Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1
“WORK STYDY” HAS MANY OTHER NAMES
FOR EXAMPLE
METHODS ENGINEERING,
WORK SCIENCE,
WORK DESIGN,
JOB ESIGN
WORK METHODS DESIGN &WORK
MEASUREMENT
MOTION &TIME STUDY
Original names were:
Motion study,Time Study
& then, Motion & Time Study
2
DEFINITION
It is the systematic study of work systems with
the purposes of
1. Developing the preferred system and Method
( with lowest cost)
2. Standardizing this system and method
3. Determining standard time for the task
4. Assisting in training the worker in the
preferred Method
3
EXPLANATION
5
LECTURE : 3-4
CHAPTER : 2
6
HUMAN’S BASIC NEEDS & PRODUCTIVITY
7
CONTD.
Out of these people, more than
1 b are below poverty line, struggling
for the
BASIC NEEDS which are :
• food,
• clothing,
• shelter,
• security,
• health and
• essentials like water, sanitation etc.
8
CONTD.
For Improving the STANDARD OF LIVING, of its
citizens, the concerned nation must raise its
PRODUCTIVITY for economic growth. For any
organization, its input-output system can be
represented as follows:
PROCESS
INPUT OUTPUT
9
CONTD.
INPUTS may be in the form of different M’s:
OUTPUT may be a
product or
service.
PRODUCTIVITY may be defined as follows: 10
MATHEMATICALLY:
PRODUCTIVITY = [OUTPUT / INPUT]
THUS:
PRODUCTIVITY measures the extent to which a
certain OUTPUT can be extracted FROM A
GIVEN INPUT.
It may be noted that PRODUCTION ( which is
number of products) is different from
PRODUCTIVITY.
11
CONTD.
• WORK STUDY IS A TOOL OF
PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT.
• It simplifies a job
TO REDUCE
UNNECESSARY OR EXCESS
WORK,
WASTEFUL USE OF RESOURCES
and sets up STANDARD TIME for
performing that job. 12
CONTD.
14
TOTAL TIME OF A JOB
‘TOTAL TIME OFA JOB’ COMPRISES OF:
(i) A-category:
20
WS IS VALUABLE because
By carrying out its systematic
procedures,one can get results as
good as or even better than the less
systematic genius would have been
able to achieve in the past.
22
CONTD.
It contributes to human safety by
providing safer methods of work, and
allows for better working conditions by
exposing the hazardous situations.
23
CONTD.
28
STEP I : JOB/TASK/PROCESS SELECTION
1. ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
2. TECHNOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS and
3. HUMAN CONSIDERATIONS 29
Contd.
1.ECONOMIC CONSIDERATIONS
Cost effectiveness i.e. to check whether or
not the WS application would pay. For this,
key-profit giving/ costliest operations with
largest waste/scrap should be attacked first.
Next bottleneck operations, repetitive
operations, repeated material handling
operations should be studied. For locating
most important operations, PARETO
ANALYSIS could be used.
30
2.TECHNICAL/TECHNOLOGICAL
CONSIDERATIONS
31
3.HUMAN CONSIDERATIONS
CHAPTER : 7
33
STEP II : RECORDING THE FACTS
CHAPTER : 7 (CONTD)
39
STEP III : CRITICAL EXAMINATION
by applying the
QUESTIONING TECHNIQUE,
CHAPTER : 8
RECORDING MOVEMENT OF
WORKERS/MATERIALS
46
RECORDINGMOVEMENT OF WORKERS/
MATERIALS
• STRING DIAGRAM
• FLOW DIAGRAM
• TRAVEL CHART
47
STRING DIAGRAM
48
FLOW DIAGRAM
49
TRAVEL CHART ( or, FROM-TO CHART)
• It is a tabular record of quantitative data about
movement of workers/materials/equipment between
any number of places over a given period of time. It is
always in the form of a SQUIRE, having within it the
squires.
EACH SMALL SQUIRE REPRESENTS A STATION.
Along the TOP, squires from left to right represent the
stations FROM where movement or travel occurs.
Along those DOWN THE LEFT HAND, the squires
represent the stations TO which the movement is
made.
50
MAN-MACHINE CHART
(MULTIPLE ACTIVITY CHART)
• This kind of process chart records the activities of
the operator as well as the machine on the same
chart against a common time scale.
• Separate vertical columns ( in the form of bars)
are used for both.
• The chart clearly indicates the IDLENESS (or
UTILISATION) of operator as well as the machine.
• On the basis of the recorded events in the chart,
one can rearrange the process so that IDLE-TIME
is reduced, or BETTER UTILISATION of the
operator/machine is achieved.
• It is used for balancing the work between man
and machine ;proper utilization of maintenance
crew /team-activities in mass production. 51
LECTURE : 18-24
CHAPTER : 9
52
METHODS & MOVEMENTS AT THE
WORKPLACE
PRINCIPLES OF MOTION ECONOMY
These principles can be helpful in work design, in
reducing the human fatigue and in improving the
work efficiency. According to Barnes, these can be
presented under following THREE subgroups:
54
Principles: Contd
55
CLASSIFICATION OF HAND MOTIONS
59
CONTD.
Edge
of bench operator
operator
Maximum WA : (Shoulder Movement)
61
DIMENSIONS FOR SEATED TASKS
• 1.SEAT HEIGHT should be adjustable :
( range:36-45 )
• 2. WORK SURFACE HEIGHT should be around
elbow level (range:65-72 cm)
• 3.LEG CLEARANCE : 40 cm at knee level
& 60 cm for the feet
• 4.THIGH CLEARANCE : 20 cm minimum
• 5.WORK SURFACE THICKNESS : 5cm max.
62
Principles : CONTD.
• 5.Materials and tools should be arranged to
permit the best sequence of motions.
63
Principles : CONTD.
• 7.Provision should be made for adequate
lighting and, a chair of the type of height to
permit good posture should be provided.
The height of the workplace and seat should
be arranged to allow alternate standing and
sitting.
THERBLIG : GILBRETH
( read in reverse order)
68
contd.
• Today we have 17 Therbligs as follows:
Search, select, grasp,
transport empty, transport loaded,
hold, release load
position, preposition, inspect,
assemble, disassemble, use,
unavoidable delay avoidable delay,
plan, & rest for overcoming
fatigue.
• THESE ARE USED IN MICROMOTION
STUDIES (FACTS RECORDED ON FILMS)
69
MICROMOTION STUDIES
• Operations with very short cycles &
repetitive cycles need greater details to
analyze it for saving motions and
effort( i.e. planning for lesser fatigue).
This goal can be achieved through Micro-
motion Studies.
• MICRO means ‘small. Thus here we
study the motions in terms of
THERBLIGS.
70
CONTD.
• Such a study involves the use of
FILM and VIDEO
when operator performs the job.
72
CONTD.
• EQUIPMENT:
Camera, Film, Micro-chronometer,
Exposure meter, Flood lights,
Reflectors, Tripod,, Projector etc.
OR,
76
MEMOMOTION ANALYSIS
• It was introduced by MUNDEL.
• It is a special type of micro-motion study in
which activities are FILMED AT MUCH
SLOWER SPEED (60 to 100 frames per
minute) i.e. at longer intervals than normal
(intervals being between 0.5 to 4 s).
• Thus a general pattern of movements can
be obtained and avoidable motions can be
identified.
77
contd.
• STEPS: Study the operation to be filmed ;
Prepare the film ; Analyze the film ;
Develop a better method.
• ADVANTAGES: More economical (less film
consumed) and Long sequence of activities can be
recorded;
• APPLICATIONS:
Team-work studies ;
Material flow studies ( e.g. baggage
movement at the airports )
Long cycle job studies &
Study of artificial limbs’ motions etc 78
CYCLEGRAPH
• It was introduced by Gilbreth.
• It is a photographic record of the path of
movement of the operator doing a job.
• Little source of light (bulb) is attached to the
hand or finger or any other body part, whose
motions are to be analyzed. When he/she
performs the operation and photograph is
taken continuously, the path of motions is
recorded on the film as CONTINUOUS
STREAK OF LIGHT as shown below
OPERATO R
79
CHRONOCYCLEGRAPH
• It is a special type of cycle-graph in which the light
source (bulb) is suitably INTERRUPTED ELECTRICALLY
so that the path of motion in the photograph appears as
a SERIES OF PEAR-SHAPED SPOTS instead of
continuous streak of light as shown below
PEAR-SHAPED SPOTS
MOTION DIRECTION