DON MARIANO MARCOS MEMORIAL STATE UNIVERSITY

North La Union Campus

Agoo, La Union
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION TO AGRI-
FISHERY ARTS II

(STLE 108)

GILBERT A. PAGADO
 Don Mariano Marcos Memorial State University
SOUTH LA
UNION CAMPUS COLLEGE
OF EDUCATION
TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION

STLE 108
Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts
II

i
 Course Outline
in
Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts II

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 ¥ COURSE DESCRIPTION

This course is a continuation of Introduction to Agri-Fishery Arts I and it

focus on specialized field in Agri-Fishery Arts such as Animal Crop
production, Aquaculture, Fish Capture and Organic Agriculture

OBJECTIVE

At the end of the course, the students should have been able to have:

1. Gain sufficient understanding of the theoretical aspects in the field of agri-

fishery arts and develop basic skills by actual application of agricultural and
fishery production in relation to the mission of the University.

COURSE REQUIREMENTS

1. Learning activities;
2. Periodic examinations(midterm and final Exams); and
3. Assignments and other related research works.

GRADING SYSTEM
Assignments/Quizzes - 40%
Midterm/Final Examinations - 60%
Total 100%

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COURSE CONTENT
AGRICULTURE ARTS

CHAPTER 1 – Basic Concepts of Agricultural Crop Production

Lesson 1 Definition and Importance of Agriculture

Lesson 2 Brief History of Agriculture

Lesson 3 Branches of Agriculture

Lesson 4 Types of Agricultural Crops and Its Classifications

Lesson 5 Types Of Commercial Food Crops in the Philippines

Lesson 6 Plant Parts and Its Function

CHAPTER 2 – Farm Tools, Equipments, Inputs and Labor

Lesson 1 Farm Tools

Lesson 2 Farm Equipment

Lesson 3 Maintenance

Lesson 4 Farm Inputs and Labor

CHAPTER 3 – Basic Calculation

Lesson 1 Basic Workplace Calculation

CHAPTER 4- Farm Plans and Drawing

Lesson 1 Farm Plans and Layout

Lesson 2 Irrigation Plans and Design

CHAPTER 5- Safety Measures in Farm Operations

Lesson 1 Safety Measures in Farm Operation

Lesson 2 Safe Keep/Dispose Tools, Materials and Outfit

FISHERY ARTS

CHAPTER 6 – Basic Concept of Fishery

Lesson 1 Definition of Fishery and Its Importance

Lesson 2 Brief History of Fishery

Lesson 3 Branches of Fishery

Lesson 4 Morphology of Fish

CHAPTER 7 – Fish Culture

Lesson 1 Aspects, Classifications and Methods of Fish Culture

Lesson 2 Terminologies in Fish Culture

Lesson 3 Facilities, Parts of Fish Pond and Their Functions

Lesson 4 Cultivable Fish and Crustacean Species

CHAPTER 8 – Fish Capture

Lesson 1.1 Fishing Methods and Gears

Lesson 1.2 Fishing Gear Construction and Operation

Lesson 1.3 Fishing Gear Proper Handling and Safety Measures

Lesson 2 Common Commercial Species of Aquatic Resources

CHAPTER 9 – Fish Preservation

Lesson 1.1 Fish Preservation Terminologies

Lesson 1.2 Body, Cuts and Market Forms of Fish

Lesson 2.1 Fish Preservation Principles

Lesson 2.2 Characteristics of Fresh from Stale Fish

Lesson 2.3 Agents of Spoilage

Lesson 3.1 Types of Fish Curing with Their Principles

Lesson 3.2 Tools and Equipment

Basic Concepts of Agricultural Crop Production

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Agriculture – it is the science, art and practice of cultivating the

soil, producing crops and raising livestock and in varying degrees
the preparation and marketing and resulting of productsFarm
Equipment - These are machineries used in crop production. They
are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and
products. These equipment need a highly skilled operator to use

Farm Implements - accessories pulled by animals or mounted to

machineries to make the work easier

Farm Tools - objects that are usually light and are used without the
help of animals and machines

Fertile Crescent – semicircle of fertile land stretching from

southeast coast of Mediterranean around Syrian Desert, North of
Arabia to Persian Gulf

Neolithic – of or relating to the latest period of the Stone Age

characterized by polished stone implements

Parthenocarpy – the production of fruits without fertilization

LESSON 1:

DEFINITION AND IMPORTANCE OF AGRICULTURE

What is Agriculture? Nominal Definition (explains what a name is)
Agriculture comes from the Latin words ager, agri meaning field and cultura
meaning growing, cultivation. Therefore it means “growing and cultivating
of the field.” Real Definition (explains what a thing is) Agriculture is the
science or practice of farming which includes the cultivation of the soil for
the growing of crops and fruit-bearing trees. It also considers the raising of
animals to provide food and other raw materials which can produce another
product.

Elements in the Definition of Agriculture

 It is a science, because of systematically organized body of knowledge

which not only based on opinions, hypothesis and theories but on factual and
absolute knowledge. Also, it is a practice because of the actual applications of
the ideas.

 Of farming, because is the act or process of working the ground, planting

seeds, and growing edible plants. It can also include raising animals for milk,
meat and wool.

VALUE OF AGRICULTURE

Agriculture has a vital role in the life and progress of an economy. It does
provide food which is the basic needs of mankind, not only to sustain food
and raw material but also employment opportunities to a vast number of the
population of a country. It can be a source of livelihood which can contribute
to micro and macro community, supplying and sustaining food and fodder
that are the basic necessities of human to live, promoting the diplomatic
friendship facilitated by trading system in local, national and international
arena, marketable surplus products, source of saving of the entire national
budget and basis of the economic development of a country. Without
agriculture, the economy will be at high risk to food security that may result
into serious national problems. The effect may be adverse or even worse.

LESSON 2: BRIEF HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE

Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone
significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation. Ancient
Origins The Fertile Crescent of the Middle East was the site of the earliest
planned sowing and harvesting of plants that had previously been gathered
in the wild. Independent development of agriculture occurred in northern
and southern China, Africa's Sahel, New Guinea and several regions of the
Americas. Barley has been found in archeological sites in Levant, and East
of the Zagros Mountains in Iran. The eight so-called Neolithic founder crops
of agriculture includes emmer wheat einkorn wheat, hulled barley, peas,
lentils, bitter vetch, chick peas and flax. Bitter vetch and lentils along with
almonds and pistachios appear in Franchthi Cave Greece simultaneously,
about 9,000 BC. Neither was native 11 LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-
FISHERY ARTS to Greece, and they appear 2,000 years prior to
domesticated wheat in the same location. This suggests that the cultivation of
legumes and nuts preceded that of grain in some Neolithic cultures. By 7,000
BC, small-scale agriculture reached Egypt. From at least 7,000 BC the
Indian subcontinent saw farming of wheat and barley, as attested by
archaeological excavation at Mehrgarh in Balochistan. By 6,000 BC, mid-
scale farming was entrenched on the banks of the Nile. About this time,
agriculture was developed independently in the Far East, with rice, rather
than wheat, as the primary crop. Chinese and Indonesian farmers went on to
domesticate taro and beans including mung, soy and azuki. To complement
these new sources of carbohydrates, highly organized net fishing of rivers,
lakes and ocean shores in these areas brought in great volumes of essential
protein. Collectively, these new methods of farming and fishing inaugurated
human population boom dwarfing all previous expansions, and it continues
today. By 5,000 BC, the Sumerians had developed core agricultural
techniques including large scale intensive cultivation of land, mono-
cropping, organized irrigation, and use of a specialized labour force,
particularly along the waterway now known as the Shatt al-Arab, from its
Persian Gulf delta to the confluence of the Tigris and Euphrates.
Domestication of wild aurochs and mouflon into cattle and sheep,
respectively, ushered in the large-scale use of animals for food/fiber and as
beasts of burden. The shepherd joined the farmer as an essential provider
for sedentary and semi-nomadic societies. Maize, manioc, and arrowroot
were first domesticated in the Americas as far back as 5,200 BC. The potato,
tomato, pepper, squash, several varieties of bean, tobacco, and several other
plants were also developed in the New World, as was extensive terracing of
steep hillsides in much of Andean South America. The Greeks and Romans
built on techniques pioneered by the Sumerians but made few fundamentally
new advances. Southern Greeks struggled with very poor 12 LEARNING
MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS soils, yet managed to become a
dominant society for years. The Romans were noted for an emphasis on the
cultivation of crops for trade. Middle Ages During the Middle Ages, Muslim
farmers in North Africa and the Near East developed and disseminated
agricultural technologies including irrigation systems based on hydraulic
and hydrostatic principles, the use of machines and the use of water raising
machines, dams, and reservoirs. They also wrote location-specific farming
manuals, and were instrumental in the wider adoption of crops including
sugar cane, rice, citrus fruit, apricots, cotton, artichokes, aubergines, and
saffron. Muslims also brought lemons, oranges, cotton, almonds, figs and
sub-tropical crops such as bananas to Spain. The invention of a three field
system of crop rotation during the Middle Ages, and the importation of the
Chinese-invented moldboard plow, vastly improved agricultural efficiency.
Another important development towards the end of this period was the
discovery and subsequent cultivation of fodder crops which allowed over-
wintering of livestock. Modern Era After 1492, a global exchange of
previously local crops and livestock breeds occurred. Key crops involved in
this exchange included the tomato, maize, potato, cocoa and tobacco going
from the New World to the Old, and several varieties of wheat, spices, coffee,
and sugar cane going from the Old World to the New. The most important
animal exportations from the Old World to the New were those of the horse
and dog (dogs were already present in the pre-Columbian Americas but not
in the numbers and breeds suited to farm work). Although not usually food
animals, the horse (including donkeys and ponies) and dog quickly filled
essential production roles on western hemisphere farms. By the early 1800s,
agricultural techniques, implements, seed stocks and cultivated plants
selected and given a unique name because of its decorative or 13
LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-FISHERY ARTS useful characteristics
had so improved that yield per land unit was many times seen in the Middle
Ages. With the rapid rise of mechanization in the late 19th and 20th
centuries, particularly in the form of the tractor, farming tasks could be
done with a speed and on a scale previously impossible. These advances have
led to efficiencies enabling certain modern farms in the United States,
Argentina, Israel, Germany, and a few other nations to output volumes of
high quality produce per land unit at what may be the practical limit. The
Haber-Bosch method for synthesizing ammonium nitrate represented a
major breakthrough and allowed crop yields to overcome previous
constraints. In the past century agriculture has been characterized by
enhanced productivity, the substitution of labor for synthetic fertilizers and
pesticides, selective breeding, mechanization, water pollution, and farm
subsidies. In recent years there has been a backlash against the external
environmental effects of conventional agriculture, resulting in the organic
movement. Agricultural exploration expeditions, since the late nineteenth
century, have been mounted to find new species and new agricultural
practices in different areas of the world.

LESSON 3: BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE

BRANCHES OF AGRICULTURE

There are four main branches of agriculture, namely;

1. Livestock Production or Animal Husbandry

2. Crop Production or Agronomy

3. Agricultural Economics

4. Agricultural Engineering
I Livestock Production or Animal Husbandry -is the branch of
agriculture concerned with animals that are raised for meat, fiber, milk,
eggs, or other products. The term "livestock" encompasses many species and
numerous breeds within animal species which can produce food and other
raw materials. Livestock production or Animal Husbandry has 4 common
classifications such as:

a) Nomadic Pastoralism -is the husbandry of grazing animals is viewed as

an ideal way of making a living and the regular movement of all or part of
the society is considered a normal and natural part of life. Pastoral
nomadism is commonly practice where climatic conditions produce seasonal
pastures but cannot support sustained stationary agriculture because of the
animals’ food limitations.

b.) Poultry Farming -is the raising of birds domestically or commercially,

primarily for meat and eggs as well as for feathers. Chickens, turkeys,
ducks, and geese are of primary importance, while guinea fowl and squabs
(young pigeons) are chiefly of local interest

c.) Swine Farming- is the raising and breeding of domestic pigs as

livestock, and is a branch of animal husbandry. Pigs are farmed principally
for food (e.g. pork, bacon, gammon) or sometimes skinned.

d.) Apiculture -is the scientific method of rearing honeybees. The word
‘apiculture’ comes from the Latin word apis meaning bee and colere which
means “to culture”. Bees are mainly reared for their honey. So, apiculture or
also known as beekeeping is the care and management of honey bees for the
production of honey and the wax. In this method of apiculture, bees are bred
commercially in apiaries, an area where a lot of beehives can be placed.
Apiaries can be set up in areas where there are sufficient bee pastures –
usually areas that have flowering plants.
II Crop Production or Agronomy -It is the science dealing with the
cultivation of crops and vegetables on a field scales either under rain fed or
irrigation conditions. These crops are mainly annuals cultivated food. The
requirements of each crop are studied in terms of soil and climate, as well as
planting time and techniques, different cultivars, fertilization, weed, disease,
and insect control, as well as the effect of stress factors. Crop Production or
Agronomy includes:

Horticulture= is the science and art of growing and caring for plants,
especially flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The word is derived from the Latin
hortus which means “garden” and colere which means “to culture”. As a
general term, it covers all forms of garden management, but in ordinary use
it refers to intensive commercial production. Horticulture has 3 branches
namely, pomology, olericulture and floriculture.

1) Pomology- is the branch of botany that studies all fruits, specifically the
science of growing fruits and nuts. The word is derived from the Latin
pomum which means “fruit” and logia which means “field of study”. As a
branch of horticulture, it focuses to the cultivation of fruits, nuts,
fruitbearing and nut-bearing trees/plants for human use and consumption.

2) Olericulture is the science and art of vegetable growing, dealing with the
culture of non-woody (herbaceous) plants for food. The word is derived from
the Latin oleris which means “pot herb” and colere which means “to
culture”. As language develops over long period of time, it is simply defined
as the science and art of growing vegetables crops. It deals with the
production, storage processing and marketing of vegetables. It encompasses
crop establishment, including cultivar selection, seedbed preparation and
establishment of vegetable crops by seed and transplants. It also includes
maintenance and care of vegetable crop production.
3) Floriculture refers to farming, plant care, propagation, and cultivation
with one goal in mind, the maximum production of flowering and
ornamental plants for gardens and floristry, comprising the floral industry.
The word is derived from the Latin floris which means “flower” and colere
which means “to culture”. Therefore, it is the cultivation of flower. To
elaborate, floriculture is an entire gardening spectrum that is geared
towards understanding and improving all aspects of bud and flower
creation, including indoor lighting, growroom requirements, greenhouse
needs, plant nutrition, irrigation, pest management, and breeding new
cultivars/strains.

III Agricultural Economics is study of the allocation, distribution and

utilization of the resources used, along with the commodities produced, by
farming. It concerns itself with the study of the production and consumption
of food in both developed and developing countries along with analysis of the
policies that shape the world’s largest country.

IV Agricultural Engineering is the area of engineering concerned with

the design, construction and improvement of farming equipment and
machinery. Agricultural engineers integrate technology with farming. For
example, they design new and improved farming equipment that may work
more efficiently, or perform new tasks. They design and build agricultural
infrastructure such as dams, water reservoirs, warehouses, and other
structures. They may also help engineer solutions for pollution control at
large farms. Some agricultural engineers are developing new forms of
biofuels from non-food resources like algae and agricultural waste. Such
fuels could economically and sustainably replace gasoline without
jeopardizing the food supply

LESSON 4: TYPES OF AGRICULTURAL CROPS AND ITS

CLASSIFICATIONS
Agricultural crops are plants that are grown or intentionally
managed by man for certain purposes. They are classified in
various terms used worldwide. Types of Crops Crops are divided
into six falls into categories and they’re as follows:

1. Food Crops

2. Feed Crops

3. Fiber Crops

4. Oil Crops

5. Ornamental Crops

6. Industrial Crops

Descriptions of Crops According to their Categories

I Food Crops – A plant that is primarily raise, culture and harvest for the
human consumption. It has two sub categories, the field crops and root
crops.

a) Field crop- is a crop (other than fruits or vegetables) that is grown on a

large scale for agricultural purposes. Examples are wheat, rice, corn,
sugarcane and other forage crops. These crops typically consist of a large
majority of agricultural acreage and crop revenues.

b) Root Crops – are underground plant parts edible for human

consumption

II Feed Crops – A plant that is primarily raise, culture and harvest for the
livestock consumption.
III. Fiber Crops – A plant that is primarily raise, culture and harvest for
its fibers which are used as raw material.

IV. Oil Crops – A plant that is primarily raise, culture and harvest as base
for biodiesel production.

V. Ornamental Crops – A plant that is primarily raise and culture for

decorative purposes especially in gardens and landscape design projects.

VI. Industrial Crops – A plant that is cultured for their biological

materials which are used in industrial processes into nonedible products.
(Example: Tobacco)

Classification of Crops According to their Reproduction

1. Sexual - plants that develop from a seed or a spore after undergoing

union of male and female gametes

2. Asexual – plants which reproduce by any vegetative means without the

union of the sexual gametes

Classification of Crops According to Mode of Pollination

I.Naturally Self Pollinated Crops – predominant mode of pollination in

this plant is self-pollination.

II. Naturally Cross Pollinated Crops – pollen transfer in these plants is

from another of one flower in a separate plant.

III. Both Self and Cross Pollination Crops – these plants are largely
selfpollinated but in varying amounts.

Classifications of Crops According to Growth Habits

I.Herb – succulent plants with self-supporting stems.

II. Vines – herbaceous climbing or twining plants without self-supporting
stem.

III. Lianas – woody climbing or twining plants which depend on other

plants for vertical support to climb up to the tree

IV. Shrubs – a small tree or tree like plants generally less than 5 meters in
height but other authorities restricted to small, erect woody plants.

V. Trees – plants having erect and continuous growth with a large develop
of woody tissue, with a single distinct stem or trunk.

VI. Evergreen – plants that maintain their leaves throughout the year.

VII. Deciduous – plants which naturally shed off or lose leaves annually
for extended periods.

Descriptions of Crops According to their Life Span

I.Annual crop is a plant that completes its life cycle, from germination to
production of seed, within one growing season, and then dies. Annual crops
examples are rice, corn and others.

II. Biennial crop is a plant that takes two years to complete its biological
lifecycle. Its examples are cabbage, parsley and others.

III. Perennial crop is a plant that lives more than two years. The term is
often used to differentiate a plant from shorter-lived annuals and biennials.
The term is also widely used to distinguish plants with little or no woody
growth from trees and shrubs, which are also technically perennials

LESSON 5: TYPES OF COMMERCIAL FOOD CROPS IN THE

PHILIPPINES
I.Food Crop- A crop primarily raised and culture for human consumption.
There are 5 major categories of common commercial crops in the Philippines
they are the following: cereal crops, root and tuber crops, sugar crops,
vegetable crops, fruit crops.

a)Cereal Crops – are one of the members of grass family with their seed to
eat.

b) Root and Tuber Crops – a crop that is root vegetables and thick
underground part of the stem which is edible to consume by human.

c) Sugar Crops – several species of tall perennial grass that are grown for
extraction of sugar product.

d) Vegetable Crops – are edible part/s of the plant.

e) Fruit Crops – are groups of different types of fruits that are edible to
consume by human.

LESSON 6: PLANT PARTS AND ITS FUNCTION

A plant has different parts. The main parts are the roots, stem and the
leaves. Each part has a vital role in the life of a plant. The root absorbs water
and different nutrients in the ground. The roots also establish the plant as
foundation. The stem carries the water and different nutrients from the
ground to the leaves. It also supports the foundation.

1. Roots-The main functions of the root system are absorption of water

and minerals from the soil, providing a proper anchorage to the plant
parts, storing reserve food material and synthesis of plant growth
regulators

2. The stem of a plan-t is one of two structural parts of a vascular

plant (a plant that has tissues for moving water and nutrients), the
other being the root. The stem is the part above ground which provides
support for leaves and buds. It's like the major highway of a plant,
and it's vital for plant life.
3. Leaf -is a flattened structure of a higher plant, typically green and
bladelike, that is attached to a stem directly or via a stalk. Leaves are
the main organs of photosynthesis and transpiration.

4. The flower -is the reproductive unit in the angiosperms. It is meant

for sexual reproduction. Androecium and gynoecium are reproductive
organs. When a flower has both androecium and gynoecium, it is
bisexual. A flower having either only stamens or only carpels is
unisexual. Aestivation: The mode of arrangement of sepals or petals in
floral bud with respect to the other members of the same whorl is
known as aestivation.

5. The fruit- is a characteristic feature of the flowering plants. It is a

mature or ripened ovary, developed after fertilisation. If a fruit is
formed without fertilisation of the ovary, it is called a parthenocarpic
fruit. The ovules after fertilization, develop into seeds.
CHAPTER 2 : Farm Tools, Equipments, Inputs AND
LABOR

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Farm Equipments - These are machineries used in crop production. They

are used in land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products.
These equipments need a highly skilled operator to use

Farm Implements - accessories pulled by animals or mounted to

machineries to make the work easier.

Farm Tools - objects that are usually light and are used without the help of
animals or machines

Preventive Maintenance - an activity or operation done to prevent

malfunction of tools and equipment and it is done to prolong the useful life
of tools and equipment

Repair - to restore to good condition something broken or damaged.

LESSON 1: SELECT AND USING FARM TOOLS

FARM TOOLS IN AGRICULTURAL CROP PRODUCTION

Farm tools, implements, and equipment play very important role

in agricultural crop production. Their availability makes the work
much easier and faster. However, even if one may have the most
sophisticated tools and implements, but does not know how to use
them, they are useless. In order to do crop production operations
successfully, one must have a good working knowledge of the tools,
implements and equipment before using them.

Hand Tools
Hand tools are usually light and are used without the help of
animals or machines. They are being used in performing farm
activities which involve small areas like school garden and home
garden. Examples:

Axe -is for cutting bigger size post.

Bolo -is used for cutting tall grasses and weeds and chopping branches of
trees

Crowbar- is used for digging big holes and for digging out big stones and
stumps.

Grab-hoe - is used for breaking hard topsoil and pulverizing soil.

Hand Cultivator -is used for cultivating the garden plot by loosening the
soil and removing weeds around the plant.

Hand Fork -is used for inter row cultivation.

Hand Trowel -is used for loosening the soil around the growing plants and
putting small amount of manure fertilizer in the soil.

Knife- is for cutting planting materials and for performing other operations
in horticulture.

Light Hoe -is used for loosening and leveling soil and digging out furrows
for planting.

Pick-mattock -is used for digging canals, breaking hard topsoil and for
digging up stones and tree stumps.

Pruning Shears- is for cutting branches of planting materials and

unnecessary branches of plants.
Rake -is used for cleaning the ground and leveling the topsoil.

Shovel -is used in removing trash, digging loose soil, moving soil from one
place to another and for mixing soil media.

Sickle- is a hand-held agricultural tool with a variously curved blade

typically used for cutting weeds

Spade -is used for removing trash or soil, digging canals or ditches and
mixing soil media.

Spading Fork- is used for loosening the soil, digging out root crops and
turning over the materials in a compost heap

Sprayers -are for spraying insecticides, foliar fertilizers, fungicides and

herbicides.

Sprinkler- is for watering seedlings and young plants.

Wheel barrow -is used for hauling trash, manures, fertilizers, planting
materials and other equipment.

Water Pail -is for hauling water, manure and fertilizers

Farm Implements

These are accessories which are being pulled by working animals or

mounted to machineries (hand tractor, tractor) which are usually used in the
preparation of land. These are usually made of a special kind of metal

Plows- are farm implements either pulled by a working animal or a tractor.

The plow is specifically used for tilling large areas, making furrows and inter
row cultivation. Plows pulled by working animals are made of either a
combination of metal and wood or pure metal. They are used to till areas
with a shallower depth than that of the disc plows which are pulled by
tractors.
Harrows -are used for tilling and pulverizing the soil. The native wooden
harrow is made of wood with metal teeth and pulled by a carabao while the
disc harrow is made of metal mounted to a tractor

Rotavator- is an implement mounted to a tractor used for tilling and

pulverizing the soil.

LESSON 2: SELECT FARM EQUIPMENT

COMMON FARM EQUIPMENT

These are machineries used in crop production. They are used in

land preparation and in transporting farm inputs and products.
These equipments need a highly skilled operator to use.

Hand Tractor- is used to pull a plow and harrow in preparing a large area
of land.

Four Wheel Tractor- is used to pull disc plow and disc harrow in
preparing much bigger area of land.

Water Pump -is used to draw irrigation water from a source.

Thresher- is a piece of farm equipment that threshers grain, that is, it

removes the seeds from the stalks.

Corn Dehusker- machine is used to peel the skin of corn and make maize
removed from the cob

Rice Harvester -makes the harvesting process easier by combining six

operations such as gathering, transporting, reaping, threshing, cleaning and
bagging into one machine.

Grass Cutter -a device used to cut the grass, as a lawn mower.

Rice Seeder -is for sowing germinated paddy seed directly in wetland field.
Miller- is to remove the husk and the bran layers, and produce an edible
white rice

LESSON 3: PERFORM MAINTENANCE

PRE-OPERATIVE CHECK UP OF FARM TOOLS AND

EQUIPMENT

LESSON 4: FARM INPUTS AND LABOR

FARM INPUTS

They are defined as products permitted for use in organic farming.

These include feedstuffs, fertilizers and permitted plant protection
products. The resources that are used in farm production. The
following are examples:

Seed- is a material which is used for planting or regeneration purpose.

However scientifically, it is a fertilized matured ovule together covered with
seed coat and it is a propagating material. Thus, seed is the most vital and
crucial input for crop production.

Fertilizer- is a chemical or natural substance added to soil or land to

increase its fertility. There are two types of fertilizer; organic and inorganic.

Pesticide- is a substance used for destroying insects or other organisms

harmful to cultivated plants or animals.

FARM LABOR

Farm labor- is the manpower to perform agricultural works such as land

preparation, planting, sowing, plant caring, maintenance, harvesting, and
storing. It is the comprehensive efforts by an individual or group of men to
successfully fulfill the needs of the demand of farm operations.
LABOR REQUIREMENT FOR LAND PREPARATION

Plowing using animal

Plowing using tractor

Clearing of the land using hoe

Harrowing using hand tractor

LABOR REQUIREMENT IN PLANTING OF SEEDLINGS

Transplanting of seedlings

LABOR REQUIREMENT FOR PLANT CARE

Fertilizer Application

Pest Control

Irrigation

Weeding

Harvesting

Threshing Rice

Drying Rice

Threshing Corn

Drying Corn

Storing
CHAPTER 3

LESSON 1: BASIC WORKPLACE CALCULATIONS

PERFORM CALCULATION It is important to be able to measure

and calculate surface areas. It might be necessary to calculate, for
example, the surface area of the cross-section of a canal or the
surface area of a farm. This section will discuss the calculation of
some of the most common surface areas: triangle, square,
rectangle, rhombus, parallelogram, trapezium and circle.

CHAPTER 6: Basic Concept of Fishery

DEFINITION OF TERMS

Fishery (plural: fisheries) - is an organized effort by humans to catch fish

or other aquatic species, an activity known as fishing.

Tianyuan Man – are the remains of one of the earliest modern human to
inhabit East Asia

Fish Culture – the human effort of raising the maximum productivity of

fish and other fishery aquatic products and maintaining the supply of these
products to satisfy human needs

Fish Capture – – branch of fishery science deals with the scientific method
of catching fish as well and the type of fishing gear used

Fish Preservation – branch of fishery science that deals with the scientific
method of preserving fish and other fishery aquatic products to prevent
spoilage
LESSON 1: DEFINITION OF
FISHERY AND ITS IMPORTANCE

What is FISHERY?
As the time goes by, different centuries and generation are past.
The original term of fish were interpret by various early people.
The term has a different version to another set of people. From the
Proto-Indo-European(4500 BC to 2500 BC) it is used as peysk/pisk.
It was used for numbered centuries, then, the term was again
change because of the passing of generation to generation and
another generation. The term in the language of Proto-Germanic
(500 BC) was fiskaz. The term in West Frisian was fisk, in Dutch
was vis, in Danish and Norwegian was fisk, in German was fisch.
Old English adopted it and later it was coined as fisc. Today, the
contemporary English now term it as fish. In our Philipinelocal
term is isdaFish is approximately 34,000 species of vertebrate
scaly-skinned animal, which swims and found in the fresh and salt
waters of the world. It breathes under the water because of their
gills, absorbing the oxygen from the water to suffice the needs of
body to live. Fish is a vertebrate being because they have a skeleton
with a spine. Just like mammals, birds, reptiles and amphibians,
fish have a skeleton made from bone. But rays and sharks have a
skeleton made of a rubbery, softer substance called cartilage. A fish
wiggle its tail to swim through water. Their fins function as the
steer and support their body to stay upright. Fins are covered in
skin without scale. Bony rays supported the fins to maintain the
structure and functionality of fins. A fish has an armored body by
scales to protect from the parasites and other injuries. Scales also
gives the fish a reflectors and coloration to hide and camouflage
themselves from the predators’ sight. Fishery (plural: fisheries) is
an organized effort by humans to catch fish or other aquatic
species, an activity known as fishing including the processing and
marketing as well as protecting and conserving fish and other
fishery product for sustainable use
VALUE OF fishery

Fishery has a vital role in the life and progress of an economy. It

does provide food which is the basic needs of mankind, yet not only
sustain food and raw material but also employment opportunities
to a vast number of the population in country. It can be a source of
livelihood which can lead to 204 LEARNING MODULE IN AGRI-
FISHERY ARTS contribute to micro and macro community;
supplying, sustaining food and fodder that are the basic necessities
of human to live, promoting the diplomatic relationship facilitated
by trading system in local, national and international, marketable
surplus products, protect our environment and natural resources,
another source of savings of the entire national budget and basis of
the economic development of a country. Without fishery, the
economy will be at high risk to food security that may be resulted
into serious national problems. The above mentioned statements
may occur obverse and the opposite of those things may happen.

LESSON 2: BRIEF
HISTORY OF FISHERY
Regular eating of freshwater fish was evident in 42,000 and 39,000
years ago by the Tianyuan man. Hunter-gatherer lifestyle was the
mostly work of the people. So, they move a lot because they seek
their food. The only permanent settlement is the cave and/or shell
midden. Discarded fish bone and carved painting in the caves was
supported the evidence that fishing was occurring in the early ages.
Based from the arts was observed, they hunt fish at the salt and
freshwater. One of the examples is from the Southern France, the
cave art is 16,000 years old. It represents the marine animals and
spearfishing with barbed poles also known as harpoons. Main
fishing methods appearing in the Neolithic times between 8,000
and 4,000 years ago. One of the early fishing hooks was gorge hook
used by Native Americans of the California coast between 7,500 to
3,000 year ago. Some other tribes used plant toxins to numb fish
and fish it out easily. Harappans (people that lived during the
Bronze Age at the place of today’s archaeological site in Punjab,
Eastern Pakistan,) used one of the first bronze harpoons. Ancient
Egypt was famously known as the sea-side settlers and heavily
dependent to the fishing. Method of fishing used on the Nile River
was shown at their artworks which are at the wall tomb, on
drawing and papyrus documents. Ancient Egyptian fished in small
reed ships Nile perch, catfish and eels, and used woven nets, weir
baskets, harpoons, and hook and line to catch them. The first metal
barbed fish hooks appeared during the 12th dynasty. Ancient
Greeks considered fisherman of very low status so that they
depicted them in art. Despite of this, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston,
has a Greek wine cup from 500 BC that shows a boy that crouches
on a rock and has a fishing rod in his hand and a fish trap in water
below him. Basically – all civilizations that lived near the water
have developed some forms of fishing and relied on fish as a part of
their diet to some extent. It is not known when commercial fishing
started but was characteristic for it was that is used types of fishing
which allowed for a larger catch. To do that, fishermen used
gillnets which existed from ancient times. Thy were used in Middle
East, North America and other places and are still used in pacific
Northwest, Canada and Alaska. Early fishermen used nets close to
the coast but with improvements in navigation and communication
devices, mobility of fishing vessels increased largely and they
started conquering the oceans. Beside fish, catch of commercial
fishermen are sea cucumbers (so called “trepanging”) for markets
of Southern China and the rest of Southeast Asia. Except primarily
for food, fishing is used as recreational activity. The first mention
of recreational fishing dates from 15th century and it comes from
essay “Treatyse of Fysshyngewyth an Angle” by dame Juliana
Berners, the prioress of the Benedictine Sopwell Nunnery. This
type of fishing became popular during the 16th and 17th centuries
and it was performed on rivers and lakes. When the first
motorboats appeared in 19th century, big-game fishing started to
be popular. Dr.Charles Frederick Holder, a marine biologist and
early conservationist is considered an inventor of this branch of
fishing. Fishing is still today popular as a sport and as part of
economy of some country. Fishery is the business of catching,
handling, taking, marketing, and preserving of the fish and other
fishery produc

LESSON 3: BRANCHES
OF FISHERY
There are 3 branches of fishery and they are follows: 1. Fish
Culture – the human effort of raising the maximum productivity of
fish and other fishery aquatic products and maintaining the supply
of these products to satisfy human needs. 2. Fish Capture – branch
of fishery science deals with the scientific method of catching fish
as well and the type of fishing gear used. 3. Fish Preservation –
branch of fishery science that deals with the scientific method of
preserving fish and other fishery aquatic products to prevent
spoilage.

BRANCHES OF FISHERY ARTS OVERVIEW

Fish Culture -is an art and science of raising, rearing and propagating of
fish and other aquatic products under controlled or semi-controlled
environment. It is primarily practice for the support and sustenance to
human needs for consumption.

Fish culture under controlled condition- is one undertaken in an

aquarium, tank, hapa, fish cage, pen or pond.

Fish culture has three major phases: fish propagation, fish

cultivation and fish conservation.

Fish Propagation--is defined as the natural or artificial method of

promoting or enhancing reproduction and survival of fish and other aquatic
products. It includes keeping, maintaining and spawning breeders in tanks
or ponds, hatching the eggs in hatchery facilities, and nursing the delicate
larvae up to size suitable for stocking in the grow-our or rearing areas.
Fish Cultivation- simply means the rearing of fish and other aquatic
products from very young stage like fry and fingerlings, to marketable size.
It is done in fresh, brackish and marine waters in any of the rearing
contraptions or structures. The other types of sub-classification based on the
techniques applied and financial investments, namely: extensive, semi-
intensive and intensive.

 Extensive Fish Farming The fish feed entirely from the food web
within the pond, which may be enhanced by the addition of the
fertilizer or manure.

 Semi-Intensive Fish Farming The fish still obtain significant

nutrition from the food web within their pond, but they are also
given supplementary feed.

 Intensive Fish Farming The fish are kept at too high a stocking
density to obtain significant amount of feed from their
environment.

Fish Conservation- is the public control and various maintenances of the

various fisheries where fish and other fishery products are deprived. It work
should be designed to insure maximum sustainable yield of fish. For
instance, the continuous use of fishpond without proper maintenance, like
applying fertilizer, lowers the productivity of the soil. It lessens the capacity
of fish to reproduce

Fish Capture - is a rule or principle of capturing or operating methods of

fish and carried out distinct means with some regularity. It includes the
fishing gears, technologies and equipments for systematic capturing.

Fish Preservation- It is any operation that can prevent or inhibit the

natural process of breakdown or decomposition taking place in the fish. It is
known as fish processing
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