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INTRODUCTION
With increasing complexities of the technological world, need
to simplify the work system has been increasing day by day.
PRODUCTIVITY ENHANCEMENT,
HUMAN COMFORT & SAFETY
EVOLUTION OF WORK STUDY
Taylorism
• Which is the best way to do this job?
• What should constitute a day's work?
• Selection of the best worker, training, teaching him
• The division of the work equally
• Time study
– Divide each task into work elements
– Time each element separately
– Useful than timing the whole task
Gilbreths
Motion‐study:
Study of the body motions, eliminating unnecessary motions, simplifying
necessary motions, and then establishing the most favorable motion sequence
for maximum efficiency.
2. RECORD
All the details concerning job using various Recording Techniques
3. EXAMINE
Recorded facts critically by asking questions like who, what, when, why
4. DEVELOP
Most economical method
5. MEASURE
The amount of work involved and set standard time to do that job
6. DEFINE
New method and standard time
7. INSTALL
The new method as a standard practice
8. MAINTAIN
New method as agreed standards
PRINCIPLES OF WORK STUDY
METHOD STUDY
• Motion Study : Examine the
job and finding more efficient
method to perform it
WORK
MEASUREMENT
• Time Study : Determine the
time necessary to perform a job
and its elements
BENEFITS OF WORK STUDY
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MANUFACTURING
TIME
9
REASONS FOR EXCESS WORK CONTENT
A. Defects in design
D. Work-man attributes
8
Method Study
METHOD
STUDY
It is the systematic recording & critical
examination of existing and proposed ways
of doing work, as a means of developing and
applying easier and more effective methods
and reducing cost
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METHOD
STUDY
Objectives
Critical examination of facts
Develop best possible solution
Eliminate unnecessary
operations
Add value & Avoid delays
Optimize 3M
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METHOD STUDY
PROCEDURE
SELECT
RECORD
EXAMINE
DEVELOP
DEFINE
12
INSTALL
MAINTAI
JOB
SELECTION
Economic aspect
Technical aspect
Human aspect
13
RECORDING TECHNIQUES
CHARTS
Macro-motion charts
Micro-motion charts
DIAGRAMS
Flow & String diagrams
Cycle graph & Chronocycle graph
15
CRITICAL
A EXAMINATION
systematic and progressive series of
questions with the purpose of determining true
reasons
54
DEVELOPMENT & SELECTION OF IMPROVED METHOD
Eliminate all unnecessary operations
Combine operations & elements
Change the sequence of operations
Simplify the necessary operations
Recommendation phase
Implementation phase
61
MAINTAIN THE PROPOSED
METHOD
Follow-up
Monitoring & control
Audit of the savings
Review of the approach
Evaluation of effectiveness
of proposed method
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METHOD STUDY
SYMBOLS
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Work Measurement
DEFINITION :-
1) Repetitive Work:- The type of work in which the main operation or group of
operations repeat continuously during the time spent at the job. These apply to work
cycle of extremely short duration.
estimating
MTM Manual operation confined to TMU (1 TMU =
one work centre 0.006min)
66
Time study
Time study is work measurement technique for recording the times and rates
of working for the elements of a specified job carried out under specified
under specified conditions
STEPS IN MAKING TIME STUDY:-
1)SELECT (SELECTING JOB FOR WORK STUDY)
2)OBTAIN & RECORD (DETAILS REGARDING
METHODS,OPERATOR, JOB AND WORKING CONDITION)
3)DEFINE (THE ELEMENT, BREAK THE JOB INTO CONVENIENT FOR
TIMING)
4)MEASURE (TIME DURATION FOR EACH ELEMENT AND ASSESS
THE RATING)
5)EXTEND (OBSERVED TIME INTO NORMAL TIME {BASIC TIME})
6)DETERMINED (RELAXATION AND PERSONAL ALLOWANCES)
7) COMPUTE (STANDARD TIME FOR THE OPERATION FOR
DEFINED JOB OR OPERATION.)
Types of element
A repetitive element – Is an element which occurs in every work cycle of the job.
An occasional element - does not occur in each work cycle of the job, but which may occur at
regular or irregular intervals. e.g. machine setting.
A constant element - the basic time remains constant whenever it is performed. e.g. switch the
machine on.
A variable element - is an element for which the basic time varies in relation to some
characteristics of the product, equipment or process, e.g. dimensions, weight, quality etc. e.g. push trolley
of parts to next shop.
Types of element
governing element - occupies a longer time than any of the other elements which are
being performed concurrently. e.g. boil kettle of water, while setting out teapot and cups.
foreign element - is observed during a study which, after analysis, is not found to be
necessary part of the job. e.g. degreasing a part that has still to be machined further.
PERFORMANCE RATING
Process of adjusting the actual pace of
working of an operator by comparing it with
mental picture of pace of an operator working
at normal speed
Relaxation allowances
Variable allowances
Interference allowances
Contingency allowances
Policy allowances
ALLOWANCES
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STANDARD TIME
COMPUTATION
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EXAMPLE on how to calculate standard time:
WORK MEASUREMENT
Work sampling was originally developed by L.H.C. Tippett in Britain in 1934 for the British
Cotton Industry Research Board.
DEFINATION:-
A technique in which a statistically competent number of instantaneous observations are taken,
over a period time, of a group of machines,processes or workers.
Work Sampling has three main applications:-
1) Activity and delay Sampling:- To measure the activities and delays of workers and machines.
2) Performance Sampling:- To measure working time and non working time of a person on a
manual work and to establish a performance index or performance level for a person during his
working time.
3) Work Measurement:- Under certain circumstances, to measure manual task that is to
established a time standard for an operation.
What is job design
Def: Job Design is the process of deciding on the content of a job in terms of
its duties and responsibilities; on the methods to be used in carrying out the
job, in terms of techniques, systems and procedures and on the relationships
that should exist between the job holder and the superiors, subordinates and
colleagues.
Goals of Job design
1. Major Concern
2. Purpose of Job Design
3. Affect on Employee
4. Impact
Design factor
Lighting
Ventilation
Behavioural dimensions of job design
Job rotation
Job enlargement
Job enrichment
Job Rotation: Job Enlargement
:Job Enrichment:
Job Rotation: Refers to the movement of an employee from one Job to another.
Please note: Jobs themselves are not actually Changed, only employees are Rotated among
various jobs.
Job Enlargement: When a job is enlarged the tasks being performed are either enlarged or
several short tasks are given to on worker, thus the scope of the Job is increased because
there are many tasks to be performed by the same worker.
Job Enrichment::Job enrichment as is currently practiced all over the work is a direct
outgrowth of Herzberg’s Two factor theory of motivation.
Approaches to Job Design
Engineering Approach:
Human Approach:
Job Characteristics Approach:
Engineering Approach:
Theory by Hackman and Oldham states that employees will work hard when they are rewarded for
the work they do and when the work gives them satisfaction.
Hence integration of motivation, satisfaction and performance with job design.
According to this approach Job can be described in terms of five core job dimensions:
1. Skill Variety
2. Task Identity
3. Task significance
4. Autonomy
5. Feedback
Job Design Process:
Job Design Process has to start from what activity needs to be done
in order to achieve organizational goals.
It requires use of techniques like work-study, process planning,
organizational methods and organizational analysis and also
technical aspects