02/04/2020

Power Engineering Master

ELECTRIC MACHINES
By Hamid BENTARZI

Objectives : The course is planned to provide power engineering

students with an active knowledge required to characterize and
model the different types of electrical machines.

Prerequisite : The prerequisite courses are : Calculus I & II, DC

and AC circuits, Electric Machines I and numerical methods.

Evaluation Mode: Continuous + Final exam

References :
“Introduction to Electrical Machines and Transformers» by G.
McPherson,
Lab-Volt laboratory manual.

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Outline
Chapter one: Basic Concepts
Electromagnetic Field
Revolving Fields
E.M.F in AC machines windings

Chapter three: Synchronous Machines

Main types of AC machines
Characterization of the alternator
three -phase synchronous motor
Chapter two: Transformer
Main types of transformer
Characterization of the transformer
Inrush current in transformer
Chapter Four: Asynchronous (Induction ) Machines
Different types and Construction
Characterization of the three-phase IM motor
D-q modeling
Operation as three-phase asynchronous generators
Single-phase IM motor
Chapter Five : DC Machines

Electric Fields from Faraday

•We can generate electromotive force – EMF – by
moving the loop in and out of magnetic field
•Can we generate it by moving the magnet?
Magnet
d B
E
dt
Faraday’s Law works whether
the wire is moving or the B-field is
changing*
•How can there be an EMF in the wire in this case?
•Charges aren’t moving, so it can’t be magnetic fields
•Electric fields must be produced by the changing B-field!
•The EMF is caused by an electric field that points around the
loop d B
E ds 0
dt

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Magnetic Force
Any charge provides magnetic force
a) charge should be in movement
b) speed of charge should have perpendicular component with the
direction of magnetic field.
The direction of the force is always perpendicular to the
speed vector v and the magnetic field B.

Magnetic Force and the right hand rule

F qvB sin
Where is the angle between v and B

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Magnetic Force on a conductor with currant I

FC ILB

Torque

F r sin N m
F ILB

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Lenz’s Law
•As the wire shrunk, the magnetic flux decreased
•But the wire acquired a current, which tried
to increase it
The induced current in a loop is in the
direction that opposes the change in
magnetic flux through the area
enclosed by the loop
d B
E
dt
•Move loop to the right
•Current flows to maintain B-field
•Current dies away
•Move loop to the left
•Current flows to kill B-field
•Current dies away

How to Make an AC Generator

•Have a background source of magnetic fields, like permanent magnets
•Add a loop of wire, attached to an axle that can be rotated
•Add “slip rings” that connect the rotating loop to outside wires
•Rotate the loop at angular frequency
•Magnetic flux changes with time
t B BAcos BAcos t

•This produces EMF

•To improve it, make the loop A
repeat many (N) times

d B
dt

N BA sin t

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How to Make an AC Generator

• Wires connected to
the rotating coil
would get twisted,
• Therefore we use
circular slip rings
with sliding
contacts called
brushes

• In this lecture we consider various forms of

rotating electrical machines
• These can be divided into:
– generators – which convert mechanical energy into
electrical energy
– motors – which convert electrical energy into
mechanical energy
• Both types operate through the interaction
between a magnetic field and a set of windings

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Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit

Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit

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Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit

The relationship between the magneto-motive force (mmf) acting

on a magnetic circuit and the magnetic field intensity H (A-m)

Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit

The relationship between the magnetic field intensity H and

the magnetic flux density B is a property of the material in which
the field exists.

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Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit

A magnetic core of given permeability, cross-sectional area Ac, and

mean length lc, and an air gap, cross-sectional area Ag, and gap
length g. In the core the flux density can be assumed uniform; thus

Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit

The mmf acting on a magnetic circuit

using the linear B-H relationship

The mmf in terms of the total flux

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Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit

The mmf in terms of the total flux

Thus, mmf will be written,

Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit
Finally, previous equation can be inverted to solve for the flux

Or,

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Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit
Analogy between electric and magnetic circuits.

(a) Electric circuit, (b) magnetic circuit.

Chapter one: Introduction

Magnetic Circuit

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