Republic of the Philippines In the other words, in order to get the limit of a given function

Department of Education y = f(x) as x approaches the number a, we simply have to do

Region III – Central Luzon the following:
SCHOOLS DIVISION OF CITY OF BALANGA 1. Compute for the values of f(x) as x approaches a from
BATAAN NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL – SENIOR HIGH the left. Check whether these values also approach a
SCHOOL certain number. We shall symbolize the limit from
City of Balanga, Bataan
left of a as lim ¿.
xa−¿ f ( x ) ¿
2. Do the same for the values of f(x) as x approaches a
NAME:___________ Year &Section:___________ from the right. We shall symbolize the limit from
right of a as lim ¿ .
ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS +¿
xa f ( x ) ¿
3rd Quarter - Week 1: f ( x ) = lim ¿ .
3. Verify whether lim
(illustrate the limit of a function using a table of values and the xa ❑
+¿
xa f ( x ) ¿
graph of the function, STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-1; illustrate the
 If equal, then lim f ( x )=L ; if not equal,
limit laws, STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-3; and apply the limit laws xa
in evaluating the limit of algebraic functions (polynomial, we say that the limit does not exist (DNE).
rational, and radical) STEM_BC11LC-IIIa-4 1.4)
The Graphical Method
Let us consider again the function f ( x )=2 x−3. Its graph is
LESSON 1.1:
a straight line with slope 2 and y-intercept, -3, as shown in the
The Limit of a Function: Theorems and Examples
figure.
In this course, we shall learn about two important operations
Using the values from Table 1 and table 2, the points move up
of functions-differentiation and integration-each of which is
along the straight line and approach the point (1, -1)
based on the notion of the limit of a function. In this unit, we
where y = -1.
shall define and evaluate the limits of functions.
You will observe a similar behavior using the points
The Tabular Method determined by the values in Table 2, where the x values
Consider the linear function: approach 1 from the right. The corresponding y values also
f ( x )=2 x−3 approach -1.
With this, we can confirm graphically our earlier conclusion
Table 1 shows the values of x approaching 1 from the left. On
the other hand, Table 2 shows the values of x approaching 1 that lim ( 2 x−3 )=−1.
x1
from the right.
Note that f(1) = -1.
Hence, we say that -1 is the limit of f ( x )=2 x−3 as x
approaches 1. In mathematical symbol, we write it as
lim ( 2 x−3 )=−1
x1
Table 1

x f ( x )=2 x−3
0 -3
0.5 -2
0.75 -1.5
0.8 -1.4
0.9 -1.2
0.99 -1.02
0.999 -1.002

Table 2

x f ( x )=2 x−3
2 1
1.5 0
1.25 -0.5
1.2 -0.6
1.1 -0.8
1.01 -0.98
1.001 -0.998

In general, the expression lim f ( x )=L ,

xa
read as “The limit of f(x) as x approaches a is L,” means that
L is the number that the values of f(x) approach, as the values
of x approach a certain number a (both from its left and right
sides in the number line.

1|Page
 lim x =c
xc

ACTIVITY 1:
Use a separate sheet of paper to answer the following. For the remaining theorems, assume that limits of f and g both
1. Complete the following tables of values to investigate exist as x approaches c and that they are L and M,
lim ( x2 −2 x + 4 ) respectively.
x1
3. The Constant Multiple Theorem: The limit of a multiple
2 of
x f(x) = x −2 x+ 4 x f(x) = x 2−2 x+ 4 a
2.
1.6 0.5
1.35 0.7
1.05 0.95
1.005 0.995
1.0005 0.9995
1.00005 0.99995
lim ¿= lim ( x2 −2 x + 4 )=
+¿ 2
x1 ( x −2 x+ 4) ¿ x1 ❑
function is simply that multiple of the function.
Given the graph below, determine the following:
lim k ⋅f ( x )=L
xc
lim 8⋅ f ( x )=8 lim f ( x )=( 8 ) ( 4 )=32
xc xc

4. The Addition Theorem:

lim [ f ( x )+ g ( x ) ] =lim f ( x )+ lim g ( x )
xc xc xc

If lim f ( x )=4 and lim g ( x )=−5 , then

xc xc
lim [ f ( x )+ g ( x ) ] =lim f ( x )+ lim g ( x )
xc xc xc
¿ ( 4 ) + (−5 )=−1
5.The Multiplication Theorem:
a)lim f ( x )❑ The limit of a product of functions is equal to the product of
x1 their limits.

(b) lim f (x) Again, if lim f ( x )=4 and lim g ( x )=−5 , then
xc xc
x3
lim [ f ( x ) ⋅ g ( x ) ]=lim f ( x ) ⋅ lim g ( x )
(c) lim f (x) xc xc xc
x−1
¿ ( 4 ) (−5 )=−20
(d) lim f (x)
x−3 6. The Division Theorem:
The limit of a quotient of functions is equal to the quotient of
(e)lim f (x) the limits of the individual functions, provided the
x5
denominator limit is not equal to 0.

LESSON 1.2:
Theorems on Limits

We shall focus on limit theorems or laws which apply to provided that M≠ 0

algebraic functions, such as polynomial, rational, and radical
functions. −4
=
5
1. The Limit of a Constant is itself. If k is a constant, then,

7. The Power Theorem:

lim k=k lim 21=21
xk x 21
This theorem states that the limit of an integer power p of a
function is just that power of the limit of the function.
2. The limit of x as x approaches c is equal to c.

lim x =9
2|Page x9
 If lim f ( x )=4 , then lim [ f ( x ) ]3 =lim ( 4 )3=64 LESSON 2.1:
xc xc xc Limits of Exponential Functions

8. The Radical Theorem:

Evaluate lim ex
x →0
lim √n f ( x)= n lim f (x)=√n L
√
x →c x→ c By constructing table of values,

For example, if lim

x →c
√n f (x)=4 , lim
−¿ x
¿ lim
x
¿
x→ 0 e =1 ¿ x→+¿ e =1 ¿

then, lim
x →c
√n f ( x ) =√n lim
x→c
f (x)= √ 4 = 2.

LESSON 1.3:
Limits of Polynomial, Rational, and Radical Functions

❑
EXAMPLE 1.3.1: Determine the lim ( 2 x 3−4 x 2+ 1 ) .
x1
❑
lim ( 2 x −4 x + 1 ) =lim 2 x −lim 4 x 2 +lim 1
3 2 3

x−1 x−1 x−1 x−1

3 2
= 2 (−1 ) −4 (−1 ) +1=−5

( x−3)(x2 −2)
EXAMPLE 1.3.2: Evaluate lim .
x →1 x 2 +1
Using the theorem, Thus, lim e x =1
❑
x→ 0
lim ( x−3)( x 2−2) lim ( x−3)⋅lim ( x2 −2)
(x−3)( x2 −2) x→ 1 2
x →1 x→ 1 (1−3)(1 −2) as the values of x approach 0, either
lim 2
= 2
= 2
Looking
= at the
2
graph, =1
x →1 x +1 lim ( x +1) lim (x +1) 1 + or
from the right 2 left, the values of f(x) will get closer to
x→ 1 x →1
1.

3 2
EXAMPLE 1.3.3: Evaluate lim
x→−2
√ x +3 x−6 .
Since the index of the radical sign is odd, we don not have to
worry that the limit of the radicand is negative. Therefore, the
Radical/Root Rule implies that
3 2
lim √ x +3 x−6=√3 ¿ ¿
x→−2

¿ √3 4−6−6=−2.

ACTIVITY 2

Find the limit and, when appropriate, indicate the limit

theorems used. (Use a separate sheet of paper.)

1. lim ( 2 x−5 ) 4. lim

s2−s−1 7.
Example:
x→ 4
s→3 s+1 1. ¿ lim x −e x+1 = 1−e1+ 1=1−e 2
x →1

lim √ r +5−2 lim ¿ ¿ lim ¿

r →−1 r +1 2.) −¿ e
x
−¿
0
e 1
x→ 0 ¿ x →0 = ¿
x 0 0−¿ =− ∞ ¿

t 2+ 2t +1
2. lim ( 3 x +8 )
x →1
5. lim
t →1 √ t 2+5 t +6
8. Lesson 2.2:
Limits of Logarithmic Functions
By constructing table of values,
ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS

3rd Quarter - Week 2: 1.) lim ¿ lim ¿

−¿ +¿
x→ 1 ln x=0 ¿ x→ 1 ln x=0 ¿
(compute the limits of exponential, logarithmic, and
trigonometric functions using tables of values and graphs of
the functions; STEM_BC11LCIIIb-1, illustrate limits

involving the expressions

sin t 1−cos t
, and
et −1 and
t t t
using tables of values; STEM_BC11LCIIIb-2)

3|Page
 Thus, lim ln x=0
x →1

ACTIVITY

Evaluate the limits of the following functions. (Use a separate

sheet of paper.)

1. lim 7x
x →1

2.) lim ¿ lim ¿

−¿
x→ 1 log x=0¿
+¿
x→ 1 log x=0 ¿ 2. lim 52 x+1
x→−1

3. lim x−e x+ 1
x→−1

4. lim log ( x +1 )
x →0

5. lim cos x
x→ π
1−cos x
6. lim
x →0 x
Thus, lim log x =0
x →1
Example:
x 1−cos x
y=
lim ¿ ¿= lim ¿ ¿log 2 x x x
1−cos
1.) y=
x →2 x →2 -1 x
2.) lim ¿ 5−(−∞ )=+ ∞ -0.5
-1
-0.25
+¿
x→ 0 ¿¿ ¿
-0.5
-0.1
LESSON 2.3: -0.25
-0.01
Limits of Trigonometric Functions -0.1
-0.001
-0.01
-0.001 lim ¿
⸫ 1−cos x
x sin x x→ 0
−¿
lim =¿¿
¿
y= ⸫
x
x x x
sin x→ 0
−¿ 1−cos x
=¿¿
-1 y=
0.841470985
x
x
-0.5 0.958851077
1 0.841470985
-0.25 0.989615837
0.5 0.958851077
-0.1 0.998334166
0.25 0.989615837
-0.01 0.999983333
0.1 0.998334166
-0.001 0.999999833
0.01 0.999983333
0.001 lim0.999999833
¿
⸫ x→ 0 limx
−¿ sin x
=1 ¿ ¿
⸫ x→ 0
sin x
+¿
=1¿
x

lim ¿ lim ¿ sin x

Since sin x = sin x , therefore, lim = 1.
x
−¿ +¿
x→ 0 ¿ x→ 0 ¿ x →0
x x

ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS

3rd Quarter - Week 3;
(Illustrate continuity of a function at a number;
STEM_BC11LCIIIc-1, determine whether a function is
continuous at a number or not; STEM_BC11LCIIIc-2,

4|Page
illustrate continuity of a function on an interval and solve
problems involving continuity of a function,
STEM_BC11LCIIIc-3)

LESSON 3.1: If at least one of these conditions is not met, f is said to be

Limits and Continuity at a Point discontinuous at x = c.

What does “continuity at a point” mean? Intuitively, this EXAMPLE:

means that in drawing the graph of a function, the point in Determine if f ( x )=x 3 + x 2−2 is continuous or not at
question will be traversed. We start by graphically illustrating x = 1.
what it means to be continuity at a point. Solution.
We have to check the three conditions for continuity of a
Consider the graph of a function f(x). function.
(a) If x = 1, then f(1) = 0.
(b) lim f ( x )=¿ ¿ lim ( x3 + x 2−2 ) ¿ 13 +12−2=0
x →1 x →1

(c) f(1) = 0 = lim f (x)

x →1
Therefore, f is continuous at x = 1.

x 2−x−2 is continuous or not at x = 2.

Is the function continuous at x = 1?
Solution.
To check if the function is continuous at x = 1, use the given
graph. Note that one is able to trace the graph from the left
side of the number x = 1 going to the right side of x = 1,
without lifting one’s pen. This is the case here.
Hence, we can say that the function is continuous at x = 1.
Consider the graph of the function g(x).Is the function
continuous at x = 1?
Determine if f ( x )=
x −2
Solution. Note that f is not defined at x = 2 since 2 is not in
the domain of f. (try solving it on your calculator and you
will get math error)
Hence, the first condition in the definition of a continuous
function is not satisfied. Therefore, f is discontinuous at x = 2.
A polynomial function is continuous at every number.
If f ( x )=5 x 4 −3 x2 +2 x−9 , then f is a polynomial
function and by the definition, it is continuous at every
number. In particular, because f is continuous at 1, we have
lim ( 5 x 2−3 x 2 +2 x −9 ) = f ( 1 ) = -5.
x →1

Continuity on an Interval
One-Sided Continuity
(a) A function f is said to be continuous from the left at x = c
if f ( c ) = lim ¿
−¿
x → c f (x )¿
(b) A function f is said to be continuous from the right at x = c
if f ( c ) = lim ¿
+¿
x → c f ( x) ¿

Solution.
We follow the process in the previous example. Tracing the
graph from the left of x = 1 going to right of x = 1, one finds
that he/she must lift her/his pen briefly upon reaching x = 1,
creating a hole in the graph.
Thus, the function is discontinuous at x = 1.

Suppose we are not given the graph of a function but just the
function itself. How do we determine if the function is
continuous at a given number? In this case, we must check
three conditions.
Three Conditions of Continuity

A function f(x) is said to be continuous at x = c if the

following three conditions are satisfied:

5|Page (i) f(c) exists;

(ii) lim f ( x ) exists; and
x →c

(iii) f(c) = lim f ( x )

x →c
ACTIVITY 1

Use a separate sheet of paper to answer the following.

1. Determine if the following functions are continuous at the

given value of x.
( a ) f ( x )= √ x−1 at x = 4.
( b ) f ( x )=3 x 2 +2 x +1 at x=−2
4−x
( c ) g ( x )= √ at x=0
x
x+ 1if x <4
(d)f(x) =
{ ( x−4 )2+ 3if ≥ 4
2. Given the graph below, determine if the function H(x) is
continuous at the following values of x:

(a) x = 2

(b) x = -3

(c) x = 0

LESSON 3.2:
The Intermediate Value Theorem In other words, the function y = f(x) at some point must be 
w = f(c)
The idea behind the Intermediate Value Theorem is this:

Notice that:
 w is between f(a) and f(b), which leads to ...
 c must be between a and b

It also says "at least one value c", which means

we could have more.
Here, for example, are 3 points where f(x)=w:

EXAMPLE:
Consider the function f(x)=2x - 5
Take the interval [1, 5]. The IVT says that for any w
intermediate to, or in between, f (1) and f (5), we can find a
value intermediate to, or in between, 1 and 5.

f ( 1 ) =2 ( 1 )−5=−3
f ( 5 )=2 (5 )−5=5
When we have two points connected by a
continuous curve:
 one Point A is atthe
point above line 1, f ( 1 ) ¿ = (1, -3)
(interval
Pointpoint
 the other B is at (interval
below 5, f ( 5 ) ¿ = (5, 5)
the line
... then there will be at least one
place where
Start withthe
thecurve crosses
fact that f(1)the
= -3line!
and f(5) = 5.
Then, choose a w ∈ [3, 5], to exhibit a corresponding c ∈ [1,
5] such that f(c) = w c2

Now that you know the idea, let's look more closely at the 1
details. Choose w = . By IVT, there is a c ∈ [1, 5] such that f(c) =
Here is the Intermediate Value Theorem stated more formally:
2
1
. Therefore,
When: 2
 The curve is the function y = f(x), f ( c ) =2 c−5
 which is continuous on the interval [a, b], 1
 and w is a number between f(a) and f(b), =2 c−5
Then, there must be at least one value c within [a, b] such
2
that f(c) = w

6|Page
 11  Continuity of a Function on an Open Interval – a
c= , indeed, c∈ (1,5) function is said to be continuous on an open interval (c,
4
We can try another w -value in (3, 5). Choose w = 3. By IVT, d) if it is continuous at each point in that interval.
there is a c ∈ [1, 5] such that f(c)=3. Therefore,
f ( c ) =2 c−5
3=2 c−5
c=4
Again, the answer, 4, is ∈ [1, 5]. The claim of IVT is clearly
seen in the graph of y = 2x5.

 Illustration

Graphs of functions that are not continuous at a real number

a are sketched below, where special names are indicated to
associate with these discontinuities.

ACTIVITY 3
ACTIVITY 2 A. The graph of a function f is given. From the graph, write
Use a separate sheet of paper to show your work. if it is True or False.
What value(s) of c, if any, will satisfy the IVT for the given
function f and the given value w, on the given interval [a, b].
Sketch the graph. (*tip: follow the example above)

1. f ( x )=x 2−1 , w=2 , (−1, 2 )

2. f ( x )=x 2 +5 x−6 , w=4 , (−1, 2 )

Continuity of a Function at a Point – a function is said to be

continuous at a point
x=a if the following three conditions are satisfied:
i. f ( x ) is defined, that is, exists, at 1. f is continuous on (−∞ , 2 ) .
x=a . 2. f is continuous on (−∞ , 0 ) .
ii. lim f ( x ) exists. 3. f is continuous on (−3,0 ) .
x→ a

iii. lim f ( x )=f ( a ). 4. f is continuous on [ −2,2 ] .

x→ a

5. f is continuous on ( 2 ,+∞ ) .
If one or more of these conditions are not satisfied, we say that
the function is discontinuous at x=a 6. f is continuous on [ 2 ,+ ∞ ) .

7. f is continuous on ( 0,4 ) .

8. f is continuous on [ −4,4 ]
B. Determine the following:
x 2−x−2 is continuous or not at
1. Determine if f ( x )=
x −2
x=2.
2. Determine if f ( x )=x 4 −x 2+ 1 is continuous at
x=−1.

7|Page
 x 2−9 is continuous at  Substitute this value of m and the coordinates of the
3. Determine g ( x )= x=−3.
x +3 known point P ( x 0 , y 0 ) into the point-slope form to get
4. Determine the largest interval over which the function y− y− y 0=m ( x−x 0 )
f ( x )= √ x +2 is continuous. The Definition of the Derivative
x  Let f be a function defined on an open interval I⊆R,
5. Determine the largest interval over which h ( x )= 2
x −1 x
and let 0 ∈ I . The derivative of f at xo is defined to
is continuous.
'
f ( x ) −f ( x 0 )
be f ( x 0 )= lim if this limit exists. That
x → xo x−x 0
is, the derivative of f at x0 is the slope of the tangent
line at ( x 0 , f ( x 0 ) ), if it exists.
Notations: if y=f ( x ) , the derivative of f is commonly
d d
'
denoted by f ( x ) , D x [ f ( x ) ] , [ f ( x ) ] , dx [ y ] , dy .
dx dx
Alternative Definition of the Derivative
ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS  Let f be a function on an open interval I ⊆ R , and let
3rd Quarter - Week 4:
(Illustrate the tangent line to the graph of a function at a given
x 0 ∈ I . The derivative of f at xo is defined to be
point; STEM_BC11DIIIe-1, applies the definition of the f ( x +∆ x )−f ( x )
derivative of a function at a given number;
f ' ( x )= lim if this limit exists.
∆ x →0 ∆x
STEM_BC11DIIIe-2, and relate the derivative of a function
to the slope of the tangent line; STEM_BC11DIIIe-1)

LESSON:
The Tangent Line to the Graph of a Function at a Point

Tangent Lines to Circles

 Recall from geometry that a tangent line to a circle
centered at O is a line intersecting the circle at
exactly one point. It is found by constructing the line,
through a point A on the circle, that is perpendicular ACTIVITY
to the segment (radius) OA ´ . Use a separate sheet of paper to show your work.
 A secant line to a circle is a line intersecting the
circle at two points. A. 1.
Answer
Findthe
the following:
equation of the tangent line to
y=x 2 at x=2.
How to Draw Tangent Lines to Curves at a Point

Slope of a Line – a line l passing through distinct points

y − y0
( x 0 , y o ) → ml =
x−x 0
Point-Slope Form – the line passing through ( x 0 , y o ) with 2. Find the slope-intercept form of the tangent line to
f ( x )= √ x at x=4.
slope m has the equation → y− y 0=m ( x−x 0 ) .
Equation of the Tangent Line – to find the equation of the
tangent line to the graph of y=f ( x ) at the point P ( x 0 , y 0 )
follow this 2-step process:
 Get the slope of the tangent line by computing:
y− y 0 (x ¿¿ 0)
m= lim or m= lim f ( x )−f ¿
x→ x0 x−x 0 x→ x 0
x−x 0

8|Page
 x2 +2 x−3 if x≠1
x−1
3. Show that the tangent line to y=3 x 2−12 x+ 1 at the 4 if x=1
point (2, -11) is horizontal. is continuous at c = 1. This is because f (1) = 4.
4. Find the slope-intercept form of the tangent line to
f ( x )= √ x +1−( x +1 ) at x=0. ( x−1 ) ( x+3 )
lim f ( x )=lim =4 and
5. Find the slope-intercept form of the tangent line to x →1 x →1 x−1
3
f ( x )=x +8 at x =−2 f ( 1 ) =lim f ( x )
x→ 1

B. Compute f ' ( 1 ) for e9ach of the following functions: Example 2. The function defined by
1. f ( x )=3 x−1 5 x if x <1
2. f ( x )=2 x 2+ 4 =
2x+3 if x≥1
2x
3. f ( x )= is continuous but not differentiable at x = 1. Indeed, f (1) =
x +1
2(1) + 3 = 5. Now,
4. f ( x )= √ x +8
If x <1, then f ( x )=5 x and so x→ 1lim
5 x=5¿
¿.s
−¿
C. Suppose that a particle moves along a line with position
function
If x >1, then f ( x )=2 x +3 and so x→ 1 lim ¿.
s ( t ) =2t 2 +3 t+1 +¿
( 2 x+3 ) =5 ¿

where s is in meters and t is in seconds. Since the one-sided limits exist and are equal to each other,
1. What is its initial position?
2. Where is it located after t = 2 seconds? the limit exists and equals 5. So, lim f ( x )= 5 = f (1). This
x →1
3. At what time is the particle at position s=6 ? shows that f is continuous at x = 1. On the other hand,
computing for the derivative,

For x <1, then f ( x )=5 x = 5 and for x >1, then

f ( x )=2 x +3 =5.
Since the one-sided limits at x = 1 do not coincide, the limit at
x=1 does not exist. And because the limit is the definition of
ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS the derivative at x = 1, we conclude that the derivative does
3rd Quarter, Week 5: not exist. Therefore, f is not differentiable at x = 1.
(determine the relationship between differentiability and
continuity of a function; STEM_BC11D - IIIf-1 and apply the
differentiation rules in computing the derivative of an
algebraic, exponential, logarithmic, trigonometric functions
and inverse trigonometric functions; STEM_BC11D-IIIf3)

LESSON 5.1:
Differentiability Implies Continuity
ACTIVITY 1. Use a separate sheet of paper.
1. For each statement below, write True if the statement
INTRODUCTION
The difference between continuity and differentiability is a is correct and False, otherwise.
critical issue. Most, but not all, of the functions we encounter Consider the function defined by
in calculus will be differentiable over their entire domain.
Recall the following definitions: x 2 if x <3
Definition 1. (Continuity at a Number). A function f is
continuous at a number c if 6x-9 if x≥3
all of the following conditions are satisfied:
lim f ( x ) exists; and (iii) lim f ( x )= At x = 3, the function is
(i) f(c) is defined; (ii)
x →c x →c a. undefined.
f(c). b. differentiable but not continuous.
If at least one of these conditions is not satisfied, the function c. continuous but not differentiable.
is said to be discontinuous at c. d. both continuous and differentiable.
Definition 2. (Continuity on R ). A function f is said to be e. neither continuous nor differentiable.
continuous everywhere if f
is continuous at every real number. 2. Where and why is the following function not
Definition 3. A function f is differentiable at the number c if continuous? Where and why is it not differentiable?
f ( c +h )−f ( c )
f ' ( c )=lim f ( x )= exists. x3 −x
h→c h if x < 1 but x ≠ 0
x 2+ x
1 if x = 0
Example 1. The piecewise function defined by 1-x if x ≥ 1

9|Page
 3. Suppose that f is a function that is continuous at x = -3. If f(x) = g(x)+h(x) where g and h are differentiable functions,
Which of the following then f’(x) = g’(x)+h’(x).
statements are true?
a. f must be differentiable at x = -3 EXAMPLE 4:
b. f is not differentiable at x = -3 Refer to Example 3 above and differentiate the following:
(a) f(x) + g(x)
(b) g(x) + h(x)
(c) f(x) - h(x)
−1 −2
15 4 1 3
LESSON 5.2: (a) f(x) + g(x) = x + x
Differentiation Rules
4 9
−2
RULE 1: The Constant Rule 1 3
(b) g(x) + h(x) = x – √3
If f(x) = c where c is a constant, then f(x) = 0. The derivative 9
of a constant is equal to zero.
−1
15 4
EXAMPLE 1: (c) f(x) - h(x) = x +√ 3
(a) If f(x) = 6, then f ‘(x) = 0. (b) If h(x) = -√ 3, then h’(x) = 4
0.
RULE 5: The Product Rule
If f and g are differentiable functions, then Dx[f(x) g(x)] = f(x)
RULE 2: The Power Rule
g’(x) ⋅ g(x) f’(x).
If f(x) = xn where n ∈ N , then f’(x) = nxn-1.
Rule 5 states that the derivative of the product of two
differentiable functions is the first function times the
EXAMPLE 2: derivative of the second function plus the second function
(a) If f(x) = x3, then f’(x) = 3x3-1 = 3x2. times the derivative of the first function.
1
(b) Find g’(x) where g(x) = . EXAMPLE 5:
x2
(a) Find f ’(x) if f(x) = (3x2- 4) (x2 - 3x)
1
Solution. Rewrite an expression g(x) = 2 as g(x) = x-2. Then, (b) Find f ’(x) if f(x) = √ x (6x2 -x).
x
−2 Solution.
g’(x) = (-2) x-2-1 = -2x-3 or g’(x) = 3
x
(a) f’(x) = (3x2-4) Dx (x2-3x) + (x2-3x) Dx (3x2-4) 1
= (3x2 - 4) (2x -√3)x+ (x2 - 3x) (6x)
(c) If h(x) = , then we can write h(x) = 2 .
x
3
= 6xSo, we2 have,
- 9x - 8x + 12 + 6x3 - 18x2
= 12x3 - 27x2 - 18x + 112
−1 1
−1
2
h’(x) = ( x ) → h’(x) = ( x ) 2 → h’(x) =
2 2
(b) f’(x) = x1/2 Dx (6x2-x) +Dx(x 1/2 2
−1 ) (6x - x)
1 −1/ 2 2 .
= x1/2(12x-1) + ( x ) 2(6x √ x- x)
RULE 3: The Constant 2 Multiple Rule
h(x) where k is1a constant, then f’(x) = k h’(x).
If f(x) = k3/2
= 12x - x1/2+ 3x3/2 - x1/2
2
EXAMPLE 3:
RULE 6: The Quotient Rule
Find the derivatives of the following functions.
3
Let f(x) and g(x) be two differentiable functions with g(x) ≠0.
(a) f(x) = 4 Then
5x
f ( x ) g ( x ) f ' ( x )−f ( x ) g ' ( x )
13
(b) g(x) = √ x
3
Dx¿
[ ]
g (x )
=
[ g ( x )]
2

(c) h(x) = −√ 3 x
A very common mnemonic for the quotient rule is
high low D [ high ] −high D [ low ]

Solution. We use Rule 3 in conjunction with Rule 2.

Dx¿
[ ]low
=
low squared
3 −1 EXAMPLE 6:
3 3 −1
f’(x) = 5 ⋅ x 4 →f’(x) =
15 4
(a) f(x) =
5x 4 → x 3 x +5
4 4 (a) Let h(x) = . Compute h’(x).
13 1
1
1 1 −1
1 x2 + 4
(b) g(x) = √ x →g(x) = x 3 →g’(x) = ⋅ x 3 3 x +5
3 3 3 3 Solution. If h(x) = = 2 , then f(x) = 3x + 5 and g(x) = x2 +
−2 x +4
1
= g’(x)= x 3 4 and therefore
9 h’(x) = ( x ¿¿ 2+4) Dx ( 3 x+5 )−( 3 x+5 ) Dx ¿ ¿ ¿
(c) h(x) = −√ 3 x→h’(x) = − √ 3 x1−1 → h’(x) = − √ 3 (x ¿¿ 2+4)(3)−( 3 x +5 ) (2 x)
= 2
¿
RULE 4: The Sum Rule ( x 2+ 4 )

10 | P a g e
 −3 x2±10 x +12 1
h’(x) = (a) y= √ x−
( x2 + 4 )
2
√x
RULE 7: Derivatives of trigonometric functions (b) y=x 2 + π 2 +πx
(a) Dx(sin x) = cos x (d) Dx(cot x) = -csc2 x (c) y=x 2 sec x
(b) Dx(cos x) = -sin x (e) Dx(sec x) = sec x tan x sin x−1
(c) Dx(tan x) = sec2 x (f) Dx(csc x) = -csc x cot (d) y=
x cos x
(e) y=5 e x +cos x e x
EXAMPLE 7: 8
Differentiate the following functions: (f) y= −tan x cot x
x
(a) f(x) = sec x + 3 csc x
(b) g(x) = x2 sin x - 3x cos x + 5 sin x
3. Find the derivative of f(x) = x 2 - 3x. Use the result to find
Solution. Applying the formulas above, we get
the slope of the tangent line to the curve f(x) = x 2 - 3x at the
(a) If f(x) = sec x + 3 csc x, then
point where x = 2.
f ’(x) = sec x tan x + 3(-csc x cot x)
4. If y =1/x, find y’ and use this result to find the points on the
= sec x tan x - 3 csc x cot x
curve y =1/x where the tangent line has the slope -4.
(b) If g(x) = x2 sin x - 3x cos x + 5 sin x, then
g’(x) = x2 Dx (sin x) + (sin x) Dx(x 2) – 3[x Dx (cos x)
ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS
+ cos x Dx(x) + 5 Dx (sin x)
3rd Quarter, Week 6:
= [(x2) (cos x) + (sin x) (2x)] - 3[(x)(-sin x) + (cos
(illustrate the Extreme Value Theorem; solve optimization
x(1)] + 5(cos)x)]
problems that yield polynomial functions; and illustrate the
= x2 cos x + 2x sin x + 3x sin x - 3 cos x + 5 cos x
Chain Rule of differentiation, STEM_BC11DIIIh-2)
= x2 cos x + 5x sin x + 2 cos x
LESSON 6.1:
RULE 8: Derivative of an exponential function
Extreme Value Theorem
If f(x) = ex, then f’(x) = ex.
Definition
EXAMPLE 8:
Let f be a function that is continuous on an open interval I
(a) Find f ‘(x) if f(x) = 3ex.
containing x0.
Solution. Applying Rules 3 and 7, we have
 x0 is a critical point of f if f ’(x0) = 0 or f ’(x0) does
f ‘(x) = 3Dx[ex] = 3ex
not exist
(b) Find g’(x) if g(x) = -4x2ex + 5xex - 10ex.
Solution. Applying Rule 5 to the first two terms and Rule 3 to  The maximum occurs at x0 if the value f(x0) is the
the third term, we largest among all other functional values on Ι , that is,
have f(x0) ≥ f(x) for all x∈ Ι .
g’(x) = [(-4x2) (ex) + (ex)(-8x)] + [(5x) (ex) + (ex)(5) -10 ex]  The minimum of f occurs at x0 if the value f(x0) is the
= 4x2ex – 8x ex + 5x ex - 5 ex smallest among all the other functional values on Ι ,
= -4x2ex - 3xex - 5ex that is, f(x0) ≤ f(x) for all x∈ Ι .
 We say that an extremum of f occurs at x0 if either
the maximum or the minimum occurs at x0.
ACTIVITY 2.
Extreme Value Theorem
1. Use the Differentiation Rules to differentiate the following If f is continuous on a closed interval [a,b] then f has both a
functions. Use a separate sheet of paper for your answers. minimum and a maximum on the closed interval [a,b].

( a ) f ( x )=3 x 4 −5 x 3+ x−4 EXAMPLE 1:

( b ) g ( x )=(1−x¿ ¿5)2 ¿ Find the extrema of the given functions on the interval [-1; 1].
(a) f(x) = 3x2 - 3x + 4
( c ) h ( x ) =√ 4−3 x (b) f(x) = x3 - 9x2 + 15x - 20
1 1 (c) f(x) = x3 - x2 - x - 10
( d ) f ( x )= t 3−√ t+ 2
3 t
Solution.
( e ) y=( 3 x−1 )( 2 x+ 5 )
 Differentiate and equate to zero to solve for all
x 2+1 critical points of f;
(f) h ( x ) = 2
x −1  Get the functional values of all these critical points
inside [-1; 1];
(g) y=x ( x 3−1 )
2
 Get the functional values at the endpoints; and
4  Compare the values. The highest one is the maximum
(h)
h ( t )= 2
value while the lowest one is the minimum value.
t3
2 1 (a) f(x) = 3x2 - 3x + 4→ f ‘(x) = 6x -3 →6x – 3 = 0, then x=
(i) f ( z )=−6 z − ½
2z
2 There’s only one critical point, x = 1/2, and the endpoints are
(j) f ( r )=( r +2 r−3 ) ( 3 r + 4 ) x =-1 and x=1.

2. Find dy/dx and simplify the result, if possible. x -1 1/2 1

f(x) 10 13/4 4

11 | P a g e
Clearly, the maximum of f occurs at x = -1 and has value 10.
The minimum of f occurs at x = 1/2 and has value 13/4.
(b) f(x) = x3 - 9x2 + 15x – 20→ f ’ (x) = 3x2 -18x + 15 →
3(x-5)(x-1)=0
The critical points of f are 1 and 5, but since we limited our
domain to [-1; 1], we are only interested with x = 1.
x -1 1 f ' ' ( x ) =4 makes x = 10 , a minimum. Maximum must occir at
f(x) -45 -13
Therefore, the maximum value -13 occurs at x = 1 while the
minimum value -45 occurs at x = -1.
(c) f(x) = x3 - x2 - x – 10→ f ‘(x) =3x2 – 2x-1→(3x+1) (x-1)
=0
Considering the critical points and the endpoints, we consider
the functional values at -1/3; -1 and 1:
x -1 -1/3 1 f ‘(x) = 2x - 1; which means that we only have one critical
f(x) -11 -25/27 -11
Thus, the maximum point is (-1/3; -25/27) while the minimum
points are (1;-11) and (-1; -11).
ACTIVITY 1.
Use a separate sheet of paper to answer the following activity.
For each given function;
a) Determine whether the Extreme Value Theorem applies. If
the theorem applies, identify the candidates for absolute
extrema then continue to parts b – d.
b) Find the absolute maximum value of f on the given closed
interval.
c) At what x-value(s) does the absolute minimum occur on the
given closed interval? d) Find the point(s) where f has an
absolute minimum.
1. f (x) = 4x3 +15x2 −18x + 7, x ∈ [−1,4]
2. f (x) = x 3 −12x, x ∈ [0,4]
3. f (x) = x4 − 4x2, x ∈ [−1, 1/2]
LESSON 6.2:
Optimization: Application of Extrema to Word Problems
Guidelines for Solving Applied Minimum and Maximum
Problems
 Identify all given quantities to be determined. Make a
sketch if possible.
 Write a primary equation for the quantity that is to
be maximized or minimized.
 Reduce the primary equation to one having a single
independent variable. This may involve the use of
secondary equations relating the independent
variables of the primary equation.
 Determine the feasible domain of the primary
equation. That is, determine the values for which the
stated problem make sense.
 Determine the desired maximum or minimum value
by the calculus techniques.
EXAMPLE 2:
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(a) The sum of two nonnegative numbers is 20. Find the
numbers if the sum of their squares is to be as large as
possible.
Let the two numbers be represented by x and 20 – x.
2 2
y=x + ( 20−x ) →
y ' =2 x+ 2 ( 20−x )(−1 ) →0=4 x−40 → x=10
an endpoint. 0 and 20
EXAMPLE 3:
Find the number in the interval [-2; 2] so that the difference of
the number from its square is maximized.
Solution. Let x be the desired number. We want to maximize
f(x) = x2 – x, where x ∈ [-2; 2].
Apply the Extreme Value Theorem because f is continuous on
[-2; 2].
number in (-2; 2): x =1/2.
Then we compare the function value at the critical number and
the endpoints. We see that
f(-2) = 6; f(2) = 2; f(1/2)=-1/4:
From this, we conclude that f attains a maximum on [-2; 2] at
the left endpoint x = -2.
Hence, the number we are looking for is -2.
ACTIVITY 2.
Solve the following problems. (Use a separate sheet of paper
to show your work.)
1. A rectangular pen is to be fenced in using two types of
fencing. Two opposite sides will use heavy duty fencing at
Php 150/ft while the remaining two sides will use standard
fencing at Php 50/ft. What are the dimensions of the
rectangular plot of greatest area that can be fenced in at a total
cost of Php 180,000?
2. An open-top box with a square bottom and rectangular sides
is to have a volume of 256 cubic inches. Find the dimensions
that require the minimum amount of material.
3. Find the largest possible value of 2x + y if x and y are the
lengths of the sides of a right triangle whose hypotenuse is
units long.
4. You have 40 feet of fence to enclose a rectangular garden
along the side of a barn. What is the maximum area that you
can enclose?
5. A manufacturer wants to design an open box having a
square base and a surface area of 108 in2. What dimensions
will produce a box with maximum volume?
LESSON 6.3:
Chain Rule of Differentiation
The chain rule is a formula to calculate the derivative of
a composition of functions. If y is a differentiable function of
u defined by y = f(u) and u is a differentiable function of x
defined by u = g(x), then y is a differentiable function of x,
and the derivative of y with respect to x is given by
dy du
f ' ( x )= y ' = ⋅ .
du dx
In words, the derivative of a composition of functions is the
derivative of the outer function evaluated at the inner function,
times the derivative of the inner function.
 Solution.
EXAMPLE 4: We’ll first need the derivative because we know that the
(a) Given f(x) = (3x2 - 2x + 4)2. Find f ‘(x) using the derivative will give us the rate of change of the function. Here
Chain Rule. is the derivative.
Solution.
Let y = f(x) = (3x2 - 2x + 4)2 as y = f(u) = u 2 where u = V ' ( z )=4 z 3 (2 z−8 )3 z 4 (3) ( 2 z−8 )2 (2)
3x2 - 2x + 4, a differentiable function of x. Using the ¿ 2 z3 ( 2 z −8 )3 [ 2 ( 2 z−8 ) +3 z ]
Chain Rule, we have,
¿ 2 z3 ( 2 z −8 )3 (7 z−16)
dy du
f ' ( x )= y ' = ⋅ Next, we need to know where the function is not changing and
du dx so all we need to do is set the derivative equal to zero and
= (2u) (6x - 2) solve. In this case it’s pretty easy to spot where the derivative
= 2(3x2 - 2x + 4) (6x - 2) will be zero.
3 3
= 36x3 - 36x2 + 56x -16 2 z ( 2 z−8 ) ( 7 z −16 )=0
16
(b) y = sin(2x). Find y’ using the Chain Rule. z=0 , z=4 , z= =2.2857
Solution. 17
Rewrite y = sin(2x) as y = f(u)
where f(u) = sin u and u = 2x. To get the answer to this problem all we need to know is
where the derivative is positive (and hence the function is
Hence,
increasing) or negative (and hence the function is decreasing).
dy du Here is the number line for this problem.
y’ = ⋅
du dx
= cos u (2)
= 2 cos(2x)

ACTIVITY 3.
Show all work, including rewriting the original problem in a
more useful way. No calculator unless otherwise stated. Use a 16
separate sheet of paper for your answer sheet. Increasing: −∞< z <0 , <z<4
17
16
Find the derivative of the following functions with respect to Decreasing: 0< z <
the independent variable. (You do not need to simplify your 17
final answers here.)
(a) y= (2x -7)3

ACTIVITY
(b) y=csc
2 (3 )
3
x
Use a sheet of paper2 to1show your work in solving the
following
x ()
y=tan involving chain rule.
(c)problems
1. The position of an object 2is given by s(t)=sin(3t) −2t+4.
3
Determine(d) where
y=( 4 in
x −2the xinterval [0,3] the
+1 ) object is moving to
the right(e)
andy=3
moving to
2 the left.
sec ( πt −1 )
2. Determine where A(t)=t2e5−t is increasing and decreasing.
(f) r =sec ( 2θ ) tan ( 2θ )
3. Determine where in the interval [−1,20] the
2 3
1 4+20x
function f(x)=ln(x +100) is increasing and decreasing.
(g) y=
( t−3 )
(h) y=sin √3 x + √3 sinx
ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS
(i) y= √ 5−x 2
3rd Quarter, Week 8: (illustrate implicit differentiation;
STEM_BC11DIIIh-i-2)
ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS
rd LESSON 8.1:
3 Quarter, Week 7:
(solve problems using the Chain Rule; solve problems using
Implicit Differentiation
the Chain Rule; STEM_BC11DIIIh-i-1)
Functions are not always given in the form y = f(x) but in a
more complicated form that makes it difficult or impossible to
LESSON: express y explicitly in terms of x. Such functions are called
Application of the Chain Rule implicit functions, and y is said to be defined implicitly.
More generally, if we have the expression f(y), where y is a
There are many examples in science and in day-to-day life in function of x, then
which quantities associated with some process or situation are d d dy
linked through a relationship of some kind that the application (f(y)) = (f(y)).
dx dx dx
of the Chain Rule is very useful
Examples:
EXAMPLE: Determine where V(z)=z4(2z−8)3 is increasing
and decreasing. 1.) Find the slope of the tangent line to the circle x2 + y2 = 5 at
the point (-2; 1).

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x2 + y2 = 5
d 2 2 d Derivatives of the Natural Logarithmic and Inverse
( x + y ) = (5) Tangent Functions
dx dx
Suppose u is a function of x. Then
d 2 d d 1 du
( x )+ ( y ¿¿ 2)¿ = 0  (ln u) = .
dx dx dx u dx
d 1 du
d  (tan-1u) = 2 .
2x + 2y =0 dx 1+ u dx
dx

Solution: Solving for dy/dx, we obtain dy

Examples: Find for the following.
dy 2 x x dx
= =-
dx 2 y y
1.) y = ln (7x2 – 3x + 1)
Substituting x =-2, and y = 1, we find the
dy
slope is =2. 2.) cos (y2 – 3) = tan-1(x3) + ln y
dx
Solution: Differentiating both sides of the given
d
¿
dx
dy 1 1 dy
-sin(y2 – 3). 2y. = .3 x 2+ .
3 2
dx 1+ ( x ) y dx

dy
2.) Find for y3 + 4y2 + 3x2y + 10 = 0
dx dy
Collecting terms with :
Solution: Differentiating both sides of the equation gives dx
d 3 dy 2 1 3 x2
( y +4 y 2+3 x 2 y+10 ) = d ( 0) dx
(−2 ysin ( y −3 )− )=
y 1+ x 6
.dx dx
3 x2
d 3 d d d
(y ) + (4y2) + (3x2y) + (10) = 0 dy 1+ x 6
dx dx dx dx =
dx 1
−2 ysin ( y 2−3 ) −
dy dy dy y
3y2 + 8y + 3x2 + 6xy + 0 = 0
dx dx dx
dy ACTIVITY
Collect the terms involving and rearrange to get dy
dx Find of the following. Use a separate sheet of paper to
dx
show your work.
1. x3 + y3 = 8
dy 4
3.) Find for x + y3 = e xy 2. y sin y = xy
dx 3. tan -1(x + 3y) = x4
Solution: Differentiating both sides with respect
4. e2y+ x3 = y
to x gives
5. ln(3xy) = x + x5
d d xy 4
(x + y3) = ( ) 6. 2y3 + 4x2 – y = x6
dx dx e 7. 7y2 + sin(3x) = 12 – y4
dy xy d 4

1 + 3y2 =e (xy4) 8. x2 + y3 = 4
dx dx x
9. =1
dy 4 dy 4 y3
1 + 3y2 = xy (4xy3 +y)
dx e dx 10. cos ( x 2 +2 y ) + x e y2=¿ 1
dy
Collecting all terms with gives
dx
LESSON 8.2:
Derivatives of the Natural Logarithmic
and Inverse Tangent Functions ACTIVITY SHEETS in BASIC CALCULUS
3rd Quarter, Week 9:
The derivatives of some inverse functions can be found by (solve problems (including logarithmic, and inverse
implicit differentiation. Take, for example, the natural trigonometric functions) using implicit differentiation) and
logarithmic function y = ln x involving related rates, STEM_BC11DIIIh-j-1)

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LESSON: Consider xy 2 + x 2 y=6.
Problem Solving Including Logarithmic and Inverse dy
2. Find .
dx
Trigonometric Functions 3. Find the slope of the tangent at the point (1, 2).
Guideline for Implicit Differentiation. 4. Find the point where the tangent line is horizontal.
Given an implicitly defined relation f(x,y)=k for some 5. Find the point where the tangent line is vertical.
constant k, the following steps outline the implicit
differentiation process for finding dy/dx:
1. Apply the differentiation operator d/dx to both sides
of the equation f(x,y)=k.
2. Follow through with the differentiation by keeping in LESSON 9.2:
mind that y is a function of x, and so the Chain Rule Related Rates
applies.
3. Solve for dy/dx. A related rates problem concerns the relationship among the
rates of change of several variables with respect to time, given
EXAMPLES: that each variable is also dependent on the others. In
particular, if y is dependent on x, then the rate of change of y
1. Find the equation of the tangent line to x 2+ y 2=9 at the with respect to t is dependent on the rate of change of x with
point (2, √ 5 ¿. dy dx
respect to t, that is, is dependent on .
x2 + y2 = 5 dt dt
d 2 2 d
( x + y ) = ( 9)
dx dx
d 2 d
( x )+ ( y ¿¿ 2)¿ = 0
dx dx
d
2x + 2y =0
dx
Solution: Solving for dy/dx, we obtain

dy 2 x x
= =-
dx 2 y y
dy −2 EXAMPLE:
Substituting x =-2, and y = √ 5, we find the slope is =
dx √5
Let x be the distance between the bottom of the ladder and the
2 wall. Let y be the distance between the top of the ladder and
The tangent line is then, y = √ 5− ( x−2)
√5 the ground (as shown).
2. Find the equation of the tangent line to y 2 e2 x =3 y+ x2 at
(0, 3)

Solution.
 The first thing to do is use the implicit differentiation
dy
to find for this function.
dx
dy 2 x
2ye +
dx
2 2x dy dy 2 x−2 y 2 e 2 x
2 y e =3 + 2 x =
dx dx 2 ye2 x −3
Note that the length of the ladder is not represented by a
 Evaluate the derivative at the point in question to get variable as it is constant.
the slope of the tangent gives. dx
 We are given that = -2 (Observe that this rate is negative
dt
dy 18 since the quantity x decreases with time.)
m= ==- = -6
dx 3
 Now, we just need to write down the equation of the dy
tangent line We want to find at the instant when x = 6.
dt
y – 3 = -6(x – 3) Observe that the wall, the ground and the ladder determine a
y = -6x + 3 right triangle. Hence, the relationship between x and y is given
by the Pythagorean Theorem:
x2 + y2 = 100 (1)

Differentiating both sides with respect to time t gives

ACTIVITY 1: Use a sheet of paper to answer the following. dx dy
2x + 2y =0 (2)
4 3 dt dt
1. Find the equation of the tangent line x + y =3
at (1, -√ 2)

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Before we proceed to the next step, we ask ourselves if we truck and the automobile changing two seconds after the truck
already have everything we need. So, dx/dt is given, dy/dt is leaves the intersection?
the quantity required, x is given, BUT, we still do not have y.
This is easy to solve by substituting the given condition x = 6 2. Water is pouring into an inverted cone at the rate of 8 cubic
into the equation in (1). meters per minute. If the height of the cone is 12 meters and
So, 62 + y2 = 100 = y2 = 100 - 36 the radius of its base is 6 meters, how fast is the water level
y = √ 100−36 rising when the water is 4-meter deep?
y = √ 64 = 8

Finally, we substitute all the given values into equation (2):

dx dy
2x + 2y =0
dt dt
dy
2(6)(-2) + 2(8) =0
dt
dy
-24 + 16 =0
dt
dy
16 =24
dt
dy 24 3
= =
dt 16 2
Thus, the distance between the top of the ladder and the
ground is increasing at the rate of 1.5 m/s. Equivalently, we
can also say that the top of the ladder is moving at the rate of
1.5 m/s.

ACTIVITY 2:
Solve the following. (Use a separate sheet of paper to show
your work)

1. An automobile traveling a the rate of 20 m/s is approaching

an intersection. When the automobile is 100 meters from the
intersection, a truck traveling at the rate of 40 m/s crosses the
intersection. The automobile and the truck are on
perpendicular roads. How fast is the distance between the

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