Health ,safety & risk management

Professional abilities

DPSP: directive principles of state policy-related to occupational hazard & safety

Part 4-aticle 36-51

Article 39

 Provide health and security to employees

 No child abuse

Article 42

 Just and humane work conditions

 Maternity relief

Article 43 A

 Participation of workers in industry management

PPE-personal protective equipment

7th schedule-article 246

Labour as a concurrent matter

Growth & evolution of safety

 Started after industrial evolution(1850)-london,europe

 Trade unions were formed to ensure labourers safety and better working
conditions
 Workmen’s compensation law1913-newyork
 In India-1923
Evolution of safety:

1. Removal of hazardous equipment/environment

2. Train workers
3. Setting up safety departments
4. Safety becoming part of organisational planning
5. Codes and standards of safety

Factors which led to growth of safety movement:

 Workers-trade union act-1926:for workers wages,better working

conditions, Factory act-1948
 Formation of safety organisations-OSHA ACT,1970- Occupational safety &
health administration(ministry of labor and employment),FDA(Food &
drug administration),EPA(Environment protection agency),NSC(National
safety council)
 Educated workers
 More safety legislations
 Humanistic approach policies and theories-giving importance to man power

Aspects of safety:

 Control of occupational health problems

 Creating safe working conditions
 Design of machine and work situation
 Controlling human factors responsible for accidents
 Creating conducive climate for working

Factories act 1948 (ammended in 1987 after Bhopal gas tragedy in 1984):
applicable to factories employing more than 10 ppl with power aid or employing
over 20 ppl without power aid

Provisions for workmen working in factories:

  Health
 Safety,safe working conditions
 Bodily strains and accidents
 Welfare and service conditions
 Working hours of adults
 Employment of young persons
 Leaves
 Overtime

Section 11: keep clean

Section 13: ventilation,temperature maintenance

Section 18: pure drinking water

Section 19: urinals

Section 21: proper fencing for machinery

Section 45: first aid box

Forward engineering: idea --- design --- product

Reverse (back)engineering: product --- design ---- idea/re-engineered system

Detailed drawings,compute models are not necessary.Duplicacy of product

REASONS FOR REVERSE ENGINEERING:

 Original product is in no longer existence

 Inadequate documentation of original design
 Some bad features of the product need to be designed out
 To improve product’s performance and enhance its good features
 To analyse good and bad features of competitor’s product to get that extra
edge
 To upgrade obsolete products

OBJECTIVES OF OSHA 1994:

 Secure the safety,health and welfare of persons at work

 Protect persons at workplace
 Promote occupational environment for persons at work

Ergonomics: Human factor

 Process of designing or arranging workplaces, products and systems so that

they fit the people who use them
 It aims to improve workspaces and environment to minimize risk of injury
or harm.

Industrial hazards:

(1) Physical
(2) Chemical
(3) Biological
(4) Psychological

Though ladders are cheap ,use of ladders must be last option after work
platforms,towers,scaffoldings.
MEWP: Mobile equipment working platforms

 Called as aerial work platforms

 These are safest and better option than industrial ladders
 Safe & efficient at heights
 These have mechanical,electric,hydraulical components inbuilt in them for
safety
 They can be easily manuevarable and flexible
 Their gradability is based on terrain limitations.surface on which they are
put must be leveled(not slope)
 For 30-40% slopes,outriggers(Load spreading stabilizers-to reduce risk of
sinking) are used in MEWP

Features of MEWP:

 Tyres are foam filled and we don’t use air filled tyres to avoid puncture
 Anti entrapment devices like alarms,protection bars are included for riskier
working environments
 Four wheel drive machines

Directive principles of state policy(enshrined in part IV of Indian constitution)

Articles 35-51

 Aims at realizing high ideals of justice,fraternity,equality,ensure common

good for people and establish social & economic democracy in the country
 3 types of prnciples: (1) social (2) gandhian (3) liberal

Article 39 - provide for securing health and strength of employees,men and

women , not to abuse tender age of children and citizens are not forced by
economic necessity to enter jobs unsuited to their age or strength

Article 43 A – Participation of workers in management

Article 24 – Prohibition of child labour

SLAG :

 Co product of iron & steel industry

 Mixture of metal oxide and silicon dioxides
 Can contain metal sulfides and other elemental materials
 It is valuable as it can be used for agriculture,environment processes and
construction industries
 Used for soil improvement
 It has properties of porosity,water holding capacity, bulk density due to
which it is a good adsorbent

Project management
PERT & CPM: tools of network diagram for project management

Project: group of activities for particular task in a sequence by a particular time

 inter related activities in a particular order

 starting point & end point
 activities require different resources:man,machine,material,money,time
 a schedule to complete at/by target date
 it is a temporary endeavour,progessively elaborated to give a unique
product

Program – vision..no starting and end points.It has many projects

Project: making/process – temporary

Product: outcome – permanent,it fulfills a customer’s need and it may have life
cycle with different phases

To make a product,it may require many projects

Product management deals with planning,forecasting,production and marketing

of product
We get profits in growth & maturity phases
 PROGRAM PROJECTS PRODUCT(generic)

Objective of project can be changed for betterment of project and overall

outcome
Note: Planning,execution & monitoring have overlap

Maximum effort is needed for execution

project management:

 planning: even before project starts

 scheduling: timetable
 controlling: follow up after starting

PERT & CPM are used at all stages of project management i .e., at
planning,scheduling and controlling.

Tools & techniques of project management:

(1) chart & diagram:bar diagram,pie chart,gant chart,etc

(2) network diagram: PERT,CPM(Project activities shown in sequence with start
and end points,resource required is shown)

PERT- PROGRAM/PROJECT EVALUATION & REVIEW TECHNIQUE

 Event oriented
 New activities-non repetitive,once through project(R&D)
 No previous data
 Cant estimate time for project completion
 Probabilistic model
 Eg:Military projects,ISRO(Mars mission,chandrayaan mission)

CPM – CRITICAL PATH METHOD (Longest path but shortest time)

If there is delay in critical path,there will be delay by same amount in entire

project

 Activity oriented
 Repetitive activities-routine
 Previous data is available
 Activities time is known
 Deterministic model
 Eg: national highway,ISRO(Satellite,remote sensing)
NOTE : Critical path is calculated for both CPM & PERT

For PERT : We have 3 times

1. Optimistic time
2. Most likely time
3. Pessimistic time

Expected time, te = (to + 4 (tm) + tp )/6

Activity(CPM)
1 2

starting point (TAIL EVENT) end point(FNISH EVENT)

PERT

Activities consume time,events don’t consume time

2
1
4
Successor activities

Predecessor activity

 1 activity can have many follower activities or predecessor activities

 Diagrams should be such that activities fall forward and not backward
  Activities should not cut each other in a network diagram(n case of
overlapping,we can have a bridge)
 Activities must be represented by a straight arrow not a curved arrow
 Duplicate events cant exist.(activities drawn between same start and end
points)

Dummy activities (hypothetical / fictitious): represented by dotted lines…

don’t consume time..not real. Drawn to show precedence relationship.They
ensure that duplicate activities don’t exist.

CRASHING:
COMPRESSING THE NETWORK – REDUCE THE TIME PERIOD
This may increase or decrease the cost but reduces time taken for project
Crashing is done to compress longest i.e. critical path only

Project risk analysis & management(PRAM)

Risk: uncertainties in project

(a)Project risk analysis: identification and assessment
 QUALITATIVE: Subjective assessment from experts by their
experience or intuition and finally they categorize risk as low,medium
or high risk.(only data collection not analyzing data).
 Methods of qualitative assessment:
(1)interviewing team members of project
(2)organising brainstorming sessions with all the involved people:
delphi technique,root cause identification, SWOT analysis
PESTEL(political,economical,socio-cultural,technological,
,environmental and legal)
(3)personal experience of risk analyst
(4)previous record and check list.
RISK REGISTER: Risk management tool to fulfill compliance ISO
PRINCE2
  QUANTITATIVE: objective assessment,detailed data analysis using
statistical tools.Measures time and cost estimates(numerically)
related to risk with probability. EMV(expected monetary value
analysis)
(1) sensitivity analysis: determines impact of one of the risk variables
on project
(2) probabilistic analysis( sampling technique or monte caro
simulation): combined effect of each risk on project is
determined.

NOTE: Risk closure can happen only at qualitative analysis

Qualitative analysis is cardinal and must.It has to be done first.

(b)Project risk management: removal & reduction of risk

 It uses info of risk analysis.
 It can start with risk analysis parallely based on amount of risk
 Risk analysis and management are interrelated,concurrent and
iterative.
 Make preventive measures,allocate risks, contingency plans and
insurance assurance.

Sequence of 6 risk management process:

(1) Plan risk management

(2) Identify risks
(3) Perform qualitative risk anlaysis
(4) Perform quantitative risk analysis
(5) Plan risk responses
(6) Monitor and control risks

Beneficiaries :
Clients,senior managaement,project managaers,lending/financial
instituitions and customers.
 Time and cost involved in risk management:
5-10% of management cost
1 to 3 months of time

Risk analysis & management is an integral activity of project management.

PRAM can be done at any stage of project but it is beneficial if done at

initial stage.

PRAM should be done for large projects,new innovative projects,fast track

projects,environment related sensitive projects, projects with important
political,financial and environmental parameters

Lesser need of PRAM for repetitive,small projects with less risk or a big
project which already has lots of past data

FISHBONE(ISHIKAWA) DIAGRAM:

Cause and effect analysis

1. PFD
2. Check sheet
3. Histogram
4. Pareto diagram
5. Cause and effect diagram
6. Scatter diagram
7. Control charts

Uses of fishbone diagram:

 Product Design
 Quality defect prevention
  Identify potential factors causing an overall effect
 Each cause or reason for imperfection is a source of variation
 Causes are usually grouped into major categories to identify and classify
these sources of variation

Root cause analysis:

Intended to reveal key relation between variables

Keep on finding cause of particular thing and from that cause keep on going to
sub parts till you reach root cause

5 whys technique

5 M’s used in manufacturing:

1. Man
2. Machine
3. Material
4. Method
5. Measurement
5 P’s used in product marketing:

1. Product(or service)
2. Price
3. Place
4. Promotion
5. People(personnel)
6. Process
7. Physical evidence
8. Performance

4 S’s used in service industries:

1. Surroundings
2. Suppliers
3. Systems
4. Skills

WBS(WORK BREAKDOWN STRUCTURE):

Grouping work into certain small parts which are inter related,complex.This is
decided in planning & scheduling phases.

Eg: dividing 100 activities into 10 groups.

Benefits of WBS :

Easy to estimate scientific analysis,resource,time & cost of the project and

thereby increasing effectiveness of project as special attention will be given to
complex activities
Work package:

 Entire project has a budget allocation

 Cost associated with each WBS is called as work package
 Sum of all work packages=budget
 It tells about how the cash flows,how much amount is needed for each
activity
 Better finanicial discipline and understanding of cash flow
 Helps project manager to balance income and expenditure

Resources used in project:

 Man power(most dynamic & important among all resources):human

resources- labour,professionals,skilled & unskilled people,management
 Material
 Money
 Machine/equipment
 Time

CONTROL CHARTS: important statistical quality control tools to control repetitive

processes. W.A Shewhort(Edward Deming-student of W.A.Shewhort) mostly used
control charts.

 Customer decides quality of a product

 To maintain quality of product process needs to be controlled,efficient and
standard
 For this we need data gathering & apply statistical techniques
 Process variation must be minimum for a good process.Even if variation is
there,it must be under control
Control charts consist of:

(1)Centre line (CL) – Represents average value of the quantity measured

(2)Upper control limit

(3)Lower control limit

Upper control limit

quantity to be D

measured C centre line

B lower control limit

Sample(n)

 Variation can be within 10-50%(acceptable variation-may be due to chance

causes)
  Points A & E are out of control and assigned causes must be given to them

Control charts for variables:

(1) X CHART (mean/avg of sample)

(2) (2) R CHART (For range)

We make control charts based on sample size

Generally, we take 20-30 no of samples(n) with a sample size(k) of 4-5

 Let x1,x2,x3,…..xk be the measurements for a particular sample

 Now x 1 for 1st sample = x1 + x2 + …. + xk/k = mean for sample 1
 Similarly find x 2 x 3 ……. x n for all n samples
 Now calculate x , average of x 1 , x 2 …. x n

X = x1 + x2 + ……… + xn / n
Offer…acceptance …promise..consideration (pay)…agreement …contract

Interest rate : It is the rate offered on the investment for particular duration of
time which further provides income.

Simple interest : Charged on basic principal amount

P = Principal amount
r = rate of return

A = amount received after particular period of time

n = no of years or time period

afte 1st year A = P + Pr = P(1+r)

after 2 years A = P + Pr + Pr = P(1+2r)

similarly after n years A = P(1+nr)

Compound interest : Interest paid on interest i.e. interest is paid on recent

amount instead of principal amount

After 1st year A = P + Pr

After 2nd year A = P + Pr + r( P + Pr)

= P(1+2r+r2)

= P(1+r)2

Similarly after n years A = P(1+r)n

(1)Let interest charged be twice a year = P(1+ r/2 )2n

(2)Charged every 3 months = P(1+ r/3)3n

(3)Charged per month = P(1+ r/12)12n

For mth portion of the year = P(1+r/m)mn

Order : 3>2>1
Continuous compound interest yields maximum amount of interest on the
invested deposit

A = P e rn

Annuity:

Fixed amount of money received from bank after each year at a particular
discount rate on the basis of initial deposited amount.

P = Principal amount invested

r = discount rate

A = Annuity

n = annuity period

P = A/(1+r) + A/(1+r)2 + A/(1+r)3 + ……. + A/(1+r)n

Net present value:

Difference between present value of cash inflow and present value of cash
outflows over a period of time

NPV = (Expected cash inflow) – (present value of cash outflow)

We calculate NPV to decide among various investment options

More NPV = BEST INVESTMENT OPTION

Internal rate of return:

Discount rate or interest rate at which NPV = 0

DEPRECIATION:

Decrease in value of asset over a period of time due to use,wear and

tear,obsolence.

Salvage value : value at end of utility period before being dismantled

Scrap value: value of dismantled materials.

Sinking fund: fund created by accumulating money so that by the time of end of
service life replacement can be done

Asset:

(1) Tangible asset - physically touch

(2) Intangible asset – cant touch
Types of depreciation

Physical :

 Wear & tear

 Corrosion
 Erosion
 Appearance
 Abrasion
 Vibration

Functional:

 New technology
 Obsolete technology
 Fashion change
 Outdated
 Customer choice

Accidental:

 Damage
 Accident

Purpose of depreciation:

For accounting purpose – calculate taxable income

It is used to calculate book value of an asset which is later used for calculating tax
on income

More depreciation - less tax –less savings – more profits

Direct cost(also called as variable cost or prime cost): cost related directly with
production

Cost proportional to no.of units produced

Eg: direct material , direct labor, direct wages

Indirect cost( called as fixed cost or general cost): General expenses,business
expenses and running costs

Eg: rent,indirect wages,office expenses,depreciation

Amortization : depreciation of intangible assets. Such assets are easy to be copied

Patent,copyrights,trademarks are intellectual properties of an individual or an

organisation

It is relatively easier to steal an intangible asset such as copying a book is easier

Types of depreciation:

 Straight line method

 Declining balance method
 Double declining balance method
 Sum of years digits method
 Sinking fund method
 Units of production method

1.Straight line method: value of asset decreases uniformly over period of time.

Depreciation is same every year

d = depreciation

n = service life

S = salvage/scrap value

d1 = d2 = d3 = …..= dn = d = equal depreciation every year

B1 = book value after 1st year = P – d

B2 = book value after 2nd year = P – 2d

Bn = Book value after n years = P – nd

Slope = tan Ɵ = P – S/n = d = constant

2. Sum of years digits:

Maximum depreciation in initial years through sum of years digits method

Depreciation in initial years: sum of digits of years > straight line > sinking fund

3.Sinking fund method: This fund is created by depositing depreciation in bank

every year.

Depreciation deposited is constant and interest is charged on it

Depreciation deposited should be such that after service life the total salvage
value + depreciation with interest = initial amount
Units of production method: if asset is heavily used then it has more depreciation

More output/production means more depreciation

Statistical quality control:

Use of mathematics,probability theory(normal distribution

charts),charts,graphs,etc

Causes of process variation:

(1) Chance causes : Naturally occurring on its own.

 It has normal distribution probability chart.Area under this graph
gives totality i.e., factors under that.
 These vary randomly ,can’t be controlled or can’t be assigned
(2) Assignable causes
 ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS

EARTH SUMMIT-RIO DE JANERIO,BRAZIL -1992- UNCED (UNITED NATIONS

CONFERENCE ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT)

KYOTO PROTOCOL-(1997-2012)(JAPAN): COP 3

 INTERNATIONAL AGREEMENT for industrially developed (no targets
for developing countries)countries to reduce greenhouse gases
emissions (Setting internationally binding targets)
 Adopted on 11 dec,1997…came into force on 16feb,2005
 Common but differential responsibilities(CDR)
 TARGET : Reduce greenhouse emissions by 5.2% taking 1990 as base
year.over 5 years( from 2008-2012)
 Had 192 parties
 Canada was the first country to agree and then withdrew from the
agreement
 Doha ammendment,paris climate agreement
 6 GREENHOUSE GASES mentioned in annex 1
1.CO2 (67%)
2.CH4 (27%)
3.N2O
4.Hydrofluorocarbons(HFCs)
5.perfluorocarbons(PFCs)
6.sulphur hexafluoride (SF6)
 Annex 1 – developed countries; Non-Annex 1- developing countries
 US dropped in 2001
Doha amendment (COP 18)

 DOHA,QATAR-(2012-2020)
 Target: reduce GHG by 18% with base year as 1990

Kyoto mechanism:

Trading of emissions

Flexible market emissions:

 International emissions trading(carbon trading-AAU,assigned amount units)

 Clean development mechanism(CDM- annex 1 helping non annex with
cleaner technology and getting credits in return)
 Joint implementation (annex1 to annex 1 countries reducing emissions)

PARIS CONVENTION - COP(CONFERENCE OF PARTIES) 21

 PARIS,FRANCE-2016 on earth day i.e 22nd april came into effect on 4th nov
2016
 India signed it on 2nd october2016
 INDC – intended nationally determined contributions i.e every country
should tell how much can they contribute to reduce GHG for every 5 years
and must review their status for every 5 years
 Non binding agreement
 Target: not to increase average temperature of earth by upper limit of 2 0C
(max 15.50C Temp of earth)
 This replaced Kyoto protocol.

MoEFCC(Ministry of environment,forest & climate change):

 For planning,promotion,coordination and overseeing the implementation
of India’s environmental and forestry policies & programmes.
 Main activities: conservation & survey of flora & fauna of India,forests
and other wilderness areas,prevention and control of
pollution,afforestation, mitigation of land degradation and administrate
national parks.
 IFS (1966) is controlled by this ministry of MoEFCC
 Guided by the principles of sustainable development and human wellbeing
 This serves as a nodal agency for UNEP,SACEP,ICIMOD,UNCED

ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION ACT-1986

Objective: Protection & improvement of environment

Public liabaility insurance act-1991: To provide for damages to victims

occurred when handling hazardous substance

Indian forest act-1927

Forest conservation act - 1980

To conserve forests
SC act-2006

National green tribunal(tribunal= court)(NGT): Established on 18th

October,2010 under NGT act,2010
It is not a constitutional body
As it was formed through an act it is a statutory body
 Handles legal environmental disputes
 Not bound by civil procedure court
 For effective & expeditious disposal of cases relating to
environmental protection and conservation of forests,natural
resources
  Need for NGT : Speedy environmental justice(within 6 month of
filing), helps reduce burden of litigation on higher courts like SC,HC
 NGT draws inspiration from article 21 – right to life
 Aims of NGT : (1)Speedy disposal of environment related cases &
forest and natural resources conservation
 (2) Exercise legal rights pertaining to environment
 (3) Giving relief & compensations
 CHAIRPERSON OF NGT – Judge of supreme court – ADARSH KUMAR
GOEL
 It also has judicial members and expert members( 10 to 20 n each
category)
 NGT is not bound by code of civil procedure rather based on natural
justice: unbiased,fair hearing,speaking order

PRINCIPLES OF NGT:

 Polluter pays
 Sustainable development
 Precautionary principle – it stipulates that threats of serious or irreversible
damage,lack of full scientific certainity shall not be the reason for post
poning cost effective measures to prevent environmental degradation
Some cases handled by NGT : making 52 km stretch of Yamuna river in UP and
delhi as conservation zone

Charging AOL ( 5 crores) for organizing world cultural event which damaged flood
plains of Yamuna river

Cancelled clearance given by union ministry to clear forest for coal blocks in
chattisgarh as it was against sustainable development

Carbon foot printing: release of carbon into environment/compensate for

emission by funding an equivalent CO2 elsewhere
  Measure of total CO2 and CH4 emission by an
individual,organization,community or a group .
 It is calculated as CO2 equivalent using relevant 100 year global warming
potential (GWP 100)

Carbon off setting/credit: reverse of carbon printing

 Methods of offsetting: (1)alternate sources of energy eg: wind , air tidal ,

biofuels (2) tree plantation,afforestation (3) carbon capturing devices

CARBON TRADING : Carbon offsetting used to trade carbon(tons of CO2

equivalent)

 Carbon credit is equivalent to 1 metric ton of CO2

 Eg: developed countries like USA trade for carbon with developing
countries like India

Carbon neutrality : 0 net release of CO2.Balancing carbon footprinting and carbon

offsetting

Greenhouse gases( GHG) :

WATER VAPOR > CO2 > CH4 > NITROUS OXIDE(NO2) > CFC

 These gases trap solar energy and keep the earth warm
 As temperature increases, climate conditions change and more floods and
draughts and other natural calamities may increase
 Impact of GHG on earth : hurricanes,typhoons,melting of ice
caps/glaciers,floods,draughts,etc

Global warming happened because of absorption of shortwave infrared

radiations from sun by greenhouse gases like C02,CH4,etc

UV rays are absorbed by ozone layer and hence they don’t enter earth

Visible rays are reflected back

 But infrared waves are absorbed which causes global warming

Phytoplankton in oceans consume CO2 and act as sinks

High temperature body radiates shorter wavelength,high frequency wavelengths

as in case of shortwave infrared radiations

Direct carbon footpriting: directly related to consumption / use of

individual/organization

Eg:petrol burned in car

Indirect carbon footpriting: indirectly related to consumption / use of

individual/organization
Eg: electricity use at house ( fuel was burnt at thermal power station for
generating electricity which has released carbon)

Most of the carbon footprints are indirect in nature

FORESTS:

According to ISFR report2017…24.39% (802088 sq km)of land is under forest

cover

India has tropical wet evergreen forests,tropical moist and dry deciduous forests

 Very dense forests( canopy density > 70%)

 Moderately dense forests( canopy density 40-70%)
 Open forests( canopy density 10-40%)

National forest policy-1988

Wildlife conservation:

WCCB – WORLDLIFE CRIME CONTROL BUREAU under Wildlife protection act-

1972

UNFCCC – United nations framework conventon on climate change

 9th may 1992 at earth summit( 14thjune 1992) Rio de janerio,New

York,brazil
 At earth summit along with UNFCCC , other conventions like biological
diversity and combat desertification were signed
 Joint liaison group was set uo to boost these 3 conventions
 Came into force in 1994
 197 Countries
 Main purpose it is created : to prevent human interference with climate
system
  Objective of UNFCCC : To stabilize greenhouse gases concentrations at a
level that would prevent anthropogenic interference with climate system
 More responsibility on annex 1 belonging to OECD Organisaton of
economic cooperation & development (developed countries- 12 countries
of central and eastern europe) as they were responsible for past and
current GHG emissions
 Direct new funds to developing countries- developed countries must help
developing countries by providing financial support or share technology for
action on climate change
 Base year – 1990annex 1 parties are under more obligations than non
annex countries and are expected to report on climate change policies and
measures regularly

COP : Supreme decision making body of convention

 All states that are parties to convention are represented at COP
 They review the implementation of convention and any other legal
instruments that COP adopts and takes decisions necessary to
promote effective implementation of convention including
administrative and institutional arrangements

COP 1 – 1995 , BERLIN

COP 3 – KYOTO PROTOCOL ,1997

COP 11 – MONTREAL ACTION PLAN ,CANADA

COP 17 – GREEN CLIMATE FUND , DURBAN

COP 21 – PARIS CONVENTION , 2015

Green climate fund:

 Global fund created to support efforts of developing countries to respond

to challenge of climate change
 It helps developing countries to limit or reduce GHG emissions and adapt to
climate change
 It was set up by 194 countries which were parties of UNFCCC in 2010
 It aims to deliver equal amounts of funding to mitigation & adaptation

CORAL REEFS:

 CORALS consist of small polyps surrounded by tentacles.These are marine

invertebrate animals.These polyps exist in different colors due to algae on
them
 They feed on plankton through association with symbiotic algae called
zooxanthallae.
 Exist in shallow water and they consist of calcium carbonate skeleton
 Over a period of time,they deposit calcium carbonate on ocean surface.This
process takes over 1000s of years.This surface is known as CORAL REEF
 These exist in tropical oceans 300N – 300S relatively warm water of 20-290C
 Salinity range – 33-36%,depth range 0-100m

Types of reefs:

(1) Fringing reefs : near to land body

(2) Barrier reefs : lagoon is deeper than fringing reef and it is little away from
land
(3) Atolls : here the island or land submerges and reef area is uplifted

Coral bleaching :

 Occurs when corals are subjected to stress and their tolerance is exceeded
 When this happens, symbiotic algae attached to them are ejected and they
lose color and become white
  Factors causing coral bleaching :
Increase in temperature,salinity,pollution,global warming,sedimentation.

Eutrophication:

 Excessive richness of water bodies due to nutrients

 This leads to overgrowth of plants,algae in water bodies
 After such organisms die, bacterial degradation of biomass consumes
dissolved oxygen in water creating a state of hypoxia(reduced levels of
oxygen)
 This leads to death of marine animals inside water body due to lack of
oxygen
 Causes for eutrophication : Runoff from agriculture ,sewage
pollution,increased nitrogen and phosphorous levels (fertilizers)

BIOLOGICAL OXYGEN DEMAND :

 Oxygen required to decompose biomass by bacteria in water bodies

 Used for measuring pollution levels in water bodies
 High BOD  More pollution

Riparian buffer /stream buffer : It is a vegetated area near a stream,usually

forested

Reason for providing stream buffer is to avoid runoff into water bodies
96.5% - oceans-salty

2.5% - freshwater

Out of this fresh water, 68% - ice caps and glaciers and 30% in groundwater

Surface water – 1.2%

Thermal pollution : when water is released in higher temperatures in nearby

water bodies,temperature of water bodies alter and marine animals living inside
which were adapted to particular conditions get disturbed

(1) Water as cooling agent in industries : as temperature of water body

increases,amount of dissolved oxygen decreases
 (2) Soil erosion/siltation : Soil gets eroded and settles in water – siltation.This
leads to increase in water level and more of the water is exposed to
sunlight which increases temperature of water body
(3) Deforestation : Trees and plants prevent sunlight from directly falling on
water bodies.When forests are cut ,this leads to soil erosion
(4) Runoff from paved surfaces
(5) Natural causes: volcanoes,geothermal activities,etc

Water harvesting : Using rain water,capturing and storing it rather than allowing
it to runoff

 Use that water for a later time during drought conditions or win water
scarcity conditions
 This provides drinking water,irrigation water,increase groundwater
recharge and reduce storm water discharge,urban floods & overloading of
sewage treatment plants.

WATER SHED MANAGEMENT :

 Small basin (upper limit of 2000 km2 ) or a catchment area where water
around that area drains into it.
 This is used to manage and conserve all resources in that area
  Protects,restores and maintain water quality
 Can prevent water shortage for future generations and prevents poor
water quality
 Reduces floods and droughts
 Increases production & income of water shed community
 Increases life of dams and downstream reservoirs
 Helps in recharging groundwater levels
 Ecological imbalance can be avoided

Water logging:

 In coastal areas,where agriculture is done due to seepage salty water gets

into agricultural land or due to evaporation of water,salt may get deposited
and thereby it increases salinity which is not good for soil and crop
production.
 Excessive agriculture with excess water and poor draining system causes
water logging.

Parasitism : relationship between 2 organisms in which 1 organism gets

benefitted(parasite) and other organism gets harmed ( host)

Mutualism (interspecies reciprocal altruism) : individuals of both species get

benefitted ,relationships can be obligate for each other i.e. they can’t live without
each other or facultative for both species i.e. they can live without each other

Commensalism : one species is benefitted,other species is neither harmed nor

benefitted

Predation : one organism(predator) kills other organism(prey) and eats it up

Light zones of lake ecosystem :

Littoral zone :

 It is shallow coastal region

 Light is able to pass through shallow water and reach the bottom
 So,producers occur throughout from surface to bottom

Limnetic zone :

 It is open water zone where water is very deep

 Amount of oxygen and light decreases with depth
 This is the main photosynthetic body of lake
 This area is occupied by a variety of phytoplankton,consisting of algae and
cyanobacteria as well as zooplankton,fish,etc

Limnetic zone is subdivided into 3 zones:

(1)photic zone : upper part to which light can penetrate.Depth=200m.Upper part

of photic zone is called euphotic zone(depth= 20-80m).The lwer part of photic
zone is disphotic zone(twilight zone)

(2)aphotic zone/profoundal zone : below photic zone,no sunlight,this zone is in

perpetual darkness,no producers exist here , only consumers are found here

(3)benthic zone : Bottom most part. For littoral zonelight penetrates whereas for
benthic zone of limnetic zonelight doesn’t penetrate

Keystone species :A single species which dramatically affects species

diversity.This concept was 1st introduced by Robert . T. Paine

If they are removed,then they may have far reaching consequences and it may
have affect on ecosystem
Eg : starfish which is efficient predator of common mussel,reduces abundance of
mussel.But if starfish are removed,mussel grows uncontrollably and all other
species could not survive in that environment

Evil quartet : Related to loss of biodiversity.This term is coined by JARED

DIAMOND.

Human induced reasons for biodiversity loss

 Habitat loss and fragmentation

 Over exploitation
 Alien species invasions
 Co extinctions

Ecotone :

 2 ecosystems meet at ecotone

 It is a transition area between 2 diverse ecosystems
 Well developed ecotone contains some organisms which are entirely
different from that of adjacent ecosystems/communities
 Edge effect refers to change in population or community structure at the
edges/boundaries of 2 ecosystems. Sometimes the no.of
species/population density is higher in ecotone than in either of 2
ecosystems. This is called as edge effect

Eg: mangrove forest(marine and terrestrial ecosystems)

Grassland(between forest and desert)

Estuary(fresh water/river and salt water/ocean)

Riverbank or marshland(dry and wet lands)

Different methods of biodiversity conservation :

Insitu conservation : conservation in native ecosystems.Applies to wild flora and

fauna only..not to domestic animals and plants

2 alternate methods are being used instead of insitu conservation

(1) Hotspots : areas rich in biodiversity threatened by human habitation

(2) Protected areas : locations which receive protection. These include national
parks,wildlife sanctuaries and biosphere reserves

Exsitu conservation : preservation of threatened species outside their natural

habitat. This may involve conservation of genetic resourceswild and cultivated
species

Exsitu techniques :

(1) Offsite collections: live collections of wild and domestic species in botanical
gardens,zoos,wildlife safari parks,etc
(2) Gene banks: institutions that maintain stock of viable seedssperm and ova
banks,tissues/animal cells,etc

Grasslands: ecotone between forest and desert

(1) Tropical grasslands/savannahs: in between equator and tropics of cancer

and capricorn. Eg: savannahs in Africa,campos in brazil/south
America,llanos in Columbia/venezuela
(2) Temperate grasslands: in between topics of cancer/Capricorn and
artic/Antarctic circles
Eg: steppes in Eurasia,pampas in argentina,veld in south Africa,praries in
USA and Canada,down in Australia

Energy pyramid :
  It is sloping and always upright as the total amount of energy available for
utilization in the layers above is less than the energy available in lower
levels
 This happens because energy is lost during energy transfer from lower to
higher levels

Population : Same species group together

Community : Group of different species together. Organism and

habitat/environment interact and are interdependent on each other

FOOD WEB : Complex interaction between different species at different trophic

levels. It gives alternate food resources. It is a network of food chains
interconnected at various trophic levels. It is interchange between producers and
consumers which increases the stability of ecosystem by providing alternate
sources of food
State level. Monitoring. Committee

1. Gram Sabha
2. Sdlc
3. Dlc
Headquarters at new Delhi
Sec 26 – Declaration of sanctuary By State Government
Ban on taking weapons,injurious. Substance and prohibiting Fire

Same laws and procedures for national parks

Headquarters Chennai
CPBC 1974 new Delhi water pollution prevention and control
 SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY & ETHICS

Ethics: Guiding principles, minimum standards that a person should follow, which
govern ethical life of a person. These are subjective in nature

A branch of moral philosophy, a sense of rightness or wrongness of actions

These standards put reasonable obligations to stop crime

Reasons for codes of conduct:

 To increase moral awareness of employees

 To increase responsibility and accountability of employees
 To inculcate discipline in employees
 To help employees in ethical decision making and moral judgement
 To improve image of organization as a professional body

Ethical codes of conduct:

(1) Organizational: disciplinary action will be taken eg: railways

Makes one fit into organization as an employee
(2) Professional:advisory,no disciplinary action against will be taken eg:
IEEE(Engineers)
To make one fit in their profession and make one grow in their profession.

Objectives of ethical codes:

(1) Aspirational
(2) Advisory
(3) Disciplinary
NSPE code of conduct for engineers:

National society of professional engineers

Branches of ethics:

1. Metaethics : About terms of ethics (WHAT IS GOOD?).Deals with nature of

moral judgement,origin and meaning of ethical principles.It doesn’t tell
about what we can or can’t do. It is self referential-relating to own nature
and terminolgoies.
2. Normative ethics(priscriptive ethics) : About display of standard
behavior..related to norms,standards,principles,theories of ethics ( IS
STEALING GOOD?).Deals with content of moral ethics and criteria for right
and wrong course of action.What should one do in a particular situation

Normative ethical theories:

 Virtue ethics : focuses on inherent character of person rather than on

specific actions
 Deontology: duties and rights theories-following rules and duties..means
matter not the ends. Focus on duties of individuals and respect the rights of
others
 Consequential/utilitarian : utilitarian,teleology- here only
end(consequences) results matter. Approach through any means to get that
results. This is morally right when it benefits majority of people. Risk &
benefit analysis is done before the decision is taken.
3. Applied ethics : Solving problems,application of ethics ( IS BIO PIRACY
GOOD?.Looks at what a person is obligated or permitted to do in a
particular situation related to problem of what is right or wrong.How do
you apply knowledge of ethics in a situation and find a solution for that
problem.
4. Descriptive ethics (empirical/comparative ethics) :
observe,experiment,analyse and reach the solution
Theory of justice : justice to all/everyone. Everyone must be benefitted as per
their needs. This is given by John Rawls

NOTE : Even though there is no much knowledge of duties & rights, ethical
judgement can be made

Ethical dissonance – value conflict ( thinking that doing something is wrong)

Ethical dilemma – wrongdoing ( thinking that something which you have done is
wrong)

Refute=ignore/logic to say no

Prevention of corruption act – 1988

Lokayuktas act -2013 or lokpal act – It is an anti corruption act

It enquires allegations of corruption against certain important public functionaries

including PM , cabinet members , CBI , MPs , groups A,B,C,D public servants of
central government
Social change :

 Socialists try to understand the nature of long term social change,patterns

and causes associated with social changes by proposing following theories
of social changes:
(1) Evolutionary theory – charles darwin(survival of the fittest)
According to this theory,society moves in a specific
direction,progessing to higher and higher levels. They concluded that
their own cultural attitudes and behaviours were more advanced
than those of earlier societies. It says that society always changes for
betterment
(2) Functionalist/equilibrium theory: Emile durkheim is founder of this
theory. He says society moves from simple to complex social
structures. Society in its natural state is stable and balanced i.e state
of homeostasis or equilibrium. According to equilibrium theory
change in one aspect requires adjustments in other aspects. When
these adjustments don’t occur, equilibrium disappears threatening
social order
(3) Convergence theory : nations move from early stages of
industrialization toward becoming fully industrialized they begin to
resemble other industrialized societies in terms of societal normas
and technology. Characteristics of these nations effectively coverge
and this eventually leads to unified global culture.
(4) Conflict theory : Karl Marx holds that conflict is desirable and needed
to initiate social change and rid society of inequality . conflict occurs
because some people want status quo(wealthy/powerful) while
others who get exploited(proletariat/working class) want a change

Social change is normally revolutionary in nature or it may also be evolutionary. It

is brought due to some widespread discontentment among the members of the
society which further motivate them to bring such changes

Social movement precedes social changes

Eg : industrial revolution,abolition of slavery,Indian independence

Herbert spencer compared society to a living organism with inter related parts
moving towards a common end i.e. they proposed unilinear evolutionary
theories which maintain that all societies shall pass through same sequence of
evolution to reach same destiny

Multilinear evolutionary theory tells that change can occur in many ways
Micro ethics : individual aspect/small level/Local or context specific

Macro ethics : generic/large scale, society level , more widespread

NOTE : Majority of ethical codes of conduct which are in either professional or

organisational codes deal with micro ethics issues
Engineering ethics:

(1) Individual
(2) Professional
(3) Social: macro and micro ethics
 FINANCE & ACCOUNTS

FIXED COST/PERIOD COST: Remains constant for a particular period of time,

irrespective of volume or quantity of production. These are called as period costs
because variation in fixed cost is in direct proportion with passage of time

Eg : administrative staff salary , rent , insurance, advertising cost, depreciation,

interest on loans

VARIABLE COST : Dependent on volume of production

The direct material & direct labor together are considered as prime cost

Eg : material cost , labor cost, packaging materials, shipping costs, etc

SEMI VARIABLE COST : It has both fixed as well as variable cost components.
These costs don’t change in direct proportion to changes in activity. Although
they are neither wholly fixed nor wholly variable in nature

Eg : telephone charges, repairs, electricity charges

FC/VC helps us to know where to invest whether in property, plant or machinery.

Amount of production or no.of sales must be considered along with FC/VC

MARGINAL COST : change in cost of production when an additional unit of

product is produced.
Note : contribution to marginal cost is only because of variable cost

Marginal costing helps finance manager to study behavior of cost and its impact
on profitability of an organization.

Using this marginal costing approach it is not possible to estimate overall net
profit per product but it is possible to identify amount of contribution per
product towards fixed overheads and profits

NOTE : As contribution of fixed cost increases as no.of units produced increases,

profit also increases

CONTRIBUTION OF FC is directly proportional to PROFIT

Decrease VC  Increase in contribution of FC  More profit

Contribution = SP (Selling price) – VC (Variable cost)

Profit/loss = contribution – fixed cost

Profit/volume ratio = contribution/sales (what is the contribution of a particular
product out of total contribution in sales)
 Budgeting

BUDGET : Spending plan/balancing expenses with income

 National action plan on climate change 2008

Sec 79 annual leave for wages

Air act. Sec 54

Project is complete when. BAC = EV

Weak matrix management. Less authority to PM

a. Office equipment account

b. Cash account

c. Sales account

d. Purchase account
 One person cannot pass on to another person a better title to goods than he has himself.

Check list for Job Safety Analysis (JSA) consists of Workarea, material ,machine and tools
 Cash and cash equivalents (CCE) are the most liquid current assets found on a
business's balance sheet. Cash equivalents are short-term commitments "with
temporarily idle cash and easily convertible into a known cash amount".
The highest point of Maslow's hierarchy of needs is Esteem
Milton Friedman  was the most outspoken advocate of the classical view of
management's responsibility
 The persons who sign Articles and Memorandum of the company and contribute in the
initial share capital of the company are called Subscribers. They are called subscribers
because, as part of the company formation.
EV – AC = CV
section 2 of the Law of Property (Miscellaneous Provisions) Act 1989?
Human and ethical values or qualities such as courage, vision, social awareness, fearlessness,
integrity, pure and clear mind, truth etc., are subjective subtle and Intangible Concepts
The equivalent of cost reimbursable contracts is frequently termed: Cost plus
contracts.
 captive insurance companies
2. A captive can access reinsurance markets.
3. A captive can sometimes offer greater cover than is available in the
insurance market.
The purchase price of a software that will be used for more than 12 months should be
regarded as a capital expenditure. It is considered a capital expenditure when the asset
is newly purchased or when money is used towards extending the useful life of an
existing asset. 41.
A schedule performance index (SPI) of 0.76 means: you are only progressing at
76 percent of the rate originally planned.
Which of these is a purpose of shared organisational values?

Select one:

a. Build Team Support

b. Influence marketing efforts

c. Guide managers' decisions and actions

d. All of the above

 The ratios that refer to the ability of the firm to meet the short term obligations out of its
short term resources is known as Liquidity ratio.
Penalty for conservation of the provisions of the Forest Act is under:

a. Section 3A
place where lighter, organic material settles in the primary treatment of
sewage plant Grit chamber
 In case goods are manufactured and segregated for specified consumers, the best method for
valuation of inventory would be Specific identification method. Specific identification inventory
valuation method is a way of keeping track of all items in an inventory individually.

The environmental analysis includes

Select one:

a. Political conditions

b. Social factors

c. Economic conditions

d. All of the above

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The correct answer is: All of the above
Configuration management is:
The set of procedures developed to ensure that project design criteria are met

a. Cost plus percentage of cost as an award fee

b. Cost plus fixed fee

c. Cost plus incentive fee

d. Firm fixed price

The "halo effect" refers to the tendency to:  move people into project management because they
are good in their technical fields.

Activist approach is also called as the dark green approach.

 Land fixed assets is not depreciated in the ordinary circumstances. Land is not depreciated, since it has
an unlimited useful life.

 Capital of a business decreases if there is an increase in Drawings. Drawing is always deducted from
capital.

The Air Act contains: 7 Chapters

Soil acidity is measured by the concentration of which cation : Calcium

Section 76 empowers the state government to make rules for   Prescribing physical
standards to be attained by the young persons for working in factories

What conflict resolution technique is a project manager using when he says, "I
cannot deal with this issue now!"
Select one:

a. Problem solving

b. Forcing

c. Withdrawal

d. Compromising

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Withdrawal

Increased level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would impact the plants in many
ways. These can be:
1. decrease in photosynthetic productivity of plants.
2. Proliferation of weeds.
3. Increase in number of insects and other pests.
Select the correct answer using the codes given below.

Select one:

a. 1 and 2 only

b. 1 and 3 only

c. 2 and 3 only

d. 1, 2 and 3

Feedback

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The correct answer is: 2 and 3 only

Cash Book serves the purpose of ledger too, in addition to the recording of accounting transaction. A
cash book is a financial journal that contains all cash receipts and payments, including bank deposits
and withdrawals. Entries in the cash book are then posted into the general ledger.

Heavy amount spent for the advertisement of new company product is Deferred
Revenue expenditure. Deferred Revenue Expenditure is an expenditure which is
revenue in nature and incurred during an accounting period, but its benefits are to
be derived in multiple future accounting periods.

Select one:

a. Contingent liability

b. Fixed liability

c. Current liability

d. None of the above

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation:
The correct answer is: Contingent liability

Under section 106, a complaint must be filed within ____ months of the date when
the commission of the offence came to the knowledge of an inspector.
b. 3 months

The allocation of the cost of a tangible plant asset to expense in the periods, in which services
are received from the as set, is termed as Depreciation. Depreciation is any method of
allocating such net cost to those periods in which the organization is expected to benefit from
use of the asset. The asset is referred to as a depreciable asset.

Why controlled use of water hyacinth is important in controlling of water pollution?

Select one:

a. To decrease the BOD level

b. To increase the BOD level

c. To completely vanish the BOD level

d. To maintain the BOD level

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: To increase the BOD level

A lock-in agreement lacks the necessary certainty.so, courts refuse to enforce 'lock-in'
agreements

A cost performance index (CPI) of 0.89 means: the project is only getting 89 cents out of
every dollar invested.
Under diminishing balance method, depreciation decreases every year. Since the
book value reduces every year, hence the amount of depreciation also reduces every
year. Under this method, the value of the asset never reduces to zero.

Select one:

a. Capital expenditure

b. Deferred Revenue expenditure

c. Revenue expenditure

d. Both 'b' and 'c'

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation:
The correct answer is: Revenue expenditure

Hopkin states “most standard definitions of risk refer to risks being attached to
corporate objectives”. What is another important factor to consider when linking
risk to an organisation?

Select one:

a. Core processes.

b. Hazard management.

c. Risk correlation.
d. None of the above

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Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Core processes.

The EPA consists: 4 Chapters

ilton Friedman stated his belief that 'there is only one social responsibility' for a
company to use its resources to

Select one:

a. give as much to charitable causes as possible

b. ensure employment

c. provide good facilities for workers

d. increase profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: increase profits so long as it stays within the rules of the game

Debentures is a long term liability. Long-term liabilities are financial obligations of a

company that become due more than one year. In accounting, they form a section of
the balance sheet that lists liabilities not due within the next 12 months including
debentures, loans, deferred tax liabilities and pension obligations.
Select one:

a. Expense

b. Withdrawal of capital

c. Income

d. None of the above

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation:
The correct answer is: Withdrawal of capital

Which of the following is used to record financial transactions in chronological (day-

to-day) order?
Select one:

a. Voucher

b. General Journal

c. General Ledger

d. Trial Balance

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation: General Journal is used to record financial transactions in chronological (day-to-
day) order.
The correct answer is: General Journal

An output of administrative closure is the creation of:

Select one:

a. project archives.

b. a project charter.

c. a project management plan.

d. a risk analysis plan.

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: project archives.

The WBS and WBS dictionary are completed. The project team has begun working
on identifying risks. The sponsor contacts the project manager, requesting that the
responsibility assignment matrix be issued. The project has a budget of U.S.
$100,000 and is taking place in three countries using 14 human resources. There is
little risk expected for the project and the project manager has managed many
projects similar to this one. What is the next thing to do?

Select one:

a. Understand the experience of the sponsor on similar projects.

b. Create an activity list.

c. Make sure the project scope is defined.

d. Complete risk management and issue the responsibility assignment matrix.

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Create an activity list.

How much more does waste cost compared to disposal costs alone

Select one:

a. 25X

b. 12.5X

c. 5X

d. 2X

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: 12.5X

The program evaluation and review technique (PERT) method of scheduling differs
from the critical path method (CPM) because the PERT method:

Select one:
a. Uses weighted averages of activity durations to calculate project duration.

In Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, which factors led the court to the conclusion that
a unilateral contract had been formed?

Select one:

a. Mrs Carlill used the ball for two weeks, as requested in the advertisement.

b. The advertisement stated that £1000 had been deposited with a bank.

c. The offer was made to the public.

d. All of the options given are correct.

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Your answer is correct.

The correct answer is: All of the options given are correct.

___ is best suited to extinguishing oil or flammable liquid fire.

Select one:

a. Soda acid

b. Vaporizing liquid

c. Foam

d. Dry chemical
Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Foam
A project manager is trying to complete a software development project, but cannot
get enough attention for the project. Resources are focused on completing process-
related work and the project manager has little authority to properly assign
resources. What form of organization must the project manager be working in?

Select one:

a. Functional

b. Matrix

c. Expediter

d. Coordinator

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Functional

Prudence concept dictates the inclusion of 'provision for doubtful debts' in the financial
statements.
The correct answer is: Prudence concept

Creditors are a liability. Creditors means the persons to whom business owes money. Creditors
are the persons to whom the money is payable by the business in future. So it is a liability of
business towards creditors to pay them in future so it comes under current liabilities in balance
sheet.
I. The Poznan Summit was held December 2008 to help the poorest nations to cope
up with the effects of climate change.
II. The Montreal Action Plan is an agreement hammered out at the end of the
conference to extend the life of the Kyoto Proto beyond 2012.

ethical dilemma of choosing between two rights refers to

Select one:

a. choosing between the lesser of two evils

As per section 94, a person who repeats an offence, he shall be punishable with an
imprisonment for a term which may extend upto ______ years and fine which shall
not be less than 10,000 Rs but which may extend upto _______ or both.

Select one:

a. 3 years/ 2,00,000 Rs

b. 5 years/ 1,20,000 Rs

c. 2 years/ 2,50,000 Rs

d. 4 years/ 3,00,000 Rs

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Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: 3 years/ 2,00,000 Rs

A waste audit means that:

 Select one:

a. The amount of waste (or inefficiency) that is created in the production process is checked.

 project manager would like to manage his project in such a way that he will be able
to identify specific tasks that should be watched and managed more closely than
others. The project manager should use which method?

Select one:

a. The PERT method

b. The critical path method

c. The GERT method

d. The PCDM method

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: The critical path method

 A higher inventory ratio indicates Better inventory management and Quicker turnover.

 An informal accounting statement that lists the ledger account balances at a point of time and compares the
total of debit balances with the total of credit balances is known as Trial balance. A trial balance is a
bookkeeping worksheet in which the balance of all ledgers are compiled into debit and credit account
column totals that are equal. 46.

From the below mentioned options, which of the following is not mentioned under
the welfare provision in the factories act?
Select one:

a. Canteen

b. Creches

c. Drinking water

d. First aid

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Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Drinking water

What are the substances present in the ozone layer depleting substances controlled
by the Montreal Protocol?

Select one:

a. Either chlorine or bromine

b. Either carbon or nitrogen

c. Either chlorine or carbon

d. Either carbon or bromine

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Either carbon or bromine
Patents accounts are Real account. Patent right is classified as intangible asset and appear on balance sheet,
that is why it is of nature of real account. The balances of real accounts are not cancelled out at the end
of an accounting period but are carried over to the next period.

Cash Account is Real account. A real account is an account that retains and rolls
forward its ending balance from period to period. The areas in the balance sheet in
which real accounts are found are assets, liabilities, and equity.

Select one:

a. Revenue expenditure

b. Deferred Revenue expenditure

c. Capital expenditure

d. Either 'a' or 'c'

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation:
The correct answer is: Deferred Revenue expenditure

For household wiring and small units, the following should be used for safety
measure

Select one:

a. MCB
b. ACB

c. OCB

d. MCCB

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: MCB

A functional manager needs to communicate the needs of his or her personnel

requirements and the utilization of each person as well as the assignments that they
have in the future. To best accomplish this, what type of document should be used?

Select one:

a. Gantt chart

b. Network diagram

c. Staffing plan

d. Responsibility matrix

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Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Staffing plan
A heuristic is best described as a:
The correct answer is: rule of thumb.

Why is it important to apply nitrogen fertiliser at an appropriate time of year?

Select one:

a. Fertiliser requires a threshold level of soil water to work

A project manager has a problem with a team member's performance. What is best
form of communication for addressing this problem?

Select one:

a. Formal written communication

b. Formal verbal communication

c. Informal written communication

d. Informal verbal communication

Which principle suggests that a businessman should be guided by the 'service motto'
in all his acts and decisions?

Select one:

a. Principle of Aspirit of Service

b. Principle of Expectations

c. Principle of Human Dignity

d. Principle of Autonomy

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 Your answer is incorrect.
The correct answer is: Principle of Aspirit of Service

Provision for bad debts is made as per the Conservatism concept. The conservatism principle is the general
concept of recognizing expenses and liabilities as soon as possible when there is uncertainty about the
outcome, but to only recognize revenues and assets when they are assured of being received. 11.

How are aquatic weeds used in controlling water pollution?

Select one:

a. They use as a decorative substances

b. They use as biological filters

c. They use as chemicals

d. They used to upgrade wastewater treatment

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Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: They used to upgrade wastewater treatment

Which of the following is not a common problem associated with advocating a

consensus on a single management option that suits only one stakeholder party at
the detriment of others?

Select one:

a. The legal process for resolving the dispute in the favour of one party is expensive
 b. There is a higher risk that the stakeholder who wins the dispute will change their mind in the
future but it will be too late to do anything

c. International disagreement on the single solution can result in international stalemate where
no progress whatsoever is made on resolving the environmental issue

d. It can cause much stronger future opposition to similar projects (that result from the
management decision) since the high level dispute occurring through the decision making
process often creates extensive media coverage and generation of organized resistance

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Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: There is a higher risk that the stakeholder who wins the dispute will
change their mind in the future but it will be too late to do anything

Carriage inwards refers to the cost of transportation for Purchase of materials. The carriage inwards costs
are considered to be part of the cost of items purchased, since an asset's cost is defined as all costs that
are necessary to get the asset in place and ready for use.

The Wildlife (Protection) Act contains:

Select one:

a. 66 Sections

The key inputs to activity definition are:

Select one:

a. Work breakdown structure, the project schedule, and the network diagram.
b. Project schedule, progress reports, and change requests.

c. The project network diagram, constraints, and durations.

d. The work breakdown structure, the scope statement, and historical information that
supports the applicable activity

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Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: The work breakdown structure, the scope statement, and historical
information that supports the applicable activity

Increase in working capacity of an asset and Replacing damage parts of an asset

enhances the earning capacity of an asset.

Select one:

a. Opening stock + purchases - closing stock

b. Net profit - expenses

c. Sales - Closing stock + purchases

d. Sales - Cost of goods sold

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation:
The correct answer is: Sales - Cost of goods sold
 EEA means

Select one:

a. European Energy Association

Cash account is a real account. Real accounts show up on a company's balance sheet, which is the financial
statement that lists all the accounts that a company has and their balances.

The act of doing anything that will help to bring future project performance into line
with the project plan is called:

Select one:

a. Budget update.

b. Revised cost estimate.

c. Corrective action.

d. Contingency planning.

Feedback

Your answer is correct.

The correct answer is: Corrective action.

OSHA is part of the ______ department of labour.

Select one:

a. UK
b. US

c. India

d. Australia

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: US

Which company had the highest purchase of Verified Emission Reductions in 2010?

Select one:

a. Suzlon Energy

b. Hewlett Packard

c. General Electric

d. Tianping Auto Insurance Co., Ltd

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Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Tianping Auto Insurance Co., Ltd

What percentage of the total distribution are 3 sigma from the mean equal to?

Select one:

a. 68.26%
b. 99.99%

c. 95.46%

d. 99.73%

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: 99.73%

Probability of the event that might occur X Severity of the event if it occurs =

Select one:

a. Accident

b. Hazard

c. Risk

d. None of the above

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Risk
Which statement/s is/are true about National Solar Mission?
I. A goal of increasing production of Photovoltaics to 1000 MW/year.
II. Increase the use of solar thermal technologies in urban areas, industry, and
commercial establishments.
III. A goal of deploying at least 1500 MW of solar thermal power generation.
Select one:

a. Only I, II

b. Only II, III

c. All

d. None of these

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Only I, II

An overstatement in the value of closing stock overstates all of the following except
Select one:

a. Net income

b. Current assets

c. Capital of the business

d. Cost of goods sold

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation: An overstatement in the value of closing stock overstates all of the following
except Cost of goods sold.
The correct answer is: Cost of goods sold

Current assets are also known as

Select one:
a. Gross working capital

b. Invested capital

c. Assets

d. Cash

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation: Current assets are also known as Gross working capital. Gross working capital is
the sum of all of a company's current assets (assets that are convertible to cash within a year or
less).
The correct answer is: Gross working capital

Current Assets - Current Liabilities = ?

Select one:

a. Capital + Liabilities = assets

b. Absorbed capital

c. Net assets

d. Working capital

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

Explanation: Current Assets - Current Liabilities = Working capital.
The correct answer is: Working capital
A contracts to purchase B's land. The written contract states that the completion date
is to be 14 October 2016. B subsequently agrees orally with A that the completion date
can be delayed to 31 October 2016. When is the valid completion date?

Select one:

a. 14-Oct-16

b. 31-Oct-16

c. Both a and b

d. None of the above

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: 14-Oct-16

Where was the 2002 World Summit on Sustainable Development held

Select one:

a. Dublin

b. Doha

c. Johannesburg

d. Rio de Janeiro

Feedback

Your answer is correct.

The correct answer is: Johannesburg
Articles of association contains rules and regulations for internal management of the business. Articles of
Association is a document which prescribes the rules and bye-laws for the general management of the
company and for the attainment of its object as given in the memorandum.

Why did the Chinese government have to pay compensation to a stakeholder group
over the new development of the Hong Kong Harbour in 2003?

Select one:

a. Because they completely ignored the views of the protestors in the decision making process

b. Because they arrested all protestors indefinitely

c. Because they stole the idea for the harbour development from the Japanese

d. Because they changed their mind on the project at the last minute from favouring those
protesting against the development to the views of the developers

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Because they completely ignored the views of the protestors in the
decision making process

Why hydrofluorocarbons are no harm to the ozone layer?

Select one:

a. Because they contain chlorine

b. Because they do not contain chlorine

c. Because they contain carbon

d. Because they contain nitrogen

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Because they do not contain chlorine

he reason for software bugs and failures is due to

Select one:

a. Software companies

b. Software Developers

c. Both Software companies and Developers

d. All of the mentioned

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Both Software companies and Developers

our program manager has come to you, the project manager, for help with a bid for
her newest project. You want to protect your company from financial risk. You have
limited scope definition. What is the BEST type of contract to choose?

Select one:

a. Fixed price (FP)

b. Cost plus percent of cost (CPPC)

c. Time and material (T&M)

d. Cost plus fixed fee (CPFF)

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Cost plus fixed fee (CPFF)

The number of waves made by an electron moving in an orbit having maximum

magnetic quantum number is +3

Select one:

a. 4

b. 5

c. 2

d. 0

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: 4

The molecules of which gas have highest speed?

Select one:

a. H2 at -73°C
b. CH4 at 300 K

c. N2 at 1027°

d. O2 at 0°C

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: H2 at -73°C

he particle size in a suspension is

Select one:

a. 1 Å – 10 Å

b. 10 Å - 2000 Å

c. More than 2000 Å

d. Less than 1 Å

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: More than 2000 Å

he magnetic field inside a current-carrying solenoid is

Select one:

a. Zero
b. Increases as we move towards its ends

c. Decreases as we move towards its ends

d. Same at all points inside it

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Same at all points inside it

Photosynthesis takes place faster in

Select one:

a. Yellow light

b. White light

c. Red light

d. Darkness

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: White light

When cream is separated from milk

Select one:

a. The density of milk increases

b. The density of milk decreases

c. The density of milk remains unchanged

d. It becomes more viscous

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: The density of milk increases

ish plates in Railway tracks are used to

Select one:

a. Connect two rails

The ratio of concentrated Hydrochloric acid and concentrated nitric acid in aqua
regia is
Select one:

a. 3 : 1

When water is heated from 0° Celsius to 100° Celsius, the volume of water

Select one:

a. Increase gradually

b. Degrease gradually
c. First increase, then decrease

d. First decrease , then increase

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: First decrease , then increase

The octane number of zero is assigned to

Select one:

a. 2-methyl octane

b. n-heptane

c. iso-octane

d. 3-methyl octane

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: n-heptane

Light Emitting Diodes (LED) is used in fancy electronic devices such as toys emit

Select one:

a. X-rays

b. Ultraviolet light
c. Visible light

d. Radio waves

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Visible light

Mercury is commonly used as a thermometric fluid rather than water because

Select one:

a. Specific heat of mercury is less than water

b. Specific heat of mercury is more than water

c. Mercury has greater visibility than water

d. Density of mercury is more than the water

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: Mercury has greater visibility than water

In order to determine focal length of a concave mirror by obtaining the image of

distant object on screen you need to measure the distance between
Select one:

a. mirror and the screen

b. object & screen

c. mirror & object

d. mirror & screen also between object and screen

Feedback

Your answer is incorrect.

The correct answer is: mirror and the screen

SAI social accountability international

SA 8000 certification .this is auditable certification standard for socially and ethically acceptable
practices in workplace developed in 1989 by SAI
Every Profession Has certain Obligations responsibility and accountability
SOP is an example of administrative control