FEDERATION EUROPEENNE DE LA F.E.M.

~ANUTENTION 1.001
SECTION I 3’d EDITION
REVISED
HEAVY LIFTING APPLIANCES 1998.10.01

RULES FOR THE D.ESIGN OF

HOISTING APPLIANCES

BOOKLET 1

OBJECT AND SCOPE

The total 3rd Edition revised comprises booklets 1 to 5 and 7 to 9

Copyright by FEM Section I
Aiso available in French and German
 Document prepared by the technical commission of FEM (European Handling Federation) Section i « Heavy
lifting and handling equipment ».

FEM Section I Secretary

C o s e t t e DUSSAUGEY
39-41, rue Louis Blanc
92400 COURBEVOIE
!a 92038 PARIS LA DEFENSE CEDEX
Fax:33 147176260
E-mail : Mtps@wanadoo.fr

Document available near the following National Committees :

BELGIUM LUXEMBOURG
FABRIMETAL Fédération des Industriels Luxembourgeois
Rue des Drapiers, 21 Groupement des Constructeurs
B - 1050 BRUXELLES B.P. 1304
Fax3225102301 L - 1013 LUXEMBOURG
Fax : 352 43 23 28
CZECH REPUBLIC
Association of Czechoslovak Manufacturers NEDERLAND
of Transport and Lifting Equipment FME/GKT
SYMAS Postbus 190
Kralovo Pole Cranes, a.s. NL - 2700 AD ZOETERMEER
C Z - 61200 BRNO Fax : 31 79 353 13 65
Fax : 42 057262251
NORGE
DANEMARK Norwegian FEM Groups
Confederation of Danish Industries Federation of Norwegian Engineering Industries
DK - 1787 COPENHAGEN Oscars Gate 20 / Box 7072 H
Fax : 45 33 77 3410 N - 0306 OSLO 3
Fax : 47 22 59 66 69
DEUTSCHLAND
V.D.M.A. PORTUGAL
.
Fachgemeinschaft Fdrdertechnik FENAME - Federacao National do Metal
Postfach710864 (ANEMM)
D - 60498 FRANKFURT/MAIN Estrade do Paco do Lumiar
Fax:496966031496 Polo Tecnologico de lisboa - Lote 13
P - 1600 LISBOA
ENGLAND Fax:351 17150403
FMCEC
Ambassador House SCHWEIZ/SUISSE/SVIZZERA
Brigstock Road Verein Schweizerischer Maschinen-
GB - THORNTON HEATH CR7 7JG Industrieller (VSM)
Fax : 44 181 6656447 Kirchenweg 4
CH - 8032 ZURICH
ESPANA Fax : 41 1 384 48 48
Asociacion Espanola de Manutencion (AEM)
ETSEIB - PABELLON F SUOMI
Diagonal, 647 Federation of Finnish Metal, Engineering
E - 08028 BARCELONA and Electrotechnical Industries - FIMET
Fax : 34 93 401 60 58 Etelaranta IO
P.O. BOX IO
FRANCE F I N - 00131 HELSINKI
M.T.P.S Fax : 358 9 624 462
39-41, rue Louis Blanc
F - 92400 COURBEVOIE SVERIGE
Fax : 33 1 47 17 62 60 Swedish Association of Suppliers of
Mechanical Handling Equipment MHG
ITALIA Storgatan 5
Associazione Italiana Sistemi Box 5510
Sollevamento, Elevazione, Movim S - 114 85 STOCKHOLM
Via L. Battistotti Sassi 11 Fax : 46 8 660 33 78
I - 20133 MILANO
Fax:3927397316
The third edition of the “Rules for the design of hoisting appliances” dated 1987.10.01
included 8 booklets. An addition to this edition was compiled in 1998. This addition is
incorporated in booklet 9, which also replaces booklet 6.

This booklet forms par-t of the “Rules for the design of hoisting appliances” 3rd edition
revised, consisting of 8 booklets :

Booklet 1 - Object and scope

Booklet 2 - Classification and loading on structures and mechanisms

Booklet 3 - Calculating the stresses in structures

Booklet 4 - Checking for fatigue and choice of mechanism components

Bookiet 5 - Electrical equipment

Booklet 7 - Safety rules

Booklet 8 - Test loads and tolerances

Booklet 9 - Supplements and comments to booklets 1 to 8

NOTE: Booklet 9 must not therefore be used separately.

 B O O K L E T 1

OBJECT AND SCOPE

CONTENTS

Clause Page

PREFACE 1.1. l-3

INTROOUCTION 1.2. l-4

OBJECT OF THE RULES 1.3. 1-6

SCOPE 1.4. l-6

LIST OF SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS 1-9

l-l
l-2
1.1. PREFACE

The Rules for the Design of Hoisting Appliances set up by the Technical Committee
of the Section 1 of the F.E.M., which have been published SO far in two Editions,
the first one in 1962 and the second in 1970, have been increasingly widely used
in many.countries al1 over the World.

Taking account of this enlarged audience, Section 1 of the FEM decided to change
the format of these Design Rules and to facilite updating by abandoning the single
volume form and dividing the work into a number of separate booklets as follows :

Booklet 1 - Object and Scope

Booklet 2 - Classification and loading on structures and mechanisms
Booklet 3 - Calculating the stresses in the strutture
Booklet 4 - Checkingfor fatigue and choice of mechanism components

Booklet 5 - Electrical equipment

Booklet 6 - Stability and safety against movement by the wind

Booklet 7 - Safety rules

Booklet 8 - Test loads and tolerances

Although not directly a part of these Design Rules, the opportunity is taken to
draw attention to the new Terminology of Section 1.

l-3
1.2. INTf?ODUCTION

TO facilitate the use of these Rules by the purchasers, manufacturers and safety
organirations concerned, it is necessary to give some explanation in regard to the
two following questions.

1. How should these Rules be applied in practice to the different types of

appliance whose construction they cover ?

2. How should a purchaser use these Rules to define his requirements in relation
to an appliance which he desires to order and what conditions should he
specify in his enquiry to ensure that the manufacturers can submit a proposal
in accordante with his requirements ?

1. It is necessary first to recognize the great variety of appliances covered by

the Design Rules. It is obvious that a crane having very high speeds and a rapid
working cycle ist not designed in the same manner as a small overhead crane for
infrequent duty. For such a machine there can be no question of making al1 the
verifications which would appear to be required, from reading through the Rules,
because one would clearly finish with a volume of calculations which would be
totally out of proportion to the objective in view. The manufacturer must there-
fore decide in each particular case which parts of the machine, which he is de-
signing, should be analysed and those for which calculation is unnecessary, not
because he must accept that the results for the latter would not be in accordante
with the requirements of the Rules, but because on the contrary he is certain
in advance that the calculations for the latter would only confirm a favourable
outcome. This may be because a standard component is being used which has been
verified once and for al1 or because it has been established that some of the
verifications imposed by the Rules cannot in certain cases have an unfavourable
result and therefore serve no purpose.

If one takes, for example, the fatigue calculations, it is very easy to see that
certain verifications are unnecessary far appliances of light or moderate duty
because they always lead to the conclusions that the most unfavourable cases
are those resulting from checking safety in relation to the elastic limit.

These considerations show that calculations made in accordante with the Rules
can take a very different form according to the type of appliance which is being
considered, and may in the case of a simple machine or a machine embodying standard
components be in the form of a brief summary without prejudicing the compliance
of the machine with the principles set out by the Design Rules.

2. As far as the second question is concerned, some explanation is first desirable

for the purchaser, who may be somewhat bewildered by the extent of the document
and confused when faced with the variety of choice which it presents, a variety
which is, however, necessary if one wishes to take account of the great diversity
of problems to be resolved.

l-4
In fact, the only important matter for the purchaser is to define the duty which
he expects from his appliance and if possible to give some indication of the duty
of the various motions.

As regards the service to be performed by the appliance, two factors must be speci-
f i e d , i.e. :

- the class of utilization, as defined in 2.1.2.2 ;

- the load spectrum, as defined in 2.1.2.3.

In order to arrive at the number of hoisting cycles determining the class of utili-
zation, the purchaser may, for instante, find the product of :

- the number of hoisting cycles which the appliance will have to average each day
on which it is used ;

- the average number of days of use per year ;

- the number of years after which the appliance may be considered as having to be
replaced .

Similarly, the load spectrum may be calculated by means of the simplified formula
set out in the above mentioned paragraph.

In neither case do the calculations cali for a high degree of accuracy, being more
in the nature of estimates than of precise calculations. Moreover, the numbers of
hoisting cycles determining the classes of utilization do not constitute guaranteed
values : they are merely guide values, serving as a basis for the fatigue calculations
and corresponding to an average life which can be expected with a reasonable degree
of safety, provided the appliance, designed in accordante with the present design
rules, is used under the conditions specified by the customer in his cali for tender
and also that it is operated and maintained regularly in compliance with the manu-
facturer’s instructions.

If he is unable to determine the class of utilization and the load spectrum, the
purchaser may confine himself to stating the group in which the appliance is to
be classified. A guide as to the choice of group is provided by Table 2.1.2.5.,
which is not binding but gives simple examples which, by way of comparison, may
facilitate selection.

In the case of mechanisms, the following should also be specified :

- the class of utilization, as defined in 2.1.3.2 ;

- the load spectrum, as defined in 2.1.3.3. ;

the same observations apply as were made concerning the appliance as a whole.

1-5
 The tables in Appendix A.2.1.1. may be used to facilitate determination of the class
of utilization. On the basis of the class of utilization of the appliance, they
make it possible to determine a tota1 number of working hours for the mechanism,
according to the average duration of a working cycle and the ratio between the ope-
rating time of the mechanism and the duration of the complete cycle.

Table T.2.1.3.5. may be used as a guide by a purchaser wishing simply to choose

a group for each of the mechanisms with which the appliance he wants to order is
to be fitted.

As a general rule, the purchaser has no other information to supply in connection

with the design of the appliance, except in certain cases :

- the area of hoisted loads presented to the wind, if this area is larger than those
defined in 2.2.4.1.2. ;

- the value of the out-of-service wind, where loca1 conditions are considered to
necessitate design for an out-of-service wind greater than that defined in
2.2.4.1.2.

1.3. OBJECT OF THE RULES

The purpose of these rules is to determine-the loads and combinations of loads which
must be taken into account when designing hoisting appliances, and also to establish
the strength and stability conditions to be observed for the various load combi-
nations.

1.4 SCOPE

The Rules apply to the design of lifting appliances or parts of lifting appliances
which appear in the illustrated terminology for cranes and heavy lifting appliances
of Section 1 of the FEM.

Apoliances not covered by Section 1

1) Lifting appliances included in Section V, for example :

- mobile jib cranes on pneumatic or solid rubber tyres, crawler tracks, lorries,
trailers and brackets.

2) Lifting equipment which according to the interna1 regulations of FEM, are inclu-
ded in Section IX, that is to say :

1-6
 - various items of series lifting equipment,

- electric hoists,
- pneumatic hoists,

- accessories for lifting,

- hand operated chain blocks,

- elevating platforms, work platforms, dock levellers,

- winches,

- jacks, tripods, combined apparatus for pulling and lifting,

- stacker cranes.

For series lifting equipment, those chaptersof the Design Rules of Section 1 which
have been accepted by Section 1X should be used.

These rules comprise eight booklets. In addition some tnoklets contain appendices
which give further information on the method of application.

l-7
1-8
 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND NOTATIONS

Symbol Oimension Designation - First mention page [...l

A m2 Area exposed to wind (2-231

A Combined influente of residua1 tensile stresses with dead weight

stresses [3-43

Al to A6 Crane groups (2-31

Aa m2 Enveloped area of lattice (2-273

a mm Wheelbase of crane E2-203: Dimension of lattice in wind load

celculetion (2-271: Length of strip of plate in buckling calculation 13-3
Size of fillet weld in notch case 2.33 (3-621

a m/s2 Acceleration Ki-223

!3 Influente of thickness of structural member (3-63

B mm Width of lattice in wind load calculation (2-271

BO to 810 Classes of utilisation of structural members 12-l 11

b mm Breadth of section across wind front (2-271:

Largest dimension of rectangular steel section E3-61;
Length of plate in buckling calculation [3-393:
Useful width of rai1 in wheel calculation (4-213

c Influente of cold (3-73: Coefficient used to calculate the tightening

torque of bolts (3-261: Selection coefficient for choice of running
steel wire ropes [4-151

Cf Shape coefficient in wind load calculation (2-241

c Starting class [5-201

c. c’ Factors characterising the slope of Wohler curves (Y-91

cl* Clmax Rotation speed coefficients for wheel calculation [4-211

c2* =2max Group coefficient for wheel calculation (4-211

cos cp Power factor ci-81

D Symbol used in plate inspection for lamination defects (3-571

cl m Section diameter in shape factor determination [2-251

D mm Rope winding diameter 14-193: Wheel diameter W-213: Shaft

diameter in fatigue verification of mechanism parts 14-261.

l-9
 Dt mm Diameter of bolt holes 13-153

d mm Depth of section parallel to wind direction in wind load calculation

(Z-271: Nomina1 diameter of bolt 1%261: Nomina1 diameter of rope
Cri-161: Shaft diameter in fatigue verification of mechanism parts (4-1

d2 mm Bolt diameter at thread root [3-141

dc Number of completed starts per hour 15-201

di Number of impulses or incomplete starts per hour 15-201

d min mm Minimum rope diameter 14-333

dt mm Nomina1 bolt diameter (3-141

E N/mm* Elastic moduius of steel [3-391

El to EB Groups of components (Z-141

ED % Duty f actor 15-l 93

e mm Thickness of strip of piate in buckling calculation (3-391: Thickness

of plate in welded joints 13-621

el* =2 mm Piate thicknesses in welded joints C3-641

F N Wind force /2-233; Horizontal force during acceleration (Z-451:

Tensile load in bolts C3-191: CrJmpressive force on member in crippling
calculation 13-343

FO N Minimum breaking load of rope (4-171

‘=l N Permissible working load on bolts C3-151

Fc N Projection of rope load on the x axis during travelling EZ-491

Fcm N Inertia force due to the load during travelling 12-463

F cmax N Maximum value of F, (Z-5 13

f Fill factor of rope (4-161: Number of electrical brakings [5-201

fiT Running time of motor (5-243

fs Coefficient for relative times of deceleration and acceleration [5-251

9 m/s2 Acceleration due to gravity. according to IS0 9.80665 m/s2 12-461

H Coefficient depending on group for choice of rope drums and

pulleys 14-191

I kgm2 Moment of inertia of mass in slewing motion [Z-563

‘10 ‘2 m m4 Moment of inertia of stiffeners [3-451

l-10
 “3 A Starting current of motor t5-71

‘N A Nomina1 current of motor (5-63

‘tot A Sum of currents IA and lN 15-61

‘Z m m4 Moment of inertia of stiffeners (3-443

1.j kgm2 Moment of inerti-a of mass of a pert in rotetion [2-451

lm kgm2 Moment of inertie of mass of alt perts in rotetion (2-491

JM kgm2 Moment of inertie of mass of motor and brake (5-223

j Group number in component groups El to E6 (4-101

JO m/s2 Acceleration in horizontal motions (2-503

Jm m/s2 Average acceleration/deceleration in horizontal motions (2-461

K Cubie mean fector for choice of beerings EY-133

K’ Empirica1 coefficient for determining minimum breeking strength

of rope [Y-l63

KO to K4 Stress concentration classes for welded parts (3-483

K2 Coefficient for celculating force in the direction of the wind for

lattice girders and towersj2-293

KL N/mm2 Pressure of wheel on rail [4-251

Km Mn med (5-241
M max

k Spinning loss coefficient [4-l 61

kc Corrosion coefficient in fetigue ver,i, Fication of mechenism perts (4-26

kd ‘Sife coefficient in fetigue verificet:il on of mechanism parts (4-261

kH Correction coefficient for abnormal location (5-193

km Spectrum coefficient for mechsnisms (2-81

kP Spectrum coefficient for crenes (2-41

‘53 Shape coefficient in fetigue verification of mechanism parts (4-261

ksP Spectrum coefficient for components 12-123

k’sp Spectrum coefficient for mechanism perts t4-101

k” Surfece finish tmachiningl coefficient in fetigue verification of

mechanism perts (4-263

b l ‘% Buckling coefficients used in buckling celculetions 13-391

l-l 1
L N Maximum permissible lifting force Ci-171

LI to L4 Spectrum classes for mechanisms (2-93

R m Length of suspension/length of load pendulum [2-461

m Equivalent length of line (5-61

mm Length of members in wind force calculations (2-271: Overall width

or rail head I4-223

mm Length of parts tightened in bolted joints 13-151

Nm External moment in bolted joints t3-191

Ml to M6 Mechanism groups 12-61 15-201

Ml. M2
Nm Motor torques required during a cycle of operations [5-161
and M3

MA Nm Accelerating torque 15-211

MF Nm Braking torque of motor (5-161

Mf Nm Torque required to lift the safe working loed (5-253

Mfmed Nm Resistance to travelling with load (5-251

MNmax Nm Maximum running torque required to lift the load E5-161

Ma Nm Torque required to tighten bolts (3-281

MF Nm Bending moment in member in crippling calculation (3-341

Mmax Nm Maximum value of motor torque (5-243

Mmed Nm Mean value of torque fl during motor running time fiT (5-241

Mmin Nm Minimum motor torque during starting [5-161

Mnmed Nm Mean nomina1 torque required [5-241

MX Nm Mean of absolute values of motor torques during acceleration or

deceleration 15-253

m Number of friction surfaces in bolted joints 13-191

m kg Equivalent mass for calculating loads due to horizontal motions 12-45:

Total mass of crane (2-471

m0 kg Mass of crane without load (2-451

t-1 kg Mass of the load 12-461

w-l kg Sum of masses set in motion. excluding hook load [5-221

mL kg Mass of the hook load (5-223

1-12
me kg Equivalent mass in calculation of loads due to horizontal motion [2-49

m kg Load (2-41

m max kg Safe working load [2-41

N Number of hoisting cycles 12-391

N N Force perpendicular to joint plane in bolted joints 13-191

NG Ordinary quality in welding (3-571

NM N Tensile force due to external moment in bolted joints U-193

n Number of hoisting cycles [2-43: Number of stress cycles (4-91

n min -1 Nomina1 rotation speed of motors in rpm (5-221

“max Number of hoisting cycles determining the total duration of use (2-41

P N Load on wheel 14-251

Pl to P4 Spectrum classes for components [2-121

PlO. PlOO Symbols indicating welding tests [3-571

PL N/mm2 Limiting pressure in wheel calculation (4-211

PN W Nomina1 power of motor (5-261

PNmax W Maximum power requirement of motor (5-171

PNmed W Mean power requirement of motor (5-261

pmean 1, Il N Mean load on wheel in loading cases 1 and Il [Y-211

pmean Ill N Mean load on wheel in loading case Ill (4-213

Pmin 1.11.111 N Minimum load on wheel in loading ceses 1. Il and Ill [4-213

pmax 1.11.111 N Maximum load on wheel in loading cases 1. Il and Ill (4-233

pmed kW Equivalent mean power E5-191

P mm Span of crane (2-201

pa mm Pitch of thread 13-141

cl1 to 44 Spectrum classes for cranes [2-51

9 Correction factor for shape coefficient k, (4-273

9 N/mm2 Oynamic pressure of the wind (2-223

9 Coefficient for type of electric braking. etc 15-201

RO N/mm2 Minimum ultimate tensile strength of the wire of a rope [4-161

l-13
RE N/mm2 Apparent eiastie limit OE according to EO 3800/1 f 3-161

r Number of levels of loading [2-S]: Ratio of stresses for large

deformations (3-231

r mm Radius of cylindrical shells in buckling calculations [3-441; Radius

of rope groove [4-203: Radius of rai1 head [4-223: Blending radius (4-z

r Coefficient for type of electric braking (5-203

R /km Ohmic resistance per unit length [5-93

N Stress [2-53: Maximum tensile force in rope (4-163

m2 Area of all members of lattice girders and towers 12-293

m m2 Cross sectional area of conductor [5-El1

Sl mm Bearing diameter under bolt head (3-151

SG Special quality of welding 13-573

SG N Load due to dead weight. constant load (2-151. (3-233

SH N Load due to horizontal motions (2-191

SL N Load due to working load 12-151

SM N Load due to torques 12-333

SMmean N Mean type M load in bearing calculation 14-131

SMmin N Minimum type M load in bearing calculation (4-131

SMmax I N Maximum type M load in load case I (2-341

SMmax Il N Maximum type M load in load case Il [2-351

SMmax Ill N Maximum type M load in load case Ill [3-353

SMA N Load due to acceleration or braking (2-331

SMCmax N Load due to maximum motor torque (2-371

sMF N Load due to frictional forces (2-333

SMG N Load due to vertical displacement of moveable parts of 8 lifting

appliance. excluding the .working load 12-331

sML N Load due to vertical displacement of the working load (2-331

sMW N Load due to the effect of limiting wind for appliance in service 12-33:

sMW 8 N Load due to wind effect for q = 80 N/mm2 12-353

sMW 25 N Load due to wind effect for q = 250 N/m2 [2-351

SR N Load due to forces not reacted by torques (2-333

SRmax I N Maximum type R load in loading case I (2-341

1-14
 SRmax Il N Maximum type R load in loading case Il (2-351

SRmax Ill N Maximum type R load in loading case 111 (2-363

SRmin N Minimum type R load in bearing calculation (4-141

SRmean N Mean type R load in bearing calculation E4-141

SRA N Load due to accelerations/decelerations (2-331

SRG N Load due to self weight of crane parts (2-331

sRL N Load due to working load 12-333

sRW N Load due to wind (2-331

sRW max N Load due to out of service wind [2-361

sRW 25 N Wind load far q - 250 N/m2 12-351

ST N Load due to buffer effect (2-211

SV N Variable load when calculating structural members subject to large

deformations (3-233

SW N Load due to in service wind [2-311

SWmax N Load due to out of service wind (2-3 11

sb mm 2 Root sectional area of bolt [3-151

S eq mm2 Equivalent sectional area of tightened bolt [3-153

sP m2 Area of members of lattice girders and towers (2-293

s m Span of lifting appliance [E-41: Rail centres of crab te-51: Distante

between trave1 rails of lifting appliance I8-81

h Total duration of use of Iifting appliance 12-83

J Total kinetic energy in luffing motion (2-561

OC Ambient temperature at place of erection (3-71

N Force parallel to joint plane in bolted joint 13-191

s Duration of cycle (5-243

TO to Tg Classes of utilisation of mechanisms [2-83

Tl s Period of oscillation (2-461

Ta N Permissible load per bolt which can be transmitted by friction (3-191

Tc OC Test temperature for impact test (3-81

Ti h Total duration of use of mechanism (2-391

Tm Mean duration of acceleration or deceleration [2-461

t s Time when calculating loads due to horitontal motion (2-483

1-15
 t mm Thickness of structural member when choosing steel quality (3-6):
Thickness of cyiindrical Shell wall in buckling analysis 13-441:
Thickness of web of trolley rai1 girder [S-SI

t’e t-2*..
s Duration of different levels of loading [2-El
tj...t,

t’. t2, t3 s Duration of action of couples MI, M2 and Mg 15-161

t* mm Idea1 section thickness when choosing steel quality [3-63

td s Duration of deceleration when calculating loads due to horizontal

motion 12-5 13

tmc S Average duration of a hoisting cycle (2-391

UD toUS - Classes of utilisation of lifting appliances [2-33

Au v Permissible voltage drop t5-6J

VL m/s Hoisting speed (2-163: (5-171

vs m/s Theoreticel wind speed (2-223

vt m/s Nomina1 trave1 speed of appliance (2-2 13

V m/s Steady horizontal speed of point of suspension of load 12-451

V mm Distante of extreme fibre from centre of gravity of section in

crippling calculation (3-343

V m/s Trave1 speed (5-221

W J Work done per unit time during starting (5-263

Wf-)W’,W2 - Notch cases of unwelded members (3-481

wi s-1 Angular velocity of a mechanism part about itscentre of rotation

when calculating loads due to horizontal motion (2-451

W max J Maximum value indicated for motor of work done in starting without
hook load 15-263

X R/km Reactance per unit length 15-g)

X m Coordinate of point of suspension of hoist rope along an axis parallel

to the direction of trave1 [2-471

x1 m .Coordinate of position.of centre of gravity of suspended load along

an axis having the same direction. sense and origin as the axis of x
[2-461

Assessing coefficient for influente A [3-41

Assessing coefficient for influente B (3-61

Assessing coefficient for influente C (3-73

Minimum practical factor of safety for choice of steel wire ropes EY-’

Coordinate expressing horizontal displacement of load relative

to crane [2-461

'-16
 =d m Displacement of load during travei motion of crane E2-5 13

zm m Displacement of load during trave1 motion of crane 12-513

CL Ratio of sides of pane1 in buckling calculation (3-4 11

cl
Mmed (5-243
M max

ci Ratio of duration of use of mechanism during a hoisting cycle to

average duration of cycle CZ-393

cm Angle of inclination of rope during acceleration of crane CZ-491

B Time coefficient relating to acceleration of crane (Z-401

6crit Critica1 value of f . ? (Z-521

YC Amplifying coefficient of loading depending on crane group (Z-301

Ym Amplifying coefficient of loading depending on mechanism group

[Z-341

mm Shortening of joined elements under the tightening force in bolted

joints (3-l 51

AR2 mm Extension of bolt under tightening force 13-151

*s mm Divergente in span of crane 18-43; Divergente in crane rai1 centres

CEW

Elastic coefficient of bolted joints (3-151

Shielding coefficient in calculation of wind force [Z-281: Poisson’s

ratio (3-391: Overall efficiency of mechanism (5-173

0 Angle of wind relative to longitudinal axis of member (Z-291

K. K’, K “ Safety coefficients applying to bolted joints (3-151

K Ratio of the extreme stress values in fatigue calculation (3-243

K m/Qmm2 Electric conductivity [5.-81

Kx*Ky* Kxy Ratio of extreme individua1 stresses ux, oy, ~,~in fatigue calculation
13-521

x Coefficient applied to horizontal forces in trave1 motions (Z-201:

Slenderness of column in crippling calculation (3-331

Mass constant in calculation of loads due to acceleration of horizontal

motion 12-461: Coefficient of friction in threads [3-141: Coefficient
of friction of contact surfaces in bolted joints 13-191

V Safety coefficient for criticai stresses in structural members 13-31

V' Dead weight coefficient in calculation of structural members subjectec

to significant deformation 13-231

VE Safety coefficient for calculation of structural members depending

on case of loading (3-103

1-17
 Safety coefficient for calculation of mechanism parts depending on
case of loading (4-33

VT E. safety coefficient for calcufation of bolted joints depending

o:case of loading (3-191

“V Safety coefficient for buckling 13-221

VK Safety coefficient for verification of fatigue strength of mechanism

parts [4-l 13

5 Experimentally determined coefficient depending on crane type for

calculating dynamic coefficient (2-161

P Reducing coefficient applied to critica1 stresses in buckling calculati

13-401

PI Coefficient used to determine the dynamic test load 12-313

p2 Coefficient used to determine the static test load [2-311

u N/mm2 Calculated stress in structures in general [3-101

‘50 N/mm2 Tensile stress fOr K = 0 in calculation of fatigue strength [3-503 ’

al N/mm2 Working stress in the root section of bolts [3-151

‘i N/mm2 Equivalent stresses permissible for bolts t3-151

o+1 N/mm2 Permissible tensile stress for K = +t in fatigue calculation E3-503

OA N/mm2 Amplitude of the permissible maximum stress in bolts for fatigue

calculations (3-l 63

N/mm2 Apparent elastic limit of steel (3-101

N/mm2 Tensile stress due to permanent load (3-41; Stress due to dead
weight (3-233

N/mm2 Ultimate tensile strength 13-l 03

N/mm2 The EULER Stress E3-391

N/mm2 Stress due to variable loads (3-233

N/mm2 Permissible tensile stress for structural members (3-41: Permissible

stress for mechanism parts (Y-33

aaf N/mm2 Permissible norme1 stress for verification of fatigue strength of

mechanism parts 14-I 13

ab N/mm2 Initial stress in calculating bolted joints 13-141

obw N/mm2 Endurance limit of materials of mechanism parts under alternating

bending [4-63

N/mm2 Permissible fetigue strength in compression for structural members

13-493: Calculated compressive stress for mechanism parts (4-43

N/mm2 Compression stress in wheel and rai1 14-251

1-18
 ocP N/mm2 Equivalant stress used in calculating structural members (3-l 21

Ocr N/mm2 Critica1 stress used in calculating structural members subjected

to large deformetions 13-233

0” N/mm2 Critica1 buckling stress (3-393

cr
u” N/mm2 Critica1 comparison stress used in buckling calculation 13-401
cr.c

ud N/mm2 Endurance limit of materials of mechanism parts [4-61

”f N/mm2 Calculated bending stress in mechanism parts (4-41

OY N/mm2 Idea1 buckling stress for thin walled circular cylinders 13-441
I

oinf N/mm2 Lower stress in determination of stress spectrum [Z-131

ak N/mm2 Fatigue strength of mechanism parts (4-101

akx N/mm2 Fatigue strength for norma1 stresses in the x direction (Y-121

% N/mm2 Fatigue strength for norma1 stresses in the y direction (4-121

Tm N/mm2 Arithmetic mean of all upper and lower stresses during the total
duration of use (2-131: Permissible stress in conformity tests to
IS0 3600/1 (3-161

Ornax N/mm2 Maximum stress in fatigue calculation for structural members 13-247

omin N/mm2 Minimum stress in fatigue calculation for structural members f-3-251

On N/mm2 Bearing pressure in riveted joints (3-133

OP N/mm2 Theoretical tensile stress in bolt due to tightening [3-141

%.lp N/mm2 Upper stress in determination of stress spectrum [2-131

%up max N/mm2 Maximum upper stress in determination fo stress spectrum (2-133

Osup min N/mm2 Minimum upper stress in determination of stress spectrum (2-131

ut N/mm2 Permissible tensile stress in fatigue verification of structural

members f3-4gl: Calculated tensile stress in mechanism parts [4-Y]:
Tensile stress in rope 14-343

QV N/mm2 Reduced buckling stress of thin walled circular cylinders (3-441

aW N/mm2 Permissible stress in, alternating tension/compression in fatigue

verification of mechanism parts 13-463

owk N/mm2 Permissible alternating stress in fatigue verification of mechanism

parts 14-73

0X N/mm2 Norme1 stress in the x direction when calculating structural

members [3- 121

oxa N/mm2 Permissible stress in fatigue verification of structural members

13-523

l-19
 ux max N/mm2 Maximum stress in fatigue verification of structural members [3-52)

Ox min N/mm2 Minimum stress in fatigue verification of structural members 13-521

aY N/mm2 Norma1 stress in the y direction when calculating structural membars

(3-121

9a N/mm2 Permissible stress in fetigue verification of structural members (3-52

ay max N/mm2 Meximum stress in fatigue verification of structural members (3-521

cy min N/mm2 Minimum stress in fatigue verification of structural members (3-521

T N/mm2 ghear stress in general [3-121: Glculated She8r stress for mechanism
parts [4-43

Ta N/mm2 Permissible shear stress when calculating structural members [3- 1 11

Taf N/mm2 Permissible shear stress in fatigue verification of mechanism parts

14-l 11

‘b N/mm2 Torsional stress in bolts due to tightening 13-141

T V N/mm2 Critica1 buckling shear stress [3-391

cr

Td N/mm2 Endurance Iimit of materials of mechanism parts (4-61

‘k N/mm2 Fatigue strength of mechanism perts 14-101

Tmax N/mm2 Maximum shear stress in fatigue verification of mechanism parts

[3-253

Tmin N/mm2 Minimum shear stress in fatigue verification of mechanism parts

/3-251

N/mm2 Endurance limit under alternating shear of materials of mechanism

parts 14-73

T Ratio of duration of action of a known torque to m,otor running

time (5-241

Twk N/mm2 Endurance limit under alternating shear in fatigue verification

of mechanism parts (4-73

TxY N/mm2 Shear stress when calculating structural members 13-l 21

=Xy8 N/mm2 Permissible shear stress in fatigue verification of structural

members [3-523

‘xy max N/mm2 Maximum shear stress in fatigue verification of structural members
13-521

‘xy min N/mm2 Minimum shear stress in fatigue verification of structurel members
(3-521

Slope of Wohler curve [Y-g1

l-20
Y Dynamic coefficient for hoist motion 12-161: Ratio of stresses
at piate edges in buckling calculation El-223

Ih Dynamic coefficient when calculating loads due to acceleration of

horizontal motions (2-461

n Tolerante factor in bolted joints El-141

w Crippling coefficient 1%223

w s-1 Angular velocity of shaft when calculating ioads due to horizontal

motion (2-561

s-1 Frequencies of oscillation during load swing (2-503

s-1 Angular velocity of motor 12-493

1-21