PERTEMUAN KEDUA

INTRODUCTION
 INTRODUCTION
 With increasing complexities of the technological
world,need to simplify the work system has been
increasing day by day.
 Work study is an area of knowledge that addresses the
problem of work simplification with the basic objectives
of
1. PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT, and
2. HUMAN COMFORT & SAFETY

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“WORK STUDY” HAS MANY OTHER NAMES
for example:

 Methods engineering,
 Work science,
 Work design,
 Job design
 Work methods design &work measurement
 Motion &time study

Original names were:

 Motion study,
 time study
 Then, motion & time study
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 DEFINITION
It is the systematic study of work systems with the purposes of
1. Developing the preferred system and Method
( with lowest cost)
2. Standardizing this system and method
3. Determining standard time for the task
4. Assisting in training the worker in the preferred Method

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 EXPLANATION

Above stated definition has FOUR parts. However, the TWO

most important for WORK STUDY are:
1.MOTION STUDY
(or Work Methods Design) &
2. TIME STUDY
(or Work Measurement)

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 ILO DEFINITION

It is the systematic examination of carrying

on activities so as to improve the effective
use of resources and to set standards of
performance for the activities being carried
out.

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WORK STUDY & PRODUCTIVITY

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 HUMAN’S BASIC NEEDS & PRODUCTIVITY

In 1950: world population was 2.5 b

Now : it is of the order of 6.5 b

90% increase has occurred in developing

nations.

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Out of these people, more than
1 b are below poverty line, struggling for
the
BASIC NEEDS which are :
 food,
 clothing,
 shelter,
 security,
 health and
 essentials like water, sanitation etc.10
For Improving the STANDARD OF LIVING, of its citizens,
the concerned nation must raise its PRODUCTIVITY for
economic growth. For any organization, its input-output
system can be represented as follows:

PROCESS
INPUT OUTPUT

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INPUTS may be in the form of different M’s:

man, material, machine, method, management, market,

message ( i.e. information), moment (i.e. time )

OUTPUT may be a
product or
service.

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PRODUCTIVITY = [OUTPUT / INPUT]

THUS:
PRODUCTIVITY measures the extent to which a
certain OUTPUT can be extracted FROM A
GIVEN INPUT.

It may be noted that PRODUCTION ( which is

number of products) is different from
PRODUCTIVITY.

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 WORK STUDY IS A TOOL OF PRODUCTIVITY
ENHANCEMENT.

 It simplifies a job TO REDUCE UNNECESSARY OR

EXCESS WORK, WASTEFUL USE OF RESOURCES
and sets up STANDARD TIME for performing that
job.

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This implies that :

 There is a direct relationship between work

study and productivity.

 Thus, by applying ws principles if the cost is

reduced by 20%, then, we can say that
productivity has gone up by 20%.

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WORK CONTENT OF A JOB
“WORK CONTENT”
 It means the amount of work contained in a given
job/work/product/process.

 It is measured in MAN-HOURS/ WORK-HOURS

(effort or labor of ONE person for ONE hour), or
MACHINE HOURS (running of a machine/plant
for ONE hour).

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TOTAL TIME OF A JOB
‘TOTAL TIME OFA JOB’ COMPRISES OF:

1. BASIC WORK CONTENT &

2. EXCESS WORK CONTENT

BASIC WORK CONTENT is irreducible minimum time

required theoretically to produce one unit of product

In REAL LIFE WORLD, actual operation times are FAR

MORE IN EXCESS due to the EXCESS WORK
CONTENT.
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 EXCESS WORK CONTENT may be due to
following THREE CATEGORIES of factors:
(i) A-category:
A1: poor design & frequent design changes
A2: waste of materials
A3: inappropriate quality standards

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(ii) B-category
B1: poor layout & poor utilization of space
B2: inadequate material handling
B3: frequent stoppages as production changes from one

product to another

B4: ineffective method of work

B5: poor planning of inventory
B6: frequent breakdown of machines and equipment

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iii) C-category

C1: ABSENTEEISM AND LATENESS

C2: POOR WORKMANSHIP, AND
C3: ACCIDENTS AND OCCUPATIONAL HAZARDS

TOTAL TIME OF A JOB

= BASIC WORK CONTENT + EXCESS WORK CONTENT ( A + B +C )

(OR, TOTAL INEFFECTIVE TIME)
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WORK STUDY ,THE APPROACH:

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WS IS VALUABLE because
By carrying out its systematic procedures,one
can get results as good as or even better than
the less systematic genius would have been
able to achieve in the past.

It is systematic both in the investigation of the

problem and in the development of its
solution.

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 It raises productivity of the plant /unit by
simply reorganization of the work, with
either a nominal or no extra input.

It sets the performance standards on which

the effectiveness of the production planning
and control depends.

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It contributes to human safety by providing
safer methods of work, and allows for better
working conditions by exposing the
hazardous situations.

Its application starts providing savings

immediately, and continues till the operation
continues.
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It is a tool that can be used every where, be it industrial or
non-industrial environment.

It is easy and relatively cheaper in its application.

It is an excellent weapon for starting an attack on the
inefficient system.

 HOWEVER, WS SPECIALISTS SHOULD APPLY IT

TACTFULLY, SO THAT WORKERS REMAIN CO-
OPERATIVE WHILE STUDIES ARE CONDUCTED IN
THE PLANT.

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HISTORY OF WORK STUDY
Frederick W Taylor ( 1856 – 1915 )
 The father of scientific management/ The father of Industrial
Engineering

 Bachelor in Mechanical Engineering, worked in Midvale Steel Company

(1881)

 Designed a work method to load iron ori into lorry in Bethlehem Steel
Company

 There were output increasing per person from 12,5 become 47,5
ton in a day

 Productivity improvement was obtained from designing efficient

motion in working, determining work and rest time, standardization of
methods, working time and facilities.

 Human as a robot.
 Frank Bunker Gilberth ( 1868 – 1924 )
Lillian Moler Gilberth ( 1878 – 1972 )

 Bachelor of Civil Engineering : motion study  ‘therblig’

elements

 Designing work methods by combining motions to arrange the

brick

 output is increasing from 120 to 350

bricks/hour

 micromotion study with camera, Cronocyclegraph and

microchronometer (time measurement with accuracy 1/ 2000
second)
 Charles Babbage
The Economy of Machine and Manufacture

 that highly skilled—and thus generally highly paid—

workers spend parts of their job performing tasks that
are "below" their skill level.
 If the labour process can be divided among several
workers, it is possible to assign only high-skill tasks to
high-skill and high-cost workers and leave other working
tasks to less-skilled and lower-paid workers, thereby
cutting labour costs.
 Henry Gantt
Gantt Chart

 Gantt created many different types of charts. He designed

his charts so that foremen or other supervisors could
quickly know whether production was on schedule, ahead
of schedule, or behind schedule. Modern project
management software includes this critical function even
now.
. Elton Mayo
 work satisfaction depended to a large extent on the
informal social pattern of the work group
 Individual workers cannot be treated in isolation, but
must be seen as members of a group.
 Informal or unofficial groups formed at work have a
strong influence on the behavior of those workers in a
group.
 Managers must be aware of these 'social needs' and
cater for them to ensure that employees collaborate
with the official organization rather than work against
it.
PENELITIAN KERJA
RUANG LINGKUP KAJIAN
PERANCANGAN SISTEM KERJA
DASAR-DASAR PERANCANGAN/ PENELITIAN KERJA

AKTIVITAS PENELITIAN KERJA MENELITI TIGA HAL :

 WHO – SIAPA YANG MELAKUKAN KERJA

Pekerja dipilih sesuai dengan persyaratan
pekerjaan.
 HOW – BAGAIMANA KEGIATAN TERSEBUT
DISELESAIKAN
Apakah metode sudah baik ?
Perancangan Metode Kerja
 WHERE – DIMANA KEGIATAN
DISELENGGARAKAN
Perancangan lingkungan fisik kerja yang
ergonomis.
 YANG HARUS DIPERHATIKAN DALAM PENELITIAN
KERJA

 Dilakukan oleh personil yang sudah berpengalaman

 Konsisten dengan tujuan organisasi – Peningkatan
efektivitas dan efisiensi kerja
 Dibuat secara tertulis
 Diketahui dan disetujui oleh manajemen dan pihak
yg diteliti.
URUTAN METODE PENELITIAN KERJA
(APLIKASI METODE ILMIAH ):

 KUMPULKAN DATA DARI FAKTA LAPANGAN

 FORMULASI MASALAH

 PRINSIP DAN LANDASAN TEORITIS

 ALTERNATIF PEMECAHAN MASALAH

 PILIH ALTERNATIF TERBAIK

 EVALUASI ALTERNATIF TERPILIH

 IMPLEMENTASI
PENELITIAN KERJA
DUA PERTIMBANGAN :

 PENCAPAIAN EFISIENSI KERJA

 PERILAKU MANUSIA: MANUSIA BUKAN MESIN

Bandingkan kemampuannya dalam kecepatan,

kekuatan, ketelitian, kemampuan mengambil
keputusan dll

Efektif /efisien tidak boleh dicapai dengan

mengorbankan manusia
KERJA ADALAH AKTIVITAS FISIK
DAN MENTAL
CONCLUSION
History of Motion and Time Study

Developed in about 1880. Frederick W.Taylor, the

first user of the stopwatch to measure work
content, to define “a fair day’s work”
In 1900, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth started working
with methods study, to find best method.
In 1928, Elton Mayo, by accident, discovered that
people work better when their attitude is better.
Later known as the human relations movement.
 Taylor’s Four Principles of
Scientific Management
1. Develop a science for each element of a person’s
work, thereby replacing the old rule-of-thumb
methods
2. Select the best worker for each task and train that
worker in the prescribed method developed in
Principle 1
3. Develop a spirit of cooperation between
management and labor in carrying out the
prescribed methods
4. Divide the work into almost equal shares between
management and labor, each doing what they do best
Results of Taylor’s Methods

 Specified the work method;

 Instructed the operator in that method;
 Maintained standard conditions for performing that
work;
 Set time standard goals;
 Paid premiums for doing the task as specified.
Taylor’s Experiment
400-600 men hired at Midvale Steel Works to
move coal, coke, and iron ore
Each man used a different shovel
Taylor performed a formal study of the operation
to determine the most efficient shovel
 varied shovel size,
 duration,
 number of breaks,
 work hours
Time Standard
are goals to strive for

Manufacturing plants with no standards

average 60% performance

Manufacturing plants with time standards

average 85% performance

Manufacturing plants with incentive systems

average 120% performance 9/29/2
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