COURSE: THERMODYNAMICS

COURSE CODE: FD-201

CLASS: SE (FOOD ENGINNERING)

SEMESTER: FALL 2020

TEACHER: SALMAN ALI KHAN

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 It is clear from the example that process proceed in a
certain direction and not in the reverse direction.
 The first law places no restriction on the direction of a
process, but satisfying the first law does not ensure that
the process can actually occur.
 This inadequacy of the first law to identify whether a
process can take place is remedied by introducing
another general principle, the second law of
thermodynamics.
 A process cannot occur unless it satisfies both the first
and the second laws of thermodynamics.

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 The use of the second law of thermodynamics is not
limited to identifying the direction of processes.
 The second law also asserts that energy has quality as
well as quantity.
 The first law is concerned with the quantity of energy
and the transformations of energy from one form to
another with no regard to its quality.
 Preserving the quality of energy is a major concern to
engineers, and the second law provides the necessary
means to determine the quality as well as the degree of
degradation of energy during a process.

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 That can supply or absorb finite amounts of heat without
undergoing any change in temperature. Such a body is called a
thermal energy reservoir, or just a reservoir.
 In practice, large bodies of water such as oceans, lakes, and
rivers as well as the atmospheric air are thermal energy
reservoirs.
 The atmosphere, for example, does not warm up as a result of
heat losses from residential buildings in winter. Likewise, mega
joules of waste energy dumped in large rivers by power plants do
not cause any significant change in water temperature.
 A reservoir that supplies energy in the form of heat is called a
source, and one that absorbs energy in the form of heat is called
a sink . Thermal energy reservoirs are often referred to as heat
reservoirs since they supply or absorb energy in the form of
heat.

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It is impossible for any device that operates on a
cycle to receive heat from a single reservoir
and produce a net amount of work.

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 That is, a heat engine must exchange heat with a low-
temperature sink as well as a high-temperature source
to keep operating.
 The Kelvin–Planck statement can also be expressed as
no heat engine can have a thermal efficiency of 100
percent (Fig. 6–18), or as for a power plant to operate,
the working fluid must exchange heat with the
environment as well as the furnace.

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It is impossible to construct
a device that operates in a
cycle and produces no effect
other than the transfer of
heat from a lower-
temperature body to a
higher-temperature body.

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 It is common knowledge that heat does not, of its own volition,
transfer from a cold medium to a warmer one.
 The Clausius statement does not imply that a cyclic device that
transfers heat from a cold medium to a warmer one is impossible
to construct.
 In fact, this is precisely what a common household refrigerator
does. It simply states that a refrigerator cannot operate unless its
compressor is driven by an external power source, such as an
electric motor.
 This way, the net effect on the surroundings involves the
consumption of some energy in the form of work, in addition to
the transfer of heat from a colder body to a warmer one.
 Therefore, a household refrigerator is in complete compliance
with the Clausius statement of the second law.

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 Both the Kelvin–Planck and the Clausius statements of
the second law are negative statements, and a negative
statement cannot be proved.
 Like any other physical law, the second law of
thermodynamics is based on experimental observations.
 To date, no experiment has been conducted that
contradicts the second law, and this should be taken as
sufficient proof of its validity.
 Any device that violates the kelvin Plank statement also
violates the Clausius statement and vice versa.

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