STRUCTURAL MECHANICS

MDP 213

Displacement and deflections /

Torsion and Bending

Dr. Abdallah Shokry

Mechanical Engineering Dep.
Faculty of Engineering, Fayoum University
 Deformations in a circular shaft

• From observation, the angle of twist of the

shaft is proportional to the applied torque and
to the shaft length.
φ ∝T ,φ ∝ L

• When subjected to torsion, every cross-section

of a circular shaft remains plane and
undistorted.

• Cross-sections for hollow and solid circular

shafts remain plane and undistorted because a
circular shaft is axisymmetric.

• Cross-sections of noncircular (non-

axisymmetric) shafts are distorted when
subjected to torsion.

2
 Shearing Strain

• Consider an interior section of the shaft. As

a torsional load is applied, an element on the
interior cylinder deforms into a rhombus.
AA′ AA′
γ = ,φ =
L ρ

• It follow that;
ρφ
Lγ = ρφ or γ =
L

• Maximum shear strain at ρ = c;

cφ
γ max =
L
ρ
γ= γ max
c
3
 Stresses in Elastic Range

• From Hooke's law,

ρ
τ = Gγ = G γ max
c
ρ
∴τ = τ max
c
• The shearing stress varies linearly with
the radial position in the section.
• Recall that the sum of the moments from the
internal stress distribution is equal to the torque on
the shaft at the section,
ρτ τ
T = ∫ ρdF = ∫ ρτ dA = ∫ ρ ( max ) dA = max ∫ ρ 2 dA
c c
τ max
= J
c
• The results are known as the elastic torsion formulas,
Tc Tρ
τ max = and τ = 4
J J
 Stresses in Elastic Range
- Example #1
• A hollow cylindrical steel shaft is 1.5 m long and has inner and
outer diameter respectively equal to 40 and 60 mm as shown on
the figure. (a) What is the largest torque can be applied to the
shaft if the shearing stress is not to exceed 120 MPa? (b) What is
the corresponding minimum value of the shearing stress in the
shaft?

5
 Stresses in Elastic Range
- Example #1
- (a);
π π
J= (c2 − c1 ) = (0.034 − 0.02 4 )
4 4

2 2
= 1.021×10 −6 m 4

Tc τ max J
τ max = ∴T =
J c
(120 ×106 )(1.021×10 −6 )
= = 4.08 KN .m
0.03
- (b);

c1
τ min = τ max = 0.02 (120) = 80MPa
c2 0.03
6
 Stresses in Elastic Range
- Example #2

• Shaft BC is hollow with inner and outer diameters of 90 mm and

120 mm, respectively. Shafts AB and CD are solid of diameter d.
For the loading shown, determine (a) the minimum and maximum
shearing stress in shaft BC, (b) the required diameter d of shafts
AB and CD if the allowable shearing stress in these shafts is 65
MPa.

7
 Stresses in Elastic Range
- (a);

∑M x = 0 = (6 kN ⋅ m ) + (14 kN ⋅ m ) − TBC

TBC = 20 kN ⋅ m
π π
J= (c2 − c1 ) = (0.06 4 − 0.0454 ) = 13.92 × 10 −6 m 4
4 4

2 2
Tc 20 × 103 (0.06)
τ max = = −6
= 86.2MPa
J 13.92 × 10
c1 0.045
τ min = τ max = (86.2) = 64.7 MPa
c2 0.06
- (b);
τ max =
Tc 6 × 103 (c ) c = 38.9 × 10 −3 m = 38.9mm
65 × 10 = 6
J π
(c 4 ) d = 2(c ) = 2(38.9) = 77.8mm 8
2
 Angle of Twist in Elastic Range
• Recall that the angle of twist and maximum shearing strain are
related,
cφ
γ max =
L
• In the elastic range, the shearing strain and
shear are related by Hooke’s Law,
τ max Tc
γ max = =
G JG
TL
∴φ = rad
JG
• If the torsional loading or shaft cross-
section changes along the length, the
angle of rotation is found as the sum of
segment rotations
Ti Li
φ =∑
i J i Gi 9
 Angle of Twist in Elastic Range
- Example #3
• What torque should be applied to the end of the shaft as shown
on the figure to produce a twist of 2o? (use G=77GPa).
- Solution;
TL
φ=
JG
JG
∴T = φ
L
π
( (0.034 − 0.02 4 ))(77 ×109 )
2π 2
= 2×
360 1.5
= 1.829 ×103 N .m = 1.829 KN .m

10
Relative Twist Angle

TL
φE / B = = φE − φB
JG

11
 Statically Indeterminate Shafts

- Example #4
125mm
• Given the shaft dimensions and the applied torque,
125mm
we would like to find the torque reactions at A and B.
(dAB= 22 mm, diCB = 16 mm).
• From a free-body analysis of the shaft, 120N.
m
TA + TB = 90 lb ⋅ ft
120N.m

which is not sufficient to find the end torques.

The problem is statically indeterminate.

• Divide the shaft into two components which

must have compatible deformations, 120N.
m
TA L1 TB L2
φ = φ1 + φ2 = 0 ∴ − =0
J1G J 2G
L1 J 2
TB = TA
L2 J1
∴TA = 69.8 N .m ∴TB = 50.2N.m 12
 Statically Indeterminate Shafts

- Example #5
• Two solid steel shafts are connected by gears. Knowing that for
each shaft G = 77 GPa and that the allowable shearing stress is
55 MPa, determine (a) the largest torque T0 that may be applied
to the end of shaft AB, (b) the corresponding angle through which
end A of shaft AB rotates.

900 mm

25 mm

19
mm
600 mm
60
mm
22
mm
13
 Statically Indeterminate Shafts

• Apply a static equilibrium analysis on

900
mm

the two shafts to find a relationship 25 mm

between TCD and T0

∑ M B = 0 = F (0.022 ) − T0
19
mm
600
60 mm

∑M = 0 = F (0.06) − TCD
mm 22
C mm

TCD = 2.73 T0

• Apply a kinematic analysis to relate the

angular rotations of the gears.
22 mm
rBφB = rCφC 60 mm

rC 0.06
φB = φC = φC
rB 0.022
φB = 2.73φC
22 mm
60 mm
14
 Statically Indeterminate Shafts

• (a) Find the T0;

900
mm
25 mm
- Rod AB;

τ max
T c
= AB TAB (9.5 ×10 −3 )
∴ 55 = 19
J AB 1
π (9.5 ×10 −3 ) 4
mm
600
60
2 mm 22
mm

TAB = To = 74.1N .m mm

- Rod CD;

T c TCD (12.5 ×10 −3 )

τ max = CD ∴ 55 = 9.5 mm
J CD 1
π (12.5 ×10 −3 ) 4
2 600 mm

TCD = 168.71N .m  TCD = 2.73 T0

12.5 mm
168.71
∴To = = 61.8 N .m
2.73 900 mm

- Choose the minimum one;

To = 61.8 N .m
15
 Statically Indeterminate Shafts

900
• (b) angle of twist at A; mm
25 mm

TAB LAB 61.8 × 0.6

φA/ B = =
J AB G 1
π (9.5 ×10 −3 ) 4 (77 ×109 ) 19
mm
2 600
60 mm
= 0.038rad = 2.15° mm 22
mm
TCD LCD 168.71(0.9)
φC / D = =
J CD G 1
π (12.5 ×10 −3 ) 4 (77 ×109 )
2
= 0.051rad = 2.95°

φC / D = φC ∴φC = 2.95° φB = 2.73φC

∴φB = 2.73 * 2.95 = 8.05°
φ A / B = φ A − φB
φ A = φ A / B + φB
= 2.15 + 8.05 = 10.2°
16
 Bending Deformations

Beam with a plane of symmetry in pure bending:

 member remains symmetric
 bends uniformly to form a circular arc
 cross-sectional plane passes through arc
center and remains planar
 length of top decreases and length of bottom
increases

 a neutral surface must exist that is parallel to

the upper and lower surfaces and for which the
length does not change

 stresses and strains are negative (compressive)

above the neutral plane and positive (tension)
below it

17
 Strain Due to Bending

 Consider a beam segment of length

L.
 After deformation, the length of the
neutral surface remains L. At other
sections,
L = DE = ρθ L′ = JK = (ρ − y )θ

δ = L − L′ = ρθ − (ρ − y )θ = − yθ

δ yθ y
εx = =− =− (strain varies linearly)
L ρθ ρ
c c
εm = or ρ=
ρ εm
where εm is the maximum absolute strain value

y
εx = − εm 18
c
 Stress Due to Bending

• For a linearly elastic material,

y
σ x = Eε x = − Eε m
c
y
= − σ m (stress varies linearly)
c
• For static equilibrium,
y
Fx = 0 = ∫ σ x dA = ∫ − σ m dA
c
σ
− m ∫ y dA = 0
c

∫ y dA = 0
• First moment of area with respect to neutral plane is
zero. Therefore, the neutral surface must pass
through the section centroid.

19
 Stress Due to Bending

• For static equilibrium,

 y 
M = ∫ − yσ x dA = ∫ − y − σ m  dA
 c 
σm σ mI
M= ∫ y dA =
2

c c
where I is the second moment of area (moment of inertia).

Mc M
σm = =
I S
where σm is the maximum absolute stress value and S is the elastic section modulus.

y
Substituting σ x = − σ m
c
My
σx = −
I

20
 Stress Due to Bending

• The deformation of the member caused by the bending moment is

measured by the curvature of the neutral surface.

c 1 εm
εm = =
ρ ρ c

1 Mc
= 1 σm
ρ EcI =
ρ Ec

1 M
=
ρ EI
21
 Stress Due to Bending

• Example #6

• A cast-iron machine part is acted upon by a 3 kN-m couple.

Knowing E = 165 GPa and neglecting the effects of fillets,
determine (a) the maximum tensile and compressive stresses, (b)
the radius of curvature.

22
 Stress Due to Bending

• Solution; (a):
• Based on the cross section geometry, calculate the location of the
section centroid and moment of inertia.

Area, mm 2 y , mm yA, mm3

1 20 × 90 = 1800 50 90 ×103
2 40 × 30 = 1200 20 24 ×103
∑ A = 3000 ∑ yA = 114 ×103
3
∑ yA 114 × 10
Y = = = 38 mm
∑A 3000

I x′ = ( 121 bh 3 + A1 d1 ) + ( 121 bh 3 + A2 d 2 )
2 2

= (1
12 ) (
90 × 203 + 1800 ×12 2 + 1
12 30 × 403 + 1200 ×182 )
I = 868 ×103 mm 4 = 868 ×10-9 m 4
23
 Stress Due to Bending

• Solution:
Mc
σm =
I
M cA 3 ×103 (0.022)
σA = = = 76 MPa
I 868 ×10 −9
M cB 3 ×103 ( 0.038)
σB = − =− = −131.3MPa
I 868 ×10 −9
• (b):
1 M
=
ρ EI
3 ×103
=
( )(
165 ×109 868 ×10-9 )
= 20.95 ×10 −3 m −1

ρ = 47.7m

24
 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Stress due to eccentric loading found by superposing the uniform

stress due to a centric load and linear stress distribution due a pure
bending moment.

• Eccentric loading σ x = (σ x )centric + (σ x )bending

F=P P My
= −
M = Pd A I

25
 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Example #7
• An open link chain is obtained by bending low carbon steel rods
of 12 mm diameter into the change shown. Knowing that the
chain carries a load of 700 N, determine (a) the largest tensile
and compressive stresses in the straight portion of the link, (b)
the distance between the centroidal and the neutral axis of a
cross section.

26
 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Solution; (a):

P 700
σO = = = 6.2 MPa
A π
(0.012) 2
4
Mc (700)(0.016)(0.006)
σm = = = 66 MPa
I 1
π (0.006) 4
4 27
 Eccentric Axial Loading in a Plane of Symmetry

• Solution:
σ 1 = σ o + σ m = 6.2 + 66 = 72.2MPa
σ 2 = σ o − σ m = 6.2 − 66 = −59.8MPa

• (b):
1
P My P I 700
π ( 0 . 006 ) 4

σx = − =0 y = ( )( ) = ( )( 4 )
A I A M π
(0.012) 2 700(0.016)
4
= 0.56mm

28
 References

• Beer, Ferdinand P. and Johnston, R. and Dewolf, J. and

Mazurek, D., (2012) ‘’Mechanics of Materials, McGraw-Hill’’,
New York.