Answer key
PLANET EARTH
REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 6
1. Label the planets in the solar system. Then, tick the
outer planets.
clockwise from top left: Jupiter, Sun, Mercury, Moon, Earth,
Uranus, Saturn, Venus, Mars, Neptune.
2. Draw the phases of the Moon and write the name of
each one underneath.
Phases: waxing Moon, full Moon, waning Moon,
new Moon.
3. Look at the picture and answer.
a. Rotation.
b. 24 hours/1 day.
c. Day and night.
d. Anticlockwise.
PAGE 7
4. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false
sentences.
a. T; b. F; c. T; d. F; e. T; f. T.
It takes one year for the Earth to orbit the Sun.
When the Northern Hemisphere is tilted towards the Sun,
it receives more light and heat.
5. Label the picture with the corresponding season.
clockwise from the top: spring; winter; autumn; summer.
6. Name the main reasons why the Earth is the only
planet in the solar system where lift exists.
•  Earth is at a perfect distance from the Sun.
•  Earth is surrounded by a layer of air.
•  Earth contains water.
7. What are the three layers of the Earth?
Hydrosphere, geosphere and atmosphere.
EXTENSION
PAGE 8
1. Read the text. Then, cross out the wrong words and
rewrite the sentences.
a. Solstices happen when the Sun is furthest away from
the Equator.
b. The winter solstice is the shortest day of the year.
c. Solstices mark the beginning of summer and winter.
2. Search the Internet for information about a particular
solstice celebration and complete an index card.
Open answer (O.A.)
PAGE 9
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. A galaxy is a great concentration of stars, planets,
gases, dust, etc.
86 Social Science 4
b. The solar system is the Milky Way Galaxy.
c. The Milky Way is a spiral shape.
d. The Milky Way contains more than 200,000 million stars.
e. Inside the Milky Way, the solar system is
in the Orion Arm.
ASSESSMENT
PAGE 10
1. Read and answer the questions.
a. Stars are giant spheres of gas that emit light and heat.
The Sun is the main star of our solar system.
b. Planets and comets also orbit the Sun.
c. The nearest planets to the Sun are called inner planets;
The furthest planets to the Sun are called outer planets.
d. Comets are celestial bodies that can have a bright tail.
2. Write the name of the planets in the solar system.
•  inner planets: Mercury, Venus, the Earth and Mars.
•  outer planets: Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune.
3. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false
sentences.
a. F; b. F; c. T; d. F.
The Earth is the largest of the inner planets.
The Earth is not a perfectly round sphere. It is squashed
at its poles.
It takes about 28 days for the Moon to orbit the Earth.
PAGE 11
4. Label each phase of the moon.
new Moon; waxing Moon; full Moon; waning Moon.
5. Complete the table about the movements of the Earth.
rotation: its own axis; 24 hours/1 day; day and night.
revolution: the Sun; 365 days/1 year; the four seasons.
6. Use the words to complete the text about the Earth.
We live on Earth, a rocky planet in the solar system. Earth
receives light and heat from the Sun, is surrounded by a
layer of air and contains water. This is why it is the only
planet in the solar system where life exists.
7. Match the layers of the Earth to their description.
hydrosphere: contains all the waters on Earth: the seas,
oceans, rivers, lakes and groundwater.
geosphere: contains the continents and islands and it looks
brown and green.
atmosphere: contains the clouds and it looks white.
TEST
PAGE 12
1. b; 2. b; 3. c; 4. a; 5. c; 6. a; 7. c; 8. c; 9. a; 10. c.
INVESTIGATE
PAGE 13
O.A.

ROCKS AND RELIEF
REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 14
1. Label the Earth’s layers.
clockwise from the top-right: atmosphere; hydrosphere;
geosphere.
2. Use the words to complete the text about the geosphere.
The geosphere is made up of rocks. There are three layers:
the crust, the mantle and the core. The crust is the outer
layer. The mantle is the middle layer, made up of very dense
rock. The core is the inner layer.
3. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false
sentences.
a. F; b. T; c. F; d. F; e. T.
The continental crust is under the land.
Mountains, plains and bays are relief features.
The relief of the Earth has changed over millions of years.
PAGE 15
4. Complete the table about the classification of rocks.
granite: formed inside the Earth; construction.
clay: sedimentary; formed from pieces of other rocks.
slate: metamorphic; construction.
5. Read and answer the questions.
a. Rocks are made up of minerals.
b. The main properties of minerals are hardness, colour,
lustre and shape.
6. Look at the map and write the number.
left to right, top to bottom: 7. Galician Massif; 4. Cantabrian
Range; 8. Basque Mountains; 9. Pyrennes; 3. Mountains
of León; 5. Iberian Mountain Chain; 10. Catalan Coastal
Chain; 1. Central Mountain Chain; 2. Mountains of Toledo;
6. Sierra Morena; 11. Betic Chain.
EXTENSION
PAGE 16
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Fossils are the preserved remains of plants and animals
that lived on Earth millions of years ago.
b. A palaeontologist is the scientist that studies fossils.
c. Fossils give us information about the climate and the
environment in the past.
d. An ichnite is a dinosaur footprint.
e. In Spain, there are ichnite routes in Soria, Rioja, Teruel
and Asturias.
PAGE 17
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. A ria is a river valley full of sea water.
b. In Spain, there are rias along the Cantabrian coast and
the Atlantic coast.
Answer key
c. The Rias Altas go from the Eo river to A Coruña; The
Rias Baixas go from the Corme estuary to the border
with Portugal.
d. Model answer (M.A.)
Beach, cove, cliff, estuary.
ASSESSMENT
PAGE 18
1. Read the definitions and write the words.
a. atmosphere, hydrosphere, geosphere.
b. atmosphere.
c. crust.
d. mantle.
e. core.
2. Use the words to complete the sentences.
a. The Earth’s crust is made up of rocks.
b. It is divided into continental crust and oceanic crust.
c. The surface of the Earth’s crust can be flat or low.
d. The shape of the crust forms the relief of the Earth.
e. The action of rain, wind and changes in temperature
shaping rocks is called weathering.
3. Write two examples of each type of rock.
igneous rock: granite, basalt.
sedimentary rock; clay, coal.
metamorphic rock: marble, slate.
4. Write the name of each property of minerals.
lustre; shape; colour; hardness.
PAGE 19
5. Complete the tables with the names of the mountains.
Mountains of the Inner Plateau: Central Mountain Chain,
Mountains of Toledo.
Mountains beyond the Inner Plateau: Galician Massif,
Basque Mountains, Pyrenees, Catalan Coastal Chain,
Betic Chain.
Mountains surrounding the Inner Plateau: Mountains of León,
Cantabrian Range, Iberian Mountain Chain, Sierra Morena.
6. Label the map with the names of the oceans and seas.
clockwise from the top: Cantabrian Sea; Mediterranean
Sea; Atlantic Ocean.
7. Read and answer the questions.
a. The main river basins in Spain are the Guadalquivir river
basin and the Ebro river basin.
b. There are three coastal areas in Spain: the Cantabrian
coast, the Atlantic coast, the Mediterranean coast.
c. The two archipelagos in Spain are the Canary Islands
in the Atlantic Ocean, and the Balearic Islands in the
Mediterranean Sea.
Social Science 4 87
 Answer key

TEST WEATHER AND CLIMATE

PAGE 20 REINFORCEMENT
1. b; 2. c; 3. c; 4. a; 5. a; 6. c; 7. a; 8. b; 9. a; 10. c.
PAGE 22
INVESTIGATE
1. Use the words to complete the text about the layers of
PAGE 21 the atmosphere. Then, label the diagram.
The atmosphere is the layer of air that surrounds the Earth.
1. How does water erode landscapes?
It consists of different gases. The main ones are: nitrogen
River water erodes soft rocks and the river sinks deeper and oxygen. The troposphere contains the air we breathe
into the land. and the stratosphere contains the ozone layer that protects
2. Look at these photos of gorges in Spain. Choose one us from the harmful rays of the Sun.
and make an index card. clockwise from bottom left: stratosphere; outer layers;
O.A. troposphere.
2. Match the instrument with the element of weather it
measures.
a. thermometer: temperature of the air in degrees Celsius.
b. weather vane: wind direction: north, south, east or west.
c. rain gauge: precipitation: rain, snow, hail in litres per
square metre.
d. anemometer: wind speed in kilometres per hour.

PAGE 23
3. Read the sentences and write T (true) or F (false).
a. F; b. T; c. F; d. T.
4. Read and answer the questions.
a. In places closest to the Equator the climate is hot.
b. The climate is colder in the mountains and warmer
on the coast.
5. Complete the text about the world climates.
Hot climates have high temperatures all year round and
it rains a lot. Near the Equator typical vegetation is forest.
Where there is very little rain there is desert. Cold climates
are near the North and South Poles. Precipitation is mainly
in the form of snow. Typical vegetation is tundra, which is
where only moss and grasses grow. Temperate climates
have four distinct seasons. The climates vary, in some
places it rains a lot and in other places it rains only a little.
The typical vegetation is woodland and grassland.
6. Use different colours to mark the four climates of
Spain. Then, write the location of each type of climate.
O.A.
Mediterranean climate: east and south of the Iberian
Peninsula, the Balearic Islands, the Mediterranean coast
and Ceuta and Melilla.
Oceanic climate: north of the Iberian Peninsula.
Subtropical climate: the Canary Islands.
Mountain climate: in areas over 1,500 metres high.

EXTENSION
PAGE 24
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Javier likes the thunder and lightning and the rain
on the windows.

88 Social Science 4
 Answer key

b. A meteorologist is a scientist who studies the weather. 6. Write the correct climate for each picture.
c. After summer, there were months of intense heat and Oceanic climate; Mediterranean climate; Mountain climate;
very little rain. Subtropical climate; Mediterranean climate.
d. O.A.
TEST
2. Search the Internet for an extreme atmospheric
phenomena, for example, a hurricane or flood. PAGE 28
Write a short description of one of them. 1. b; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. a; 6. b; 7. b; 8. b; 9. b; 10. c.
O.A.
INVESTIGATE
PAGE 25
PAGE 29
1. Read the text and answer the questions. O.A.
a. The Atacama Desert is in South America.
b. In this desert, 400 years can pass without rain.
c. Life in the Atacama Desert is very difficult because there
is very little water and rain.
d. When it rains, flowers blossom everywhere because
seeds from plants stay in the ground for years.
When there is water, they germinate and spread their
seeds incredibly fast. This phenomenon is called
the flowering desert.

ASSESSMENT
PAGE 26
1. Read the descriptions and write the words.
a. the atmosphere.
b. the air.
c. the troposphere.
d. the stratosphere.
e. the ozone layer.
2. Label the instruments and write what they measure.
clockwise from the top-left: thermometer measures the
temperature of the air; anemometer measures the wind
speed; weather vane tells us the wind direction; rain gauge
measures precipitation.
3. Use the key to mark each world climate zone.
O.A.

PAGE 27
4. Write the vegetation next to the corresponding climate.
a. hot climates: forest, savannah, desert.
b. cold climates: tundra.
c. temperate climates: woodland, grassland.
5. Read and circle the correct description.
Mediterranean climate: On the coast, temperatures are mild
all year and there is little rainfall.
Oceanic climate: There is lots of rainfall all year, lots of
vegetation and a very green landscape.
Subtropical climate: There is very little rainfall all year and
very little vegetation.
Mountain climate: It is cold in winter, and warmer
in summer.

Social Science 4 89
 Answer key
WATER
REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 30
1. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false
sentences.
a. F; b. T; c. F; d. T; e. F; f. T.
The Earth looks blue from space.
97% of the water on Earth is salt water.
Only 3% of all the water on Earth is water we can drink.
2. Label the stages of the water cycle.
clockwise from top: condensation; precipitation; collection;
evaporation.
3. Match the descriptions with the corresponding item.
a. movements of water caused by the wind: waves.
b. the rising and falling of the sea level: tides.
c. movements caused by differences in temperature of
sea water: ocean currents.
PAGE 31
4. Write S (salt water) or F (fresh water) to classify these
words.
S: waves, tides, ocean currents.
F: surface water, groundwater, aquifers, lake, river, spring,
glacier, gully, tributary.
5. Read the descriptions and write the words.
a. river basin.
b. channel.
c. course.
d. flow regime.
6. Use the key to colour each watershed in Spain.
O.A.
7. Complete the table.
Cantabrian: Cantabrian Sea; the Navia, the Nalón, the Eo;
channels run through deep river valleys, river courses are
short and flow over steep land, river basin is small and relief
is mountainous, flow regime is regular and abundant.
Atlantic: Atlantic Ocean; the Tajo, the Duero, the Miño,
the Guadiana, the Guadalquivir; rivers that flow across the
Iberian Peninsula are long and have a higher flow regime in
spring and autumn than in summer. In the Canary Islands,
there are only gullies.
Mediterranean: Mediterranean Sea; the Júcar, the Segura,
the Ebro; rivers are short and have a low flow regime,
except the Ebro, gullies in dry places.
EXTENSION
PAGE 32
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. The Rhine in Germany, the Nile in Egypt and the
Mississippi in the United States are navigable rivers.
90 Social Science 4
b. Rivers in Spain are difficult to navigate because they run
between mountains and valleys so they are narrow and
twisty, and waters run at high speed.
c. The flow regime is irregular and decreases in the
summer because there is little rain.
d. Canals such as the Canal of Castile were built for
communication purposes.
PAGE 33
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. The source of the Cuervo river is in the north-east of
Cuenca, Castile-La Mancha. The area has very
permeable rocks.
b. Rainwater goes into the earth.
c. The water returns to the surface through many springs.
d. It was declared a Natural Monument because the water
runs along the flat surface and then falls in unusual and
extraordinary beautiful waterfalls.
e. The river source is usually dry in summer.
ASSESSMENT
PAGE 34
1. Describe each part of the water cycle.
1. Evaporation: the Sun heats liquid water. It evaporates to
form water vapour in the air.
2. Condensation: the water vapour passes into the cold air
in the troposphere. Here, it condenses into tiny water
droplets and forms clouds.
3. Precipitation: the tiny water droplets form larger, heavier
drops. These droplets fall from the clouds as rain or
snow onto the Earth’s crust.
4. Collection: water in the rivers goes into the seas and
oceans. The cycle starts again.
2. Read the definitions and write the words.
a. waves.
b. tides.
c. ocean currents.
3. Label the diagram using the words below.
from left to right, top to bottom: source, river, tributary,
gully, lake, aquifer.
4. What is the difference between surface water and
groundwater? Explain.
Surface water is found on the surface of the Earth, in rivers
and lakes and as ice in glaciers.
Groundwater is water that is deposited under the ground.
PAGE 35
5. Match each word to the correct definition.
river basin: the area of land drained by a river and its
tributaries.
channel: the area that contains the flowing water of the river.
course: the route the river takes.
flow regime: the amount of water the river carries.

6. What two elements determine the length and flow
regime of the rivers in Spain? Explain.
M.A.
Relief influences the length of rivers. Rivers are long if their
source is in the mountains far from the sea. Rivers are short
if their source is near the sea.
Climate influences the flow regime. Rivers that flow through
rainy areas have abundant flow regimes. Rivers that flow
through dry areas have low flow regimes.
7. Read and complete the text.
The Cantabrian watershed is in the north of Spain. The
river courses are short because they start in the mountains
near the sea. The river basin is small and the flow regime
is regular and abundant. The main rivers are the Navia, the
Nalón and the Eo.
The Atlantic watershed contains long rivers because
they start in mountains far from the sea. The main rivers
are the Miño, the Duero, the Tajo, the Guadiana and the
Gualdaquivir. In the Canary Islands there are no rivers, only
gullies that carry water only when it rains.
The rivers in the Mediterranean watershed are short because
they start near the sea. They have a low flow regime and
sometimes the climate is so dry there are only gullies. The
main rivers are the Júcar, the Segura and the Ebro.
TEST
PAGE 36
1. c; 2. a; 3. c; 4. b; 5. c; 6. a; 7. a; 8. b; 9. c; 10. a.
INVESTIGATE
PAGE 37
1. Where are the longest and shortest rivers in the world?
Find them!
M.A.
The three longest rivers in the world are the Nile in Africa,
the Amazon in South America, and the Yangtze in China.
The three shortest rivers in the world are the Reprua in
Abkhazia, the Roe in USA and the D River in Oregon.
2. Write your quiz questions here.
O.A.
Answer key
LANDSCAPES
REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 38
1. Classify these elements of landscapes into natural
elements or man-made elements.
natural elements: vegetation, fields, shape of the relief,
rivers, lakes.
man-made elements: roads, buildings.
2. Name the type of landscape and describe its main
features.
M.A.
inland landscape: temperatures are very cold in winter and
very hot in summer. It doesn’t rain much. Transformed by
farming. There are villages between farm buildings.
3. Unscramble three causes of landscape deterioration.
a. pollution.
b. excessive construction.
c. deforestation.
4. Name some national and local laws to protect
landscapes.
M.A.
Water purification systems to clean water of harmful
substances. Nature reserves and national parks to protect
certain landscapes.
PAGE 39
5. Identify the type of landscape each map shows and
label them.
from left to right, top to bottom: Mediterranean landscape;
Atlantic coast; the Canary Islands; inland landscape.
6. Circle four typical nature reserves in Spain.
a. Inland nature reserve: Lagunas de Ruidera.
b. Mediterranean nature reserve: Island of La Cabrera.
c. Atlantic nature reserve: Picos de Europa.
d. Canary Islands nature reserve: Caldera de Taburiente.
EXTENSION
PAGE 40
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Orbaneja del Castillo is in the north of the province
of Burgos, near the Ebro.
b. The landscape around the mountain village, Orbaneja
del Castillo, was declared a Historial Site.
c. This landscape has a huge waterfall, a stream
and a cave.
d. The water from the waterfall comes from a stream that is
born in a cave in the upper part of Orbaneja.
e. It is an interior landscape.
Social Science 4 91
 Answer key

PAGE 41 TEST
1. Read the text and answer the questions. PAGE 44
a. The Silent Beach is near a village called Castañeras in 1. a; 2. b; 3. a; 4. c; 5. c; 6. c; 7. c; 8. b; 9. b; 10. c.
Cudillero, Asturias.
b. M.A. Some natural elements in the picture are: a cliff, a INVESTIGATE
cove, the sea, vegetation, rocks, a beach, etc.
PAGE 45
c. There is no car pollution because there are no good
roads and few cars. 1. Make your own volcano eruption!
d. You might see some animals sunbathing on the O.A.
rocks.
2. Analyse your results and answer these questions.
ASSESSMENT a. The baking soda and the vinegar make
the volcano erupt.
PAGE 42
b. The mound represents the mountain.
1. Read and write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the c. M.A.
false sentences.
The taller the mountain, the higher and stronger the
a. F; b. T; c. T; d. F; e. F. eruption.
Some landscapes include man-made elements.
Human activities such as farming, industry, transport and
traffic can damage landscapes.
National and local governments do protect landscapes.
2. Describe the natural and man-made elements you can
see in the photo.
M. A.
Natural elements include the mountains, the lake, the trees
and the vegetation.
Man-made elements include the houses, the road and
the wall.
3. Read and match. Then, write the complete sentences.
a. Deforestation is the loss of forests.
b. Pollution releases harmful substances.
c. Excessive construction destroy woods and natural
spaces.

PAGE 43
4. Draw a typical inland landscape and a typical
Mediterranean landscape. Then, label them.
O.A.
5. Read and answer the questions.
a. We can find very cold temperatures in winter and very
hot temperatures in summer in inland landscapes.
b. In a typical Mediterranean landscape, there are
natural elements such as wide beaches and cliffs
on the coast.
c. In typical Atlantic landscapes, people plant eucalyptus
and pine trees for their wood. There are many fields for
animals. Villages are small and isolated. Large cities
have lots of industries.
d. The Canary Islands are mainly transformed
by tourism.
6. Identify the type of Spanish landscape each nature
reserve belongs to.
Canary Island; Atlantic; inland; Mediterranean.

92 Social Science 4
 Answer key

SPAIN AND THE EUROPEAN UNION c. The Government directs the State according to the laws.
d. The Courts of Justice make sure laws are respected.
REINFORCEMENT
7. Write T (true) or F (false).
PAGE 46
a. F; b. F; c. T.
1. Write the borders of Spain for each cardinal point
N: the Bay of Biscay, the Pyrenees, France and Andorra. EXTENSION
W: the Atlantic Ocean and Portugal. PAGE 48
E: the Mediterranean Sea. 1. Read the text and complete the crossword.
S: the Mediterranean Sea, the Atlantic Ocean and 1. Galician; 2. muñeira; 3. sardana; 4. Semana Grande;
Morocco. 5. fabada; 6. paella.
2. Read and choose the correct word. 2. Write about your autonomous community.
The European Union (EU) is a political and economic O.A.
organization which brings together twenty-eight European
countries. They collaborate with each other to improve their PAGE 49
economy and society.
1. Fill in the table with similar information about Spain
The EU offers advantages for the countries that are part of and one other European country.
it. A country’s products can be sold in any country of the
EU without paying taxes. SPAIN:
European citizenship allows the inhabitants of the EU size: 505,990 km2.
countries to live, study or work in any EU country. Many EU location: on the Iberian Peninsula in southwestern Europe.
countries use the same currency. population: 47 million people.
3. Write the members of each European Union institution. capital: Madrid.
a. The European Parliament: Members of the European political system: unitary parliamentary constitutional
Parliament (MEPs). monarchy.
b. The European Commission: commissioners. administrative division: autonomous communities and
c. The Council of the European Union: ministers of provinces.
the EU countries. other cities: Barcelona, Seville, Bilbao, A Coruña.
d. The Court of Justice: one judge from each EU country. official language(s): Spanish; co-official languages: Basque,
Valencian, Catalan and Galician.
PAGE 47
currency: euro.
4. Read and complete the text. year incorporated into the EU: 1986.
There are seventeen autonomous communities in Spain. (OTHER EU COUNTRY):
Fifteen are on the Iberian Peninsula. The other two are the
O.A.
archipelagos of the Balearic Islands and the Canary Islands.
There are also two autonomous cities on the coast of 2. Find out two famous tourist attractions in Spain and
North Africa: Ceuta and Melilla. your other chosen EU country.
Each autonomous community has a capital and a statute O.A.
of autonomy, which includes its main institutions: the
parliament, the president and the government. ASSESSMENT
Each autonomous community is divided into one or more
PAGE 50
provinces. In Spain, there are fifty provinces. A province
consists of several municipalities. The head of the local 1. Draw a sketch map of Spain and label its borders.
council is the mayor. O.A. (see map on p. 56 of Student’s Book)
5. Read and answer the questions. 2. Name eight countries that are in the European Union.
a. Spain is called a democracy because all citizens are Then, answer the question.
equal and have the same rights and obligations. O.A.
b. The Spanish Constitution was written and approved in • O.A.
1978. It lists the rights and duties of citizens and the
institutions of the state, which are the Head of State, the 3. Look at the map and explain why it is incorrect.
Parliament, the Government and the Courts. Portugal, Slovakia and Finland should be shaded as EU
countries. Turkey and Norway are not EU countries.
6. Match the Spanish institution with its function.
In June 2016, the United Kingdom voted to leave the EU in
a. The Head of State represents Spain. a referendum.
b. The Parliament develops and approves new laws.

Social Science 4 93
 Answer key

PAGE 51 POPULATION AND THE ECONOMY

4. Complete the table on the European Union institutions.
first column: pass new laws; Members of the European
Parliament (MPEs).
second column: the European Commission; commissioners.
third column: approve laws; ministers.
fourth column: the Court of Justice; makes sure laws are
respected.
5. Make an index card about your community.
O.A.
6. Why do we say Spain is a democratic state? Explain.
Spain is a democratic country because all citizens are equal
and have the same rights and obligations. People can freely
elect their rulers in elections.
7. Identify the institutions these pictures represent and
write the names
the Courts of Justice; the Parliament; the Constitutional
Court; the Government.
TEST
PAGE 52
1. a; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. c; 7. b; 8. a; 9. a; 10. c.
INVESTIGATE
PAGE 53
O.A.
REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 54
1. Match the terms to their definition.
population: the number of inhabitants that live in a place.
municipal register: a list of the inhabitants of a municipality.
census: list of inhabitants of a municipality, a province or a
country.
2. Name three ways the population of a place can be
divided into. Then, label the chart of the population
of Spain.
a. gender; b. age; c. activity.
left to right: senior citizens – 8,335,861; children – 7,075,637;
adults: 31,718,285.
3. What changes affect population? Complete
the diagram
from top to bottom, left to right: death rate; emigration;
birth rate; immigration.
PAGE 55
4. What are the main reasons people move to different
places? Explain.
People move away to study in a different place.
People find work in a different place.
People move because of drought or famine in their country.
People move away because of war in their country.
5. Use the key to colour in the map to show population
density in Spain.
O.A.
Most of the people live on the coast and in the big cities
where there are many jobs. Fewer people live inland,
except in the big cities like Madrid and Zaragoza. In
general, inland Spain is sparsely populated.
• O.A.
6. Write four jobs for each sector of the economy.
M.A.
primary sector: crop farmer, livestock farmer, fisherman,
miner.
secondary sector: factory worker, dressmaker, construction
worker, car manufacturer.
tertiary sector: lawyer, doctor, supermarket worker, teacher.

EXTENSION
PAGE 56
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. The first census in Spain was carried out in 1594.
b. The kings wanted to know how many people lived in
Spain in order to find out how many people had to
pay taxes.
c. A census gives information about the population of an
area, the number of people of each age, how many men

94 Social Science 4
 Answer key

and women, where each person is born and their level
of education.
d. This information is used to calculate if the population is
increasing or decreasing, the needs people will have,
who can work and who should be paying taxes.
PAGE 57
d. 22 out of every 100 Spaniards work in the
secondary sector.
7. Match the pictures to the activities. Then, write the
sector each one belongs to.
pictures from left to right: factory work, secondary sector;
crop farming, primary sector; education, tertiary sector.

1. Look at the table and answer the questions. TEST

a. The world’s most densely populated city is in Japan.
PAGE 60
b. Mumbai and Sao Paulo have a difference in population
1. b; 2. b; 3. a; 4. b; 5. a; 6. c; 7. b; 8. c; 9. a; 10. a.
of 250,000 inhabitants.
c. Asia has two of the most populated cities in the world. INVESTIGATE
d. O.A.
PAGE 61
ASSESSMENT O.A.

PAGE 58
1. Write the name of the document each definition
refers to.
• Municipal register.
• Census.
2. Read and answer the questions.
a. The population of a place can be divided into age,
gender and activity.
b. There are three groups of inhabitants: children (0-15
years old), adults (16-65 years old) and senior citizens
(over 65 years old).
c. Active population includes all adults who are able to
work; inactive population includes children under 16,
and adults who are either too ill to work, or who
are retired.
3. What are the main changes in population? Match the
terms to their definition.
birth rate: the number of babies born in a place in one year.
death rate: the number of people who die in a place in
one year.
emigrants: people who leave one place and live in
another place.
immigrants: people who come to live in a place.
4. Write the name of a Spanish province in each case.
a. Densely populated: M.A. Madrid.
b. Sparsely populated: M.A. León.

PAGE 59
5. What are the main reasons why people move? Label
the pictures.
study; work; drought; war.
6. Look at the graph, which represents the people who
work in each economic sector in Spain, and answer the
questions.
a. The most people work in the tertiary sector.
b. The fewest people work in the primary sector.
c. Every 4 out of 100 Spaniards work in the primary sector.

Social Science 4 95
 Answer key
PREHISTORY
REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 62
1. Complete the timeline with the names of the Prehistoric
ages.
left to right: Palaeolithic Age, Neolithic Age, Metal Ages.
2. Label the activities in the Palaeolithic Age.
clockwise from top left: cave painting; hunting; making
clothes; fishing; making fire.
3. Complete the table on the periods of Prehistory.
the Palaeolithic Age: hunting, gathering, fishing; stone
tools, huts, clothes.
the Neolithic Age: villages; farming, craftsmanship,
farming livestock.
the Metal Ages: walled towns; copper, bronze and
iron objects.
PAGE 63
4. Read and complete the text.
In the Neolithic Age some people started to build
enclosures to keep their animals in. In this way, the first
livestock farmers appeared. They built villages to live
in permanently and became sedentary. People learned
to make polished stone tools and hand mills to mill wheat
and barley into flour. People also started to make
cloth and pottery.
5. Read and answer the questions.
a. The first towns grew during the Metal Ages because
people looked for metals. Places with metals attracted
many people and grew into towns.
b. New jobs were created: people became soldiers
or traders.
c. During the Metal Ages, the wheel, the sail and the
plough increased trade.
6. What can you see in the picture? When was it painted?
Explain.
M.A. I can see a cave painting. It was painted
in the Palaeolithic age because there are only animals.
Cave paintings from the Neolithic Age had people
as well.
7. Name the type of monument each picture shows.
dolmen; menhir; cromlech.
EXTENSION
PAGE 64
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. African tribes sent messages across long distances
using tam-tam, that is, hitting a drum.
b. Philippides was a soldier and the most famous
Greek emissary.
c. His mission was to announce the Greek victory in the
Battle of Marathon.
96 Social Science 4
d. The first person to train pigeons as messengers was the
sultan of Bagdad, 800 years ago.
e. O.A.
PAGE 65
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. Humans found out about fire half a million years ago.
b. Humans managed to make fire themselves by rubbing
together two flint stones and setting fire to some
branches.
c. For humans, the discovery of fire allowed them to
protect themselves from the cold, keep wild animals
away and cook meat properly. It also helped them to
become social creatures.
2. Search on the Internet and find other discoveries
humans have made. Write which one you think is the
most useful. Explain why.
O.A.
ASSESSMENT
PAGE 66
1. Underline the mistake in each sentence. Then, write the
sentences correctly.
a. Prehistory is divided into three periods: the Palaeolithic
Age, the Neolithic Age and the Metal Age.
b. The Palaeolithic Age started with the appearance of
human beings and ended with the start of farming.
c. People learned to make objects out of metal during the
Metal Ages.
d. In the Neolithic Age people began to live in villages and
worked as farmers.
2. What are these objects? What did Palaeolithic people
use them for?
from left to right: axe, for cutting; spear, for hunting; needle,
for making clothes; arrowhead, for hunting.
3. What were these objects used for? Then, answer the
question.
hoes: to turn the soil.
sickles: to cut crops.
hand mills: to mill wheat into flour.
• They were invented during the Neolithic Age.
4. What kind of objects did people make during the
Metal Ages?
Objects made of metal: weapons, such as swords and
axes, ornaments, such as brooches and bracelets,
and tools, such as hoes and sickles.
PAGE 67
5. Use the words to complete the text about the different
periods of Prehistory.
The first people to inhabit the Iberian Peninsula lived in caves
or simple huts. They were nomads. Palaeolithic men and
women made simple tools from stone.

About 10,000 years ago, people started to build enclosures
to keep their goats, sheep and oxen in, so they did not
have to hunt animals for food. In this way, the first livestock
farmers appeared. They also started to grow plants.
About 7,000 years ago, a period known as the Metal Ages
started: people learned to make objects out of metal. People
used copper, bronze and iron to make weapons, ornaments
and tools.
6. Look at the picture and answer the questions.
a. The painting represents a scene of people hunting animals.
b. This painting belongs to the Neolithic Age.
c. M.A. This painting was made on a cave wall.
7. Label the pictures and write a brief description of
each one.
a. Menhirs are large, upright, standing stones used for
religious purposes.
b. Cromlechs are circles of large, standing stones used as
sanctuaries.
c. Dolmens are several upright stones that support a large,
flat stone. They were burial monuments.
TEST
PAGE 68
1. b; 2. c; 3. a; 4. b; 5. b; 6. b; 7. c; 8. a; 9. a; 10. a.
INVESTIGATE
PAGE 69
O.A.
Answer key
ANCIENT HISTORY OF SPAIN
REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 70
1. Use the key to colour in the map to show where the
Iberians and the Celts settled in Spain.
O.A.
The Iberians (orange) inhabited the south and east of the
Iberian Peninsula; the Celts (yellow) lived in the north and
centre of the Iberian Peninsula.
2. Read and complete the text.
The Iberians were organized in tribes headed by a chief. They
lived in fortified settlements, called hill forts. Many Iberians
worked as crop and livestock farmers. Some were expert
craftsmen and made iron swords. They used their own money
and developed their own writing. The Celts lived in walled
towns called forts. They were organized into tribes. Most
people were farmers. They were specialists in making iron and
bronze objects, like tools and weapons for the warriors. They
did not know how to write and did not use money.
3. Label the objects used by a Celtic warrior.
top left clockwise: helmet; spear; sword; axe; shield.
PAGE 71
4. Use the key to colour in the map to show where
Greeks, Phoenicians and Carthaginians settled. Then,
answer the questions.
O.A.
Greeks settled along the Mediterranean and Black Seas
and parts of north Africa; Phoenicians settled on the
south coast of the Iberian Peninsula and North Africa;
Carthaginians settled in the old Phoenician colonies
in the east of the Iberian Peninsula and on the
Balearic Islands.
• Greek civilization began about 3,000 years ago.
• Phoenicians came from Asia.
Carthaginians came from Africa.
• Phoenicians developed the first version of our alphabet.
5. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false
sentences.
a. F; b. T; c. T; d. F; e. F.
The ancient Greeks lived in small city-states called polis.
The Carthaginians were warrior people.
The Romans caused the end of the Carthaginian
civilization.
6. Match the people to the city they founded.
a. The Greeks founded Emporion.
b. The Phoenicians founded Gadir.
c. The Carthaginians founded Ebusus.
Social Science 4 97
 Answer key

EXTENSION 5. Read and choose the correct word.

The Phoenicians came from Asia about 2,600 years ago to
PAGE 72
trade with people from the Iberian Peninsula. They settled
1. Read the text and answer the questions. on the south coast and founded trading colonies. They
a. You can find objects and materials from the past in an were excellent sailors.
archaeological museum. The Carthaginians settled in old Phoenician colonies on the
b. We conserve and study objects from the past to Balearic Islands. They founded new colonies and traded
document a community’s history. metals. They made artisan objects like necklaces and pots.
They were warrior people.
c. In Spain, there are many archaeological museums
because it has a very long history full of 6. Cross out the words that don’t correspond.
important events. • introduced the potter’s wheel: Celts; Phoenicians.
d. O.A. • had their own money: Celts.
PAGE 73 • brought us the alphabet: Carthaginians; Greeks.

1. Read the text and answer the questions. 7. Complete the table about Pre-Roman colonizers on
the Peninsula.
a. Writing was invented more than 5,000 years ago.
Greeks: Sparta, Athens; in the east of the Iberian Peninsula.
b. Hieroglyphics appeared before the alphabet.
Phoenicians: Asia; Gadir, Malaka (Málaga) and Sexi
c. The Rosetta Stone includes three languages: Greek,
(Almuñécar).
ancient Egyptian and hieroglyphics.
Carthaginians: in the old Phoenician colonies in the east
d. The discovery of the Rosetta Stone is very important
of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic Islands; Cartago
because it allowed us to understand the meaning of
Nova (Cartagena) and Ebusus (Ibiza).
hieroglyphics by comparing them to other texts.
e. Writing helps us to study history because it allows us to TEST
write down important events so we can remember them
more easily. PAGE 76
1. b; 2. b; 3. b; 4. c; 5. a; 6. c; 7. a; 8. c; 9. b; 10. c.
ASSESSMENT
INVESTIGATE
PAGE 74
PAGE 77
1. Identify each type of settlement and label the pictures.
Then, answer the questions. O.A.
an Iberian fortified settlement; a Greek colony; a Celtic
hill fort.
• Iberian fortified settlements were called hill forts.
• They are formed by circular houses.
• In Greek colonies, the market was found in the agora.
2. Identify the city shown in the picture. Who founded it,
what was it called?
The city of Cádiz is shown in the picture. It was founded by
the Phoenicians and was originally called Gadir.
3. Match the terms to their definitions.
polis: a small city-state with its own governors, laws
and army.
colony: a territory under the control of the Greek
government.
acropolis: the area inside a colony with the most
important buildings.
agora: a square where citizens walked and debated.

PAGE 75
4. Why do we consider Greece as the origin of
democracy? Explain.
We consider Greece as the origin of democracy because
the city-states were governed by people elected by free
citizens.

98 Social Science 4

ANCIENT HISTORY: THE ROMANS
REINFORCEMENT
PAGE 78
1. Use the colour key to show the Roman Empire during
its period of expansion. Then, label Rome and other
cities of the Roman Empire.
O.A.
(See map on p. 100 of the Student’s Book)
2. Read and answer the questions.
a. The Romans arrived on the Iberian Peninsula
in 218 B.C.
b. When they occupied it, the Romans called the Iberian
Peninsula Hispania.
c. The conquest lasted over 200 years. It was completed
in 19 B.C.
d. The Romans divided Hispania into five provinces:
Baetica, Lusitania, Tarraconensis, Gallaecia and
Carthaginensis.
3. Write T (true) or F (false). Then, correct the false
sentences
a. T; b. F; c. F; d. T.
The Romans used aqueducts to transport water.
Baths were places people went to wash.
PAGE 79
4. Complete the diagram
first column: patricians.
second column: craftsmen, merchants and farmers.
third column: owned by another person.
5. Complete the text about Roman religion and culture.
Initially, people in Hispania worshipped Roman gods. They
built temples where they sacrificed animals. Gradually they
converted to Christianity, which became the official religion
of the Roman Empire.
Latin was the official language of Hispania. All languages
now spoken in Spain except for the Basque language
evolved from Latin.
6. Tick the photo that shows a Roman bridge. Then,
explain why.
Picture on the right shows a Roman bridge.
O.A.
EXTENSION
PAGE 80
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. The first Roman roads were built for their armies.
b. They become very important as Rome was the centre
of trade, politics and culture in the Mediterranean so the
roads were important connections between cities and
regions to Rome.
Answer key
c. These roads had four layers: statumen, rudus, nucleus
and pavimentum.
2. Search the Internet for information about Via
Delapidata and make an index card.
O.A.
PAGE 81
1. Read the text and answer the questions.
a. A mosaic is a mural or picture created by putting
together tiny coloured squares called tiles.
b. Mosaics were used to decorate ceilings, floors and walls
in Roman buildings.
c. Mosaics were made out of tiny coloured squares called
tiles. These tiles were made of different materials such
as glass, pottery or stone.
d. Mosaics represented hunting scenes, gladiator fights,
chariot races and geometric designs.
e. O.A.
2. Search the Internet to find ideas to make your own
Roman mosaic using graph paper and coloured pens.
O.A.
ASSESSMENT
PAGE 82
1. Match the year with the correct event.
a. year 218 B.C.: the Romans arrived on the Iberian
Peninsula.
b. year 19 B.C.: the Roman conquest of the Iberian
Peninsula is completed.
c. year 476 A.D.: end of the Roman Empire.
2. Label the objects used by a Roman soldier.
clockwise from top left: spear, helmet, armour, shield,
sandal, sword.
3. Read and answer the questions.
a. The Romans and the Carthaginians fought in the
Punic Wars.
b. The Romans called the Iberian Peninsula Hispania.
c. The emperor Augustus completed the Roman
conquest of the Iberian Peninsula.
4. Read and choose the correct word.
The Romans divided Hispania into five provinces: Baetica,
Lusitania, Tarraconensis, Gallaecia and Carthaginensis.
Each province was ruled by a governor.
The main economic activity of Hispania was trading.
A network of stone roads was built to connect cities and
help trading.
PAGE 83
5. Look at the picture and write the letter.
aqueduct: C; amphitheatre: H; baths: B; circus: A;
forum: D; temple: E; theatre: F; triumphal arch: G;
walls: I.
Social Science 4 99
 Answer key

6. Describe each group the Roman society was divided

into. What type of jobs did each group do?
• slaves: were owned by another person. They had no
rights and did not have their own things. They worked
on the land, in domestic service, in mines or as gladiators.
• patricians: rich, free people. They had rights and could
take part in government.
• plebeians: craftsmen, merchants and farmers. They had
rights and could take part in government.
7. What kind of Roman construction do these pictures
show? What were they used for?
picture on the left: a Roman theatre, where actors acted in
comedies and tragedies.
picture on the right: an aqueduct to transport water.

TEST
PAGE 84
1. c; 2. b; 3. b; 4. a; 5. a; 6. a; 7. a; 8. b; 9. a; 10. a.

INVESTIGATE
PAGE 85
O.A.

100 Social Science 4