Department of Education: Republic of The Philippines

Republic of the Philippines
Department of Education
Region III – CENTRAL LUZON
SCHOOLS DIVISION OFFICE OF BALANGA CITY
NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________
ACTIVITY SHEET IN PRECALCULUS

GRADE 11
1st Quarter, Week 1- (1. Illustrates the unit circle and the relationship between the
linear and angular measures of a central angle in a unit circle. - STEM_PC11T-IIa-
1; 2. Converts degree measure to radian measure and vice-versa. STEM_PC11T-IIa-
2)
ANGLES AND ANGLE MEASUREMENT

Trigonometry is a branch of mathematics concerned with the lengths of the sides
and size of the angles of triangles.
• An angle is determined by rotating a ray about its endpoint.
• The starting position of the ray is called the initial side of the angle.
• The ending position of the ray is called the terminal side.
• The endpoint of the ray is called its vertex.
• Positive angles are generated by counterclockwise rotation.
• Negative angles are generated by clockwise rotation.
Conversions of Degrees and Radians
Degree Measure is the measure of an angle determined by the amount of rotation

from the initial side to the terminal side. The most common unit of angle measure is
the degree, denoted by the symbol (°). A measure of one degree (1 °) is equivalent to
1
a rotation of of a complete revolution about the vertex.
360°
To measure angles, we use degrees, minutes, seconds, and radians.
A central angle of a circle measures one-degree, written 1°, if it intercepts

1/360 of the circumference of the circle. One minute, written 1’, is
1/60 of 1°, while one second, written 1”, is 1/60 of 1’.
For example, in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

10030’18’ = 100(30 + 18/60)’
= 10030.3’
= (10 + 30.3/60)0
= 10.5050
Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

Balanga City, Bataan
School ID: 322901
Email Address: cobhs@ymail.com
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
A central angle of the unit circle that intercepts an arc of

the circle with length 1 unit is said to have a measure of
one radian, written 1 rad. See Figure 1.
Figure 1
Radian Measure is the type of angle measure particularly used in calculus. To define
a radian, you can use a central angle of a circle, whose vertex is the center of the
circle.
• One radian is the measure of a central angle 𝜃 that intercepts the arc s equal
in length to the radius r of the circle.
Rules in Conversion between Degrees and Radians
1. To convert from degrees to radians, multiply the number of degrees by

𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅
.
𝟏𝟖𝟎°
2. To convert from radians to degrees, multiply the number of radians by
180°
.
𝝅𝒓𝒂𝑑
Example 1. Converting from Degrees to Radians
Convert the following degree measure to radian measure.
(𝑎. ) 135° (𝑏. ) 390° (𝑐. ) -225°
Solutions
𝝅 𝟏𝟑𝟓𝝅 𝟑𝝅
(𝑎. ) 135° 135° • = =
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟒
𝝅 𝟑𝟗𝟎𝝅 𝟏𝟑𝝅
(𝑏. ) 390° 390° • = =
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟔
𝝅 𝟐𝟐𝟓𝝅 𝟓𝝅
(𝑐. ) -225° -225° • =- =−
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟒
Example 2. Converting from Radians to Degrees

Convert the following radian measure to degree measure.
𝝅 𝟑𝝅
(𝑎. ) 𝑟𝑎𝑑. (𝑏. ) − 𝑟𝑎𝑑. (𝑐. ) 3𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑.
𝟔 𝟓
Solutions
𝜋 𝜋 180°
(𝑎. ) 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 • = 30°
6 6 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
3𝜋 −3𝜋 180°
(𝑏. ) − 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 𝑟𝑎𝑑 • = −108°
5 5 𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
180°
(𝑐. ) 3𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑. 3𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑 • = 540°
𝜋𝑟𝑎𝑑
ARC LENGTH AND AREA OF A SECTOR
Definition of an Arc Length

In a circle of radius r, the length s of an arc intercepted by a central angle with
measure 𝜃 is given by
𝒔 = 𝒓𝜽
Example 1. Finding Arc Length
Find the length of an arc shown in Figure 2.

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Solution
𝜋
Given: 𝑟 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃 = See Figure 2.
3
Formula: 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃 Apply the formula.
𝜋
𝑠 = (3) ( ) = 𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑡 Substitute the given.
3
Example 2. Finding the Radian Measure of Angle Figure 2
Given circle O with the radius of 80 cm and angle 𝜃 intercepting arc AB,
find the radian measure of angle AOB if the length of arc AB is 64 cm.
(See Figure 3.) O B
Solution A
Given: 𝒓 = 𝟖𝟎 𝒄𝒎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒔 = 𝟔𝟒 𝒄𝒎
Figure 3
𝑠
Formula: 𝜃= Derive a formula from 𝑠 = 𝑟𝜃.
𝑟
64 𝑐𝑚
𝜃= = 0.8 Substitute and divide.
80 𝑐𝑚
AREA SECTOR OF A CIRCLE

In a circle of radius 𝑟, the area 𝐴 of a sector with a central angle measuring 𝜃
𝟏
radians is 𝑨 = 𝒓𝟐 𝜽
𝟐
Example 3. Finding the Area Sector
Find the area sector of a circle with central angle of 120° as shown in the figure at
the right with a radius of 12 units.
Solution
Because the given angle measure is in degrees, convert it to radian measure.
𝝅𝒓𝒂𝒅 𝟏𝟐𝟎𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟐𝝅
120° • = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 𝑟𝑎𝑑 So, 𝜃 = 120° = 𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝟏𝟖𝟎° 𝟏𝟖𝟎 𝟑 𝟑
Use the formula for the area sector.

𝟏
𝑨 = 𝒓𝟐 𝜽
𝟐
𝟏 𝟐𝝅
𝑨 = (𝟏𝟐)𝟐 ( )
𝟐 𝟑
𝟏 𝟐𝝅 𝟏𝟒𝟒𝝅
𝑨 = (𝟏𝟐)𝟐 ( ) = ≈ 𝟏𝟓𝟎. 𝟖 𝒔𝒒. 𝒖𝒏𝒊𝒕𝒔
𝟐 𝟑 𝟑
Example 4. Finding the Area Sector
Find the perimeter and the area of a sector of a circle whose radius is 45 inches
whose central angle is 50 degrees.

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Solution
Given: 𝒓 = 𝟒𝟓 𝒊𝒏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝜽 = 𝟓𝟎°
We can say that for a central angle of 360°, the sector’s arc length is equal to the
perimeter of the circle and its area is equal to the area of the circle. So, using the
concept of direct proportions, we arrived at the following results.
𝒍 𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝜽
= ⇒ 𝒍= 𝒙 𝟐𝝅𝒓
𝜽 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟑𝟔𝟎°
𝒂𝒓𝒆𝒂 𝝅𝒓𝟐 𝟏 𝜽 𝟏
= = 𝒙 𝒙𝟐𝝅𝒓 𝒙 𝒓 = 𝒍𝒓
𝜽 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟐 𝟑𝟔𝟎° 𝟐
To find the perimeter of the sector, we add the lengths of the two radii to the arc
length.
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑙 + 2𝑟
𝜃 50° 22
𝑙= 𝑥 2𝜋𝑟 ⇒ 𝑙 = 𝑥2𝑥 𝑥 45 = 39.29 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
360° 360° 7
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑙 + 2𝑟 ⇒ 39.29 + 2(45) = 129.29 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑙𝑟 ⇒ (129.29)(45) ≈ 2 909.025 𝑖𝑛2
2 2

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Activity 1
Convert each angle in radian measure as multiple of π.
1. 330° 6. 25°
2. -540° 7. 315°
3. 720° 8. 675°
4. 650° 9. -1080°
5. -900° 10. -495°
Exercises 11-20, rewrite each angle in radian measure as multiple of π.
5𝜋
11. __________ 16. −5𝜋 ________________
6
13𝜋 53𝜋
12. __________ 17. ________________
3 2
7𝜋 27𝜋
13. − __________ 18. ________________
20 6
15𝜋 13𝜋
14. __________ 19.− ________________
4 6
23𝜋
15. 20𝜋 ___________ 20. ________________
4
Activity 2
CHART COMPLETION. Compute the missing variable in each of the following.

Indicate the unit of your final answer.
ARC LENGTH (𝒔) RADIUS (𝒓) ANGLE (𝜽)

1. 2cm 1 cm
2. 8 ft 1.5 radians
3. 18 cm 3.6 radians
4. 60 in 3𝜋
4
5. 15𝜋 𝑚 𝜋
2
Activity 3
Answer the following supplementary problems.
1
1. How many degrees is 1 of a complete revolution?
5
11
2. How many radians is of a complete revolution?
5
3. What is the length of an arc of a circle with radius 4 cm that
subtends a central angle of 90 degrees?
4. Find the length of an arc of a circle with radius 21 cm that subtends
a central angle of 15°.
5. Find the area of a sector of a circle with central angle that measures
75° if the radius of the circle is 6 m.

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360

GRADE 11
1st Quarter, Week 2- (Illustrates the angle in standard position and coterminal
angle. STEM_PC11T-IIa-3 )
NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________
ANGLE IN STANDARD POSITION

An angle is said to be in standard position when it is drawn in a Cartesian
coordinate system in such a way that its vertex is at the origin and its initial side is
the positive x-axis.
Example 1.
Tell whether the angle is in standard position or not.
(𝒂. ) (𝒃. ) (𝒄. )
Answers:
(𝒂. ) Because the vertex is at the origin and its initial side is the positive x-axis,
then, the angle is in standard position.
(𝒃. ) Because the vertex is not located at the origin, so, the angle is not in standard
position.
(𝒄. ) Because the vertex is at the origin and its initial side is the positive x-axis,
then, the angle is in standard position.
COTERMINAL ANGLES
Coterminal angles are angles in standard position which have the same terminal
side.
Example 2.
Describe how each pair of angles are coterminal angles.
Figure 2 shows that 30° is coterminal with

390° because they have the same terminal
side, both of which are first- quadrant
angles. For the positive angle 390 °,
subtract 360 ° to obtain a coterminal
angle.
390 ° - 360 ° = 30 °
Figure 2

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Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Figure 3 shows that 135° is coterminal

with -225° because they have the same
terminal side, both of which are second-
quadrant angles. For the positive angle
135 °, subtract 360 ° to obtain a
coterminal angles.
135 ° - 360 ° = - 225 ° 390 ° - 360 ° = 30
°
Figure 3
Figure 4 shows that 240° is coterminal

with -120° because they have the same
terminal side, both of which are third-
quadrant angles. For the negative angle
- 120 °, add 360 ° to obtain a conterminal
angle.
- 120 ° + 360 ° = 240 °
Figure 4
• You can find an angle that is coterminal to a given angle 𝜃 by adding or

subtracting 360 ° (one revolution).
• If the angle is positive, keep subtracting 360 from it until the result is
between 0 and +360.
• If the angle is negative, keep adding 360 until the result is between 0 and
+360. A given angle 𝜃 has infinitely many coterminal angles, thus
θ + n (360 °) where n is an integer.

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Activity 1
A. Determine the quadrant or axis where the given angle measures lie. Then,
draw an angle in standard position having the given measure.
5𝜋
1. 575° 6.
12
5𝜋
2. 680° 7.
6
14𝜋
3. -370° 8.
3
33𝜋
4. -750° 9.
6
5. 1245° 10. 9𝜋
Activity 2
A. Give the coterminal angle between 0°𝑎𝑛𝑑 360° , then determine the quadrant
where its terminal side will stop and find its reference angle.
𝜽 Coterminal Angle Quadrant
1. 370° _____________ ______________
2. 400° _____________ ______________
3. 521° _____________ ______________
4. 597° _____________ ______________
5. 635° _____________ ______________
6. 670° _____________ ______________
7. 710° _____________ ______________
8. 783° _____________ ______________
9. 925° _____________ ______________
10. 1025° _____________ ______________
B. FINDING MY COTERMINAL ANGLES
TRIVIA:
According to the earliest records, only one athletic event was held in the ancient olympics, a
foot race of about 183 m (200 yd), or the length of the stadium. Who was the first recorded
winner of this event?
Two lists of angle measure are shown below. For each angle with measure as given
in the left-hand column, find the measure of a coterminal angle in the right-hand
column.
1. 370° O 140°
2. 395° R 460°
3. 100° E 10°
4. 450° C 277°
5. 500° B 340°
6. 25° I 375°
7. 735° L 348°
8. -12° F 90°
9. -83° U 385°
10. -20° S 35°

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
DECODER
9 5 3 5 1 10 6 2 5 4 1 8 7 2
Activity 3
A. Convert each angle in radian measure as multiple of π.

1. 330° 6. 25°
2. -540° 7. 315°
3. 720° 8. 675°
4. 650° 9. -1080°
5. -900° 10. -495°
B. In Exercises 11-20, rewrite each angle in radian measure as multiple of π.

11.
5𝜋 16. −5𝜋
6
13𝜋 53𝜋
12. 17.
3 2
7𝜋 27𝜋
13. − 18.
20 6
15𝜋 13𝜋
14. 19.−
4 6
15. 20𝜋 20.
23𝜋
4
Activity 4
Give the degree/radian measure of the following special angles.

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

GRADE 11
1st Quarter, Week 3- (1. Illustrates the different circular functions. STEM_PC11T-
IIb-1; 2. Uses reference angle to find the exact values of six trigonometric functions.
STEM_PC11T-IIb-2)
REFERENCE ANGLES
For any angle 𝜃 in standard position, its reference angle 𝜃𝑟 is the acute angle formed
by the terminal side of 𝜃 and the positive or negative x- axis.
Example 1. Finding Reference Angle in Quadrant I
Find the reference angle whose 𝜃 = 60°.
• When 𝜃 falls in the first quadrant, the reference angle is equal to the given
angle, or
𝜽𝒓 = 𝜽
Example 2. Finding Reference Angle in Quadrant II
Solution
Because 120° lies in Quadrant II and
it’s between 0° and 360°, subtract 120°
from 180° to obtain the reference angle.
𝜽𝒓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝟏𝟐𝟎° = 𝟔𝟎°
• When 𝜃 falls in the second quadrant, the reference angle is the supplement
to the given angle, or
𝜽𝒓 = 𝟏𝟖𝟎° − 𝜽
Example 3. Finding Reference Angle in Quadrant III

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Solution
Because 240° lies in Quadrant III
and it’s between 0° and 360°,
subtract 180° from 240° to obtain
the reference angle.
𝜽𝒓 = 𝟐𝟒𝟎° − 𝟏𝟖𝟎° = 𝟔𝟎°
• When 𝜃 falls in the third quadrant, the reference angle is

𝜽𝒓 = 𝜽 − 𝟏𝟖𝟎°
Example 4. Finding Reference Angle in Quadrant IV

Solution
Because 300° lies in Quadrant IV and it’s
between 0° and 360°, subtract 300° from 360° to
obtain the reference angle. Thus,
𝜃𝑟 = 60°.
𝜽𝒓 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝟑𝟎𝟎° = 𝟔𝟎°
• When 𝜃 falls in the fourth quadrant, the reference angle is

𝜽𝒓 = 𝟑𝟔𝟎° − 𝜽
The Coordinates of the Unit Circle
• The terminal point of an angle 𝜃 is the

intersection of terminal side of 𝜃 and the unit
circle.
• Considering Figure 1, the following are
examples of the coordinates of the terminal
point of an angle in the intersection of terminal
side of 𝜃 and the unit circle, P (𝜃).
𝑷(𝟎°) = (𝟏, 𝟎) ; 𝑷(𝟗𝟎°) = (𝟎, 𝟏); 𝑷(𝟏𝟖𝟎°)𝟎 = (−𝟏, 𝟎) ; 𝑷(𝟐𝟕𝟎°) = (𝟎, −𝟏)
For special values of angle 𝜃 , the coordinates of a point can be determined from the
theorems of the 45°-45°-90° triangle and the 30°-60°-90° triangle.
√2 √2
• The coordinates of a unit circle whose reference angle is 45° are (± , ± ).
2 2
√3 1
2 2
1 √3
2 2

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Example 4. Finding the coordinates of the point on the unit circle.

Find the coordinates of the unit circle.
11𝜋
(𝑎. ) 30° (𝑏. ) 210° (𝑐. )
6
Solutions
(𝑎. ) 30° Because the angle measure has a reference
√3 1
angle of 30° and located in Quadrant I, 𝑃(30°) = ( , ). See Figure 5.
2 2
(𝑏. ) 210° Because the angle measure has a reference angle of 30° and
√3 1
located in Quadrant III, 𝑃(210°) = (− ,− )
2 2
11𝜋
(𝑐. ) Because the angle measure has a reference angle of 30° and
6
11𝜋 √3 1
located in Quadrant IV, 𝑃 ( ) =( ,− )
6 2 2
Example 5 Finding the coordinates of the point on the unit circle.

Find the coordinates of the unit circle.
2𝜋
(𝑎. ) 60° (𝑏. ) − 60° (𝑐. )
3
Solutions
(𝑎. ) 60° Because the angle measure has a reference
1 √3
angle of 60° and located in Quadrant I, 𝑃(60°) = ( , ).
2 2
(𝑏. ) − 60° Because the angle measure has a reference angle of 60° and
1 √3
located in Quadrant IV, 𝑃(−60°) = ( , − ).
2 2
2𝜋
(𝑐. ) Because the angle measure has a reference angle of 60° and
3
2𝜋 1 √3
located in Quadrant II, 𝑃 ( ) = (− , ).
3 2 2
Example 6 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions

Evaluate the six trigonometric functions at each real number
𝜋 5𝜋
(𝑎. ) 𝜃 = (𝑏. ) 𝜃 =
4 3
Solution
For each 𝜃 − 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒, start by finding the corresponding coordinates of the point on
the unit circle. Then use the definition of the six trigonometric functions.
𝜋 2 2
(𝑎. ) 𝜃 = corresponds to the trigonometric point (√ , √ ). Note that the value of the
4 2 2
x-coordinate is equal to the value of the y-coordinate.
𝜋 √2 𝜋 1 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 =𝑦= 𝑐𝑠𝑐 = = = √2
4 2 4 𝑦 √2

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𝜋 √2 𝜋 1 2
𝑐𝑜𝑠 =𝑥= 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = = √2
4 2 4 𝑥 √2
√2 √2
𝜋 𝑦 2 𝜋 𝑥 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = = √2
=1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 = = √2
=1
4 𝑥 4 𝑦
2 2
5𝜋
(𝑏. ) 𝜃 = is in Quadrant IV with a reference angle of 60° corresponds to the
3
1 √3 1
trigonometric point( − , ). Thus, value of the x-coordinate is − and the value of
2 2 2
√3
the y-coordinate is . Using the definition of a sine and cosine of an angle in a unit
2
5𝜋
circle, the values of the six trigonometric functions when 𝜃 = are:
3
5𝜋 √3 5𝜋 1 2 2√3
𝑠𝑖𝑛 =𝑦= 𝑐𝑠𝑐 = = =
3 2 3 𝑦 √3 3
5𝜋 1 5𝜋 1
𝑐𝑜𝑠 =𝑥=− 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = = −2
3 2 3 𝑥
√3
5𝜋 𝑦 2 5𝜋 𝑥 1 √3
𝑡𝑎𝑛 = = 1 = −√3 𝑐𝑜𝑡 = = =−
3 𝑥 −2 3 𝑦 −√3 3

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Activity 1
Consider a unit circle below to complete the tables A and B.
Table A
Degree Radian Reference Quadrant Coordinates
Measures Measures Angles of the Point
240°
300°
315°
390°
720°
B.
TABLE B
Degree Radian Reference Quadrant Coordinates
Measures Measures Angles of the Point
7𝜋
2
17𝜋
6
2𝜋
−
3
11𝜋
−
3
17𝜋
4

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Activity 2
In Exercises 1-6, use the figure at the right to find the exact values of each angle
measure.
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 (135°) = ________
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 (315°) = ________
3. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 (45°) = _________
4. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (225°) = _________
5. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 (135°) = ________
Activity 3
Fill in the table that follows with the exact value.
𝜃/𝑃(𝜃) 30° 3𝜋 240° 3𝜋 11𝜋

4 2 3
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝜃
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
Activity 4
Evaluate each expression. Write your answer on the line provided for.
𝑐𝑜𝑠45°+𝑠𝑖𝑛45°
1. 6. 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 30°+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 30°
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛60°+𝑐𝑜𝑠150° 1 𝜋
2. 7. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛
2 2 4
3𝜋 7𝜋
3. 9(𝑐𝑜𝑠45°)(𝑠𝑖𝑛120°) + 𝑡𝑎𝑛225° 8. 3 (𝑐𝑜𝑠 ) (𝑠𝑖𝑛 )
2 2
19𝜋
4. 1 + tan 9. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 150° + csc 180° − 𝑡𝑎𝑛225°
2
3𝑐𝑜𝑠315°+5𝑠𝑖𝑛390° 𝑡𝑎𝑛390°+𝑐𝑜𝑠450°
5. 10.
2 3

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NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: _________________

GRADE 11
1st Quarter, Week 4- (1. Illustrates the domain and range of the different circular
functions STEM_PC11T-IIc-1; 2. Graphs the six circular functions (a) amplitude, (b)
period, and (c) phase unit. STEM_PC11T-IId-1)
The Sine Curve
Recall that, for a real number x, sin𝑥 = sin𝜃 for an angle 𝜃 with measure x radians,
and that sin 𝜃 is the second coordinate of the point P(𝜃) on the unit circle. Since each
x corresponds to an angle 𝜃, we can conclude that,
(1) sin x is defined for any real number x or the domain of the sine function is ℝ, and
(2) the range of sine is the set of all real numbers between −1 and 1 (inclusive).
From the definition, it also follows that sin(x+2𝜋) = sin𝑥 for any real number x. This
means that the values of the sine function repeat every 2𝜋 units. In this case, we say
that the sine function is a periodic function with period 2𝜋.
Example 1. Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and describe the
graph.
Solution
• For the sine function 𝑦 = sin 𝑥; prepare the table of values for the ordered
pair (𝑥, sin 𝑥) where 𝑥 will both be in degrees and radians.
• To simplify, use the quadrantal angles in between.
• Plot the ordered pairs on the Cartesian plane. See the graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 in Figure 1.
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙
𝑥 sin 𝑥
Degrees Radians
0° 0 0
90° 𝜋 1
2
180° 𝜋 0
270° 3𝜋 −1
2
360° 2𝜋 0

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Figure 1
Definition of Amplitude, Period, Interval, and Frequency of the 𝐒𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝐅𝐮𝐧𝐜𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧

Amplitude: Half the vertical distance from the maximum height to the minimum
height of the function
Period: The horizontal length of one repeating pattern of the function
Interval: The horizontal starting point and ending point of one complete period
of a cyclical trigonometric function
Frequency: The number of cycles within the 360° or 2𝜋
Example 2. Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = 4 sin 𝑥 for the interval
−2𝜋 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
Solution
Since the amplitude 𝑎 = 4 and the frequency 𝑏 = 1, you then obtain the following:
• Amplitude: 𝑎 = 4 ∶ 𝑴 = 4 , 𝒎 = −4
• Frequency: 𝑏 = 1
2𝜋
• Period: 𝑇= = 2𝜋
1
𝑇 2𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
• increments: = = −2𝜋, − , −𝜋 − , 0, , , 2𝜋
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
• Coordinates of the key points:
3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(−2𝜋, 0), (− , 4) , (−𝜋, 0), (− , −4) , (0,0), ( , 4) , (𝜋, 0), ( , −4) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2𝜋, 4)
2 2 2 2
• Figure 2 is the graph of 𝑦 = 4 sin 𝑥.
Figure 2

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Example 3. Determine the amplitude, frequency, period, and equation of the

graph below. [The line 𝑦 = −3 is the midline of the graph of the function.]
Figure 3
Solution
Since the amplitude is one-half the distance of the maximum and minimum height,
𝑎=2
4
• Amplitude: 𝑎 = 2 ∶ 𝑴 = −1 , 𝒎 = −5 [(−1) − (−5)] = 4 ; = 2
2
1
• Frequency: 𝑏=
2
• Period: 𝑇= 4 This is because the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥
𝜋 shifted 3.
• Equation: 𝑦 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛 ( ) − 3
2
THE COSINE CURVE un
Example 4. Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = cos 𝑥 and describe the graph.its
bel
• For the sine function 𝑦 = cos 𝑥; prepare the table of values for the ordered
ow
pair (𝑥, cos 𝑥) where 𝑥 will both be in degrees and radians. th
e
• To simplify, use the quadrantal angles in between.
𝑥−
• Plot the ordered pairs on the Cartesian plane. See the graph of 𝑦 = cos𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠.
𝑥 in
Figure 4. 𝑥 sin 𝑥
Degrees Radians
0° 0 1
90° 𝜋 0
2
180° 𝜋 −1
270° 3𝜋 0
2
360° 2𝜋 1

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𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
Figure 4
Example 5. Sketch the graph of the function 𝑦 = 7 cos 𝑥 for the interval
−𝜋/2 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 2𝜋.
Solution
Since the amplitude 𝑎 = 7 and the frequency 𝑏 = 1, you then obtain the following:
• Amplitude: 𝑎 = 7 ∶ 𝑴 = 7 , 𝒎 = −7
• Frequency: 𝑏 = 1
2𝜋
• Period: 𝑇= = 2𝜋
1
𝑇 2𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋 𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
• increments: = = −2𝜋, − ,− , 0, , , 2𝜋
4 4 2 2 2 2 2
• Coordinates of the key points:
𝜋 𝜋 3𝜋
(− , 0) , (0,7), ( , 0) , (𝜋, −7), (𝜋, 0), ( , 0) , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 (2𝜋, 7)
2 2 2
𝒚 = 𝟕 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
The TANGENT CURVE
To sketch the graph of the tangent function, first prepare a table of values for the
function 𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙, then analyze the values obtained before doing the sketch of the
graph.

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𝑥 -
𝝅
0 𝝅 𝝅 𝟑𝝅 𝟐𝝅 𝟓𝝅 𝟑𝝅
𝟐
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐
Radians
𝑥
-90° 0 90° 180° 270° 360° 450° 540°
Degrees
𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙 un- 0 un- 0 un- 0 un- 0

define defined defined defined
d
To graph the Tangent Function, the following properties must be considered:

1. frequency b which is defined as the number of cycles in a 180° or 𝜋 interval
180° π
2. period which is or
𝑏 𝑏
T T
3. increments which have the measure of : 0, , 𝑇
2 2
T
4. coordinates of the key points are: (0,0), ( , 𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒) , (𝑇, 0)
2
5. arranged in the pattern:
𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡 → 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∞ → 𝐴𝑠𝑦𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑒 → 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 ∞ → 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑝𝑡
The Graph of 𝒚 = 𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙

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Activity 1
Determine the amplitude, frequency, period, and equation of the graph below.
1. Amplitude: _________
Frequency: _________
Period: __________
Equation: __________
Amplitude: _________
2. Period: __________
3. Frequency: _________
Period: __________
4.
Period: __________

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5. Amplitude: _________
Period: __________
Activity 2
Sketch two cycles of the graph starting from x = 0 of the given function. Indicate
the amplitude, period, phase shift, domain and range of each function.
𝜋 𝜋
1. 𝑦 = 3 sin ( 𝑥 − )
4 4
2. 𝑦 = 2 + sin 4𝑥
3. 𝑦 = 3 − 2 cos (𝑥/2)
4. 𝑦 = − sin 2𝑥
2 𝜋
5. 𝑦 = 2 − cos (𝑥 − )
3 2
6. 𝑦 = 3 sin(𝑥 − 4π)
7. 𝑦 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥

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NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

GRADE 11
1st Quarter, Week 5- (1. Solves situational problems involving circular functions.
STEM_PC11T-IId-2)
Periodic motions are usually modeled by either sine or cosine function, and are
called simple harmonic motions. Unimpeded movements of objects like oscillation,
vibration, rotation, and motion due to water waves are real-life occurrences
that behave in simple harmonic motion.
Equations of Simple Harmonic Motion

The displacement y (directed height or length) of an object behaving in a simple
harmonic motion with respect to time t is given by one of the following equations:
y = a sin b(t − c) + d or y = a cos b(t − c) + d.
In both equations, we have the following information:
✓ amplitude = |a| = 1/2 (M − m) - the maximum displacement above and
below the rest position or central position or equilibrium, where M is the
maximum height and m is the minimum height;
2𝜋
✓ period = - the time required to complete one cycle (from one highest or
|𝑏|
lowest point to the next);
|b|
✓ frequency = - the number of cycles per unit of time;
2𝜋
✓ c - responsible for the horizontal shift in time; and
✓ d - responsible for the vertical shift in displacement.
Let us now take a look at some situational problems on circular functions.
Example 1. A weight is suspended from a spring and is moving up and down in a

simple harmonic motion. At start, the weight is pulled down 5 cm below
the resting position, and then released. After 8 seconds, the weight reaches its
highest location for the first time. Find the equation of the motion.
Solution. We are given that the weight is located at its lowest position at t = 0;
that is, y = −5 when t = 0. Therefore, the equation is y = −5 cos bt.
Because it took the weight 8 seconds from the lowest point to its immediate highest
point, half the period is 8 seconds.
𝟏 𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝝅𝒕
⋅ =𝟖 y = −5 cos
𝟐 𝒃 𝟖 𝟖
Example 2. Suppose you ride a Ferris wheel. The lowest point of the wheel is 3
meters off the ground, and its diameter is 20 m. After it started, the Ferris wheel

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revolves at a constant speed, and it takes 32 seconds to bring you back again to the
riding point. After riding for 150 seconds, find your approximate height above the
ground.
Solution.
We ignore first the fixed value of 3 m off the ground, and assume that
the central position passes through the center of the wheel and is parallel to the
ground.
Let t be the time (in seconds) elapsed that you have been riding the Ferris wheel, and
y is he directed distance of your location with respect to the assumed central position
at time t.
Because y = −10 when t = 0, the appropriate model is
y = −10 cos bt for t ≥ 0.
Given that the Ferris wheel takes 32 seconds to move from the lowest point to the
next, the period is 32.
𝟐𝝅 𝝅 𝝅𝒕
= 𝟑𝟐 𝒃= y = −5 cos
𝒃 𝟏𝟔 𝟏𝟔
𝝅
✓ When t = 150, we get y = 10cos𝟏𝟔 15016 ≈ 3.83.
Bringing back the original condition given in the problem that the riding point
is 3 m off the ground, after riding for 150 seconds, you are approximately
located 3.83 + 13 = 16.83 m off the ground.
In the last example, the central position or equilibrium may be vertically

shifted from the ground or sea level (the role of the constant d). In the same
way, the starting point may also be horizontally shifted (the role of the
constant c). We can either choose
y = a sin b(t − c) + d or y = a cos b(t − c) + d,
and determine the appropriate values of a, b, c, and d. In fact, we can assume
that a and b are positive numbers, and c is the smallest such nonnegative
number.
Activity
Solve each of the following problems.
1. Iyah is playing Hula-Hoop. Assume that Iyah is the central angle 𝜃 inside the
Hula-Hoop having a measurement of 13 radians. If the radius fumed starting
Anna to the tip of her Hula-Hoop is 8cm, find the length of the arc that
subtends 𝜃.
2. A nursery plants a new tree and attaches a guy wire to help support the tree
while its roots take hold. An eight-foot wire is attached to the tree and to a
stake in the ground. From the stake in the ground the angle of elevation of the
connection with the tree is 42º. Find to the nearest tenth of a foot, the height
of the connection point on the tree.

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3. From the top of a fire tower, a forest ranger sees his partner on the ground at
an angle of depression of 40º. If the tower is 45 feet in height, how far is the
partner from the base of the tower, to the nearest tenth of a foot?
4. A variable star is a star whose brightness fluctuates as observed from Earth.

The magnitude of visual brightness of one variable star ranges from 2.0 to
10.1, and it takes 332 days to observe one maximum brightness to the next.
Assuming that the visual brightness of the star can be modeled by the
equation y = a sin b(t − c) + d, t in days, and putting t = 0 at a time when the
star is at its maximum brightness, find the constants a, b, c, and d, where a,
b > 0 and c the least nonnegative number possible.
5. The path of a fast-moving particle traces a circle with equation

(x + 7)2 + (y − 5)2 = 36. It starts at point (−1, 5), moves clockwise, and passes
the point (−7, 11) for the first time after traveling 6 microseconds. Where is
the particle after traveling 15 microseconds?

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NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

GRADE 11
1st Quarter, Week 6- (1. Determines whether an equation is an identity or a
conditional equation.STEM_PC11T-IIe-1; 2. Applies trigonometric identities to find
other trigonometric values. STEM_PC11T-IIg-1)
IDENTITY AND CONDITIONAL EQUATION

In algebra, you study about equations and expressions. An expression is composed
of variables and constant terms connected together with the help of operators. On
the other hand, equation is a mathematical description which is equal only for one
variable.
Identity
An equation that is satisfied by every real number for which both sides are defined
is called an identity.
• It is easy to find equation that are satisfied by any real number that you
choose any replacement for the variable. For example, the equations
𝟏
𝒙 ÷𝟐 = 𝒙 , 𝒙 + 𝒙 = 𝟐𝒙 , 𝒙 + 𝟏 = 𝒙 + 𝟏 are satisfied by all real numbers.
𝟐
Conditional Equations
A conditional equation is an equation that is satisfied by at least one real number,
but it is not an identity.
• The equation 3𝑥 + 7 = 16 is true only for the condition that you replace 𝑥 by
3. The equation 𝑥 2 = 25 is true only for the values of 𝑥 = ±5. These equations
are called conditional equations.
Example 1. Identifying Identity and Conditional Equation

Identify whether the given equation is an identity or a conditional equation.
𝑥2 1
(𝑎. ) 1 + 𝑥 + =
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
(𝑏. ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1
(𝑐. ) sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 1
(𝑑. )𝑥 2 − 9 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
Solution
𝑥2 1
(𝑎. ) 1 + 𝑥 + =
1−𝑥 1−𝑥
• This is an identity because simplifying the left-hand side of the equation
will give you the result equivalent to the right-hand side of the equation.

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(1 − 𝑥) + 𝑥(1 − 𝑥) + 𝑥 2 Find the LCD of the left-

=
1−𝑥 hand-side of the equation.
1 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 − 𝑥2 + 𝑥2
= Simplify.
1−𝑥
1 Combine similar terms.
=
1−𝑥
(𝑏. ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1

• This is a conditional equation. If 𝜃 = 0, then the left-hand side of the
equation is 0, while the right-hand side is 2.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 + 1
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃)(𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) + 1
(sin 0)(sin 0) = (cos 0)(cos 0) + 1
(0)(0) = (1)(1) + 1
0≠2
(𝑐. ) sin 𝜃 = cos 𝜃 − 1
• This is also a conditional equation. If 𝜃= 0, then both sides of the equation
are equal to 0. But if 𝜃 = 𝜋, then the left-hand side of the equation is 0,while
the right-hand side is −2.
If 𝜃= 0 But if 𝜃 = 𝜋,
(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 1 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃) = (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃) − 1
(sin 0) = (cos 0) − 1 (sin 𝜋) = (cos 𝜋) − 1
(0) = 1 − 1 (0) = −1 − 1
0=0 0 ≠ −2
(𝑑. )𝑥 2 − 9 = (𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
• This is an identity because this is simply factoring of difference of squares.

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Fundamental Trigonometric Identities
• Reciprocal Identities
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 =
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙
𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐬𝐞𝐜 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 =
𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝐜𝐬𝐜 𝒙 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
• Quotient Identities
𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙
𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙 = 𝐜𝐨𝐭 𝒙 =
𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
• Pythagorean Identities
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒙 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 = 𝟏 1+ 𝒕𝒂𝒏𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒔𝒆𝒄𝟐 𝒙 1+ 𝒄𝒐𝒕𝟐 𝒙 = 𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐 𝒙
• Even/Odd Identities
𝒔𝒊𝒏(−𝒙) = −𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔(−𝒙) = 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒙 𝒕𝒂𝒏(−𝒙) = −𝒕𝒂𝒏 𝒙
Example 1. Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression
Simplify 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝒙 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙.

Solution
sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥 − sin 𝑥 = sin 𝑥( 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − 1) Factor out.
= − sin 𝑥(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥) Distributive Property
= − sin 𝑥( 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥) Pythagorean Identity
= −𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑥 Multiply.
Example 2. Simplifying a Trigonometric Expression

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
Simplify .
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃
Solution
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ÷ Ratio Identity
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃) ( ) Divide
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 Multiply.
Example 3. Verifying Trigonometric Identity

Verify that sin 𝜃/(1 + cos 𝜃 ) + cos 𝜃/sin 𝜃 = csc 𝜃 .
Algebraic Solution
sin 𝜃 cos 𝜃 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)+(𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽)((𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽)
+ = Find the LCD to simplify.
1+cos 𝜃 sin 𝜃 (𝟏+𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝜽)(𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝜽)
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃
= Multiply.
(1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
(𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃)+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= Rearrange and group the terms
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
= Pythagorean Identity
1
= Divide out common factor.
(𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)
= 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝜃 Reciprocal Identity

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Notice that the more complicated side (the left side) is used simplify trigonometric
identity until the right side is obtained.
Example 4. Evaluating Trigonometric Identities
5
If sec 𝜃 = 2
and tan 𝜃 < 0 , evaluate the remaining trigonometric functions of 𝜃.
Solution Note that 𝜃 lies in Quadrant IV.
Using Reciprocal Identity, you have

5 2
sec 𝜃 = = cos 𝜃 =
2 5
Using Pythagorean Identity, you have
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 Pythagorean Identity Formula
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 Derive a formula.
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − ( ) Substitute.
5
4
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − ( ) Simplify.
25
21
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = ±√ Extract the square root.
25
Because tan 𝜃 lies in Quadrant IV,
√21 5 5√21
sin 𝜃 = − and csc 𝜃 = − =−
5 √21 21
Using Ratio Identity, you have
sin 𝜃 √21 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = = (− )÷( )
cos 𝜃 5 5
√21 5 √21
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = (− )( ) = −
5 2 2
2 2√21
𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝜃 = − = −
√21 21

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Example 5. Evaluating Trigonometric Identities

3
Use the values sec 𝜃 = − and tan 𝜃 > 0 to find the values of all six trigonometric
2
functions.
Solution
Using Reciprocal Identity, you have
3 2
sec 𝜃 = − = cos 𝜃 = −
2 3
Using Pythagorean Theorem, you have
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃 = 1 Pythagorean Identity Formula
2
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 2 Derive a formula.
2 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − (− ) Substitute
3
4
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 = 1 − ( ) Simplify
9
5 √5
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = ±√ ± Extract the square root.
9 3
Because sec 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒,it follows that cos 𝜃 𝑖𝑠 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, then tan 𝜃 > 0, it follows
that sin 𝜃 is also negative. Therefore, tan 𝜃 > 0 lies in Quadrant III.
√5
sin 𝜃 = −
3
3 3√5
and csc 𝜃 = − = −
√5 5
Using Ratio Identity, you have

sin 𝜃 √5 2
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = = (− ) ÷ (− )
cos 𝜃 3 3
√5 3 √5
𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 = (− ) (− ) =
3 2 2
Activity 1
A. Find the domain of the equation.
3
1. √𝑥 + 2 - √𝑥 = 2x ____________________
2. sin3x = sinx + 1 ____________________
3. tan x + cot x = sinx ____________________
𝑥+1
4. + cos 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 ____________________
𝑥 2 −1

School ID: 322901
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B. Solve each equation. Identify each as an identity equation or a conditional

equation.
1. 7 − 5(𝑥 − 6) + 4 = 3 − 2(𝑥 − 5) − 3𝑥 + 28 6. −
𝑥 3
=
10−15𝑥
2 4 6
2. 6(𝑥 + 4) = 6𝑥 + 24 7. tan 𝜃 = cot 𝜃
3. 2𝑥 + 4 = 10 8.
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃−𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃
= cos 𝜃 − sin 𝜃
cos 𝜃+sin 𝜃
4. 𝛼 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃 + 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 = 13 9. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 = 2 cos 𝑥 + 3
𝑥 2 −4 𝑥 2 −4
5. = 2𝑥 − 1 10. =𝑥+2
𝑥−2 𝑥−2
Activity 2
A. Use the fundamental identities to simplify the expression. Show your work
on a separate sheet of paper. Attach your work paper to the back sheet of
this paper. Write your response on the line provided for each number.
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 _____________________
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑡∅𝑠𝑖𝑛∅ _____________________
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽(𝑐𝑠𝑐𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽) _____________________
4. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝜃(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃) _____________________
sec 𝑢
5. _______________________
csc 𝑢
6. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 2 𝜃(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝜃 _______________________
7. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽(𝑠𝑒𝑐𝛽 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽) _______________________
8. (1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥)(1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 ) _______________________
9. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (𝑐𝑠𝑐𝑥 + 1) _______________________
10. (csc 𝑥 − 1)(csc 𝑥 + 1) _______________________
B. Given some initial values, use the identities to find the values of the
remaining trigonometric functions of 𝜃.
2
1. sin 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sec 𝜃 > 0
5
8
2. sec 𝜃 = − 𝑎𝑛𝑑 tan 𝜃 > 0
3
3. tan 𝜃 = 2 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑠𝑐𝜃 < 0
3
4. csc 𝜃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sec 𝜃 < 0
2

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

GRADE 11
1st Quarter, Week 7- (1. Solves situational problems involving trigonometric
identities.STEM_PC11T-IIg-2)
Let’s look at some examples on situational problems involving trigonometric

identities.
Example 1. The force F (in pounds) on the back of a person when he or she bends
0.6𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃+90)
over at an acute angle ✓ (in degrees) is given by 𝐹 = , where W is the
𝑠𝑖𝑛12
weight (in pounds) of the person.
(a) Simplify the formula for F.
(b) Find the force on the back of a person whose weight is 154.32 pounds if he
bends an angle of 40°.
(c) How many pounds should a person weigh for his back to endure a force of 275
pounds if he bends 38°?
Solution
0.6𝑊(𝜃+90°) 0.6𝑊𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃
(a) 𝐹(𝜃) = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛12° 𝑠𝑖𝑛12°
0.6(154.32)𝑐𝑜𝑠40°
(b) 𝐹 = ≈ 340.46 𝑝𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑠𝑖𝑛12°
𝐹𝑠𝑖𝑛120° 275𝑠𝑖𝑛12°
(c) 𝑊 = = ≈ 121.17
0.6𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 0.6𝑐𝑜𝑠38°
Example 2. The length s(𝜃) of the shadow cast by a vertical pole when the angle of
the sun with the horizontal is given by
𝒉𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝟗𝟎°−𝜽)
𝒔(𝜽) = , where h is the height of the pole.
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝜽
(a) Express s(𝜃) as a single trigonometric expression.

(b) At what angle 𝜃 will give the shortest shadow of the pole? Longest
shadow?

School ID: 322901
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Activity
Solve the problems.
1. The dual tone multi-frequency is the signal information used in touch-tone
phones to identify which digit you touched on the keypad. It works by adding
a pair of sounds, one with a lower frequency and one with a higher frequency.
Refer to the chart below. For example, the sound created by touching 6 is
produced by adding a 770-hertz sound to a 1477-hertz sound. (Note that
“hertz” is a unit of frequency and is equal to 1 cycle per second.) This sound
is modeled by the equation
s(t) = sin(2𝜋 · 770t) + sin(2𝜋 · 1477t),where t is time in seconds.
(a) Write the equation of the sound created by touching the * (asterisk) key
as a product of sine and cosine functions.
(b) In (a), what is the maximum value of s(t)?
2. (a) In the figure, two intersecting lines have equations y = m1x + b1 and
y = m2x + b2, respectively. Let 𝜃 be the acute angle between them, as
𝑚 −𝑚
shown. Prove that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = 2 1 .
1+𝑚1𝑚2
(b) Two non-vertical lines intersect at the point (−3, 2), and one angle between them
measures 30°. If one line is 2y = x + 7, find the equation of
the other line.

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

GRADE 11
1st Quarter, Week 8- (1. Illustrates the domain and range of inverse trigonometric
functions.STEM_PC11T-IIh-1; 2. Evaluates an inverse trigonometric expression.
STEM_PC11T-IIh-2 3. Solves trigonometric equations. STEM_PC11T-IIh-i-1)
INVERSE SINE, INVERSE COSINE, and INVERSE TANGENT FUNCTIONS

• The inverse sine function denoted by 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 or arcsin is the inverse of the
restricted sine function,
𝒚 = 𝒔𝒊𝒏−𝟏 or 𝒚 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
if and only if 𝐬𝐢 𝐧 𝒚 = 𝒙 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 − ≤ 𝒚 ≤ .
𝟐 𝟐
• The inverse cosine function denoted by 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 or arccos is the inverse of the
restricted cosine function,
𝒚 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔−𝟏 or 𝒚 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝒙
if and only if 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒙 = 𝒚 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 − 𝟏 ≤ 𝒙 ≤ 𝟏 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝟎 ≤ 𝒚 ≤ 𝝅.
• The inverse tangent function denoted by 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 or arctan is the inverse of the
restricted tangent function,
𝒚 = 𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙−𝟏 or 𝒚 = 𝐚𝐫𝐜𝐭𝐚𝐧 𝒙
𝝅 𝝅
if and only if tan 𝑦 = 𝑥 and − ≤ 𝒚 ≤
𝟐 𝟐
• We summarize the domains and ranges of the inverse trigonometric
functions in the following table.
Throughout the lesson, we interchangeably use sin−1 x and arcsin x to mean

the inverse sine functions.
Example 1. Find the exact value of each expression.

1 1
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (b) arcsin(−1) (c) arcsin 0 (d) 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (− )
2 2
Solution.
1
(a) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
2
• Let 𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 .
1
• This is equivalent to 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 = .
2
• This means that we are looking for the number 𝜃 in the closed interval
𝜋 𝜋 1 𝜋
[− , ] whose sine is . We get 𝜃 = .
2 2 2 6
−𝟏 𝟏 𝝅
• Thus, we have 𝒔𝒊𝒏 = .
𝟐 𝟔
𝜋
(b) arcsin(−1)=-
2
𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
• Arcsin(-1) =− because sin(− ) = −1 and − ∈ [−𝜋/2, 𝜋/2].
2 2 2
(c) arcsin 0=0

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1 𝝅
(d) 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− ) = −
2 𝟔
1 2
Example 2. Find the exact value of 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (− ).
4 3
Solution
1 2
Let 𝛼 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) and 𝛽 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− ). We will determine the value of cos(𝛼 + 𝛽).
4 3
1
Since 𝛼 = and the restricted domain is of cosine is (0, 𝜋), then 𝛼 ∈ (0, 𝜋) and
4
1 √15
sin 𝛼 ≥ 0. Thus, sin 𝛼 = +√1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝛼 = √1 − == .
16 4
2 𝜋 𝜋
Similarly, since 𝛽 = − and the restricted domain of sine is − , , then,
3 2 2
𝜋 𝜋 4 √5
𝛽 ∈ − , and 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 ≥ 0. Thus 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 = +√1 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝛽 = √1 − = .
2 2 9 3
Using identity, (𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝛼𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝛽𝑖𝑛𝛼𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽, we have
1 2 1 5 √15 2 √5 +2√5
(𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝛼 + 𝛽) = cos 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 ( ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (− ) = ⋅ √ − − =
4 3 4 3 4 3 12
Example 3. Sketch the graphs of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 and 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 .
−1
Solution
The graph of 𝑦 = sin 𝑥 is symmetric to the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 with respect to 𝑦 = 𝑥.
𝑦 = sin 𝑥 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1
𝑥 −𝜋/2 0 𝜋/2 𝑥 -1 0 1
𝑦 -1 0 1 𝑦 −𝜋/2 0 −𝜋/2
Example 4. Sketch the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑥 + 1).

Solution
In this solution, we use translation of graphs.
Because 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑥 + 1)) is equivalent to
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 [𝑥 − (−1)] [x − (−1)], the graph of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 (𝑥 + 1)) is
1-unit to the left of 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 .The graph below shows
𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1 (𝑥 + 1)) (solid line) and y = 𝑦 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 𝑥 (dashed line).

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
SOLVING TRIGONOMETRIC EQUATIONS
Any equation that includes trigonometric expressions is called

𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒈𝒐𝒏𝒐𝒎𝒆𝒕𝒓𝒊𝒄 𝒆𝒒𝒖𝒂𝒕𝒊𝒐𝒏.
Solving trigonometric equation is similar to solving algebraic equation. You may use
your knowledge gained in finding the reference angles in a unit circle along with the
fundamental identities.
Example 5. Find all possible value/s of x over
the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

√3 √3 √3
a. sin 𝑥 =− 𝑥 = {240° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 300°}, because sin240° =− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin300° = − .
2 2 2
1 √3 1
b. cos 𝑥 = 𝑥 = {60° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 300°}, because sin60° =− 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin300° = .
2 2 2
√2 √2 √2
c. sin 𝑥 = 𝑥 = {45° 𝑎𝑛𝑑 135°}, because sin45° = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 sin135° = .
2 2 2
The previous example will be very useful to solve trigonometric equation from
simple to advanced trigonometric equations. Consider some tips in solving
trigonometric equation.
Example 6. Solving Trigonometric Equation

Solve 𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) + 2 = 3 over the interval 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.
Solution
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) + 2 = 3 Isolate the sine term.
𝑠𝑖𝑛(𝜃) + 2 − 2 = 3 − 2 Addition Property of Equality
sin(𝜃) = 1
𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 1
𝜃 = 90°
Because 𝒔𝒊𝒏(𝜽) is simply defined as the y-coordinate of a trigonometric point, the
y- coordinate of a point in a unit circle has only one value at 90 0. P (900) = (0,1)
Thus, the value of the angle 𝛉 is 𝟗𝟎° for sin𝟗𝟎° = 𝟏. (See Figure 11.1.1)
Example 7. Equation with Two or More Terms

Solve 2 cos 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 on the interval 0° ≤ 𝜃 < 360°.
Solution 2 cos 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 Write the given.
2 cos 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = 0 Equate to 0 using Addition Property.
2 cos 𝑥 (𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − 1) = 0 Factor
2 cos 𝑥 = 0 tan 𝑥 − 1 = 0
cos 𝑥 = 0 tan 𝑥 = 1
Solutions: { 90°, 270°} Solutions: { 45°, 225°}
Thus, the general solution is

𝒙 = 𝟒𝟓°, 𝒙 = 𝟗𝟎°, 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟐𝟓°, 𝒙 = 𝟐𝟕𝟎°
School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Activity 1
A. Find the exact value of each expression (if defined) without using a
calculator.
B.
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 0 6. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 −1 (−√2)
√3
2. 𝑠𝑖𝑛−1 7. 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0
2
√ 2 √2
3. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 8. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1
2 2
√2 √2
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 −1 (− ) 9. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1
2 2
√3
5. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (−√3) 10. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 −1 (− )
3
Activity 2
A. Solve each trigonometric equation where 0° ≤ 𝑥 ≤ 360°.

1
1. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − = 0 ______________________________________
2
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 1 = 0 ______________________________________
3. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 − 1 = 0 ______________________________________
4. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 − √3 = 0 ______________________________________
5. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = √2 ______________________________________
6. √3 = 3𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 ______________________________________
7. 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 + 1 = 2 ______________________________________
8. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 = √3 ______________________________________
9. 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 1 = 0 ______________________________________
√3
10. 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 + =0 ______________________________________
2
B. In Exercises 11-15, find the solutions in the interval [0, 2𝜋].
11. sin 𝑥 + √2 = − sin 𝑥 ___________________________________
12. 3𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 = 1 ___________________________________
13. 2𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 − cos 𝑥 − 1 = 0 ___________________________________
14.√2 cos x – 1 = 0 ___________________________________
𝑥
15.𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 =0 ___________________________________
2
C. In Exercises 16-20, find the solutions in the interval [0°, 180°].
16. tan 𝑥 + √3= 0 _____________________________________
17. 𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 − 2 = 0
2 _____________________________________
18. 3𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = tan 𝑥
3 _____________________________________
19. 𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥 − sec 𝑥 = 2 _____________________________________
20. 2 sin 𝑥 + csc 𝑥 = 0 _____________________________________

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

GRADE 11
1 Quarter, Week 9- (Solves situational problems involving inverse trigonometric
st
functions and trigonometric equations. STEM_PC11T-II-i-)
Let us now take a look at some situational problems involving inverse trigonometric
functions and trigonometric equations.
Example 1. The voltage V (in volts) coming from an electricity distributing

company is fluctuating according to the function
V(t)=200+170sin(120𝜋t) at time t in seconds.
a. Determine the first time it takes to reach 300 volts.
b. For what values of t does the voltage reach its maximum value?
Solution
a. Solve for at least positive value of t such that V(t)=300.
200+170sin(120𝜋t) =300
300−200
sin(120𝜋t) =
170
100
120𝜋t = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 −1
170
100
𝑠𝑖𝑛−1
𝑡= 170
≈ 0.00167 seconds
120𝜋
b. The maximum value of V(t) happens when and only when the maximum value of
sin(120𝜋t) is reached. We know that the maximum value of sin(120𝜋t) is 1, and it
follows that the maximum value of V(t) is 370 volts. Thus, we need to solve for all
values of t such that sin(120𝜋t) = 1.
sin(120𝜋t) = 1
𝜋
120𝜋𝑡 = + 2𝑘𝜋, 𝑘nonnegative integer.
2
1
+2𝑘
2
𝑡= ≈ 0.00417 + 0.017𝑘
120
Example 2. A student is viewing a painting in a

museum. Standing 6 ft from the painting, the eye level
of the student is 5 ft above the ground. If the painting
is 10 ft tall and its base is 4 ft above the ground, find
the viewing angle subtended by the
painting at the eyes of the student.
So𝒍ution

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
Let 𝜃 be the viewing angle and let 𝜃 = 𝛼 + 𝛽 as shown below.

1 9
We observed that 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼 = and 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽 = .
6 6
Using Tangent Sum Identity, we have
𝑡𝑎𝑛(𝛼 + 𝛽)
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃 = tan(𝛼 + 𝛽) =
1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛼𝑡𝑎𝑛𝛽
1 9
+
= 6 6
1 9
1−(6)(6)
20
=
9
20
Using calculator, the viewing angle 𝜃 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ≈ 65.8°.
9
Activity
Solve the problems.
1. A weight is suspended from a spring and vibrating vertically according to the
equation f(t) = 25.2 sin(3.8t − 2.1),where f(t) centimeters is the directed distance of
the weight from its central position at t seconds, and the positive distance means
above its central position. Find the times when the weight is at its central position.
2. A movie screen 10 feet high is fixed on a wall so that its base is 4 feet above the
eye level of a viewer. (See Figure on the next page.) Suppose that the movie viewer
is x feet from the wall, and 𝜃 is the radian measure of the angle subtended by the
movie screen of the viewer’s eye. Write 𝜃 in terms of x and simplify.
3. After many years in business, the financial analyst of a shoe company projected
that the monthly costs of producing their products and monthly revenues from
the sales of their products are fluctuating according to the following formulas:
C(t) = 2.6 + 0.58 sin(0.52t − 7.25)
and
R(t) = 2.6 + 1.82 cos(0.52t − 7.25),
where C(t) and R(t) are the costs and revenues in millions of pesos at month t
(t = 0 represents January 2010). About how many months after January 2010
did the company experience a zero profit for the first time?

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360
4. A lighthouse is located on an island that is 5 km off a straight shoreline (see figure).

(a) Give a formula for 𝜃 in terms of x.
(b) Describe what happens to 𝜃 as x becomes very large.
5. A vegetable garden is being planned in between two buildings measuring 20 meters

and 45 meters tall that are 3 meters apart (see figure). Express 𝜃 in terms of x. This
angle will determine the amount of sunlight received by the vegetable garden.
Prepared by:
MELANIE I. CARLOS
____________________________________
Name of Writer

School ID: 322901
Tel. No.: (047) 237-7360

Department of Education: Republic of The Philippines

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NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

ACTIVITY SHEET IN PRECALCULUS

ANGLES AND ANGLE MEASUREMENT

Conversions of Degrees and Radians

Degree Measure is the measure of an angle determined by the amount of rotation

To measure angles, we use degrees, minutes, seconds, and radians.

A central angle of a circle measures one-degree, written 1°, if it intercepts

For example, in degrees, minutes, and seconds.

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

A central angle of the unit circle that intercepts an arc of

Rules in Conversion between Degrees and Radians

1. To convert from degrees to radians, multiply the number of degrees by

Example 2. Converting from Radians to Degrees

ARC LENGTH AND AREA OF A SECTOR

Definition of an Arc Length

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

Example 2. Finding the Radian Measure of Angle Figure 2

AREA SECTOR OF A CIRCLE

Use the formula for the area sector.

Example 4. Finding the Area Sector

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑙 + 2𝑟 ⇒ 39.29 + 2(45) = 129.29 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

Exercises 11-20, rewrite each angle in radian measure as multiple of π.

CHART COMPLETION. Compute the missing variable in each of the following.

ARC LENGTH (𝒔) RADIUS (𝒓) ANGLE (𝜽)

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

ACTIVITY SHEET IN PRECALCULUS

NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

ANGLE IN STANDARD POSITION

(𝒂. ) (𝒃. ) (𝒄. )

Figure 2 shows that 30° is coterminal with

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

Figure 3 shows that 135° is coterminal

Figure 4 shows that 240° is coterminal

• You can find an angle that is coterminal to a given angle 𝜃 by adding or

θ + n (360 °) where n is an integer.

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

B. FINDING MY COTERMINAL ANGLES

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

A. Convert each angle in radian measure as multiple of π.

B. In Exercises 11-20, rewrite each angle in radian measure as multiple of π.

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

NAME: __________________________________ SCHOOL: ________________________

ACTIVITY SHEET IN PRECALCULUS

Example 1. Finding Reference Angle in Quadrant I

Find the reference angle whose 𝜃 = 60°.

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

• When 𝜃 falls in the third quadrant, the reference angle is

Example 4. Finding Reference Angle in Quadrant IV

• When 𝜃 falls in the fourth quadrant, the reference angle is

The Coordinates of the Unit Circle

• The terminal point of an angle 𝜃 is the

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

Example 4. Finding the coordinates of the point on the unit circle.

Example 5 Finding the coordinates of the point on the unit circle.

Example 6 Evaluating Trigonometric Functions

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

Consider a unit circle below to complete the tables A and B.

Phase III, Doña Francisca Subdivision Talisay

Fill in the table that follows with the exact value.

NAME: __________ SCHOOL:

NAME: __________ SCHOOL:

NAME: __________ SCHOOL:

NAME: __________________ SCHOOL: _

NAME: __________ SCHOOL:

NAME: __________ SCHOOL:

NAME: __________ SCHOOL:

NAME: __________ SCHOOL: