansxvavebuli Sexeduleba am sakiTxisadmi ireklavs gansxvavebul zogad
tendenciebs movlenebisadmi maT damokidebulebaSi: gildensterni ufro
dadebiTs eZebs, rozenkranci ki _ uaryofiTs.
rozenkrancisTvis gansakuTrebiT mZime aRmoCnda Cveuli umizno
cxovrebidan ucabedi mowyveta da Tavadac rom ar esmis iseTi miznisken
mimarTva. gildensterniviT Rrma analizis unariT rozenkranci ar
gamoirCeva, magram isic grZnobs, gareSe Zalebi rom moqmedeben maTze. is
gare Zala, romelsac piesis protagonistebi uSualod da cnobierad
awydebian, am SemTxvevaSi, klavdiusis nebaa. isini TiTqos sixaruliT
emorCilebian am nebas, magram, rogorc stopardi gvaCvenebs da Seqspirma
`dagvimala~, mTlad ase ar yofila saqme. orive personaJisTvis es arc
ise sasixarulo tvirTia, ubralod, gildensterni meti optimizmiTa da
enTuziazmiT Rebulobs am mocemulobas da mxneobas ufro inarCunebs.
SeWirvebul rozenkrancs aRmoxdeba: “Consistency is all I ask!” (stopardi
1967: 28) [`mxolod Tanmimdevrulobaa is, rasac me viTxov!~]. gildensterni
ki pasuxobs: “Give us this day our daily mask” (28) [`niRabi Cveni arsobisa momec

164
Cven dRes~]. gildensternis am sityvebs SegviZlia metadramatuli
interpretaciac mivceT. `mamao Cvenos~ puri gildensternisTvis niRbad
iqca. TiTqos misTvis niRabia sasicocxlo, ara mxolod imitom, rom
jaSuSoba marTebs hamletze da sakuTari miznebis SeniRbva, aramed
imitomac, rom is roli Seasrulos da is niRabi moirgos, rac Seqspirma
uboZa, raTa iarsebos rogorc personaJma. ra Tqma unda, gildensterni
ver acnobierebs piesaSi yofnas, magram misi locvis Sinaarsi TiTqos
ireklavs mis, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, metadramatul qvecnobiers. ise
Cans marTlac, rom stopards gildensternis qvecnobierSi aqvs gaSvebuli
metadramatuli realobis arsebobis gancda, rozenkrancSi ki umetesad
mTlad aracnobieramde hyavs dayvanili is. albaT amitomacaa, rom
mxolod gildensterni da ara rozenkranci ambobs Semdegs: “We’ve been
caught up. Your smallest action sets off another somewhere else, and is set off by it. Keep an eye
open, an ear cocked. Tread warily, follow instructions. We’ll be all right” (stopardi 1967:
29) [`Cven CaTreulebi varT. Seni umciresi moqmedeba meore moqmedebas
aZlevs biZgs sadme sxvagan, da Tavadac sxva moqmedebisganaa gamowveuli.
Tvalebi daWyite, yurebi dacqvite. fexakrebiT iare, mihyevi instruqcias.
kargad viqnebiT~]. rozenkranci dainteresebulia, ramden xans unda
gagrZeldes ase, razec gildensterni pasuxobs: “Till events have played
themselves out. There’s a logic at work—it’s all done for you, don’t worry. Enjoy it. Relax” (29)
[`vidre movlenebi ar gaTamaSdeba. aq garkveuli logika muSaobs _
yvelaferi TavisTavad keTdeba SenTvis, Sen araferze ifiqro. mxolod
moeSvi da isiamovne~].
didi mixvedra ar sWirdeba imas, rom gildensterni aq deterministul
kanonzomierebaze saubrobs da movlenaTa mizezSedegobriv jaWvze
miuTiTebs; Tumca misi cnobierebis miRma rCeba is faqti, rom maTi
moqmedebis determinirebas Tavad Seqspiris teqstSi fiqsirebuli siuJeti
axdens. es metadramatuli faqti rom gildensternis qvecnobierSi Zevs,
amaze misi sityvebi _ “....follow instructions” [`....mihyevi instruqcias~] _
mianiSnebs. is gaucnobiereblad msaxiobTa sasceno instruqciaze
laparakobs, rac am SemTxvevaSi Seqspirisa da stopardis mier maTTvis
gaweril saTqmel sityvebsa da remarkebSi asaxul moqmedebebs
gulisxmobs. gildensternma icis, rom maT Tvalebi unda Wyiton, yurebi

165
cqviton da fexakrebiT iaron, raTa hamlets uTvalTvalon da amiT
klavdiusis davaleba Sesruldes, magram man, bunebrivia, ar icis, rom
metadramatuli TvalsazrisiT es Seqspiris davalebaa, razec stopardi
gvimaxvilebs yuradRebas. gildensternis Taviseburi `mamao Cvenoc~
albaT mimarTulia ara mama RmerTis mimarT, aramed gaucnobiereblad
Seqspiris mimarT. Sesabamisad, logikuria, rom igi Seqspirisgan niRabs
iTxovs saarsebod da ara purs.
gildensternis metadramatuli qvecnobieri irekleba mis Semdgom
naTqvamSi: “Somebody might come in. It’s what we’re counting on, after all. Ultimately”
(stopardi 1967: 42) [`SeiZleba viRaca Semovides. bolos da bolos Cvenc
xom amis imedad varT, pirvel rigSi~]. Semdeg ki amatebs Tavis
deterministul xedvas: “Wheels have been set in motion, and they have their own pace,
to which we are . . . condemned. Each move is dictated by the previous one—that is the meaning
of order” (42) [`borblebi amoZravdnen, da maT TavianTi tempi aqvT, rac Cven
. . . misjili gvaqvs. TiToeuli moZraoba nakarnaxevia winasagan _ ai amas
niSnavs wesrigi~]. gildensternis am sityvebSi metadramatuli
determinizmi SegviZlia davinaxoT, Seqspiris `hamletSi~ maTTvis
gansazRvruli rolisa da scenaris saxiT.
rogorc adre SevniSneT, araerTi ram mianiSnebs piesaSi, rom mTavarma
msaxiobma faqtiurad yvelaferi icis rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
Sesaxeb (da ara mxolod maT Sesaxeb), xolo maT TiTqmis araferi ician
mis Sesaxeb. magaliTad, msaxiobi mimarTavs maT: “Think, in your head, now, think
of the most . . . private . . . secret . . . intimate thing you have ever done secure in the knowledge
of its privacy. . . .” (stopardi 1967: 45) [`ifiqreT, Tqvens TavSi, axlave,
ifiqreT yvelaze... piradul... farul... intimur rameze, rac ki odesme
CagideniaT, Tqvens saidumlo codnaSi daculi...~]. mcire pauzis Semdeg
msaxiobi rozenkrancs daakvirdeba da hkiTxavs: “Are you thinking of it?” (45)
[`fiqrob amaze?~]. da Semdeg TviTonve daamowmebs: “Well, I saw you did it!” (45)
[`davinaxe, rom fiqrob~]. amis gagonebaze rozenkranci SeSliliviT
wamoxteba da miaxlis: “You never! It’s a lie!” (45) [`araferic, eg tyuilia!~].
Tu CavTvliT, rom stopardma msaxiobSi Seqspiri igulisxma, maSin cxadia,
is, rac rozenkrancisTvis aracnobieria, msaxiobisTvis cnobieria. man
icis, ra xdeba Tavis mier Seqmnili personaJis Sinagani samyaros yvelaze

166
Rrma da saidumlo kunWulSic. rozenkrancs, ra Tqma unda, ver
warmoudgenia, rom mis fiqrebs Sifraven _ imasac ki, rac masSi
aracnobieris saxiTaa mocemuli da Sesabamisad, misi cnobierebisTvisac
miuwvdomeli.
niSandoblivia Semdegi pasaJi, romelSic miniSnebulia, rom msaxiobs
didi gavlena aqvs im Zalebze, romlebmac rozenkranci da gildensterni
elsinorisken gamoixmes:

PLAYER: I should concentrate on not losing your heads.

GUIL: Do you speak from knowledge?
PLAYER: Precedent.
GUIL: You’ve been here before.
PLAYER: And I know which way the wind is blowing. (stopardi 1967: 47)

msaxiobi: me unda vkoncentrirde Tqveni Tavebis ardakargvaze.1

gil: codna galaparakebs?
msaxiobi: precedenti.
gil: aq namyofi xar adre.
msaxiobi: da isic vici, saidan uberavs qari.

ra Tqma unda, msaxiobi aq ar gulisxmobs qaris mimarTulebas

pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, aramed _ swored im qaragmul mniSvnelobas,
romelsac hamleti debs masSi. msaxiobi iribad afrTxilebs
gildensternsa da mis megobars, rom Tavebis dakargva emuqrebaT. man
aSkarad icis maTi momavali, Tumca ambobs, rom codna ki ara, precedenti
alaparakebs: TiTqos erTxel ukve momxdari faqtia, rom rozenkrancma da
gildensternma Tavebi dakarges. da es marTlac ase moxda Seqspiris
`hamletSi~, romlis siuJetiTac determinirebulia stopardis
protagonistebis bedic. cxadia, msaxiobi am sityvebs rogorc
metadramatuli realobis mcodne ambobs. adre rom namyofia elsinorSi _
esec SegviZlia metadramatulad gavigoT: pirvelad Seqspiris `hamletSi~

1 aq marTebulia, inglisuri idiomi lose your head (sulieri wonasworobis dakargva,

wyobidan gamosvla) pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT, sityvasityviT gavigoT rogorc Tavis
dakargva, gamomdinare piesis Sinaarsidan.

167
ewvia elsinors, axla ki _ stopardis piesaSi. amgvari metadramatuli
TamaSiT stopardi SeqspirTan erTad sakuTar Tavsac debs msaxiobis
personaJSi da Tavisi postmodernuli suliT Seqspiris renesansuli
sulis modernizebas, ufro zustad ki, postmodernizebas axdens.
metadramatizmi Cans gildensternisa da msaxiobis Semdeg dialogSic:

GUIL: But for God’s sake what are we supposed to do?!

PLAYER: Relax. Respond. That’s what people do. You can’t go through life questioning
your situation at every turn.
GUIL: But we don’t know what’s going on, or what to do with ourselves. We don’t know
how to act.
PLAYER: Act natural. You know why you’re here at least.
GUIL: We only know what we’re told, and that’s little enough. (stopardi 1967: 47-48)

gil: magram, RvTis gulisaTvis, ra unda gavakeToT Cven?!

msaxiobi: modundiT. ireagireT. amas akeTebs xalxi. gagiWirdebaT
cxovreba, Tu yovel nabijze SekiTxvebs dasvamT.
gil: ki, magram Cven ver gagvigia, ra xdeba irgvliv. arc is viciT, ra
vuyoT Cvens Tavebs. ar gvesmis rogor vimoqmedoT.1
msaxiobi: bunebrivad imoqmedeT. sul cota, Tqven iciT, ratom
imyofebiT aq.
gil: Cven mxolod is viciT, rac gviTxres da es srulebiT ar aris
sakmarisi.

gildensternis gaurkvevloba logikuria. man marTlac ar icis rogor

imoqmedos. cxadia, igi ver acnobierebs, rom unda imoqmedos, rogorc
piesis moqmedma pirma. es mSvenivrad icis msaxiobma da amitom, rogorc
damdgmeli reJisori, instruqciebs aZlevs maT. misgan bunebrivi
moqmedebisaken mowodeba exmianeba hamletis azrs, rom marTebulia,
Teatri `bunebas sarked gauxdes~ (Seqspiri 1987: 352).2 swored am darigebas

1 dedanSi gamoyenebuli inglisuri sityva act aSkarad TamaSobs moqmedebisa da

samsaxiobo rolis Sesrulebis mniSvnelobebze.
2 ix. Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.18-19.

168
ismens msaxiobi hamletisgan Seqspiris teqstSi da stopardTanac unda
vigulisxmoT am darigebis scenismiRmuri arseboba.
mniSvnelovania, rom stopardis piesaSi `gonzagos mkvlelobis~
repeticiisas, mZinare mefis mkvleli ara misi Zmiswulia, rogorc
`hamletSi~ gaTamaSebul piesaSi, aramed misi Zma:

ROS: Who was that?

PLAYER: The King’s brother and uncle to the Prince.
GUIL: Not exactly fraternal.
PLAYER: Not exactly avuncular, as time goes on. (stopardi 1967: 56)

roz: vin iyo eg?

msaxiobi: mefis Zma da ufliswulis biZa.
gil: arc ise Zmurad moiqca.
msaxiobi: da arc biZis Sesaferisad, rogorc mogvianebiT gamoCndeba.

rogorc adrec aRvniSneT, msaxiobi sarepeticiod mefis mkvlelobis

aCrdiliseul versias gvTavazobs, rac mianiSnebs imaze, rom man icis
hamletis mamis gardacvalebis saidumlo. repeticia mxolod pantomimis
saxiT mimdinareobs da am drois ganmavlobaSi mTavari msaxiobi
ganumartavs rozenkrancsa da gildensterns mis Sinaarss. igi
komentatoris rols asrulebs zustad ise, rogorc hamleti asrulebda
`saTaguris scenaSi~ mis garSemo myofTaTvis. rodesac pantomimis is
nawili dasruldeba, romelic `hamletSia~ warmodgenili, msaxiobi
gamoacxadebs meore moqmedebas, maSin roca gildensterns pantomima ukve
dasrulebuli hgonia:

GUIL: Wasn’t that the end?

PLAYER: Do you call that an ending?—with practically everyone on his feet? My goodness
no—over your dead body.
GUIL: How am I supposed to take that?

169
 PLAYER: Lying down. (He laughs briefly and in a second has never laughed in his life.)
There’s a design at work in all art—surely you know that? Events must play themselves out
to aesthetic, moral and logical conclusion.
GUIL: And what’s that, in this case?
PLAYER: It never varies—we aim at the point where everyone who is marked for death
dies. (stopardi 1967: 57)

gil: ar dasrulebula?
msaxiobi: amas eZaxi dasrulebas, roca praqtikulad yvela fexze
dgas da cocxalia? RmerTo Cemo, ara, vidre mkvdrebi ar gaxdebiT.
gil: rogor miviRo eg sityvebi?
msaxiobi: mwolarem. (wamierad gaicinebs da ucbad iseT saxes miiRebs
TiTqos arasdros gaecinos.) xelovnebis yovel nawarmoebSi raRaca
Canafiqri devs _ Tqma ar unda, es xom iciT? movlenebi unda
gaTamaSdes vidre ar mivaRwevT esTetikur, moralur da logikur
finalamde.
gil: da am SemTxvevaSi, ras gulisxmobs es?
msaxiobi: es yvela SemTxvevaSi erTs gulisxmobs: unda mivideT iqamde,
sadamdec yvela, visi sikvdilic gansazRvrulia, kvdeba.

msaxiobis sityvebSi, faqtobrivad, areklilia rozenkrancisa da

gildensternis bedisweris `morali~. gavixsenoT, rom piesis saTauria
`hamletidan~ nasesxebi inglisis elCis sityvebi: `rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ _ “Rosencrantz and Guildenstern are Dead”
(Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.350). amis Semdeg naTeli gaxdeba msaxiobis sityvebis
mniSvneloba: `hamletis~ dasasrulidan nasesxebi da stopardis piesis
saTaurad qceuli inglisis elCis es sityvebi windawinve usazRvravs
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns gardauval sikvdils. es yvelaferi
kargad icis msaxiobma. misi wamieri sicili da Semdgom ucabedi
daseriozuleba swored im saidumlos malavs, romelmac piesis
protagonistebs da ara mxolod maT sikvdili ganusazRvra.
gildensterns akvirvebs da aSfoTebs msaxiobis esTetikuri xedvis
logika, romelic sikvdilgansazRvrul personaJTa sikvdilis aucilebel

170
aRsrulebas efuZneba. igi dainteresebulia, vin wyvets am yvelafers,
razec msaxiobi pasuxobs: “Decides? It is written” (stopardi 1967: 58) [`wyvets?
es dawerilia~]. am sityvebze, ukve misgan Setrialebul msaxiobs
gildensterni xels daavlebs da agresiulad ukanve moatrialebs.
gildensterni, ra Tqma unda, qvecnobierad grZnobs, rom msaxiobi
marTalia, radgan msaxiobis mier gacnobierebul metadramatul Sres
gildensterni Tavis qvecnobierSi atarebs. gaTviTcnobierebuli msaxiobi
mis qvecnobier simebs exeba da amitomac drtvinavs gildensterni.
msaxiobi cdilobs ganumartos: “We’re tragedians, you see. We follow directions—
there is no choice involved. The bad end unhappily, the good unluckily. That is what tragedy
means” (stopardi 1967: 58) [`Cven tragikosebi varT, rogorc xedavT, da
mivyvebiT miTiTebebs _ arCevans ara aqvs adgili. cudebis bolo
ubeduria, kargebisa ki _ uiRblo. ai, amas niSnavs tragedia~]. Zneli
SesamCnevi ar aris Tu raoden hgavs msaxiobis am logikas gildensternis
adreuli msjelobis deterministuli logika, rodesac is cdilobs
depresiaSi Cavardnili rozenkranci daarigos. gamodis, rom
gildensterni sakuTar Tavs ewinaaRmdegeba, rodesac msaxiobs ekamaTeba.
ufro zusti ki iqneba, Tu vityviT, rom gildensterni qvecnobierad mainc
grZnobs sakuTari bed-iRblis determinirebulobas, magram bolomde mainc
ar unda am realobis miReba. swored amitom eurCeba igi msaxiobs da
sinamdvileSi, mis Semoqmedsa da misi bedis ganmsazRvrels _ Seqspirs.
msaxiobma rom SeqspiriviT windawinve icis yvela personaJis saboloo
bedi _ amaze pantomimis meore nawili mianiSnebs, sadac, rogorc adrec
SevniSneT, sruli sizustiT aris gaTamaSebuli is, rac unda moxdes
`hamletSi~ `gonzagos mkvlelobis~ dadgmis Semdgom. msaxiobis mier
pantomimaze gakeTebuli komentaris meSveobiT rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns faqtiurad TavianTi momavlis gagebis SesaZlebloba
eZlevaT. miuxedavad imisa, rom isini amCneven TavianT msgavsebas msaxiob
jaSuSebTan, mainc ver xvdebian realurad raSia saqme, da ara marto
mocemul momentSi, aramed, rodesac pantomimaSi gaTamaSebuli movlenebi
mogvianebiT marTlac sruldeba, maSinac ver iazreben, rom es yvelaferi
windawinve amcno maT msaxiobma.

171
 niSandoblivia msaxiobis komentari pantomimis jaSuSi personaJebis
bedze: “Traitors hoist by their own petard?—or victims of the gods?—we shall never know!”
(stopardi 1967: 60) [`sxvisTvis dagebul maxeSi gabmuli moRalateebi, Tu
RmerTebisgan ganwirulebi? _ amas verasdros gavigebT~]. msaxiobis es
sityvebi pirdapir exeba stopardis protagonistebs: marTlac
gaurkvevelia, isini hamletis moRalateebi arian, Tu Seqspirisgan piesis
siuJetis gasamarTad gamoyenebuli da Semdeg moSorebuli personaJebi.
albaT es Tavad stopardis SekiTxvasac unda gamoxatavdes Seqspiris
mimarT. man xom sul sxva sinamdvile amoikiTxa rozenkrancisa da
gildensternis cxovrebaSi.
stopardis protagonistebi sulac ar Canan bednierni, samefo karze
rom moixmes; ufro metic, bolomde verc ki swvdebian maTTvis
dakisrebuli saqmis arss. rozenkrancs depresiuli Semotevebic aqvs,
surs ra, gaeqces mis Tavze moxveul realobas. Tumca oriveni grZnoben,
rom raRac Zala, romelsac isini ver akontroleben, marTavs maT.
msaxiobis sityvebi pantomimis jaSuS personaJebze aseve mianiSnebs, igi
Seqspiris sulTan erTad stopardis sulsac rom gamoxatavs, radgan misi
SekiTxvis ideuri avtori udavod stopardia. msaxiobis codna faqtiurad
utoldeba im codnas, rac stopards hqonda am piesis dawerisas.
magaliTad, Seqspiris `hamletze~ arsebuli froidiseuli interpretaciis
naJuri Cans msaxiobis mier dadgmuli pantomimis im epizodSi, sadac
ideaSi gaTamaSebulia hamletisa da dedamisis kamaTis scena,
komentirebuli Tavad msaxiobis mier: “....he at last confronts his mother and in a
scene of provocative ambiguity—(a somewhat oedipal embrace) begs her to repent and recant”
(stopardi 1967: 59) [`....bolos igi warsdgeba dedamisis winaSe da
gamomwvevi orazrovnebis scenaSi _ (cota ar iyos oidiposuri Caxuteba)
sTxovs mas, aRiaros danaSauli da Seinanos~]. msaxiobisgan Caxutebis
aseTi maneris arCeva mianiSnebs imaze, rom mis gonebaSi integrirebulia
codna fsiqoanalitikuri literaturuli kritikis Sesaxeb. es swored is
codnaa, rac aerTianebs mas postmodernuli epoqis stopardTan da
ganasxvavebs renesansuli epoqis Seqspirisagan.
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns ver gaugiaT ras moiTxoven maTgan.
gildensterni ambobs: “They’re waiting to see what we’re going to do....” “As soon as we

172
make a move they’ll come pouring in from every side, shouting obscure instructions, confusing
us with ridiculous remarks, messing us about from here to breakfast and getting our names
wrong” (stopardi 1967: 62) [`elodebian gaigon ris gakeTebas vapirebT....~
`sakmarisia odnav gavinZreT da yvela mxridan mogvawydebian, gaugebar
miTiTebebs dagvayrian, suleluri SeniSvnebiT dagvabneven, Tavs
mogvabezreben da Cvens saxelebsac erTmaneTSi aureven~]. rozenkranci
daapirebs SeewinaaRmdegos megobris azrs, magram vidre pirs gaaRebs
salaparakod, scenis miRma klavdiusis gangaSnarevi xma gaismeba _ “Ho,
Guildenstern!” (62) [`ei, gildenstern!~] _ da gertrudTan erTad Semova
kidec scenaze, riTac dasturdeba gildensternis sityvebis siswore maTi
mdgomareobis Sesaxeb. es mdgomareoba araprognozirebadobiT gamoirCeva.
roca, magaliTad, isini moelian hamletis Semosvlas scenis erTi
mxridan, is realurad sapirispiro mxridan Semodis. mTeli situacia, rac
warmodgenilia piesis protagonistebis garSemo, aTamaSebs maT
marionetebiviT. gildensterni grZnobs amas. mas isic akvirvebs, ratom
gamoiZaxes am uazro saqmis aRsasruleblad, maSin roca nebismiers maT
adgilas SeeZlo misi aRsruleba. is xvdeba, rom maTi piradi wvlili
nulis tolia situaciis cvlilebaSi. maT erTi suli aqvT rodis
ganTavisufldebian TavianTi `movaleobisgan~. didi tvirTia maTTvis es
gaugebroba. amitom, usamarTloa hamletis sityvebi rozenkrancis mimarT,
rodesac is mas sarecx Rrubels adarebs, romelic jer siTxes
Seisrutavs da Semdeg ukanve gamowuraven. rozenkrancis reaqcia savsebiT
bunebrivi Cans hamletis `mamxilebel~ sityvebze: “I understand you not my lord”
(Seqspiri 2003: 4.2.20) [`me ar mesmis Tqveni laparaki, xelmwifis Svilo~
(Seqspiri 1987: 366)]. Tumca `hamletis~ teqsti aseTi bunebriobis
STabeWdilebas ar gviqmnis, radgan iq ucnobia rozenkrancisa da
gildensternis cxovrebis is saidumlo, rac stopardma ase
originalurad dagvixata. Seqspiris teqsti im interpretaciis
SesaZleblobasac tovebs, rom rozenkranci mixvda hamletis mamxilebeli
sityvebis Sinaars, magram ar SeimCnia; stopardis rozenkrancTan
mimarTebiT ki am interpretaciis ufleba albaT ar gvaqvs, radgan is,
mefisgan materialur gamorCenas rom ar eZebs _ faqtia. misTvis, iseve

173
rogorc misi megobrisTvis, erTaderTi gamorCena, am SemTxvevaSi,
klavdiusis davalebebisagan ganTavisufleba Tu iqneba.
piesis mesame moqmedeba iwyeba rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
sakmaod xangrZlivi dialogiT sibneleSi, rodesac isini inglisisken
mimaval gemze imyofebian. am dialogSi kidev ufro Rrmad ikveTeba maTi
sulieri SeWirveba. maT, ubralod, ar ician, ra qnan, raSi mdgomareobs
maTi funqcia. mudam elian iseT rames, rac miscems azrs maT sicocxles,
maT moqmedebas, da aSinebT is, rom SesaZloa, ar gamoCndes aseTi ram.
kariskacebma zogjer arc is ician, ra Tqvan. amitom gildensterni ase
loculobs: “Give us this day our daily cue” (stopardi 1967: 74) [`replika Cveni
arsobisa momec Cven dRes~]. ra Tqma unda, am sityvebSi kvlavac
metadramatizmi ikveTeba: piesis protagonistebs uWirT sityvebis Tavad
gamoZebna, Tu avtorma ar Caudo pirSi maT es sityvebi. “We act on scraps of
information . . . sifting half-remembered directions that we can hardly separate from instinct”
(stopardi 1967: 74) [`Cven informaciis naglejebze dayrdnobiT vmoqmedebT
. . . vcdilobT gaverkveT naxevrad damaxsovrebul davalebebSi, romlebic
Zlivs gagvirCevia instinqtisagan~]. gildensternis es sityvebi faqtiurad
pirdapir exmianeba im mosazrebas, rom metadramatulobis gancda
stopardma mis qvecnobierSi Cado, romelic, am SemTxvevaSi, SegviZlia
instinqts gavuTanabroT. logikuria gildensternis SemCnevac, rom maT
Tavze moxveuli brZanebebi Znelad ganirCeva maTi instinqtisagan.
gildensterns aq cota uklia mixvdes, rom piesis personaJia, magram
avtors mis cnobierSi mainc ar amoaqvs es saidumlo. nelvin vosis
sityvebiT, `Tu cxovreba piesaa, rozenkrancma da gildensternma ar ician
misi fabula. maTi rolebi ar aris dramaSi gansazRvruli; maT ara aqvT
`hamleti~ wakiTxuli~ (vosi 2009: 151).
gemze yofnisas rozenkrancs awuxebs da ver gaurkvevia, ra unda
moimoqmedon, ra unda iyos maTi Semdgomi svla, roca inglisis mefes
warudgebian hamletiTa da weriliT:

ROS: We take Hamlet to the English king, we hand over the letter—what then?
GUIL: There may be something in the letter to keep us going a bit.
ROS: And if not?

174
 GUIL: Then that’s it—we’re finished.
ROS: At a loose end?
GUIL: Yes. (stopardi 1967: 76)

roz: Cven miviyvanT hamlets inglisis mefesTan, gadavcemT werilsac _

ra mere?
gil: SesaZloa werilSi rame iseTi eweros, rac garkveuli xniT
gagvigrZelebs momavals.
roz: da Tu ara?
gil: maSin, damTavrebula Cveni saqme da eg aris.
roz: anu aRar gvecodineba ra vqnaT?
gil: ho.

mocemuli dialogi sakmaod cxadad mianiSnebs stopardis

rozenkrancisa da gildensternis personaJul bunebaze. isini grZnoben da
gildensterni TiTqos ramdenadme acnobierebs kidec, ra saxiT moqmedebs
TavianTi arsebobis meqanizmi, magram maTi personaJoba rom qmnis am
meqanizms, amaze arcerT maTgans warmodgena ara aqvs, rac imas niSnavs,
rom isini ar icnoben am meqanizmis namdvil arss da Sesabamisad, arc mis
Semoqmedsa da mmarTvels.
rozenkrancisTvis umiznoba da gaurkvevloba imdenad gausaZlisi
xdeba rom:

ROS: I wish I was dead. (Considers the drop.) I could jump over the side. That would put a
spoke in their wheel.
GUIL: Unless they’re counting on it.
ROS: I shall remain on board. That’ll put a spoke in their wheel. (The futility of it, fury.) All
right! We don’t question, we don’t doubt. We perform. But a line must be drawn
somewhere, and I would like to put it on record that I have no confidence in England. Thank
you. (stopardi 1967: 78)

roz: netavi mkvdari viyo. (TvaliT zomavs simaRles.) gadavxtebi

gemidan da kovzic CauvardebaT nacarSi.

175
 gil: ki, Tu swored am moqmedebis Sesrulebas ar moelian Sengan.
roz: maSin gemze davrCebi da CauvardebaT kovzi nacarSi.
(gaacnobierebs am gadawyvetilebis amaoebasac da brazi moereva .) ho,
kargi! Zalian kargi! SekiTxvebs aRar vsvamT, aRarc eWvebs gamovTqvamT.
SevasrulebT da gaTavda. oRond zRvari sadRac unda gaivlos, da
minda oficialurad ganvacxado, rom ar vendobi ingliss. gmadlobT.

aq ramdenime moments unda gavusvaT xazi da Tan gavavloT

paralelebi hamletis situaciasTan:

1) Tavisi absurduli arsebobiTa da gaurkveveli movaleobebiT

gulgawyalebul rozenkrancs surs, gaeqces amqveyniur
gansacdelebs. es exmianeba hamletiseul yofna-aryofnis Temas.
Tumca, ras ganicdis rozenkranci da ras hamleti _ es ukve sxva
sakiTxia.
2) rozenkrancs SurisZiebis wyurvili aqvs maTze, vinc ase
apampulavebs mas da mis megobars uazro da gaugebari moqmedebebis
davalebiT. es exmianeba mama-Svili hamletebis SurisZiebis
wyurvils klavdiusze. rozenkrancTanac SurisZiebis mTavari
obieqti klavdiusia, radgan swored man moixmo isini elsinoridan
da Tavs moaxvia inglisSi gamgzavrebis gaugebrobac.
3) rozenkrancs Tavisi arsebobis deterministuli arsis winaaRmdeg
unda imoqmedos, magram gildensternis daxmarebiT sabolood
xvdeba, rom SeuZlebelia gaarkvios wyalSi gadaxtoma, Tu gemze
darCena CaSlis maT (anu klavdiusisa da sxvaTa) gegmebs. is
acnobierebs, rom winaswar verasdros Caswvdeba maTi momavali
bedis deterministul saidumlos da amitomac ereva brazi. misgan
SurisZiebis ideaze xelis aReba exmianeba hamletis WoWmans da
mudmivad mizezebis Ziebas, rom gadados Surisgebis aRsruleba,
radgan hamleti ar aris darwmunebuli ramdenad sworia es gza, da
isic kargad esmis, rom adamianis boroteba amiT ver daiZleva.
garda amisa, gemidan gadaxtomis gadafiqreba exmianeba hamletis
daskvnas, rom mainc SeCveuli Wiri sjobs am qveynad yofnis saxiT,

176
 vidre is Wiri, rac SeiZleba im qveynad moelodes aqedan gaqceul
adamians.
4) rozenkrancis brazian, Tumc bedisadmi Semgueblur, sityvebSi
qvecnobieri metadramatizmi irekleba. igi iZulebulia aRiaros, rom
Semsrulebelia, magram ar moswons da eWvis TvaliT uyurebs imas,
risi Sesrulebac uwevs. misgan inglisisadmi undoblobis
oficialur stilSi gamocxadeba da Semdeg madlobis moyoleba
kvlav metadramatul suls atarebs. vis eubneba rozenkranci Tavis
`gamosvlaSi~ madlobas? albaT imas vinc mas da mis megobars
ganusazRvra is, rac ganusazRvra. da Cven viciT, rom stopardTan es
arc klavdiusia da arc hamleti, aramed maTi avtori _ Seqspiri, _
romlis saxe da idumali codnac stopardma Tavis zepersonaJSi,
mTavar msaxiobSi Cado, romelmac, cxadia, yvela sxva personaJis
bedi icis.
5) rozenkrancis sityvebSi pirdapir Cans, rom mas cudi winaTgrZnoba
aqvs inglisSi gamgzavrebis mimarT. es ki SegviZlia daSnis
xmarebaSi laertTan Sejibris mimarT hamletis cud winaTgrZnobas
davukavSiroT. orive SemTxvevaSi es winaTgrZnobebi marTldeba da
gmirebisaTvis sabediswero dasasruli moaqvs.

yvela CamoTvlili momenti ukavSirdeba rozenkrancisa da

gildensternis ucnaur beds `hamletSi~. auxsneli davalebebis
deterministuli Zala amzadebs maT alogikur sikvdils. Seqspiris
piesaSi kariskacebs unda scodnodaT da stopardis piesaSi maT
namdvilad ician, rom absurdia hamletis gareSe klavdiusis werilis
gadacema inglisis mefisaTvis, magram am davalebis Sesrulebisaken
mimarTuli Zala ufro Zlieri aRmoCndeba, vidre daniaSi saswrafod ukan
dabrunebis logikuri gadawyvetileba. miuxedevad imisa, rom stopardis
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns hamletis mier Canacvlebuli werilis
wakiTxvis saSualebac ki eZlevaT, TviT maTi TviTgadarCenis instinqti
uZluri aRmoCndeba im davalebaTa deterministuli Zalis winaSe,
romlebic miecaT maT. sxva sityvebiT, rozenkrancsa da gildensterns
daevalaT, rom mokvdnen da amitomac mokvdnen. garda amisa, aq stopardi
kidev erTxel gvaxsenebs, rom rozenkranci da gildensterni, raRac

177
gagebiT, Tanamedrove hamletebi arian, riTac iribad migviTiTebs im
msgavsebebsa da gansxvavebebze, rac arsebobs renesansul da
postmodernul suls Soris.
amrigad, rogorc ikveTeba, stopardma gildensternis qvecnobierSi
moaTavsa Seqspiris `hamletis~ metadramatuli samyaros gamoZaxili,
xolo raxan rozenkrancSi es gamoZaxili naklebad igrZnoba, SegviZlia
vigulisxmoT, rom stopardma igi mis aracnobierSi gamoketa. Tumca, isic
unda aRiniSnos, rom gildensternis daxmarebiT zogjer TiTqos
rozenkrancic ramdenadme axerxebs aracnobierSi Cakargulis
qvecnobieramde amowevas. xolo, piesaSi erTaderTi personaJi, romelsac
stopardma misca metadramatuli samyaros ganWvretis unari _ es aris
mTavari msaxiobi. rac imaleba rozenkrancis aracnobierSi, xolo
igrZnoba gildensternis qvecnobierSi, is gacxadebulia msaxiobis
cnobierSi. amis Sedegad, msaxiobma icis rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
saboloo bedis Sesaxeb, miuxedavad imisa, rom gildensterni mis
gabiTurebasac axerxebs, rodesac fulze eTamaSeba.

3.7. `SekiTxvobanas~ TamaSi

gildensterni ase uxsnis rozenkrancs, ra saxis moqmedeba marTebT

hamletTan mimarTebiT: “....it’s a matter of asking the right questions and giving away as
little as we can. It’s a game” (stopardi 1967: 29) [`....es aris swori SekiTxvebis
dasmisa da minimaluri informaciis gacemis sakiTxi. es TamaSia~]. cota
mogvianebiT, misi laparakiT dabneuli rozenkranci ekiTxeba: “What are you
playing at?” (29) [`ra ginda magiT Tqva, ras TamaSob?~]. gildensternis
pasuxia: “Words, words. They’re all we have to go on” (30) [`sityvebs. sityvebs.
sityvebia is yvelaferi, rac gagvaCnia moqmedebis gasagrZeleblad~]. ra
Tqma unda, es pasuxi unda ukavSirdebodes poloniusis SekiTxvaze
hamletis pasuxs, Tu ras kiTxulobs is: “Words, words, words” (Seqspiri 2003:
2.2.190) [`sityvebs, sityvebs, sityvebs~ (Seqspiri 1987: 342)]. garda amisa,
gildensternis pasuxi misTvis gaucnobierebel metadramatul
konotaciasac atarebs: maT ar ician rogor imoqmedon im gaugebrobaSi,

178
raSic moxvdnen, da rogorc piesis personaJebi, ZiriTadad sityvebiT
suldgmuloben. mel gasou SeniSnavs: `im momentidan, rodesac
rozenkranci da gildensterni pirvelad gamoCdnen sasaxleSi da daiwyes
fiqri, ra xdeboda elsinorSi maTi eqscentruli klaselis Tavs,
stopardi eWqveS ayenebs adamianis TviTmyofadobis SesaZleblobas, mis
unars, Tavi gaitanos represiul garemoSi~ (gasou 1996: viii).
Semdeg isini erTobian `SekiTxvobanas~ TamaSiT, sadac qulebis
angariSi CogburTis wesebs efuZneba. es sityvieri ping-pongis asociacias
iwvevs, raSi varjiSic maT namdvilad sWirdebaT hamletTan Sexvedris win.
niSandoblivia, rom am TamaSSi SekiTxvisaTvis pasuxis gacema, anu
mtkicebiTi winadadebis gamoyeneba Secdomas niSnavs. es exmianeba
gildensternis naTqvams, rom maT hamletTan SekiTxvebis dasma marTebT
da informaciis gacemisagan TavSekaveba. informacia xom Cveulebriv
TxrobiTi winadadebebisgan gadmoicema da ara _ kiTxviTisgan. amitom maT,
rac SeiZleba meti SekiTxva unda dausvan hamlets da pasuxi gaaceminon
maTze, xolo hamletis SekiTxvebi airidon, Tu sityvieri ping-pongis
mogebaze fiqroben.
garda zemoTqmulisa, `SekiTxvobanas~ TamaSs piesaSi sxva simboluri
datvirTvac gaaCnia. is samyaros Seucnoblobas gamoxatavs. misi wesebiT,
mtkicebiTi winadadebis Tqma rom Secdomaa _ amiT miniSnebulia
adamianisgan Tqmuli yoveli aseTi winadadebis mcdaroba. mtkicebiT
winadadebebs ar SeswevT Zala, asaxon sinamdvile. rac Seexeba kiTxviT
winadadebebs, maT pretenzia ar gaaCniaT sinamdvilis asaxvaze, piriqiT,
isini mxolod kiTxvebs svamen am sinamdvilis Sesaxeb, xolo maTze
yovelgvar pasuxs eWvqveS ayeneben. ra Tqma unda, isinic ver asaxaven
realobas, magram amqveyniur adamianur mdgomareobas mtkicebiT
winadadebebze ufro adekvaturad gamoxataven. amitom, ganxilul TamaSSi
gamarjveba swored SekiTxvebis dasmas efuZneba. aseTi TamaSi ki
mianiSnebs, rom adamianisTvis es samyaro ufro SekiTxvaa, vidre
mtkicebuleba. da raxan piesis protagonistebi hamletis mimarT
SekiTxvebis dasmis msgavs meTods mimarTaven, Seucnobel samyaros, am
SemTxvevaSi, ukve hamletis Sinagani samyaro warmoadgens, romlis
Secnobasac isini amaod cdiloben. `saTaguris scenis~ Semdeg hamleti

179
eubneba kidec maT: “....you would pluck out the heart of my mystery, you would sound me
from my lowest note to the top of my compass.... ....though you can fret me, you cannot play
upon me” (Seqspiri 2003: 3.2.330-32; 3.2.335-36) [`....gindaT, Cems saidumlos guli
amoacaloT da Cemis sulis simebs saTiTaod xma amoaRebinoT.... ....magram
esec icodeT, rom SegiZlianT gamawvaloT, ramdenica gsurT, da Cemzed
dakvras ki ver moaxerxebT~ (Seqspiri 1987: 359)].
mas mere, rac hamletTan rozenkrancisa da gildensternis pirveli da
yvelaze vrceli saubari Sedgeba, stopardis protagonistebi am saubris
Sedegebs swored `SekiTxvobanas~ TamaSis terminebiT ganixilaven. isini
iTvlian, ramdeni Secdoma dauSva hamletma am TamaSis wesebis mixedviT.
iseTi STabeWdileba rCeba, TiTqos, am formalur, TamaSiseul
kriteriumebs gadamwyveti mniSvneloba aqvs hamletis saidumlos
mignebaSi. sinamdvileSi ki, es yvelaferi mianiSnebs mxolod imaze, rom
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns warmodgena ara aqvT, ra xdeba maT Tavs.
stopards isini, cota ar iyos, mosulelo elementebad hyavs gamoyvanili.
daniel jerniganis (jernigani 2012: 19) azriT, maTi mosuleloba da
agreTve maTi mexsierebis problema gamowveuli unda iyos imiTac, rom
`hamleti~ ar aRwers im movlenebs, rac maT gadaxdaT klavdiusis winaSe
wardgomamde. Sesabamisad, Seqspiris teqstis miRma isini ufro
dabneulebi da ususurebi Canan. harold blumi SeniSnavs: `Cven, rogorc
mayureblebi, vcnobT `hamletis~ cnobil siuJets, magram rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns, rogorc personaJebs sxva piesaSi, ara aqvT warmodgena im
ganzomilebaze, romelSic moqceulia maTi arseboba~ (blumi 2003: 17). jim
hanteri ki ambobs: `is faqti, rom rozenkrancsa da gildensterns araferi
axsovT iqamde, sanam siuJets ar dasWirda isini, mianiSnebs, rom isini
mxolod misi daniSnulebisTvis arseboben~ (hanteri 2000: 32).

3.8. sikvdilis gaazreba

rogorc mocemuli sadisertacio naSromis pirvel TavSi SevniSneT,

araerTi kritikosi svams kiTxvas imis Taobaze, Tu ramdenad
imsaxurebdnen Seqspiris rozenkranci da gildensterni iseT beds,

180
rogorsac Seeyarnen. Tuki CavTvliT, rom maT icodnen klavdiusis
SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, maSin SeiZleba iTqvas, alalia maTze amgvari bolo.
rogorc Catarebulma kvlevam aCvena, maT hqondaT sakmarisi codna imis
misaxvedrad, rom werilSi klavdiusi inglisis mefes hamletis, sul
cota, datusaRebas mainc mosTxovda. miuxedavad imisa, rom ver
dasturdeba Seqspiris rozenkrancisa da gildensternis sruli codna
klavdiusis SeTqmulebis Sinaarsis Sesaxeb, anu hamletze dakveTili
mkvlelobis Sesaxeb, maTze gamotanili saboloo ganaCeni mainc
eqvemdebareba garkveul gamarTlebas. magram, SeiZleba ki igive iTqvas
stopardis rozenkrancisa da gildensternis Sesaxeb?
Cven vxedavT, rom stopardis gmirebma saerTod araferi ician
klavdiusis SeTqmulebis Sesaxeb, vidre mefis werils ar gaxsnian da ar
waikiTxaven. rodesac piesis protagonistebi werilSi aRmoaCenen, rom
klavdiusi inglisis mefisgan hamletis mokvdinebas moiTxovs, maT
gansaxvavebuli reaqcia aqvT am aRmoCenis mimarT: rozenkranci
uaryofiTad Rebulobs mas, xolo gildensterni, SeiZleba iTqvas, _
neitralurad. gildensterns oTxi mizezi mohyavs imis dasasabuTeblad,
rom xeli ar unda SeuSalon am werilis adresatamde misvlas da
Sesabamisad, hamletis mokvdinebas: 1) sikvdili adre Tu gvian mainc
aravis ascdebao; 2) sazogadoebrivi gadmosaxedidan, erTi kacis
sikvdiliT didi araferi daSavdebao; 3) sikvdili SeiZleba sulac ar
iyos iseTi saSineli ram, rogorc is warmoudgeniaTo, da 4) Cvengan
umarTebulo iqneba ucodinrad CaverioT bedisweris an Tundac mefeTa
ganaZraxSio. faqtiurad, gildensterni postmodernulad civi gonebiT
msjelobs adamianis saboloo bedze da xels ibans hamletis sikvdilze
pasuxismgeblobisagan. rozenkrancs ramdenadme awuxebs sindisi, Tumca
misi wuxili sabolood araqmediTi da unayofoa. rozenkrancisa da
gildensternis poziciebs Soris gansxvavebas faqtiurad ajamebs Semdegi
dialogi:

ROS: But what’s the point?

GUIL: Don’t apply logic.
ROS: He’s done nothing to us.

181
 GUIL: Or justice.
ROS: It’s awful.
GUIL: But it could have been worse. (stopardi 1967: 80)

roz: ki magram, ratom ganizraxes es?

gil: nu eZeb logikas.
roz: CvenTvis araferi dauSavebia.
gil: nurc samarTals.
roz: saSinelebaa.
gil: uaresic SeiZleboda yofiliyo.

gildensternis civi gonebis gavleniT, is mcire sindisis naperwkali,

romelmac gaielva rozenkrancis gulSi, neldeba da qreba. is ajerebs
kidec sakuTar Tavs, rom maT hamleti misTvisve sakeTildReod mihyavT
inglisSi. hamleti ki swored is pirovnebaa, romlisTvisac adamianis
sindisierebas ganuzomeli fasi aqvs. amitomac yovelgvari yoymanis
gareSe gauyenebs igi sindisgaciebul rozenkrancsa da gildensterns
sikvdilis gzas, da horaciosac ganucxadebs: “They are not near my conscience”
(Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.58) [`....sindisic ara mtanjavs imaT gulisTvis....~
(Seqspiri 1987: 383)].
stopardi hamletisgan Canacvlebuli werilis wakiTxvis saSualebasac
aZlevs Tavis rozenkrancsa da gildensterns, vidre isini inglisSi
Cavlen. raoden gasakviric ar unda iyos, maT mxolod Sinaarsi akvirvebT
werilis axali versiisa da saerTod ver amCneven im faqts, rom igi
Caenacvla adreul versias, romelic hamletis mokvdinebas moiTxovda. es
mxolod maTi mexsierebis problemiT SeiZleba aixsnas. maT aSkarad aRar
axsovT Zveli werili da hgoniaT, Tavidanve es werili iyo maT xelSi:
werili, romelic moiTxovs maT mokvdinebas.
Cven SegviZlia davadanaSauloT stopardis protagonistebi imaSi, rom
ar Seatyobines hamlets klavdiusis werilis Sinaarsi, magram isic
marTalia, rom maT ar ician mefis SeTqmulebis mizezi. iqneb mefe sulac
sworia, rom hamlets sikvdili gadauwyvita? iqneb hamleti marTla
imsaxurebs sikvdils, raxan aseTi saSiSi gaxda yvelasaTvis da daamtkica

182
es poloniusis mkvlelobiTac. ufro metic, rodesac stopardis
rozenkranci da gildensterni waikiTxaven im werils, romelic ukve maT
sikvdils moiTxovs, isini TavianTi Tavebis gadasarCenadac arafers
akeTeben. am yvelafris gaTvaliswinebiT, albaT usamarTloa stopardis
protagonistebis dadanaSauleba imaSi, rom hamletis dasacavad ar
imoqmedes, radgan, rogorc vxedavT, maT realuri arCevani ar gaaCniaT.
isini mxolod ise moqmedeben, rogorc daevalebaT xolme. maT SeuZliaT
garkveuli improvizacia maTTvis SemuSavebuli momakvdinebeli fabulis
sazRvrebSi, magram ar SeuZliaT gadaabijon am sazRvrebs. Seqspiris mier
maTTvis Sedgenili fabulis ucnauri gagrZeleba arTmevs kariskacebs
TavianTi gezis Secvlis SesaZleblobas. isini emorCilebian bedisweras
ara Tavisufali nebiT, aramed am nebis uqonlobiT.
piesis meore moqmedebis sadRac SuaSi, rozenkranci cota ucnaur
SekiTxvas usvams gildensterns: “Do you ever think of yourself as actually dead, lying
in a box with a lid on it?” (stopardi 1967: 50) [`zogjer ar warmoidgen xolme
Tavs moxuful yuTSi mwolare micvalebulad?~]. mas mere rac megobrisgan
uaryofiT pasuxs miiRebs, rozenkranci mohyveba msjelobas aseT
mdgomareobaSi yofnis Sesaxeb da sabolood daaskvnis: “Life in a box is better
than no life at all. I expect. You’d have a chance at least. You could lie there thinking—well, at
least I’m not dead! In a minute someone’s going to bang on the lid and tell me to come out” (51)
[`yuTSi sicocxle, me mgoni, sjobs saerTod usicocxlobas. raRac Sansi
mainc gaqvs. im fiqriT SegiZlia iwve, mkvdari mainc ar var! axla viRaca
xufze damikakunebs da metyvis, rom gamovide~]. jil levinsonis TqmiT,
`rozenkranci ganWvrets hamletis yvelaze cnobil monologs, `yofna-
aryofnas~, Tavisi fantaziiT sikvdilze rogorc yuTSi Zilze~ (keli 2001:
161). da marTlac amis mere, rogorc levinsoni SeniSnavs, stopardis
piesaSi hamleti maleve warmogvidgens am monologs pantomimis saxiT.
rozenkrancis mier Semotanili da ganxiluli sakiTxi raRacnairad
asaxavs misi da gildensternis situacias. isini gamTeniisas mZinare
mdgomareobidan gamoiyvana da aamoqmeda mefis gamogzavnilma Sikrikma.
maT ar ician, rogor imoqmedon, magram im molodiniT cxovroben, rom
scenaze viRac an viRaceebi Semovlen da maT moqmedebas gezs miscemen.
Tumca piesis protagonistebi imasac xvdebian, rom sxvebis Semosvla da

183
gasvla sruliad araprognozirebadia maTTvis. swored amis magaliTs
vxedavT, rodesac molodinisagan gulgawyalebuli rozenkranci
gaaprotestebs:

They’re taking us for granted! Well, I won’t stand for it! In future, notice will be taken. (He
wheels again to face into the wings.) Keep out, then! I forbid anyone to enter! (No one
comes—Breathing heavily.) That’s better. . . .
(Immediately, behind him a grand procession enters, principally CLAUDIUS, GERTRUDE,
POLONIUS and OPHELIA. CLAUDIUS takes ROS’s elbow as he passes and is
immediately deep in conversation....) (stopardi 1967: 52).

magaT moclilebi vgonivarT! amas veRar avitan! momavalSi

gaTvaliswinebuli iqneba. (swrafad Semotrialdeba da kulisebs
gaxedavs.) iyaviT maSin gareT! yvelas vukrZalav Semosvlas! (aravin
Semodis _ mZimed sunTqavs.) ase ukeTesia. . . .
(ucbad, mis ukan didi procesia Semodis, upirveles yovlisa,
klavdiusi, gertrudi, poloniusi da ofelia. klavdiusi idayvze
waavlebs xels rozenkrancs, Tan gaiyolebs da im wamsve gatacebiT
Caebmeba masTan saubarSi....).

ase igdebs da dascinis rozenkrancsa da gildensterns is situacia,

romelSic isini imyofebian. `hamletis~ siuJeti, rogorc erTgvari
deterministuli Zala, faqtobrivad, apampulavebs maT, rogorc
marionetebs.
jim hanteri (hanteri 2000: 32) SeniSnavs, rom hamletsac da stopardis
protagonistebsac eSiniaT sikvdilis, magram sxvadasxva TvalsazrisiT.
hamlets, rogorc misi `yofna-aryofnis~ monologidan Cans, aSinebs ara
gaqroba da usizmro saukuno Zili (rasac faqtiurad natrobs kidec am
monologSi), aramed is ucxo samyaro, romelic sikvdilis Semdeg moelis
da karg sizmrebs ar uqadis. stopardis rozenkrancsa da gildensterns
ki swored gaqrobis eSiniaT da ara sikvdilis Semdgomi arsebobisa.
amgvari SiSi ki, hanteris TqmiT, Tanamedroveobas axasiaTebs. miuxedavad
imisa, rom stopardis piesaSi asaxul dros saukuneebi aSorebs

184
postmodernizmis epoqisgan, misi protagonistebis SiSebi swored rom
postmodernulia.
stopardis rozenkranci da gildensterni ver acnobiereben, ra xdeba
maT garSemo, Tumca hamletis mier Canacvlebuli werilis wakiTxvis
Semdeg, isini rogorRac xvdebian, rom maT mudmivad raRac Zala marTavda.
gildensterni ambobs: “Where we went wrong was getting on a boat. We can move, of
course, change direction, rattle about, but our movement is contained within a larger one that
carries us along as inexorably as the wind and current. . . .” (stopardi 1967: 89) [`raSic
SevcdiT _ es aris gemze rom amovediT. Cven aq, ra Tqma unda, SegviZlia
vimoZraoT, SevicvaloT mimarTuleba, vitrialoT adgilze, magram Cveni
moZraoba moqceulia ufro didi mamoZravebeli Zalis SigniT, romelsac
ise mtkiced mivyavarT win, rogorc qarsa da dinebas...~].
aRsaniSnavia, rom hamletis mier werilebis Canacvlebis safuZvelze,
rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan mimarTebiT dramatuli ironia iqmneba.
Tumca, rodesac stopardis piesaSi isini Canacvlebul werils gaxsnian
da gaecnobian, es dramatuli ironia neitraldeba. ratom ver Svelis
stopardis rozenkrancsa da gildensterns Canacvlebuli werilis
Sinaarsis gageba? ratom ver cvlis maT beds naxsenebi dramatuli
ironiis neitralizeba? es imitom xdeba, rom maT ar ician, `hamletis~
personaJebs rom warmoadgenen, rac Cven viciT. amiT ki stopardi ukve
metadramatul ironias qmnis, romelsac misi piesis personaJTagan
mxolod msaxiobi acnobierebs.
gamaognebelia rozenkrancisa da gildensternisTvis hamletis mier
Senacvlebuli werilis Sinaarsi. isini ijereben, rom werili klavdiusma
dawera, magram ver gaugiaT, raSi sWirdeboda elsinoris samefos maTi
sikvdili da maT mokvdinebas kidev _ amxela RonisZieba:

ROS: They had it in for us, didn’t they? Right from the beginning. Who’d have thought that
we were so important?
GUIL: But why? Was it all for this? Who are we that so much should converge on our little
deaths? (In anguish to the PLAYER.) Who are we?
PLAYER: You are Rosencrantz and Guildenstern. That’s enough.

185
 GUIL: No—it is not enough. To be told so little—to such an end—and still, finally, to be
denied an explanation. . . .
PLAYER: In our experience, most things end in death. (stopardi 1967: 89)

roz: Tavidanve Cvenze gadakidebulebi yofilan, ara? vin ifiqrebda,

aseTi mniSvnelovani figurebi rom viyaviT?
gil: ki magram, ratom? yvelaferi amisTvis xdeboda? vin varT Cven
aseTni, amxela aliaqoTi rom atexes Cveni mokvdinebis ubralo
saqmisTvis? (damwuxrebuli msaxiobs.) vina varT Cven?
msaxiobi: Tqven rozenkranci da gildensterni xarT, da es sakmarisia.
gil: ara, ar aris es sakmarisi: ase cotas Tqma aseTi dasasrulisTvis
da sabolood, axsna-ganmartebaze mainc uaris Tqma....
msaxiobi: Cveni gamocdilebiT, umetesad sikvdilia yvelafris bolo.

msaxiobis mier SemoTavazebuli `axsna~ pirdapir ireklavs Seqspiris

myar gadawyvetilebas, gaagzavnos rozenkranci da gildensterni TavianTi
sikvdilisaken. Seqspiri Tavs ar iwuxebs imisTvis, rom Tavisi piesis
meoradi personaJebis bedi ufro Tanmimdevruli gaxados. rogorc
msaxiobis sityvebi mianiSnebs, axla mTavaria rozenkranci da
gildensterni mkvdrebi gaxdnen. piesas ori axali gvami sWirdeba.
niSandoblivia, rom gildensterni msaxiobs TavianT vinaobas ekiTxeba.
esec mis qvecnobierSi damaluli metadramatuli realobis gamoZaxilia.
sagulisxmoa agreTve msaxiobis pasuxic, sadac ikveTeba avtoriseuli
TviTneboba sakuTari personaJebis nawarmoebSi Semoyvanisa da maTi bedis
gadawyvetis saqmeSi. gildensterni umxedrdeba Tavis avtors, romelmac
axsna-ganmartebis gareSe gamoutana mas da mis megobars sikvdilis
ganaCeni. is, ra Tqma unda, ver xvdeba visTan aqvs saqme; da rodesac
sasceno xanjliT, Tavisi WkuiT, aseve axsna-ganmartebis gareSe `moklavs~
mas, msaxiobi mokvdomis kompetenturi SesrulebiT ajerebs mas da mis
megobars, rom marTlac mokvda. msaxiobis aseTi SemoqmedebiTi
gamarjvebiT stopardi mianiSnebs, rom avtoris nebis winaaRmdeg misi
gmirebi ususurni arian da srul determinirebas ganicdian am nebisagan.
imavdroulad, stopardi, rogorc Cans, eWvqveS ayenebs Seqspiris

186
samarTlianobas am gmirebis mimarT; Tumca sakuTriv es eWvi
samarTlianobas mxolod maSin SeiZens, Tu vigulisxmebT, rom Seqspiris
rozenkrancisa da gildensternis ukanac zustad is realoba imaleba,
rac stopardma daxata Tavisi protagonistebisTvis. am epizodis Semdeg
stopardis gmirebi sabolood nebdebian TavianT sasikvdilo bedisweras
da misi piesis boloSic rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian.
entoni jenkinsi (jenkinsi 1989: 47-48) yuradRebas amaxvilebs imaze, rom
hamletma icis ratom kvdeba, vinaidan kargad xedavs im movlenaTa
logikur jaWvs, ramac miiyvana aqamde; xolo stopardis rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns ver gaugiaT, ra logikiT gadawyda maTi sikvdili. aqedan
gamomdinare, marTebulia jon flemingis (flemingi 2001: 63) mosazreba,
rom stopardis protagonistebs sasikvdilo ganaCenze metad
gaurkvevloba aSfoTebT. maT ainteresebT, vin arian Tavad da risTvis
moxda es yvelaferi. flemingi SeniSnavs, rom gildensterni swored am
gaugebrobis axsnas moiTxovs msaxiobisgan, nacvlad imisa, rom im
werilis ganadgurebaze ifiqros, romelic inglisis mefes maT mokvlas
ukveTavs.
uiliam dimastesi (dimastesi 2008: 43) SeniSnavs, rom Seqspiris piesaSi,
araerT SemTxvevaSi, hamlets uWirs erTmaneTisgan gaarCios moCvenebiToba
da sinamdvile. stopardis piesaSi sikvdilis gaTamaSebiT msaxiobisgan
motyuebul gildensternze jim hanteric analogiurs ambobs: `msgavsad
hamletisa, romelic uyurebs atirebul da gafiTrebul pirvel msaxiobs,
gildensternsac ver gaurCevia sinamdvile garegnobisagan...~ (hanteri 2000:
31). am SemTxvevaSi, hamletma, ra Tqma unda icis, rom mis winaSe mdgari
msaxiobi Tavis rols asrulebs, magram mSvenivrad xvdeba imasac, rom
ucodinari adamiani SeiZleba Tavisuflad motyuebuliyo da CaeTvala igi
ara fiqciur-miTologiur tragediaze `mgloviare~ msaxiobad, aramed
sakuTari axloblis damtirebel realur Wirisuflad. gildensterni ki
swored amgvari ucodinrobis msxverplia, rodesac sasceno xanjliT
`klavs~ msaxiobs.
msaxiobsa da gildensterns erTmaneTisgan gansxvavebuli warmodgena
aqvT sikvdilze. msaxiobi Tvlis, rom realur sikvdilze ufro
damajerebeli scenaze gaTamaSebuli, Teatraluri sikvdilia. vinaidan

187
misgan gaTamaSebul sikvdils gildensterni ijerebs, amiT uneburad
adasturebs msaxiobis mosazrebis sarwmunoobas. magram, miuxedavad amisa,
gildensterns mainc ar sjera msaxiobisgan SemoTavazebuli sikvdilis
gagebisa, arc misi romantikuli Tu tragikuli gaTamaSebisa: “No . . . no . . .
not for us, not like that. Dying is not romantic, and death is not a game which will soon be over. .
. . Death is not anything . . . death is not. . . . It’s the absence of presence, nothing more . . . the
endless time of never coming back . . . a gap you can’t see, and when the wind blows through it,
it makes no sound. . . .” (stopardi 1967: 90-91) [`ara... ara... CvenTvis ase ara.
sikvdili ar aris romantikuli, da sikvdili ar aris TamaSi, romelic
male dasruldeba... sikvdili ar aris raRaca... sikvdili ar aris... is
myofobis armyofobaa da meti araferi... daubruneblobis dausrulebeli
dro... sicariele, romelsac ver xedav, da Tugind qarma miuberos, amiT
siCume ar dairRveva...~]. es sityvebi, faqtiurad, mokled da zustad
ajamebs gildensternis xedvas sikvdilis Sesaxeb. marTalia, mas ar sjera
personaJebisgan gaTamaSebuli, scenuri sikvdilisa, magram unda iTqvas,
rom misi warmodgena sikvdilis Sesaxeb agreTve atarebs personaJul
bunebas, oRond gansxvavebuli gadmosaxedidan. gildensterni sikvdils
ganixilavs iseT xelSeuxebel movlenad, romelic warmodgenas saerTod
ar eqvemdebareba da Sesabamisad, misi vizualuri asaxvac SeuZlebelia.
sikvdili rom, misi azriT, `myofobis armyofobaa~ _ es sulac ar
ewinaaRmdegeba mkvdrad Seracxuli personaJis armyofobas scenaze.
swored armyofobidan Semoiyvana isini stopardma scenaze myofobaSi da
bolos ukanve gaabruna armyofobaSi, rogorc es Tavis droze Seqspirma
gaakeTa. realurad, msaxiobi da gildensterni erTi movlenis sxvadasxva
aspeqtze saubroben, ubralod, msaxiobi aCvenebs sikvdilamde misvlis
formebs anu kvdomis process, rac scenaze asaxvas eqvemdebareba,
gildensterni ki, gulisxmobs sakuTriv sikvdils, rogorc fenomens anu
mkvdar mdgomareobaSi yofnas, risi scenaze gaTamaSebac ra unda iyos
marTlac gaugebaria. Tumca personaJis sikvdili am sikvdilis scenaze
gaTamaSebamdec SegviZlia daviyvanoT, da swored amas akeTebs msaxiobi,
romelmac kargad icis, rom Tavis personaJebs elaparakeba.
gildensternis Widili msaxiobTan ki, asaxavs mis amao mcdelobas,
gaarRvios avtoriseuli deterministuli neba da acdes misi scenariT

188
gansazRvrul sikvdils. ra Tqma unda, gildensterni zustad ver
acnobierebs raSia saqme, magram mis qvecnobierSi es metadramatuli Sre
Taviseburad Camalulia da zustad igi axelebs mas.
hamletis ukanaskneli sityvebi sikvdilis win da SeiZleba iTqvas,
swored sikvdilis Sesaxeb _ “....the rest is silence” (Seqspiri 2003: 5.2.337) [`sxva
raRa darCa? saukuno siCume mxolod~ (Seqspiri 1987: 389)] _ SegviZlia
davukavSiroT sikvdilis daxasiaTebas gildensternis mier, rac
gulisxmobs, rom sikvdili uxmoa da ar arRvevs siCumes, qarmac rom
miuberos. gildensterniseuli `myofobis armyofoba~ agreTve qmnis
garkveul kavSirs hamletiseul `yofna-aryofnis~ TematikasTan, oRond
stopardTan adamianis yofna-aryofnis sakiTxi gadaxlarTulia personaJis
yofna-aryofnisa Tu myofoba-armyofobis sakiTxTan, rac qmnis im
metadramatul TamaSs, romelic stopardma warmogvidgina Tavisi
eqsperimentuli piesis saxiT.

3.9. `hamletis~ postmodernistuli xedva stopardis piesaSi

Seqspiris `hamletis~ renesansul suliskveTebas stopardis piesaSi

postmodernuli epoqis suli enacvleba. rogorc martin holdeni
SeniSnavs, `stopardis mier wyarod Seqspiruli masalis Tavisufali
gamoyeneba da misgan iumoris meSveobiT Rirebulebebis, WeSmaritebisa da
sinamdvilis eWvqveS dayeneba, yovelive es miuTiTebs Teatrisadmi
postmodernul midgomas~ (holdeni 2007: 28).
stopardis rozenkranci da gildensterni garkveulwilad
eqvemdebarebian postmodernistul hamletebad moazrebas. amis safuZvels
iZleva is faqti, rom stopardis piesaSi:

1) maT `hamletis~ protagonistis anu Seqspiris hamletis adgili

ukaviaT;
2) isini TavianT pirvelsaxeebTan anu Seqspiris rozenkrancTan da
gildensternTan erTad mis hamletTanac bevr saerTos avlenen;

189
 3) rac ganasxvavebT maT Seqspiris hamletisgan ZiriTadad ukavSirdeba
im gansxvavebas, rac realurad arsebobs postmodernul da
renesansul msoflmxedvelobebs Soris.

amitom, savsebiT logikuria stopardis rozenkrancsa da

gildensternSi gaTanamedrovebuli hamletis saxis Zieba. rogorc jim
hanteri SeniSnavs, `Tavad hamleti, SeqspirTan, Cafiqrebuli
inteleqtualia, romelic yovelives eWqveS ayenebs.... stopardi efeqturad
gadascems aseT eWvebs rozenkrancsa da gildensterns: am Tanamedrove
xedvaSi, kariskacebs ukve gaaCniaT goneba da grZnobebic ki~ (hanteri 2000:
23). da Tu isini marTlac gaTanamedrovebuli hamletebi arian, maSin
stopardis piesa gaTanamedrovebul `hamletad~ SegviZlia CavTvaloT.
stopardi Tavisi piesis protagonistebs, rozenkrancsa da
gildensterns, gvacnobs, rogorc or elizabetianels. es aSkara
anaqronizmia, radgan daniuri legenda amleTze, romelsac didwilad
efuZneba Seqspiris `hamletis~ siuJeti, aRwerilia saqson gramatikosis
mier XII-XIII saukuneebis mijnaze da exeba ramdenime saukuniT ufro
adreul ambavs Tu gadmocemas. Sesabamisad, qronologiuri logika
darRveulia rozenkrancisa da gildensternis elizabet I-is epoqisadmi
mikuTvnebiT. Tumca es ar unda gagvikvirdes, radgan stopardis da
Seqspiris teqsti mxatvruli nawarmoebia da ara istoriuli qronika.
Tavad Seqspiris piesebsac axasiaTebT xSiri anaqronizmi. imave `hamletSi~
warmodgenili elsinoris cixesimagris istoriuli pirvelsaxe aages
mxolod da mxolod XV saukunis pirvel naxevarSi, e.i. saqson
gramatikosis gardacvalebidan daaxloebiT ori saukunis Semdeg.
Sesabamisad, elsinoris cixesimagris arseboba Seusabamoa drois
TvalsazrisiT `hamletSi~ nagulisxmev istoriul periodTan, magram es
ar aris mTavari. mTavari isaa, rom `hamletSi~ warmodgenili personaJebi
Seqspiris Tanamedrove, swored elizabet I-is epoqis renesansuli sulis
matarebeli personaJebi arian da savsebiT bunebrivia, rom stopardi
Seqspiris rozenkrancsa da gildensterns elizabetianelebad
warmogvidgens da ara Sua saukuneebis vikinguri epoqis gmirebad. Tumca,
rogorc Seqspiris es meorexarisxovani gmirebi ar warmoadgenen daniel
vikingebs TavianTi suliT, aseve stopardis gapirvelxarisxovnebuli

190
gmirebi ar atareben renesansul suls. elizabetianeloba aq mxolod
formalobaa, romelic aucilebelia Seqspiris renesansul da stopardis
postmodernistul teqstebs Soris kavSiris dasamyareblad. rogorc
Tavis droze Seqspirma, ise stopardmac misi Tanamedroveobis suli
STabera sakuTar gmirebs mas mere, rac isesxa maTi vinaoba Seqspiris
`hamletidan~. `miuxedavad imisa, rom isini elizabetis droindel
tansacmelSi arian gamowyobilni, stopardi meoce saukuniseul
inteleqts aniWebs maT~ (hanteri 2000: 20).
stopardis mier Seqspiris uferuli, meorexarisxovani personaJebis,
klavdiusis kariskacebis, rozenkrancisa da gildensternis ayvana
protagonistis xarisxSi, xolo `hamletis~ protagonistis, daniis
ufliswulis, hamletis dayvana meorexarisxovan personaJamde udavod
postmodernistul xedvas gamoxatavs, romlisTvisac maRal da dabal
faseulobebs Soris arsebuli mijna, faqtobrivad, gauCinarebulia.
postmodernistul samyaroSi rozenkrancsa da gildensterns iseTive
ufleba aqvT iyon piesis protagonistebi, rogorc ufliswul hamlets,
radgan es epoqa ar cnobs da verc xedavs hamleturi Rirebulebebis
aRmatebulobas rozenkranc-gildensternisaze, rasac jer kidev amCnevs
modernizmi. aRsaniSnavia agreTve, rom rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
msgavsad, Seqspiris meorexarisxovani personaJi _ pirveli msaxiobi
(aqtori) _ protagonistebis Semdeg stopardis piesaSi yvelaze
mniSvnelovani personaJia da TviT Seqspirsac ki emsgavseba.
stopardis `rozenkranci da gildensterni mkvdrebi arian~ Seqspiris
`hamletis~ Taviseburi aslia, rac postmodernistuli SemoqmedebiTi
meTodis kidev erTi gamovlinebaa. stopardi `hamletis~ siuJetis,
personaJebisa da TviT piesis teqstis garkveuli nawilis kopirebas
axdens da Semdeg umatebs mas Tavis mier SeTxzul originalur teqsts,
riTac postmodernistuli gagebiT qmnis axal dedans. dednis Seqmnis
amgvari mxatvruli simulacia exmianeba postmodernuli epoqis
simulakrul suliskveTebas, romelic miiswrafvis, waSalos zRvari
dedansa da asls Soris, sinamdvilesa da warmosaxvas Soris,
WeSmaritebasa da sicrues Soris, zneobasa da uzneobas Soris, riTac,

191
bunebrivia, veSvebiT iqamdec, rom iSleba zRvari hamletsa da
rozenkranc-gildensterns Soris.
simulaciis sakiTxs exeba hamleti, faqtobrivad, Tavis pirvelive
vrcel replikaSi (ix. Seqspiri 2003: 1.2.84-6; Seqspiri 1987: 327), rodesac
igi grZnobebis TamaSisa da gayalbebis SesaZleblobaze amaxvilebs
yuradRebas gertrudisa da klavdiusis winaSe. hamleturi amboxic xom
siyalbesTan da farisevlobasTan brZolis humanisturi suliskveTebaa.
siyalbes ki mocemul SemTxvevaSi klavdiusi da misi pirmoTne garemocva
ganasaxierebs Tavisi poloniusebiT, rozenkranc-gildensternebiTa Tu
osrikebiT. daviT maziaSvili (maziaSvili 2014: 15) paralels avlebs
klavdiusis am usamarTlo da sicrueze agebul politikur Zalauflebasa
da postmodernul epoqaSi simulakruli sinamdvilis gabatonebas Soris.
cxadia, nebismieri yalbi reJimi Tavis TavSi moicavs simulakrebis
garkveul erTobliobas, riTac cdilobs gaayalbos sinamdvile. aseT
reJimebs ki rozenkranc-gildensternebi ergebian da ara hamleti. iolad
samarTavi, pirad gamorCenaze orientirebuli uferuli medroveebis
naklebobas arc erTi epoqa ar ganicdis. amdenad, rozenkranci da
gildensterni ara mxolod postmodernuli tipaJebi arian, aramed _
nebismieri epoqisTvis (maT Soris, Seqspiris renesansuli epoqisTvis)
damaxasiaTebeli usaxuri kacunebi, pirovnuli araraobebi. Sesabamisad,
stopardTan isini Tan arian postmodernuli personaJebi da Tan arc
arian. rac calsaxad postmodernulia mis piesaSi _ es aris maTi
protagonistoba. amgvari rolis Rirss aravin gaxdida maT wina epoqebSi.
garda stopardis piesis zogadi postmodernistuli orientaciisa, mis
calkeul epizodebSi vlindeba am epoqisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli esa Tu is
elementi, razec marTebulia yuradReba gamaxvildes.
pirveli Sexvedrisas, hamleti eubneba rozenkrancsa da gildensterns:
“I am but mad north-north west. When the wind is southerly, I know a hawk from a handsaw”
(Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.347-8) [`me Wkuidam SeSlili mxolod maSina var, roca
qari Crdilo-dasavleTiT uberavs; samxreTis qarSi ki bayayiylapias da
qors erTmaneTSi kargad varCev~ (Seqspiri 1987: 345)]. hamletis figuralur
sityvebs stopardis protagonistebi pirdapiri mniSvnelobiT gebuloben
da hgoniaT, rom misi sulieri mdgomareoba marTla qaris mimarTulebazea

192
damokidebuli. aqedan gamomdinare, gildensterni mTeli gulmodginebiT
cdilobs daadginos saidan uberavs qari, Tumca ki _ uSedegod.
am epizodSi kidev erTxel Cans gildensternis gansakuTrebuli
siyvaruli mecnieruli msjelobis procesis mimarT. igi iseTi azartiT
Sehyveba qaris mimarTulebaze abstraqtul msjelobas, rom Sewuxebuli
rozenkranci etyvis: “Why don’t you go and have a look?” (stopardi 1967: 41)
[`ratom gareT ar gaxval da ar gadaamowmeb?~]. gildensterni ki
aprotestebs: “Pragmatism?!—is that all you have to offer?” (41) [`pragmatizmi?! _
mxolod amis SemoTavazeba SegiZlia?~]. da esec Tanamedrove,
postmodernistuli epoqis erT-erTi mniSvnelovani maxasiaTebeli:
pragmatistuli xedva, romlis realizatoradac piesaSi umetesad
rozenkranci gvevlineba.
stopardis protagonistebis mier hamletis sulieri mdgomareobis
bunebismetyveluri axsnis mcdelobac aSkarad postmodernistuli
sinamdvilis gamoxatulebaa, romelSic mecniereba, gansakuTrebiT ki,
sabunebismetyvelo mecniereba, didi avtoritetiT sargeblobs. amitom ar
aris gasakviri, stopardis rozenkrancsa da gildensterns hamletis
sulieri mdgomareoba, bunebis Zalebze damokidebuli rom hgoniaT.
swored Tanamedrove, postmodernistuli epoqis gamoZaxilia,
gildensterni mecnierebisaTvis damaxasiaTebeli civi gonebiT rom
cdilobs daadginos ra xdeba hamletis sulSi, misi pirovnebis ara
mxolod SemecnebiT, aramed emociur samyaroSic. amitom, gasakviri araa,
ugulo, civi goneba, hamletis mxurvale gulis saidumlos rom ver
swvdeba. aq aSkarad Tavs iCens qristianul religiasa da mecnierebas
Soris dapirispireba. qristianobisTvis upirvelesia adamianis gulis
moraluri mdgomareoba; mecnierebisTvis ki misi gonebis inteleqtualuri
mdgomareoba. XX saukuneSi aSkarad iklo qristianuli religiis
avtoritetma dasavluri sazogadoebis TvalSi da imata rwmenam
mecnierebisadmi. Sesabamisad, ukan gaiwia gulma da win wamoiwia gonebam.
hamleti rom inteleqtiT yvelaze gamorCeuli personaJia Seqspiris
dramaturgiaSi, amaze umravlesoba Tanxmdeba, magram misTvis rom
adamianis gulia pirveli da umTavresi, esec cxadia: hamlets sulac ar
adardebs mis garSemo myofTa SemecnebiTi SesaZleblobebis xarisxi (mas

193
SeuZlia Seiyvaros inteleqtiT arafriT gamorCeuli ofelia, SeuZlia
ZmasaviT imegobros erTgul, Tumc gonebrivad isev arafriT gamorCeul
horaciosTan), magram misi tragikuli gancdis umTavresi mizezi, adamianSi
usiyvarulobis, usindisobisa da garyvnilebis danaxva xdeba, anu swored
is, rac adamianis gulis Sinaars gamoxatavs da ara mis inteleqtualur
potencials.
garda zemoTqmulisa, stopardis rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
warumatebel saubars hamletTan SegviZlia SevxedoT postmodernistuli
masobrivi kulturisa da renesansuli maRali kulturis
urTierTgansxvavebulobisa Tu urTierTdapirispirebulobis WrilSi.
piesis protagonistebs rogorc popularuli, dabali kulturis
warmomadgenlebs ar SeswevT unari Caswvdnen hamletis rogorc
klasikuri, maRali kulturis warmomadgenlis saidumlos. amave dros,
raxan isini masas da masobriobas ganasaxiereben, iolad marTvasa da
zemoqmedebasac eqvemdebarebian. Sesabamisad, maRalkulturuli
hamletisaTvis did problemas ar warmoadgens maTi gapampuleba. da
saerTod, stopardis mTeli piesis deterministuli scenari Tavis nebaze
atarebs rozenkrancsa da gildensterns, xolo scenaris determinirebas
swored renesansuli maRali kulturis warmomadgeneli, Seqspiri axdens
Tavisi `hamletiT~. aseT pirobebSi rozenkrancisa da gildensternis
Tavisufleba xalxTa masebisaTvis SeTavazebul Tanamedrove,
postmodernul fsevdoTavisuflebamde daiyvaneba. amitomac, gasakviri
araa, stopardis Semoqmedebis erT-erTi mkvlevari, neil samelzi (keli
2001: 109-112) individualizmsa da koleqtivizms Soris dapirispirebas rom
xedavs ganxilul piesaSi. am SemTxvevaSi, individebad rozenkranci da
gildensterni gvevlinebian, romlebsac elsinoris sasaxlis koleqtivi
individualizmis dakargvas uqadis da axerxebs kidec. samelzi Tvlis,
rom stopardi am WidilSi sakuTari uflebebis dasacavad mebrZoli
Tanamedrove individis amxedrebas gulisxmobs koleqtivizmis
politikuri zewolis mimarT. mkvlevari kiTxvas svams: `vin varT Cven
yvela? mxolod msaxiobebi viRacis scenarSi _ gansazRvrulni ara
individualuri, WeSmariti arsiT, aramed koleqtivizmis zewoliT?~ (keli
2001: 110). misive TqmiT, `rozenkranci da gildensterni ibrZvian msaxiobsa

194
da moqmeds Soris gansxvavebis SesanarCuneblad, raTa CaeWidon
mizanmimarTulebis xanmokle gancdas da amiT mieces maT moqmedebebs
sazrisi~ (keli 2001: 110).
gildensterns mohyavs daoizmis filosofiis warmomadgenlis,
antikuri epoqis Cineli filosofosis, Cuang tsus cnobili sizmari
(stopardi 1967: 43), romlis mixedviTac mas esizmra, viTom pepela iyo,
magram gaRviZebis Semdeg ukve aRar iyo darwmunebuli imaSi, rom ar iyo
pepela, romelsac esizmreboda, TiTqos Cineli filosofosi iyo.1 da aq
gildensterni sakuTar pozicias afiqsirebs Cuang tsus mimarT, misi
orazrovani mdgomareobis Sesafaseblad: “Envy him; in his two-fold security” (43)
[`mSurs misi, Tavisi ormagi daculobis gamo~]. gildensterni ormag
daculobad miiCnevs im gaugebar mdgomareobas, romelSic Cuang tsu
warmoidgens sakuTar Tavs, radgan gildensternisTvis, rogorc
postmodernistuli personaJisTvis, realoba da sizmari erTmaneTis
tolfasia, erTi Rirebulebisaa. Sesabamisad, is Tavs komfortulad
igrZnobda aseT gaugebrobaSi: sinamdvilisa da iluziis zRvarze.
hamletiseuli `yofna-aryofnac~ gildensternisTvis albaT aseve ormagi
dacvaa, radgan yofna da aryofna misTvis usaTuod erTi monetis ori
mxare unda iyos da ara hamletiseuli dilema. piesaSi monetebis TamaSi
am dilemis parodiadac SegveZlo gagveazrebina, miT ufro, Tu
gavixsenebT, rom `Tavis~ mxare stopardis protagonistebis mosalodnel
sikvdils ganasaxierebs, xolo `kudis~ mxare iribad maT sicocxles
ukavSirdeba, ganasaxierebs ra jaSuSobas, anu im ZiriTad funqcias, rac
rozenkrancsa da gildensterns akisriaT Sesasruleblad da romlis
gareSec maTi Semoyvana verc Seqspirisa da verc stopardis piesaSi ver
moxdeboda.
erT momentSi rozenkranci wamoxteba da auditoriis winaSe
daiRrialebs: “Fire!” (stopardi 1967: 43) [`cecxli!~]. gildensternic
wamoxteba da ikiTxavs: “Where?” (43) [`sad?~]. rozenkranci ki daamSvidebs:
“It’s all right—I’m demonstrating the misuse of free speech. To prove that it exists” (43)

1 Cuang tsus sizmarze VIII saukunis Cineli poeti li bo qmnis leqss `Cuang tsu da
pepela~, romelsac, Tavis mxriv, efuZneba ezra paundis leqsi Ancient Wisdom, Rather Cosmic
[`antikuri sibrZne, cotaTi kosmiuri~], rac warmoadgens Cuang tsus sizmris Tavisebur
gadakeTebas: ix. ruTveni 1969: 36.

195
[`araferia _ sityvis Tavisuflebis borotad gamoyenebis demonstrirebas
vaxden, raTa davamtkico misi arseboba~]. rozenkrancs amiT surs Tqvas,
rom Tu adamians sicruis Tqmis saSualeba aqvs, mxolod maSin
dasturdeba, rom mas sityvis Tavisuflebac hqonia. sityvis Tavisufleba
postmodernistuli Tanamedroveobis erT-erTi umTavresi problemaa. erTi
mxriv, is xSirad izRudeba, magram meore mxriv, marTal da cru sityvebs
Tanabar uflebas aniWebs.
sainteresoa msaxiobis Semdegi sityvebi gildensternis mimarT, sadac
mkafiod irekleba postmodernistuli xedva WeSmaritebis sakiTxisadmi:
“Everything has to be taken on trust; truth is only that which is taken to be true. It’s the currency
of living. There may be nothing behind it, but it doesn’t make any difference so long as it is
honoured. One acts on assumptions” (stopardi 1967: 48) [`yvelaferi ndobas
efuZneba; WeSmariteba mxolod is aris, rasac CaTvlian WeSmaritebad.
aseTia cxovrebis moTxovna. SesaZloa araferi idges am yvelafris ukan,
magram amas araviTari mniSvneloba ara aqvs; mTavaria pativdebuli iyos
is, rac miRebulia WeSmaritebad. adamiani daSvebebis safuZvelze
moqmedebs~]. am sityvebiT msaxiobi gildensterns WeSmaritebis
postmodernul variants sTavazobs, romelic gulisxmobs ara erT,
ucvlel da realur WeSmaritebas, aramed im `WeSmaritebas~, romlis
WeSmaritobazec Tanxmdeba Tanamedrove sazogadoeba mocemul drosa da
adgilas, Tundac es ar iyos namdvili WeSmariteba. amgvari xedva
exmianeba rozenkrancTan da gildensternTan gamoTqmul hamletis
cnobil mosazrebas: “....there is nothing either good or bad but thinking makes it so”
(Seqspiri 2003: 2.2.239-40) [`kargi da cudi TavisTavad rodi sadmea, mas
mxolod kacis goneba Seqmnis xolme~ (Seqspiri 1987: 343)]. Tanamedrove
epoqaSi ki `kargs~ da `cuds~ ukve konkretuli sazogadoebis garkveuli
jgufebi adgenen da cdiloben am dadgenilebis aRiareba aiZulon
calkeul individebs.
rozenkranci imeds amyarebs msaxiobze, rom igi gaarTobs hamlets,
magram imavdroulad afrTxilebs mas: “....by that I don’t mean your usual filth; you
can’t treat royalty like people with normal perverted desires” (stopardi 1967: 46) [`....amiT
ar vgulisxmob Tqvens Cveul uxamsobas; ar SeiZleba samefo ojaxis
wevrebs ise miudge, rogorc Cveulebrivi gaukuRmarTebuli

196
midrekilebebis mqone xalxs~]. aq ramdenime sakiTxi iyris Tavs. pirveli
ukavSirdeba Tanamedrove, postmodernul realobas, sadac sxvadasxva
gaukuRmarTebuli seqsualuri urTierTobebis normad gamocxadeba da
damkvidreba xdeba. gavixsenoT, rom 1960-iani wlebis SuaSi, roca
stopardma ganxiluli piesa dawera, seqsualuri revoluciis epoqa ukve
dawyebuli iyo. meore sakiTxi ukavSirdeba elizabetis droindeli
Teatris, Tu SeiZleba ase iTqvas, metadramatul erTsqesianobas, anu im
faqts, rom qalebis rols qalad gadacmuli axalgazrda vaJebi
asrulebdnen. msaxiobi biWis, alfredis meSveobiT, mTavari msaxiobis mier
demonstrirebuli homoeroticizmi swored Seqspiris droindeli Teatris
naxseneb Taviseburebas asaxavs da amave dros akavSirebs da aerTianebs
mas homoseqsualizmis Tanamedrove propagandasTan. mesame sakiTxi albaT
isev da isev maskulturisa da maRali kulturis dapirispirebas
ukavSirdeba. am TvalsazrisiT, Tu perifrazirebas gavukeTebT da
SevajamebT rozenkrancis naTqvams, gamodis, rom maRali kulturis
hamleti da misi garemocva ver gaigebs im sibilwes da ukuRmarTobas, rac
axasiaTebs mdabio kulturis masas.
amrigad, stopardis ganxilul piesaSi areklili postmodernistuli
msoflxedva mianiSnebs, rom postmodernizmisTvis ar arsebobs obieqturi
WeSmariteba. misi adgili virtualurma sinamdvilem daikava. aseTi
samyaro araTu modernizmiviT gaucxoebulia hamletis maRali
humanisturi xedvisgan, aramed sruliad uaryofs mas da mis simaRles,
rogorc aseTs. rozenkrancisa da gildensternis protagonistoba albaT
yvelaze naTeli dasturia amisa.

197
 daskvnebi

naSromSi Seswavlili problemebis safuZvelze SegviZlia gamovitanoT

Semdegi daskvnebi:

1. hamletis mier dadgmuli piesa `gonzagos mkvleloba~ `hamletis~

movlenebis zusti gaTamaSebiT ara mxolod elsinoris mankier
samyaros amxels, aramed piesa `hamletsac~ Cvens namdvil samyaroSi
gamefebuli ukeTurebis analogiur mamxileblad warmoaCens.
Sesabamisad, marTebulia, rom Cveni sinamdvile erTgvar metapiesad
ganisazRvros da pirobiTad `metahamleti~ ewodos, radgan, rogorc
Seqspiruli metadramatizmi mianiSnebs, `gonzagos mkvlelobac~,
`hamletic~ da `metahamletic~ erTi da imave arsis matarebelia.

2. hamletis mier danaxuli aCrdili namdvilad ar warmoadgens mis

halucinacias. is obieqturi movlenaa piesaSi, ara mxolod imitom,
rom erTdroulad, erT adgilas, erTi saxiTa da moqmedebiT
ecxadeba ufliswulsa da mis megobrebs, aramed imitomac, rom
misTvis gankuTvnili remarkebiTa da replikebiT igi dramatulad
iseTive srulfasovani personaJia `hamletSi~, rogorc yvela sxva
personaJi.

3. hamleti ar aris qalTmoZule. mas qalSi swored is sZuls, rac

qalur siwmindes iseve bRalavs, rogorc mamakacurs. hamletisTvis
ori yvelaze Zvirfasi adamiani deda da satrfoa, amitomac maTgan
moyenebuli tkivili yvelaze Zneli dasaTmenia misTvis. ufliswuli
albaT aWarbebs, rodesac ofeliaSi potenciur gertruds xedavs,
magram poloniusis qaliSvilma Tavisi gaufrTxilebeli da, cota
ar iyos, ugulo saqcieliT ufliswuls amgvari eWvis safuZveli
aSkarad misca.

4. mekobreebis Tavdasxmis Semdeg rozenkrancisa da gildensternis

mier inglisisken svlis gagrZeleba moklebulia gonivrul
safuZvels. kariskacebs mSvenivrad unda scodnodaT, hamletis
gareSe inglisis mefis winaSe wardgomasa da misTvis klavdiusis
werilis gadacemas azri rom ar eqneboda. siuJeturi ironia ki

198
 imaSia, rom kariskacebs, sinamdvileSi, hamletis werili miaqvT
inglisis mefesTan da Sesabamisad, ar ician raoden azriania
ufliswulisTvis maTi inglisSi Casvla, maTda savalalod. aseTi,
cota ar iyos, arabunebrivi gziT Seqspiri iSorebs Tavisi piesidan
am or meorexarisxovan personaJs, raki maT ukve Seusrules avtors
maTze dakisrebuli roli.

5. mcdari iqneboda hamletis dadanaSauleba amoralurobaSi imis gamo,

rom man sasikvdilod gaimeta Tavisi skolis amxanagebi. igi
iZulebulia Tavdacvis mizniT gawiros isini. amasTanave,
ufliswuls eWvi aqvs, rom rozenkranci da gildensterni
klavdiusis SeTqmulebis Segnebuli Tanamonawileni arian. mas ar
eZleva sakmarisi saSualeba, zustad gazomos maTi garkveulobis
xarisxi biZamisis mzakvrul gegmaSi. mefis kariskacebi, nebsiT Tu
uneblieT, mainc moRalatur poziciaSi dgebian hamletis mimarT da
amdenad, ufliswulis mier maTTvis gamotanili ganaCeni sakmaod
samarTlianad gamoiyureba.

6. rogorc homerosuli, ise Seqspiruli samyaros asociaciuri

gadaazreba joisis modernistul romanSi `ulise~, ZiriTadad,
parodiuli xasiaTisaa. Seqspirul paralelebSi yvelaze xSirad
piesa `hamleti~ figurirebs, romlis eponimur protagonistTan
asociaciurad gaigivebulia `ulises~ erT-erTi protagonisti
stiven dedalosi. mis mimarT mamobrivi grZnobiT gamsWvaluli
romanis mTavari protagonisti leopold blumi ki asociaciurad
hamletis mamis aCrdils Seesabameba. blumsa da aCrdils aerTianebT
moRalate colebic, riTac asociaciuri Sesabamisoba myardeba
moli blumsa da dedofal gertruds Soris.

7. stivenis `Seqspirul TeoriaSi~, romelic didwilad ireklavs

`ulises~ esTetikur bunebas, wamyvani roli piesa `hamlets~ akisria.
piesaSi hamleti Tavis esTetikur xedvas avlens, rodesac msaxiobebs
arigebs da maT scenaze zomierebisa da bunebriobisken mouwodebs.
stivenic SemoqmedebiTi zomierebisa da bunebriobisken miiswrafvis,
rodesac cdilobs, metaforuli gagebiT, gaiaros skilasa da

199
 qaribdas Soris da miaRwios tragikomikur wonasworobas. Tumca
hamletisgan gansxvavebiT, romelic xelovnebas iyenebs obieqturi
WeSmaritebis misagnebad, stivenisTvis mTavaria Tavisi esTetikuri
xedva Tanmimdevruli da STambeWdavi iyos, Tundac es xedva
efuZnebodes xelovnur, subieqtur `WeSmaritebas~.

8. hamletisa da stivenis xedva qalTa sqesisadmi sakmaod

gansxvavebulia. hamleti qalSi, pirvelyovlisa, sulier siwmindesa
da erTgulebas eZebs. mas sjera, rom qalisTvis SesaZlebelia
amgvar zneobriv simaRleze yofna. stiveni ki mxolod xorciel
mimzidvelobasa da SemoqmedebiT muzas xedavs qalSi, xolo
siwminde da erTguleba naklebad eguleba masSi. qalis ideali
hamletisTvis bevrad ufro zneobrivia, vidre stivenisTvis.
Sesabamisad, qalTmoZuleobis elementebi ufro stivenSia saZiebeli,
vidre hamletSi.

9. maSin, roca hamlets namdvilad gamoecxada mamis aCrdili, stivens

mxolod elandeba dedis moCveneba. im gamocxadebis parodiaa es
molandeba, romelTa Soris kontrastuli mimarTebaa: hamleti da
mamamisis aCrdili erTsulovanni arian, xolo stiveni da dedis
moCveneba urTierTsapirispiro poziciebze dganan.

10. hamletis, aCrdilisa da gertrudis tragikuli saxeebi, Sesabamisad,

stivenis dedalosis, leopold blumisa da moli blumis
tragikomikur saxeebad gardaiqmneba `uliseSi~. raki renesansuli
humanizmisTvis adamiani maRalzneobriobisTvis aris mowodebuli,
`hamletSi~ adamianis zneobrivi dacemuloba tragikuli
sinamdvilea. modernistuli gadmosaxedidan ki adamianis amgvari
mdgomareoba, Tumc arasaxarbielo, magram mainc bunebrivia da masze
hamleturi glova ar egebis. amdenad, joisis romanSi igi
tragikomikur realobad aris gaazrebuli.

11. stopardis postmodernistuli piesa `rozenkranci da gildensterni

mkvdrebi arian~ agebulia Seqspiris `hamletis~ im siuJetur
xarvezze, romelmac rozenkrancsa da gildensterns gaagrZelebina
inglisisken mogzauroba hamletis dakargvis Semdgom da Seaxvedra

200
 isini TavianT sikvdilTan. rom ara es xarvezi, stopards ar
eqneboda Sesaferisi fabula da saTauri Tavisi piesisTvis. am
xarvezma gansazRvra stopardis piesis erT-erTi mTavari Temac _
determinizmi _ da Semoitana metadramatuli ironia piesis
protagonistTa bedSi. manve gansazRvra stopardis rozenkrancisa
da gildensternis mosulelo tipaJobac TavianT Seqspirul
winamorbedebTan SedarebiT.

12. stopardis protagonistebis moraluri pasuxismgebloba hamletis

winaaRmdeg mimarTul SeTqmulebaSi monawileobaze bevrad ufro
mcire Cans, vidre Seqspiris rozenkrancisa da gildensternisa.
stopardis protagonistebi arafers akeTeben hamletis gadasarCenad,
magram aseve ar cdiloben sakuTari Tavebis gadarCenas. maTi
moqmedeba marTulia gareSe deterministuli ZaliT da ara TavianTi
Tavisufali nebiT.

13. piesis dasawyisSi stopardis protagonistebis mier monetebis

agdebis TamaSs mniSvnelovani simboluri datvirTva aqvs. monetis
gauTavebeli mosvla `Tavis~ mxareze usaTuod rozenkrancisa da
gildensternis gardauval sikvdils moaswavebs. `kudis~ mxare maT
jaSuSobas ganasaxierebs. moneta aseve mianiSnebs, rom rozenkranci
da gildensterni arsebiTad ar gansxvavdebian erTmaneTisgan da
mxolod monetis or mxares warmoadgenen. rozenkranci ufro
`Tavis~ mxaresTan asocirdeba, gildensterni ki _ `kudis~
mxaresTan. garda amisa, monetis zedized mravaljer imave mxareze
mosvla samyaros auxsnelobisa da sinamdvilis Seucnoblobis
problemas gamoxatavs.

14. protagonistebis Semdeg, stopardis piesis yvelaze mniSvnelovani

personaJi _ tragikosTa xelmZRvaneli msaxiobi, _ formalurad,
`hamletis~ pirvel msaxiobad wodebul personaJs Seesabameba,
magram, sinamdvileSi, Tavad Seqspirs ganasaxierebs, romelmac
yvelaferi icis Tavis personaJTa warsulisa Tu momavlis Sesaxeb.
maSin, roca rozenkranci da gildensterni metadramatul realobas

201
 mxolod qvecnobierad grZnoben, msaxiobi mSvenivrad acnobierebs am
realobas da farulad marTavs kidevac mas.

15. stopardis mier `hamletis~ meorexarisxovani personaJebis ayvana

protagonistis xarisxSi da hamletis daqveiTeba meorexarisxovan
personaJamde tipuri postmodernistuli ileTia, romelic
gamoxatavs am epoqis erTgvarovan damokidebulebas maRali da
dabali faseulobebis mimarT. raki ufliswuli hamletis
maRalzneobrivi sityvebisTvis yrua Tanamedrove adamiani, sityva
eZlevaT rozenkrancsa da gildensterns, romelTa layboba ufro
misaRebi gaxda dRevandelobisaTvis. WeSmaritebisa da
samarTlianobis maZiebeli hamleti aRar aris saWiro.
postmodernistuli xedviT, WeSmaritebasa da samarTlianobas
obieqturi arsi ar gaaCnia da mxolod xelovnur, pirobiT
qmnilebas warmoadgens, romelic eqvemdebareba Secvlas nebismier
drosa da sivrceSi. aseT msoflmxedvelobriv garemoSi ki
adamianebi swored rozenkrancsa da gildensterns emsgavsebian,
romelTac gareSe Zalebi marionetebiviT aTamaSeben TavianT nebaze.

202
 damowmebuli literaturis sia

biblia 2009: biblia. Tbilisi: saqarTvelos sapatriarqo, 2009.

gelaSvili 2005: gelaSvili, manana. drois problema modernistul

literaturaSi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `zekari~,
2005.

kobaxiZe 2004: kobaxiZe, Temur. `hamleti, misi problemebi~ da

tomas eliotis poeturi msoflaRqma. hamleti 400.
Tbilisi, 17-19, 2001. nino qiria. red. Tbilisi:
saerTaSoriso fond kavkasiis gamomcemloba, 2004.

kobaxiZe 2015: kobaxiZe, Temur. tomas elioti da maRali

modernizmis literaturuli esTetika. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba `universali~, 2015.

maziaSvili 2014: maziaSvili, daviT. tom stopardi da

postmodernizmi. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `24
saaTi~, 2014.

yiasaSvili 1959: yiasaSvili, niko. Seqspiri. Tbilisi: gamomcemloba

`xelovneba~, 1959.

yiasaSvili 1972: yiasaSvili, niko. Seqspiri _ tradicia da

novatoroba. qarTuli Seqspiriana. t. III. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 1972.

yiasaSvili 1992: yiasaSvili, niko. skilasa da qaribdas Soris.

Tbilisi: gamomcemloba `saqarTvelo~, 1992.

Seqspiri 1987: Seqspiri, uiliam. TxzulebaTa sruli krebuli

xuT tomad. niko yiasaSvilis saerTo redaqciiT,
winasityvaobiTa da SeniSvnebiT. t. III. Tbilisi:
gamomcemloba `xelovneba~, 1987.

Seqspiri 2006: Seqspiri, uiliam. hamleti. reJ. robert sturua.

Tbilisi: rusTavelis Teatri, 2006.

203
cxvediani 2006: cxvediani, irakli. `ulises~ miTopoetika. quTaisi:
akaki wereTlis saxelmwifo universitetis
gamomcemloba, 2006.

joisi 2005: joisi, jeimz. xelovanis portreti

axalgazrdobisas. Tbilisi: SoTa rusTavelis
saxelobis qarTuli literaturis instituti, 2005.

joisi 2012: joisi, jeimz. ulise. Tbilisi: `bakur sulakauris

gamomcemloba~, 2012.

homerosi 2011: homerosi. odisea. Tbilisi: `gamomcemloba

palitra L~, 2011.

bevingtoni 2008: Bevington, David. Shakespeare’s Ideas: More Things in Heaven

and Earth. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2008.

blici 2001: Blits, Jan H. Deadly Thought: Hamlet and the Human Soul.
Lanham, Md: Lexington Books, 2001.

blumi 2003: Bloom, Harold. Tom Stoppard: Comprehensive Research and

Study Guide. Philadelphia: Chelsea House Publishers, 2003.

blumi 2008: Bloom, Harold, and Brett Foster. Hamlet. New York: Bloom’s
Literary Criticism, 2008.

blumi 2009a: Bloom, Harold. Ed. Bloom’s Modern Critical Views: James
Joyce. Introduction by Harold Bloom. New York: Bloom’s
Literary Criticism, Infobase Publishing, 2009.

blumi 2009b: Bloom, Harold. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet. New York:

Bloom’s Literary Criticism, 2009.

boisi 2005: Boyce, Charles. Critical Companion to William Shakespeare: A

Literary Reference to His Life and Work. New York: Facts On
File, 2005.

boueni 1975: Bowen, Zack. Musical Allusions in the Works of James Joyce.
New York: Gill an Macmillan, 1975.

204
braunmiuleri ... 2003: Braunmuller, A. R. and Michael Hattaway. The Cambridge
Companion to English Renaissance Drama. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2003.

bredli 1937: Bradley, A. C. Shakespearean Tragedy: Lectures on Hamlet,

Othello, King Lear, Macbeth. London: Macmillan, 1937.

bristoli ... 2001: Bristol, Michael, and Kathleen McLuskie. Shakespeare and
Modern Theatre: The Performance of Modernity. London:
Routledge, 2001.

gasou 1996: Gussow, Mel. Conversations with Stoppard. New York: Grove
Press, 1996.

gibonsi 2015: Gibbons, Luke. Joyce’s Ghosts: Ireland, Modernism, and

Memory. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2015.

gilberti 1958: Gilbert, Stuart. James Joyce’s Ulysses: A Study. New York:
Vintage Books, 1958.

gifordi 1988: Gifford, Don, and Robert J. Seidman. Ulysses Annotated: Notes
for James Joyce’s Ulysses. Berkeley: University of California
Press, 1988.

glidi ... 2011: Gleed, Kim Allen, and Harold Bloom. Bloom’s How to Write
about James Joyce. Introduction by Harold Bloom. New York:
Bloom’s Literary Criticism, Infobase Publishing, 2011.

godardi 1960: Goddard, Harold C. The Meaning of Shakespeare. Vol. 1 Chicago:

University of Chicago Press, 1960.

golanci 1916: Gollancz, Israel. Ed. A Book of Homage to Shakespeare. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 1916.

goldStaini 2001: Goldstein, Philip. Communities of Cultural Value: Reception

Study, Political Differences, and Literary History. Lanham, Md:
Lexington Books, 2001.

gregi 1917: Greg, W. W. “Hamlet’s Hallucination.” The Modern Language

Review. 12.4 (1917): 393-421.

205
grinblati 2010: Greenblatt, Stephen. Shakespeare’s Freedom. Chicago: The
University of Chicago Press, 2010.

deivisi 2008: Davies, Michael. Hamlet: Character Studies. London:

Continuum, 2008.

detmari 1996: Dettmar, J. H. The Illicit Joyce of Postmodernism: Reading

against the Grain. Madison, Wisconsin: The University of
Wisconsin Press, 1996.

dimastesi 2008: Demastes, William W. Comedy Matters: From Shakespeare to

Stoppard. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008.

dimastesi 2012: Demastes, William W. The Cambridge Introduction to Tom

Stoppard. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2012.

elioti 1963: Eliot, T.S. Collected Poems, 1909-1962. New York: Harcourt,
Brace & World, 1963.

elioti 1998: Eliot, T.S. The Sacred Wood and Major Early Essays. Mineola,
New York: Dover Publications, 1998.

elmani 1972: Ellman, Richard. Ulysses on the Liffey. New York: Oxford
University Press, 1972.

etriji 2004a: Attridge, Derek. James Joyce’s Ulysses: A Casebook. Oxford:

Oxford University Press, 2004.

etriji 2004b: Attridge, Derek. The Cambridge Companion to James Joyce.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004.

verderi 1907: Werder, Karl. The Heart of Hamlet’s Mystery. Trans. Elizabeth
Wilder. Intro. William J. Rolfe. New York: Putnam, 1907.

vosi 2009: Vos, Nelvin. Inter-actions: Relationships of Religion and Drama.

Lanhan, MD: University Press of America, 2009.

zeidi: 2012: Zeid, Wagdi. Misreading Shakespeare: Modern Playwrights and

the Quest for Originality. Bloomington: iUniverse, Inc, 2012.

kantori 2004: Cantor, Paul A. Shakespeare, Hamlet. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2004.

206
keli 2001: Kelly, Katherine E. The Cambridge Companion to Tom Stoppard.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001.

kerni 2003: Kearney, Richard. Strangers, Gods, and Monsters: Interpreting

Otherness. London: Routledge, 2003.

kineni 2008: Keenan, Siobhan. Renaissance Literature. Edinburgh: Edinburgh

University Press, 2008.

kuperi 2008: Cooper, Helen. “Hamlet and the Invention of Tragedy.” Literary
Researches. 29 (2008): 173-180.

legati 2005: Leggatt, Alexander. Shakespeare’s Tragedies: Violation and

Identity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2005.

leiTemi 2014: Latham, Sean. The Cambridge Companion to Ulysses. New York:
Cambridge University Press, 2014.

liCi 2002: Leech, Clifford. Tragedy. London: Taylor & Francis e-Library,
2002.

lorensi 1944: Lawrence, William W. “Hamlet’s Sea-Voyage.” PMLA. 59.1

(1944): 45-70.

makalindoni 1991: McAlindon, Thomas. Shakespeare’s Tragic Cosmos. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1991.

makkorti 2009: McCourt, John. Ed. James Joyce in Context. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 2009.

makheili 1992: McHale, Brian. Constructing Postmodernism. London: Routledge,

1992.

maoni 2009: Mahon, Peter. Joyce: A Guide for the Perplexed. London:
Continuum, 2009.

mulani 1994: Mullaney, Steven. “Mourning and Misogyny: Hamlet, The

Revenger’s Tragedy, and the Final Progress of Elizabeth I, 1600-
1607.” Shakespeare Quarterly. 45.2 (1994): 139-162.

muri 2000: Moore, Jeanie Grant. ““In my mind’s eye”: Postmodern

(Re)visions of Hamlet.” Hamlet Studies. 22 (2000): 40-76.

207
ori 2008: Orr, Leonard. Ed. Joyce, Imperialism and Postcolonialism.
Syracuse: Syracuse University Press, 2008.

parinderi 1984: Parrinder, Patrick. James Joyce. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 1984.

petersoni 1990: Peterson, Richard F. “Did Joyce Write Hamlet?” James Joyce
Quarterly. 27.2 (1990): 365-372.

pogorzelski 2016: Pogorzelski, Randall J. Virgil and Joyce: Nationalism and

Imperialism in the Aeneid and Ulysses. Madison, Wisconsin: The
University of Wisconsin Press, 2016.

raiTi 2001: Wright, George T. Hearing the Measures: Shakespearean and

Other Inflections. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 2001.

redmondi 2009: Redmond, Michael J. Shakespeare, Politics, and Italy:

Intertextuality on the Jacobean Stage. Famham: Ashgate, 2009.

rikardi 1999: Rickard, John S. Joyce’s Book of Memory: The Mnemotechnic of

“Ulysses”. Durham: Duke University Press, 1999.

rozenbergi 1992: Rosenberg, Marvin. The Masks of Hamlet. Newark: University of

Delaware Press, 1992.

rokueli 2008: Rockwell, Thomas. Nature’s Mirror: Theme and Structure in Ten
Plays by Shakespeare. Indianapolis: Dog Ear Publishing, 2008.

ruTveni 1969: Ruthven K. K. A Guide to Ezra Pound’s Personae, 1926.

Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969.

sadovski 2003: Sadowski, Piotr. Dynamism of Character in Shakespeare’s

Mature Tragedies. Newark: University of Delaware Press, 2003.

skoufildi 1980: Scofield, Martin. The Ghosts of Hamlet: The Play and Modern
Writers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980.

spenseri 1943: Spencer, Theodore. Shakespeare and the Nature of Man.

Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1943.

spinksi 2009: Spinks, Lee. James Joyce: A Critical Guide. Edinburgh:

Edinburgh University Press, 2009.

208
staieni 1967: Styan, John L. Shakespeare’s Stagecraft. Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press, 1967.

stopardi 1967: Stoppard, Tom. Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead. London:
Faber and Faber, 1967.

tindali 1959: Tindall, William York. A Reader’s Guide to James Joyce. New
York: Noonday Press, 1959.

uaiTi 1986: White, Robert S. Innocent Victims: Poetic Injustice in

Shakespearean Tragedy. London: The Athlone Press, 1986.

uelSi 2001: Welsh, Alexander. Hamlet in His Modern Guises. Princeton:

Princeton University Press, 2001.

uieri 2015: Weir, David. Ulysses Explained: How Homer, Dante, and
Shakespeare Inform Joyce’s Modernist Vision. New York:
Palgrave Macmillan, 2015.

uilsoni 1951: Wilson, John D. What Happens in Hamlet. 3rd ed. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 1951.

uinkleri 2006: Winkler, Amanda E. O Let Us Howle Some Heavy Note: Music
for Witches, the Melancholic, and the Mad on the Seventeenth-
Century English Stage. Bloomington: Indiana University Press,
2006.

fargnoli ... 2006: Fargnoli, A. Nicholas, and Michael Patrick Gillespie. Critical
Companion to James Joyce: A Literary Reference to His Life and
Work. New York: Facts On File, Infobase Publishing, 2006.

ferisi 2010: Ferris, Kathleen. James Joyce and the Burden of Disease.
Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 2010.

ferni 2002: Fernie, Ewan. Shame in Shakespeare. London: Routledge, 2002.

flemingi 2001: Fleming, John. Stoppard’s Theatre: Finding Order amid Chaos.
Austin: University of Texas Press, 2001.

fouksi 1993: Foakes, Reginald A. Hamlet versus Lear: Cultural Politics and
Shakespeare’s Art. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press,
1993.

209
quini 2006: Quinn, Edward. A Dictionary of Literary and Thematic Terms.
New York: Facts On File, 2006.

Seri 2004: Sherry, Vincent. James Joyce: Ulysses. Cambridge: Cambridge

University Press, 2004.

Seqspiri 2003: Shakespeare, William. Hamlet, Prince of Denmark. Ed. Philip

Edwards. 2nd ed. New Cambridge Shakespeare. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press, 2003.

Carni 2012: Charney, Maurice. Shakespeare’s Villains. Madison, N.J.:

Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 2012.

jampi 1968: Jump, John. Shakespeare: Hamlet: A Casebook. London:

Macmillan, 1968.

jenkinsi 1989: Jenkins, Anthony. The Theatre of Tom Stoppard. Cambridge:

Cambridge University Press, 1989.

jernigani 2012: Jernigan, Daniel K. Tom Stoppard: Bucking the Postmodern.

Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc.,
Publishers, 2012.

joisi 1992: Joyce, James. A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man. Ed.
Seamus Deane. New York: Penguin, 1992.

joisi 2000: Joyce, James. Ulysses. With an introduction by Declan Kiberd.

London: Penguin Books, 2000.

hanteri 2000: Hunter, Jim. Tom Stoppard: Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are
Dead, Jumpers, Travesties, Arcadia. London: Faber and Faber,
2000.

hanti 2007: Hunt, Marvin W. Looking for Hamlet. New York: Palgrave
Macmillan, 2007.

harknesi 1984: Harkness, Marguerite. The Aesthetics of Dedalus and Bloom.

Lewisburg: Bucknell University Press, 1984.

heleri 2002: Heller, Agnes. The Time Is Out of Joint: Shakespeare as

Philosopher of History. Lanham, Md: Rowman & Littlefield,
2002.

210
hogani 2013: Hogan, Patrick Colm. How Authors’ Minds Make Stories. New
York: Cambridge University Press, 2013.

holdeni 2007: Holden, Martin L. A Director’s Approach to Tom Stoppard’s

“Rosencrantz & Guildenstern Are Dead”. Thesis, Baylor
University, 2007.

211