$=#=@ ;fdfu|L;ª\sng k|lqmof

sf]zlgd{f0f sfo{df k|d'v sfo{x?dWo] ;fdu|L;ª\sng klg Ps xf] . sfz;sf] k|

s[ltsf] cfwf/df ;ª\sngsf ;|ft], If]q / k|s[ltx? k|efljt x'G5g\ . o;y{ cfˆgf] of]hgfnfO{
;kmn agfpg} s'g–s'g ;|f]taf6 zAbx?sf] ;ª\sng ug]{ xf], To;;Fu ;DalWft ;fdu|
Lx?;ª\sngdf Wofglbg' k5{ . lsgls, sf]zlgdf0{fsf nflu ;fdu|L;ª\sng k|fylds / k|d'v
sfo{ ePsfn] ;DalGwt sf]zsf] k|s[lt x]/L To;sf lglDt pko'St ;fdu|Lx?sf] df}lvs tyf
lnlvt efiffsf dfWodaf6 ;ª\sng ug'{k5{ . lnlvt efiffdf dfq} cfwfl/t eP/ zAb;ª\sng ug]
{ xf] eg] k|fdfl0fs / cflwsfl/s s[lt / To;;Fu ;DalGWft ;fdu|Lx? x'g'k5{ . lnlvt / df}lvs
b'j} efiffdf cfwfl/t eP/ sf]zlgdf{0f ug]{ xf] eg] df}lvs efiffsf] nflu ;fdu|L ;ª\sng ug]{
ljleGg JolStx?nfO{ v6fP/ ;DalGwt 7fpFsf] ;f+:s[lts, ;fdflhs, hftLo, Joj;flos, k|fs[lts
cflb;Fu ;DalGwt ;Dk"0f{ ;Gbe{x?sf] klg ;"rgf;ª\sng ug'{k5{ .

;fdfu|L;ª\sngsf ;|f]t
;fdfGotof ;fdu|L;ª\sng ;|f]t lnlvt / df}lvs /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

lnlvt efiffsf] ;|f]t

k|frLgsfnb]lv jt{dfgsfn;Dd g} P]ltxfl;s zAbsf]zdf lnlvt ;fdu|Lx?af6
zAb ;ª\sng u/]sf] b]lvG5 . j0f{gfTds sf]zdf Pssflns ;flxTosf s[lif lj1fg, dfgljsL,
;dfhzf:q, sfg'g, dgf]lj1fg, cy{zf:q k|ljlw cflb If]qaf6 ;fdu|L;ª\sng ul/G5 . o;qmddf
ldl8ofdf k|;fl/t ;fdu|Lx?af6 klg cfjZos zAb;ª\sng ul/G5 . o;k|sf/sf] ;fdu|L;ª\sng ug]
{ ljlwnfO{ cjt/0f ljlw elgG5 . o; ljlwn] df}lvs ?kdf ;fdu|L;ª\sng ug'{eGbf lnlvt ?
kdf ;fdfu|L;ª\sng ug{ ;lhnf] 7fGb5 . o;sf nflu ;fdfGotof #⨉$ kQL lgdf{0f u/L
zAb;ª\sng ug'{k5{ . o;/L ;ª\slnt zAbx?nfO{ j0ff{g'qmddf ldnfP/ /fVg'k5{ . o;/L
lgdf{0f ul/Psf kQLx?nfO{ sf]zkQL elgG5 . o;df zAb / tLgsf ljleGg cy{x?
b]vfOPsf] x'G5 . o;k|sf/af6 lgld{t sf]zkQLx?sf] ;d'RronfO{ cg'qmdl0fsf elgG5 .
o:tf sfo{ ;fGble{s cy{ / k|ljli6sf nflu s]zLo d"n?knfO{ ldnfP/ ul/G5 . o;y{ sf]zsf]
cjt/0fsf] ul/dfdo e"ldsf /x]sf] x'gfn] …cjt/0f ljlwsf] rrf{ oxfF ;fGbfle{s /xG5 .

cjt/0f ljlw
s'g} klg l6kgkGQLdf ;DalGwt ;flxToaf6 sf]zLo PsfO / ltgsf ;Gbe{x?
nfO{ Jojl:yt ?kn] cª\lst ug]{ k|lqmof g} cjt/0f ljlw xf] . o;n] sf]zdf ;fGble{s cy{ / k|
ljli6sf nflu sf]zLo d"n?knfO{ ldnfpg] sfo{ ub5{ . o;y{ cjtl/t zAbsf] k|s[ltsf] cfwf/df
cjt/0f ljlwnfO{ b'O{ k|sf/n] juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 . ;fdfGo / ljlZfi6 .
s= ;fdfGo cjt/0f
;fdfGo cjt/0fcGtu{t sf]zsf] ;fdfu|L;ª\sng ubf{ ;DalGWft ;flxToaf6 ;fdfGo
Ifq]sf cy{k|bfg ug]{ sf]zLo PsfOx?sf] ;fdfGo cjt/0f kb{5 . h:tM} 3fd, kfgL, lstfa cflb .

v+ ljlzi6 cjt/0f

bz{gzf:q, efifflj1fg, dgf]lj1fg, lrlsT;fzf:q cflbsf ;fy} k|fljlws If]q;Fu

;DalGwt zAbfjnLsf] cjt/0f sd{nfO{ ljlZfi6 cjt/0f elgG5 . o;df lj1fg tyf k|ljlw
ljifo;Fu ;DalGwt zAbx? ;ª\sng ug]{ sfo{ ul/G5 . cjt/0f ;ª\sng k|lqmofsf] k|s[lt /
;DalGwt s[ltaf6 ul/G5 . ;ª\sngsf cfwf/df o;nfO{ ;d'RrofTds cjt/0f / rogfTds cjt/0fsf ?
kdf juL{s/0f u/]sf] b]lvG5 .

i. ;d'RrofTds cjt/0f

efiff;Fu ;DalGwt ;d:t cy{x?nfO{ ;dfj]z ug]{ u/L sf]zLo

PsfOx?sf] zAb;ª\sng ug]{ k|lqmofnfO{ ;d'RrofTds cjt/0f elgG5 . ;Gbe{ut
cy{ gbf]xf]l/g] u/L zAb ;ª\sng ug]{ cjt/0fnfO{ rflxF k"0f{ cjt/0f elgG5 .

ii = rogfTds cjt/0f
rogsf] cy{ 5gf]6 xf] . o; b[li6n] s'g} vf; kf7 jf s[ltaf6 cfjZostfcg';f/ 5gf]6
u/L zAbx?sf] cjt/0f ug]{ sfo{nfO{ rogfTds cjt/0f elgG5 . of] cf+lzs cjt/0fsf] k|
lqmofcGtu{t kb{5 . o:tf] sfo{ cfjZostfcg';f/ cfjZos sf]zLo PsfO cjt/0f ug]
{ kIf;Fu ;DalGwt /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

clnlvt ;|f]tLo efiff

;flxTosf] lnlvt cj:yf g/x]sf] efiffaf6 jf sYo ;|f]taf6 ;fdu|L;ª\sng ug]
{ k4ltnfO{ clnlvt ;|f]tLo ;fdfu|L elgG5 . o;df lnlvt ;|f]taf6 ;ª\sng ug{ g;Sg] cj:yf
ePdf clnlvt ;|f]taf6 ;fdfu|L;ª\sng sfo{ ;DkGg ul/G5 . o; sfo{nfO{ If]qLo ljlwsf] ?kdf
lnG5g\ . o;/L o;n] If]qLo ljlwsf cfwf/df ;fdu|L;ª\sng ug]{ x'Fbf n}ª\lus k|ltlglwTj
x'g]u/L -dlxnf / k'?if_, cfly{sju{sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L -pRr, dWod_, pd]/ ;d"xsf] k|
ltlglwTj x'g] -o'jf k|f}9_, ef}uf]lns k|ltlglwTj x'g] u/L -8fF8fjfl/ 8fF8fkfl/_, ljleGg
eflifs pkeflifs jStfx?sf] k|ltlglwTj -k"j]{nL demfnL cflb_ ljleGg k];f / Joj;fodf ;dfj]z
ePsf JolStx?sf] k|ltlglwTj x'g]u/L lzIfs, Jofkf/L, jlsn_ cflb . o;/L ;fdu|Lsf] ;ª\sng
ubf{ ;fdflhs / ;f+:s[lts ;d'bfout e]bsf] Vofn ug'{k5{ .
 If]qLo ljlwsf] cjnDag ul/g] o; sfo{df j0f{lgw{f/0f Jolt/]sL Wjlgsf]
lgwf{/0f, j0f{ljZn]if0f, Jofs/0ffTds sf]l6, ?kfog, Jo'Tjfbg, cy{Joj:yf, lnlkJoj:yf,
cflb kb{5g\ . o; lsl;dsf] sfo{df k|s[lt, jg:klt, dfgj hgfj/, vfBkbfy{, j:q, uxgf, v]ns'b,
bz{g, ;ª\uLt, rf8kj{, gfktf}n, cflb sf]zLo PsfOsf] k|of]u ul/G5 . o;df ;"rsx?sf]
dfWodx?af6 zAbx?sf] ;ª\sng ul/G5 . logLx?df ljleGg pd]/, lnª\u, cfly{s ;fdflhsju{sf
JolStx?sf] k|ltlglwTj u/fpg'k5{ . /, ;"rsx? Odfgbf/, ljZj;gLo w}o{jfg\ x'g'sf ;fy}
;DalGwt efiffsf] ;fdflhs –;fF:s[lts kl/j]z a'em]sf] :d/0fzlSt, a'l4 / r]tgf:t/sf b[li6n] klg
;jn x'g'k5{ eGg] dfGotf /x]sf] b]lvG5 .

zAbkQLx?df ;fdfu|L;ª\sng
;fdu|L;ª\sng qmddf ofjt\ zAbeG8f/nfO{ ljleGg ju{If]qdf ljefhg u/L tL
;a} ju{If]qsf] k|ltlglwTj x'g u/L] ;fdu|L;ª\sng sfo{ ul/G5 . o;/L ;ª\sng ul/Psf ;fdu|L
;fdfGotM zAbnfO{ sf]zLo PsfO dflgG5 . Pp6f PsfOsf nflu Pp6f zAbkQL cfjZos
x'G5 . zAbkQLdf pNn]v ul/g] sf]zLo ;"rgf ;+lIfKttf / :ki6tf x'g'k5{ eGg] ljifodf
zAb;ª\sngsf] k|f/Deb]lv g} ;r]t x'g'k5{ . o;y{ ;fdu|L;ª\sng ubf{ c1ft s[lqd / gjLg
zAbx?df /fd|/L ljrf/ k'¥ofpg'k5{, c;fGble{s a]rNtLsf / c;DalGwt sf]zLo PsfOx?nfO{
zAbkQLaf6 xtfpg'k5{ k|fb}lzs / :yfgLo :t/sf zAbx? 5'6]sf 5g\ ls Totftk{m klg Wofg
lbg'k5{ . To;}u/L zAbkQLdf zAb;ª\sng ubf{ ;ª\snsx?n] Pp6} zAbsf ljleGg
cy{ x'g;S5g\ eGg] s'/fdf Vofn /fVg'k5{ clg zAb;ª\snsx?n] :ki6 lgb]{lzsf ljt/0f u/L
pgLx?sf] aLrdf ;Dk|]if0f sfod /fVg'k5{ .

zAbkQLx?df ;fdu|L;ª\sng ubf{ ;"rsn] ;f]Wg} kg]{ k|ZgfjnL eP To:tf k|

Zgx? ;dfj]z ul/Psf] k|ZgfjnL tof/ kfg'{k5{ . To:t} ;DaGwk/s of k|sf/fTds zAbx?sf]
k|of]ufj[lQ a9L xg] x'gfn] logsf] cy{ut ljljwtfdf Wofg lbg'k5{ . o;qmddf 3'dfp/f /
å}w cy{ / ;Gbe{ hgfpg] vfnsf zAb;ª\sg ul/g' x'Gg . p4/0fx? lnFbf ;fdfGo / ljz]if b'j}
If]qaf6 lng'k5{ . clg, Pp6} jf p:t} cy{ lbg] b'O{ leGg zAbsf] ;ª\sng / cy{ n]vgdf
ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . t;y{ cy{ / k|of]u jf p4/0f lnFbf of ;fdu|L;ª\sng ubf{ Vofn
ug{'k5{ . clg, zAb;ª\sngsf qmddf st} vf; If]qljifo;Fu ;DalGwt zAbx? g;d]l6Pdf To:tf
zAbx? ;dfj]z ug{ vf; s[ltaf6 5gf]6k"0f{ p4/0f jf c+flzs p4/0f lng ;lsG5 . oxfF
;Demg' kg]{ ljifo zAb;ª\sng ubf{ ;+:s[lt, jg:klt jf k|f0fL;DaGwL zAbx? kQf nufpg /
ltgsf] cy{ lgwf/0f ug]{ ljz]if Wofg lbg'k5{ . o;y{ ;fdu|L;ª\sngsf] qmddf zAbkQLsf] k|of]u
ubf{ ;ª\lIfKttf / :ki6tf x'g'k5{ .