Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Review of Related Literature and Studies
Review of Related Literature and Studies
This chapter presents the review of literature and studies which are
Americans now average about seven hours in bed per night, and close to
60%now report that they have trouble sleeping at least a few nights every week
"About Sleep Deprivation" ]that most adults should sleep one to two more hours
more per night due to the fact that 80% of Americans are chronically sleep-
deprived" (Munson, 2000). Recent studies show that during sleep the brain takes
all new information obtained during the day and organizes it. Students who are
sleep-deprived can therefore lose up to 30% of what they studied up to two days
What purpose does sleep really serve? In "Sleep Deprivation and Cognitive
Function," by Paul Tam in 1998, we learn that sleep loss affects recovery of the
frontal cortex of the brain. A lack of sleep has been shown to impair speech,
memory and innovative, and flexible thinking (Tam, 1998). In this article, two
professors, Jim Home and Dr. Yvonne Harrison, conducted studies to see how
sleep affects language, decision making, memory and also how age becomes a
factor. They found that sleep-deprived individuals had "difficulty finding the right
words and delivering them," when asked off the top of their heads to say words
beginning with a given letter, affecting communication skills in every day life.
think innovatively and the flexibility of their decision making process. They found
inability to change their strategies and show flexible decision making skills.
Overall, the previous studies in the article written by Paul Tam in 1998 and
another article by the Society for Neuroscience in 2003 shows that sleep
impact on memory, the ability to perform simple daily tasks, and attention span.
realize sleep is "as essential for your well-being as food and water" ("Brain
Basics," 2003). However, the amount of sleep each person needs depends on
many factors. For most adults about 8 to 9 hours of sleep seems to be best if
based on age. On the other hand, other life factors also affect this figure. Getting
too little sleep, impairs our judgment, reaction time, and other daily functions
schedule.
REM sleep (rapid eye movement) has been shown to have marked effects on the
brain. REM sleep begins with signals from the pons which then travel to the
thalamus, which then relays them to the cerebral cortex; "the outer layer of the
brain that is responsible for learning, thinking, and organizing information" ("Brain
Basics," 2003). One study found that this stage of sleep affects learning of
certain skills. It was found that people who were taught a skill and then deprived
of non-REM sleep could recall what they had learned after sleeping, while people
who were deprived of REM sleep could not ("Brain Basics," 2003). Therefore, an
reinforce what we learn during the day and integrate it into long-term memory
(Marano, 2003).
Just like other problems that humanity faces, there is not a single
is very likely that the individual will become sleep deprived, the issue is
determining which disorders the person suffers from, so that health can be
sought after to assist in receiving enough sleep. People have been known
and sleep apnea; this are just a few of the many disorders that individuals
can suffer from, which can prevent them from achieving an optimum sleep
schedules set by Colleges and Public Schools are partially responsible for
The major factor that can lead to an insufficient amount of sleep is when
periods of time without adequate amounts of sleep each night, for example;
medical professionals and shift workers. When said individuals do finally have
the opportunity to go home and rest, they still have to deal with the demands of
hindered when a person is suffering from total sleep deprivation; however, when
a person is suffering from a lack of sleep, they may tend to lose the ability to filter
memory, living less room for that which is relevant, making it appear that the
memory itself is being hindered. This was clearly observe through the empirical
research study title: the effects of two types of sleep deprivation on visual
basis, the literature states that an individual’s skills in learning capacity, such as
memory, attention and problem solving skills are effected the most. Sleep
deprivation can also lead to daytime sleepiness. When this factors are all being
faced, students are likely achieve lower test scores and lower grade point
averages; however, it has been shown that cognitive function is not hindered as
drastically when the individuals are working in groups as when working alone
There are multiple ways in which individual can work to overcome their
night of sleep is not always an option with people’s nonstop lives, so the majority
of people turn to different stimulants in order to keep them going during the day.
Studies have shown that when 20mg of d-amphetamines are ingested orally, the
individual returns to cognitive state that was present prior to being sleep
increasing their confidents in their actions and decisions. It has long been
believed that nicotine has the ability to aid in the retention and enhancement of
cognitive functions, when the individual is sleep deprived, due to the fact that is
stimulant, but research has actually shown it has no positive effect on the brains
cognitive capabilities, due to its inability to improve sleep latency. L-deprenyl, like
1992).
Sleep is a vital necessity for people to live a healthy lifestyle in which they
can function well and think properly. It helps with memory consolidation, learning,
decision making, and critical thinking (Gilbert & Weaver, 2010). Therefore, sleep
for performance wherever the person may be, whether it be at work, home or
result of poor sleep quality and sleep deprivation is especially evident among
college students. Since college students have such busy work, school, and social
schedules to keep up with their sleep cycles become negatively affected by it.
They tend to have irregular sleep cycles depending on the day of the week and
report this satisfaction with sleep as a result of poor sleep quality (Gilbert &
Weaver, 2010).
students. In a study done by Ahrberg and his colleagues (2012), they found that
different modes of stress affect the circadian sleep rhythms of the students. Of
these modes of stress, stress from work and school are the most prevalent. A
working students can feel stress from going to school, then working too hard at
their job, and then coming to come home to do more school work until the early
hours of the day. Students who do not have a job may also feel the same
stresses as working students if they spend too much time procrastinating and
have to spend time working on school work until the early morning as well
Ahrberg and his colleagues (2012) also state that as a result of sleeping this late,
gender and grade differences. In Tsai and Li study, they found that female
students tend to receive lesser sleep with poorer sleep quality and more
awakenings in the middle of the night compared to male students. The male
students would receive more sleep with better quality. This is because women
went to bed later but rose earlier. According to Tsai and Li (2004), younger
students such as college freshmen also tended to sleep less than college seniors
no matter what their gender. This maybe because of fewer workloads and the
more relaxed attitude of college seniors since they have their life more balanced
out as opposed to the incoming freshmen that are just trying to figure things out.
The college freshmen may feel more stress as they try to balance having a social
life and keeping out with their academics at the same time. As a result, sleep
Many studies in the past have shown that sleep deprivation thus correlate
two researchers found that sleep loss interferes with a student’s academic,
extracurricular and vocational choices. They also found that the amount of hours
students sleep in a 24 hours period has greatly decreased over the years while
Another study done by Medeiros and three other colleagues (2001), found
this study, they analyzed how irregular sleep cycles can be the result of different
days of the week. For example, their participants tended to have prolonged sleep
during the weekends because of their loss of sleep during the week days
because of school (Medeiros et al., 2001). Since humans have the tendency to
continue sleeping late as the result of their human circadian rhythm and make
people moody and cause them to not be as alert as they should be.
In a similar study done by Kelly, W. and two other colleagues (2001), they
also found that sleep deprivation greatly affects a student’s ability to perform in
their classes. This is evident through the students GPA’s. Kelly and colleagues
reported that people who slept 9 hours or more in a 24 hour period had
significantly higher GPA’s than short sleepers who sleep 6 hours or less in a 24
hour period. These short sleepers also tended to show signs of anxiousness,
were less creative, more neurotic, and more prone to hallucinate as well (Kelly,
the work force of the awareness on the effects of sleep deprivation among Grade