KARABUK UNIVERSITY

ENGINEERING FACULTY
STRENGTH OF
MATERIALS I

SECTION 3-b
TORSION

Assistant Professor Özden İŞBİLİR

 Contents

• Angle of Twist in Elastic Range

• Statically Indeterminate Shafts

• Design of Transmission Shafts

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 2
 Angle of Twist in Elastic Range
• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum
shearing strain are related,
c
 max =
L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and shear
are related by Hooke’s Law,
 max Tc
 max = =
G JG
• Equating the expressions for shearing strain and
solving for the angle of twist,
TL
=
JG
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-section
changes along the length, the angle of rotation is
found as the sum of segment rotations
Ti Li
 =
i J i Gi

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 3
 Example - 1

The horizontal shaft AD is attached to a fixed base at D and is subjected to

the torques shown. A 44-mm-diameter hole has been drilled into portion
CD of the shaft. Knowing that the entire shaft is made of steel for which
G=77 GPa, determine the angle of twist at end A.

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 4
 Solution of Example - 1

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 5
 Example - 2

Two solid steel shafts are connected by gears. Knowing that for each shaft
G = 11.2 x 106 psi and that the allowable shearing stress is 8 ksi, determine
a. the largest torque T0 that may be applied to the end of shaft AB
b. the corresponding angle through which end A of shaft AB rotates.

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 6
 Solution of Example - 2

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 7
 Statically Indeterminate Shafts
• Given the shaft dimensions and the applied
torque, we would like to find the torque reactions
at A and B.
• From a free-body analysis of the shaft,
TA + TB = 90 lb  ft

which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

The problem is statically indeterminate.
• Divide the shaft into two components which
must have compatible deformations,
TA L1 TB L2 LJ
 = 1 + 2 = − =0 TB = 1 2 TA
J1G J 2G L2 J1

• Substitute into the original equilibrium equation,

LJ
TA + 1 2 TA = 90 lb  ft
L2 J1

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 8
 Example - 3
A circular shaft AB consists of a 10-in.-long, 7/8 -in.- diameter
steel cylinder, in which a 5-in.-long, 5/8 -in.-diameter cavity
has been drilled from end B. The shaft is attached to fixed
supports at both ends, and a 90 lb.ft torque is applied at its
midsection. Determine the torque exerted on the shaft by each
of the supports.

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 9
 Solution of Example - 3

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 10
 Example - 4

A steel shaft and an aluminum tube are connected to a fixed support and
to a rigid disk as shown in the cross section. Knowing that the initial
stresses are zero, determine the maximum torque T0 that can be applied
to the disk if the allowable stresses are 120 MPa in the steel shaft and 70
MPa in the aluminum tube. Use G=77 GPa for steel and G=27 GPa for
aluminum.

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 11
 Solution of Example - 4

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 12
 Design of Transmission Shafts

• Principal transmission shaft • Determine torque applied to shaft at

performance specifications are: specified power and speed,
- power P = T = 2fT
- speed P P
T= =
 2f
• Designer must select shaft
material and cross-section to • Find shaft cross-section which will not
meet performance specifications exceed the maximum allowable
without exceeding allowable shearing stress,
shearing stress.  max =
Tc
J
J  3 T
= c = (solid shafts )
c 2  max
J
=
 4 4
c2 2c2
(
c2 − c1 = )
T
 max
(hollow shafts )

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 13
 Example - 5

What size of shaft should be used for the rotor of a 5-hp

motor operating at 3600 rpm if the shearing stress is not to
exceed 8500 psi in the shaft?

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 14
 Solution of Example - 5

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 15
 Example - 6

A shaft consisting of a steel tube of 50-mm outer diameter is

to transmit 100 kW of power while rotating at a frequency of
20 Hz. Determine the tube thickness that should be used if
the shearing stress is not to exceed 60 MPa.

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 16
 Solution of Example - 6

Asst. Prof.
Özden İŞBİLİR
Strength of Materials I 17