DEPARTMENT OF FOOD ENGINEERING

NED UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY

Course Title : Mechanics Of Materials

Course Code : MM-205
Year: S.E
Lecture 4 c
Bending of Members Made of Several Materials
• Consider a composite beam formed from
two materials with E1 and E2.
• Normal strain varies linearly.
y
x  

• Piecewise linear normal stress variation.
E1 y E2 y
 1  E1 x    2  E2 x  
 
Neutral axis does not pass through
section centroid of composite section.
• Elemental forces on the section are
Ey E y
dF1   1dA   1 dA dF2   2 dA   2 dA
 
My
x   • Define a transformed section such that
I
1   x  2  n x dF2  
 nE1  y dA   E1 y  n dA E
n 2
  E1

4-3
Example 4.03
Bar is made from bonded pieces of
steel (Es = 29x106 psi) and brass
(Eb = 15x106 psi). Determine the
maximum stress in the steel and
brass when a moment of 40 kip*in
is applied.
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross
section made entirely of brass
• Evaluate the cross sectional properties
of the transformed section
• Calculate the maximum stress in the
transformed section. This is the correct
maximum stress for the brass pieces of
the bar.
• Determine the maximum stress in the
steel portion of the bar by multiplying
the maximum stress for the transformed
section by the ratio of the moduli of
elasticity.
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Example 4.03
SOLUTION:
• Transform the bar to an equivalent cross section
made entirely of brass.
Es 29 106 psi
n   1.933
Eb 15 106 psi
bT  0.4 in  1.933 0.75 in  0.4 in  2.25 in

• Evaluate the transformed cross sectional properties

1 b h3  1  2.25 in. 3 in  3
I  12 T 12
 5.063 in 4
• Calculate the maximum stresses
Mc  40 kip  in 1.5 in 
m   4
 11.85 ksi
I 5.063in

  b  max   m   b  max  11.85 ksi

  s  max  n m  1.93311.85 ksi   s  max  22.9 ksi

4-5
Reinforced Concrete Beams
• Concrete beams subjected to bending moments are
reinforced by steel rods.
• The steel rods carry the entire tensile load below
the neutral surface. The upper part of the
concrete beam carries the compressive load.
• In the transformed section, the cross sectional area
of the steel, As, is replaced by the equivalent area
nAs where n = Es/Ec.
• To determine the location of the neutral axis,
 bx x  n As  d  x   0
2
1 b x2  n As x  n As d  0
2

• The normal stress in the concrete and steel

My
x  
I
c   x  s  n x

4-6
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely
of concrete.

• Evaluate geometric properties of

transformed section.

• Calculate the maximum stresses

in the concrete and steel.

A concrete floor slab is reinforced with

5/8-in-diameter steel rods. The modulus
of elasticity is 29x106psi for steel and
3.6x106psi for concrete. With an applied
bending moment of 40 kip*in for 1-ft
width of the slab, determine the maximum
stress in the concrete and steel.

4-7
Sample Problem 4.4
SOLUTION:
• Transform to a section made entirely of concrete.
Es 29  106 psi
n   8.06
Ec 3.6  106 psi


 
nAs  8.06  24 85 in   4.95 in 2
2


• Evaluate the geometric properties of the

transformed section.
 x
12 x   4.95 4  x   0 x  1.450in
 2
 
I  13 12 in 1.45 in  3  4.95 in 2  2.55 in  2  44.4 in 4

• Calculate the maximum stresses.

Mc1 40 kip  in 1.45in
c    c  1.306 ksi
I 44.4in 4
Mc 40 kip  in  2.55 in  s  18.52 ksi
 s  n 2  8.06
I 44.4in 4

4-8
Stress Concentrations

Stress concentrations may occur: Mc

m  K
I
• in the vicinity of points where the
loads are applied
• in the vicinity of abrupt changes
in cross section
4-9
Example 4.04

Solution:

4 - 10
Example 4.04

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 Review And Summary

• Normal strain in bending

• Normal stress in elastic range

• Elastic flexure formula

4 - 12
 Review And Summary
• Elastic section modulus

• Anticlastic curvature

y y
 y   x   z   x 
 

• Members made of several materials

My
x  
I
1   x  2  n x

Mc
• Stress Comcentration m  K
I 4 - 13
Practice Problems

• Examples 4.01 to 4.04

• Sample Problems 4.1 to 4.4
• Exercise Problems 4.1 to 4.14 , 4.29 to 4.35,4.52, 4.61 to 4.64

4 - 14
The End

4 - 15