SUBORDINATION

AND
COORDINATION

GROUP 13
TIFFANIE 1830205151
SITI OKTARINA 1830205148
SUBORDINATION
Linking two clauses in a sentence.

•Main clause or Independent clause.

•Subordinate clause or dependent
clause.
 Subordinating Conjunction
. Some of the
most common
are:
• After
• Although
• Because
• Before
• If
• Since
• That
• Unless
• Until
• Which
• While
• Who
• When
• Where
1. The cat is mad
The cat that loves dogs is mad
2. The cat loves dogs
Tree Diagram
 Relative Clause
A relative clause post modifies the head noun of a noun phrase

The cat that loves dogs is mad

The cat that loves dogs A noun phrase

The cat that loves dogs (pres) is mad

S p sC
 Adverbial Clause
Manner, time, place, frecuency and purpose.

Ex: I’ll give you the next clue when you’re ready

Tree Diagram

I (wi)ll give you the next clue

s p iO dO

when you (a)re ready

A
 Noun Clause
The pharse serves as a subject or object

Ex: How he deals with the deficit is grossly important

S P sC
 Using Pronoun

S P sC
 As Object

S1
Noun clause as an
NP VP
obligatory element in
a sentence whether is S2
PRO VgP
as subject or object. [trans]

AUX V

TENSE

I (pres) know they like me

 Compare with Relative Clause
[s1The cat [s2that loves dogs] is mad]

S p sC

Noun Clause:
The subordinate clause function as subject so
the main clause is incomplete
How he deals with the deficit
[[s2] is grossly important]
 Complement Clause
A subordinate clause can also appear with an intensive verb and the
mon function as subject complement.
tue
Ex: The important thing (pres) is that you’re happy
wed
S P sC
thu

fri
 Complement of A
Subordinate clauses can also complement adjectives
mon Ex: I (pres)am sure that she must have known him
tue

wed
S P sC

thu

fri
 Non-finite Verbs
A verb that doesn’t show tense.

mon Ex: 1) to + infinitve :1. perfect + -en

She wants to have held the baby
tue

wed
2. progressive + -ing
She wants to be holding the baby
thu
3. passive + -en
fri The baby wants to be held
2) –ing participle : 1. perfect + -en
She left happy having held the baby all day
2. perfect + -en; passive + -en
Having been held all day the baby slept
peacefully
 Post Modifier
Non-finite clause can function as post modifiers to head noun
Ex: [s1 The letter[s2 for you to type] is on your desk]
S P sC
S1
VP
NP
Vgp PP
DET N1 [trans]

NP
N S2 AUX V P
DET N
TENSE

The letter For you to type (pres) is on your desk

 Rules to Remember: Noun Phrase
mon NP (pre-modifiers) + HEAD (+ post-modifiers)

tue Pre-modifiers DET e.g a game

AP e.g a new game
wed N e.g a new computer game

thu
Post-modifiers PP e.g the cat with three legs
Rel clause (S) e.g the cat which lying on
fri
the mat
Non-finite clause (S) :
e.g the letter for you to type is on your desk
 Adverbial
Non-finite clauses can also function as
adverbial
Ex: -ing participle
: Whisltling cheerfully he (past) typed the letters
A S P dO
S1
NP VP
S2
Vgp S1
PRO [trans]

V DET N
AUX

TENSE

he (past) typed the letters

Whistiling cheerfully
 Direct Object
Non-finite clauses can also function as direct object

She (pres) wants to hold the baby

S P dO
S1

NP VP

PRO Vgp S2
[trans]

AUX V

TENSE

She (pres) wants to hold the baby

 Complement of A
Non-finite clauses can also function as complementing
adjectives
Ex: Finite clause [She made him sorry [that he went]]

Non-finite clause [She made him sorry [to go]]

She (past) made him sorry to go

S P dO oC
 Tree Diagram
S1

NP VP
NP
AP
Vgp
PRO [complex]
PRO A S2
AUX V

TENSE

She (past) made him sorry to go

 Coordination
tue
is a process whereby an executive
develops and orderly pattern of group
efforts among his subordinates and
secures unity of action in the pursuit of
common purpose.
 Coordinating Conjunction
mon •And
tue
For
wed

thu
•Nor
fri But
•Or
Yet
•So
 Tree diagram
S

NP VP

AP Coord NP Vgp NP
[trans]
AP N N
AUX V N
A
TENSE

(pres) love cakes

Old women and men
 Tree diagram
S

NP VP

AP N Vgp NP
[trans]
A N Coord N
N AUX V
TENSE

Old women and men (pres) love cakes

 Summary of Rules
mon NP (pre-modifiers) + HEAD (+ post-modifiers)

tue Pre-modifiers DET e.g a game

AP e.g a new game
wed N e.g a new computer game

thu
Post-modifiers PP e.g the cat with three legs
Rel clause (S) e.g the cat which lying on
fri
the mat
Non-finite clause (S) :
e.g the letter for you to type is on your desk
Thank You 
Any Question(s)?