Zool-621 Technical Report 3(0-3)

To Study Status of Livestock Production in Pakistan

Submitted By: Sana Riaz

2018-ag-1197

Submitted To: Ms. Amara Akhtar

A TECHNICAL REPORT SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT

OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF

MASTER OF SCIENCE
IN
ZOOLOGY

Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries

FACULTY OF SCIENCES
UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE
FAISALABAD
(2020)
 DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the contents of the report, “To study status of Livestock Production in
Pakistan” are product of my own research and no part has been copied from any published
source (except the references, some standard mathematical or genetic models / equations
/protocols etc.). I further declare that this work has not been submitted for award of any other
diploma/degree. The university can take action if the above statement is found inaccurate at
any stage.

______________________________
Sana Riaz
(2018-ag-1197)
We, the technical report evaluation committee certify that the contents and form of the report
submitted by Sana Riaz Reg. No. 2018-ag-1197 have been found satisfactory.

1. Advisor ______________________

(Ms Amara Akhtar)

2. Chairman of Department ______________________

(Dr. Hammad Ahmad Khan)

3. Deans’s Faculty Sciences _______________________

(Dr. M. Asghar Bajwa)

 DEDICATED

TO

My Parents

&

Respected Teachers

For their enduring love and support.

 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
All Praise to ALLAH S.W.T the Almighty, for the blessing me and giving me the
strength, chance and endurance to complete this study. In addition, may peace and salutation
be given to the Prophet Mohammad (PBUH) who has taken all human being from the
darkness to the lightness.

I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my supervisor Ms Amara Akhtar,

Department of Zoology, Wildlife and Fisheries, University of Agriculture Faisalabad,for her
time, generous guidance, patience and encouragement throughout the whole study period,
from which I have learned a lot regarding my research.

I owe many thanks to my friends, Iqra Jhangir, Laila Batool and Zunaira Riaz for
giving full support and attention to me to solve my problems. They always helped me in
exchanging ideas and give the enjoyable studying environment.

I could not have finished this study without full support of my beloved Family. I
would like to say thanks express my gratitude towards my father Mr. Muhammad Riaz
Hussain for his love and support. Their love, encouragements and continuous prayers have
made me stronger each and every day on completing this study.

May Allah almighty bless them all.

.

Sana Riaz
 CONTENTS

Chapter
TITLE Page No.
No.

1 INTRODUCTION

2 REVIEW OF LITERATURE

3 MATERIAL AND MEHTODS

4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

5 SUMMARY

6 LITERATURE CITED
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. TITLE Page No.

Distribution of Livestock farmers according to their

1
Educational Status
Table No. 2: Percentage of illiteracy in rural areas of
2 four Provinces of Pakistan

Distribution of respondents according to their

3
purpose of livestock rearing.
Abundance of livestock in percentage in Punjab
4
Province

Abundance of livestock in percentage in Sindh

5
Province

Abundance of livestock in percentage in KPK

6
Province

Abundance of livestock in percentage in Baluchistan

7
Province

Population of Livestock Animals which are used as

8
food

Population of Livestock Animals which are used as

9
working animals

Annual Growth rate of Livestock Animals in

10
Percentage (%)

11 Population of domestic poultry in million.

12 Population of commercial poultry in million.

13a Milk type and its production in Million Metric Ton

13b Meat type and its production in Million Metric Ton

Milk, Meat type and its production in Million

13c Metric Ton & Eggs in Billion
CHAPTER-1

INTRODUCTION

Pakistan is an underdeveloped country that faces poverty which is more

in rural areas as compared to urban approximately ¾ parts of the population n live in rural
areas both the genders play their role in maintaining their survival by farming small
agriculture operators, labourers and cropping tenants. (Arain and Somroo,1998).
Pakistan is an agriculture country because its economy depends upon agriculture
which provides 25 % GDP and 45 % employment (Economic Survey, 1999-2000). Livestock
is a subdivision of agriculture that provides pivotal role in the economy of the country
involve milk, egg and meat production of animals (Lohano and Soomro, 2010) which are
more valuable because of their skin, bones, manure, mohair hides and wool (Raza, 2000).
Livestock in Pakistan comprises of cattle sheep buffaloes, goats, asses , mules, horses, and camels
(PBIT, 2011).

The production of livestock is changing in all over the world to meet the production of
meat, milk and eggs (Seré et al., 2008). From first two decennia of the 21st century because of
anthropogenic activities, finance, urbanization as well as consumer choice livestock demand
is increases twice (Delgado et al., 2001). In 2008, financial crisis limited the livestock
production but in developed countries production of livestock and its intensification is
improved (Delgado et al., 2001; Devendra and Chantalakhana, 2002).

During 2010-11, livestock provides agriculture value about 55.1% o and GDP 11.5%.
Milk production is the huge element in the livestock gives 46.44 billion liters (GOP, 2011). In
2009, Pakistan ranked second number in the milk production of buffalo and 12th in cow in
the world in (FAOSTAT, 2011).

Livestock provides 117.09 million in which agriculture is 37% and GDP is 9% to

Pakistan’s economy and overall wealth of Pakistan is 9% and 35.0 billion rupees are foreign
exchange (Economic Survey, 1998-99), because of animal waste lands that lacks nutrient
becomes fertile and their production is increased (Raza, 2000). In 2016-17 the production of
live-stock gives income of PKR1327 billion but in 2017-18 ithas enhanced 3.8% PKR1377
billion (GOP, 2017-18).
 Livestock gives numerous products including animal protein in human diets food,
employment, income, organic manure means of transportation, storage of money to poor and
low standard farmers It is also fundamental in developing countries that is rapidly growing
countries (Garcia, et al., 2003).
In Pakistan population is increases day by day and the demand of dairy products also
increase. Milk is our daily requirement and need in all its form cheese, butter, yogurt etc.
(Bilal et al., 2008). Livestock provides milk, meat production as a source of income and
employment for smaller farmers landless and the poor needy farmers. (Faraz and Waheed,
2016;Faraz et al., 2018). It has significant role if production of crop gives loss in its yield in
this way it has ecomomic as well social role in villages and poverty of a country is also can
reduced ( Faraz and Waheed, (2016; Faraz et al.,2018).
Pakistan stands 5 th in the production of milk all over the world and earn large
foreign exchange by milk and its byproducts (Nestle, 2003).It was estimated that Rs.1075
million were earned by import th milk and its by product during the 1998-1999 and the
estimated growth rate of population is 2.8 % hence milk requirement also require (IUCN,
2002).

Recently in Khyber Pakhtun Khwa (KPK) livestock practiced by limited resources

(Rehman and Shah, 2003).Integrated farming is practiced in which buffaloes, cattle ,sheep as
well as goat, milk is provided by cattles and buffalos for by products as they are dairy
animals. Buffaloes and cattles are producrd under four catogaoreis as given rural market
oriented smallholder production system, peri-urban commercial dairy farming system, rural
commercial dairy farming system and rural subsistence small-holder production system
(Afzal, 1997).

In Pakistan livestock is divided into smaller subunits as farmers have ruminants i.e.
cattle 55.5% and buffaloes 60% and a house have less than six animals. For goat small herd
have less than fifteen animals in this way 45% livestock is balanced (Anonymous, 1996).

In Pakistan production of milk is least expensive in the rural subsistence smallholder

production system. Milking animals feed on grasses and roughages and gives milk production
90% for users (Afzal, 1997). Integrated livestock require genetic advancement including
nutrition management marketing and health (Trivedi, 2002).Integrated livestock farming
gives 38 % milk production by small farmers and the sales milk for money or use of milk in
home (Ahmed et al., 1996).

Pakistan has about 67% milk production by buffalo a huge dairy animal (GOP.
2005).Buffalo is tolerant in very harsh conditions, Population of buffalo is enhanced 0.106-
0.2 in 1989-2000 million in Italy (Catillo et al., 2002). Pakistan two fascinated buffalo breeds
Nili-Ravi from Ravi and Sutlej rivers in Punjab and also seen in all over Pakistan
Baluchistan, Sindh, Kashmir and KPK.This indicated that it adapt numerous ecological
fluctuations that’s why it shows good results than native and crossbred in Muzaffarabad,
Azad Jammu and Kashmir (Kuthu, 2007).

In Pakistan the province of Punjab is known to agriculture that play a potential role to
meet the food security that provides total production of milk is 73 %, Sindh provides 23%
and others province provides 07% of milk production (Arain and Somroo, 1998).

Factors affecting the production of milk is essential to increase the productivity, there
are two parameters lactation length and milk yield depends upon their hereditary which is
done by selection and non–hereditary by quality and quantity of feed, season and
management that affect the lactation periods and milk production.it was estimated that
breeds in household exhibited same factors cattle and buffalos regarding milk production and
lactation period such as days, season, year, herd, parity and age(Cady et al., 1983).

In Pakistan livestock is also involve in the rearing of camels species that stands at
eighteenth position in its population which is about one million and development should be
done in Thal desert for camels’ production (FAO, 2016).
Pakistan’s largest province by area is Baluchistan has hyper-arid climate (desert).
arid and semi-arid lands. The rainfall varies from Chagai district to 400 mm in the North-
Eastern 50 mm in coastal areas by time, season, topography and ecological regions that
provides wide range of livestock farming to their native peoples. (GOB, 1999).Rangeland
comprises of 93 percent and 28 percent is good for the production of livestock and north-
eastern parts gives 76 percent population of livestock while Southern parts gives 24 percent
population of livestock (Nagy, et al., 1991).

Five percent is arable land of 44 percent is the total geographical land and livestock
play its role which is approximately 20 percent that provides huge rangeland than other
provinces of a country (FAO, 2002).Livestock is important for social, economic as well as
cultural values for the peoples. So that there is no optimum value for the animal genetics is
estimated that results livestock’s stunt growth. It is necessary tore view the policies to
maintain production of livestock (Nagyet al., 1991).
In livestock and agriculture development in Pakistan is well furnished by the females
in rural areas (Rasheed, 2004; Waters-Bayers, 1985). Females with males worked (16-18
hours) for agricultuire and livestock production and reared dairy animals by participating 60
to 80% of labour (McCorckle, 1987; Younas et al., 2007).Females perform their jobs like
fodder chopping, watering of animals feeding of animals animal shed cleaning, fodder
cutting, looking after the health of the herd, milking, and making dung cakes (Ishaq, 1998).
In Pakistan about ninty percent of peoples in rural areas have livestock animal look
after marketing of animals and primary medication (Ishaq, 1998). In most of areas females
solely or with their males play a pivotal role in decision making specially related to
production of animal (Timsina et al., 1989).Female farmers have limited resources that limits
the productivity they faced problems for accessing financial services receiving the kind of
extension services resources owning livestock, and securing land tenure rights (Amin et al,
2009).In male dominating society in decision making females are ignored because of they are
uneducated unawareness lack of funds by the government(FAO, 2003; Habib, 2000; Ali,
2007).
There are various problems regarding livestock. So, it is essential to review the problems
including requirements of the increasing socio-cultural change and livestock production and
population and make policies to solve them. Other problems through which livestock
becomes under-developed are deterioration of rangelands, scarcity of sources, high mortality
rate, lack of value addition facilities, policy constraints, poor extension services inadequate
marketing systems and feed scarcity (Anonymous, 2010).
The aim of the study is to develop the livestock production such as meat milk, and
marketing, to provide veterinary services to farmers, improve delivery mechanism system to
livestock farmers, and improving animal quarantine services, prevention of different diseases
of livestock poultry, and for improvement of extension services (Anonymous, 2010)

 The main goal of my research is to study the status of livestock production in

Pakistan.

 How educational status related to the livestock production in Pakistan.

 The aim of the study is to develop the livestock production such as milk, meat and
marketing, to provide veterinary services to farmers.
 Improvement in the veterinary as well as feeding techniques for livestock production.
 By assessing the specific techniques of improving livestock production in various
areas of Pakistan, it can determine the high prevalence, incidence and mortality rates
which are basically due to the lack of awareness and money.
CHAPTER-2

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Sarwar et al. (2002) estimated that the principal component in Pakistan's livestock
area progress is poor nutrient accessibility. The nutrient pool such as rangelands is exposed to
decline, and yet no precise attempt is made to stand up and advance their efficiency.
Livestock farmers are unaware of the methods that are helpful because they are unaware of
these methods. They adhere strictly to the traditional feeding patterns. The ever decreasing
area under the cultivation of fodder coupled with its time of shortage is the key factor that
deteriorates the usual supply of fodder. Livestock policies in Pakistan favour the horizontal
expansion of livestock rather than the sector's vertical expansion, which poses further
challenges. At present, 121.1 million animal heads in Pakistan need approximately 10.9 and
90.36 million tons of crude protein (CP) and total digestible nutrients (TDN), respectively,
per year. Nevertheless, the respective supply of these two nutrients is 6.7 and 69.0 million
tons and thus CP and TDN are deficient per annum at 38.10 and 24.02 per cent. Today,
livestock earn 51, 38, 3, 6, and 2 percent of nutrients from green feed, crop residues, grazing
barren fields, post-harvest grazing, commodity cereals, and oil-cakes and meals, respectively.
The difference between nutrient requirement and availability could be minimized in terms of
improved seed quality, seed intensity, improved agronomic practices and improved inputs
(fertilizers, water, and pesticides) both through proper fodder research and extension policies.
Rangelands account for 60 per cent of Pakistan's total area, and proper management and
development of the range, community organization, etc. may bring about change. If farmers
are trained to do so, agro industrial by-products and non-conventional feed resources could be
used for livestock feeding. The situation could be further improved by introducing fodder
conservation techniques in livestock feeding systems.

Hashmi et al. (2007) investigated that the goal of this study was to measure
the role of livestock in poverty reduction in the Punjab province's rural areas. Due to its
central location in the Punjab Province, district Toba Tek Singh was selected for the present
study and a sample of 600 small farmers was taken from the district's three Tehsils. A
majority (58.0 percent) of sample area farmers indicated that livestock was their first
preference to increase their income while 27 percent and 11 percent of farmers put livestock
second or third respectively. In other words, the role of livestock in poverty reduction was
recognized by a very huge majority (96.0 per cent) of farmers. The results showed that crops
& livestock combination was the main source of income for the respondent and shared about
69 per cent of total income. As the participation of women in various animal-related activities
increased, the proportion of income from this source also increased, and consequently
poverty decreased. The comparison between poor and non-poor farmers showed that poverty
reduction among small farmers was significantly related to animal husbandry in conjunction
with growing crops.

Sadiq et al. (2009) investigated that in northern areas of Pakistan, livestock

rearing is an important source of household income. This study was carried out with the aim
of tracing the role that livestock played in the area's rural economy. The average size of the
family in the study area was found to be 17 men, 50% were an alphabets, while only 9% were
educated above the matriculation level. Five adult males were involved in on-farm activities
while out of six adult males per household, only one adult male was working off-farm. Both
cattle and goats are the farmers' primary livestock. The most common animal diseases in the
area were Foot and Mouth, Diarrhea, Pneumonia, Fever and Black Fifth, and only 21 percent
of farmers were vaccinated against these diseases. And the farmers in the area had also been
unaware of artificial insemination. Consumption of per capita milk was found to be 40 liters
per year, and all the surplus milk was converted into ghee. Every year at the beginning of the
winter season, nearly all herders slaughter their own one dry cow. They dried the meat, and
used the same for the entire winter season later. Women participated in nearly all livestock
activities and spent about five to six hours daily in livestock management. On average,
livestock owners earned Rs.244601 as gross income per year with a substantial share of milk
and young stock, respectively, at Rs.164235 and Rs.78155. The analysis revealed that the
major contributing factors to household income were family size, number of livestock,
quantity of feed and working days engaged. The livestock business showed growing return to
scale. Thus, in future time frame, suggesting investment potential. For the development of
livestock business in northern areas, the availability of quality breed, veterinary services, and
milk processing equipment was required.

Amin et al. (2010) investigated that the Livestock contributes about 50% of
agricultural GDP. Women are actively engaged in livestock development activities in most of
Pakistan's rural areas. Present study was planned to explore the role of rural women in
livestock production in Tehsile Faisalabad. A multi-stage random sampling method was used
to collect data on animal production activity in the 8 villages. Pre-testing was used to collect
relevant information and develop the timetable for the interviews. Analysis was carried out
on data from the 768 respondents to obtain the frequencies; these frequencies were used to
evaluate the variance. Most families (70.6 per cent) had a common family system intact.
More wives (37 5 percent) participated in livestock production activities compared to
husbands (17 percent) out of a total of 768 respondents.

Raziq et al. (2010) estimated that Baluchistan is Pakistan's largest province

and makes up about 44 per cent of the country’s total geographic area. Most of the area is
only 5 per cent arable rangelands. Animal farming is centuries-old occupation of the
inhabitants in Baluchistan. Livestock is one of the province's major sectors with about 20 per
cent of national stock .However, the provincial economy lags far behind other parts of the
country with little manufacturing facilities and underdeveloped infrastructure. This is the
birthplace of many valuable animal and livestock breeds that make up a significant part of the
socio-cultural and socio-economic survival of its inhabitants. The biodiversity of animal
genetic capital plays a very important role in the provincial economy and each breed has its
own special and socioeconomic significance. The exact importance of such important animal
genetic resource has never been understood yet and no concrete measures have been taken to
improve it. It is time to rethink the policies on livestock production in the province while
keeping in mind the needs of the growing population, socio-cultural change and global
warming issues.

Hussain et al. (2010) quantified the impact of major influences on buffalo

milk production. The important factors considered for estimating the output of milk included
the value of the dry fodder, the value of the green fodder, the concentrate value, the amount
of lactations and the duration of working hours. The use of Ordinary Least Square (OLS)
regression was calculated to provide a production feature for milk. In the estimated model
among all the relevant variables, the influential factors affecting milk production in this
species were found to be green fodder, lactation number and labour-time.

Shafiq et al. (2017) investigated that the Livestock is the most critical
sector in Baluchistan's economy. Nomadic families have their wives and children engaged in
livestock rearing. Women's role in rural livestock is generally never to be ignored. Women
are paying attention. They are also involved in milking and processing milk, selling poultry,
and eggs. Women play a significant role in the development of Baluchistan's livestock sector.
Given that livestock plays a major role in the agricultural sector, their role can be broadened
by allowing women to participate in this field commercially. Its services must be recognized
in this respect. Baluchistan consists of two important belts, the Baluch and the Pashtun belt.
Women, living in the belt of Baluchistan, are more active and agile in the handling of herds
of livestock. Women who live in Pashtun, Belt also participates predominantly in livestock
activities, which are within the boundary walls of the house. The extent to which women
have access to livestock benefits depends on the approval of the men. The role that women
play in the marketing of livestock is best addressed by improving their general access to
animal development activities. This paper aims to highlight the role of women in Balochistan
and to discuss the problems that they face. Paper also includes an author's survey research on
two separate areas of Balochistan, i.e. Pashtoon and Baloch belt, which would eventually
assess women's position in Balochistan.

Faraz et al. (2019) investigated that the study was conducted in District Bhakkar's
Mankera tahsil to assess the socioeconomics and associated constraints that affect camel
production. A questionnaire was created and used by a single-visit-multi-subject diagnostic
survey to collect the information from a total of 100 farmers. Camel herders / pastoralists
have been enhancing their living status. Camel plays an important role in the study region
socio-economic importance of the nomads. To boost camel production, the department for
livestock and dairy development and local NGOs should realize and take into account the
camel importance and the prevalent constraints in the study region.
CHAPTER-3

MATERIAL AND MEHTODS

The study was conducted in Pakistan which is composed of four Provinces such as
Punjab, Sindh, Baluchistan and KPK. The data were composed with the support of a pre-
tested and authenticated interview program. Computer software can help to calculated the
Weighted scores, rank order, mean values and standard deviation i.e. Numerical File for
Social Sciences.

The data was composed by means of a pre-tested schedule of interviews planned to

this end.Gender in livestock-related studies provides better understanding for formulating
policies relating to farming systems and their involvement in livestock production (Feldstein
and Poats, 1989).There are different methods for conducting this kind of studies, but the case
study method was adopted for this study due to serious resource constraints. Since the case
study is often regarded as an immersive learning method using real scenarios that concentrate
on a particular issue, subject or problem A standardized, well organized interview schedule
was planned for data collection. The order of the questions was specially taken care of in
designing the instrument so that farmers can easily recall their memory and have trust in the
necessary knowledge. Priority was provided for the smooth running of the interviewing
process to be practicable and workable. The research instrument was thus checked and
updated before implementation, In view of the feasibility and systemization of the ordering of
the information obtained, the research instrument was checked and updated. The data
collected have been edited and standardized by applying some statistical tests such as range,
consistency and certain thumb rules. Due to the nature of the information collected, the
analytical component consisted more of percentiles for frequency and information averages
for central representation of tendencies.
During interviews/discussion with respondents, it was observed that majority
of rural people rear livestock for a variety of purposes. They utilize some part of meat, milk,
draught and other by-products that are utilized at their homes and some of these sell to the
market. The findings of qualitative data confirmed the findings of quantitative data that the
major purposes of rearing livestock of majority of the respondents were domestic as well as
commercial.

There are various methods to conduct this kind of studies, but for this study due
to serious resource constraints case study method was adopted. Because the case study is also
considered as interactive learning method using real scenario that focus on a specific issue,
topic, or problem. For data collection, a systematic and well-structured interview schedule
was designed. In designing the instrument the orders of the questions was specially taken care
of so that farmers may easily recall their memory and provide the required information with
confidence. Practicability and workability of the interview was given priority for smooth
running of the interviewing process. So, before implementation, the research instrument was
pretested and modified keeping in view the workability and systemization of ordering of the
information gathered. The collected data were edited and standardized by applying some
statistical tests like range, consistency and some thumb rules. Due to the nature of collected
information, the analysis part mostly comprised percentiles for frequency and averages of the
information for central tendency representation.

A list of livestock farmers was prepared with the consultation of local farming
community and livestock department. From each of five tehsils, 400 respondents were
selected through simple random sampling technique. Making a total sample size of 2000
respondents. Different qualitative and quantitative methods were used for the collection of
data from subjects/respondents. The quantitative data were collected with the help of
structured interview schedule (research instrument) comprising both open and close ended
questions. The interview schedule was designed with the consultation of teaching staff at
University College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, in accordance with the research
emphasis of the study. Five point likert scale was used to identify the level of constraints
faced by the respondents. On the other hand, qualitative data were collected through
interview guide1. The data thus collected was coded in Microsoft Excel, and then analyzed
with the help of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS). Both inferential and
correlational statistics were used to interpret the results.

Using a platinum loop, 0.01 ml of each milk sample was streaked onto Esculin-
blood agar and MacConkey’s agar plates. Four quarter milk samples were cultured on a 100
mm plate by plating individual quarter sample on one quadrant of plate and incubated at 37°C
for 48 hours. A quarter was considered to be infected if 5 or more similar colonies were
present on the plate (Robinson et al., 1988).

Data regarding various components of the small holder’s subsistence livestock

production system were generated through a field survey study. The survey was conducted in
the rural areas of Mansehra/Kohistan Division of North West Frontier Province (NWFP) of
Pakistan during the month of October 2003. The survey area is located in the mountainous
region of the province having moderate climate in summer. Average annual rainfall in the
area is 2000 mm (Anonymous, 2004). A team of scientists form Pakistan Agricultural
Research Council, Islamabad visited the area with active support and collaboration of officers
and staff of Livestock and Dairy Development Department, NWFP. A survey questionnaire
was developed to collect information and a total of 82 farmers located in 16 villages of
Batagram and Mansehra districts were interviewed. Fifty structured questions were asked to
each farmer in order to examine the housing facilities available for livestock, income from
sale of milk and meat, daily and annual expenditure on keeping livestock and type and cost of
feed made available to the livestock (Belay, 2003). About 10 farmers from each village (3
villages in each tehsil) were planned for interview at random. However, in some villages, all
farmers were not available at the time of visit and the number of respondents varied in each
village.

Six hundred lactating buffaloes from organized, small holding and individual
holding private dairy buffalo farms in four districts of Punjab (Narowal, Lahore, Okara and
Sahiwal) were screened for subclinical mastitis. A total of 2400 milk samples were collected
in sterilized screw caped test tubes. An on-farm screening was performed and milk samples
declared positive for sub-clinical mastitis were transported to the laboratory. White Side Test
(WST) was performed for screening of subclinical mastitis as described by Barnumt and
Newbouldt (1960). A drop of 1N Sodium Hydro Oxide solution (NaOH) was mixed with 5
drops of milk on a glass plate and stirred with an applicator for 10 seconds. The gel formation
immediately after mixing was considered as positive and no gel formation as negative
forsubclinical mastitis. Collected milk samples were primarily cultured on blood agar using
‘spread out technique’ as described by Lafi and Hailat (1998).
CHAPTER-4
RESULTS & DISCUSSION
Education has a key role for the human development. Pakistan is a developing under
country and most of its population lives in rural areas and education is also the basic
component for rural development. Educational status of livestock farmers is given as follows.

Table No. 1: Distribution of Livestock farmers according to their Educational Status

Educational Status Percentage %

Illiterate 39.20 %
Primary 22.80 %
Secondary 29.20 %
Matric 05.20 %
Above Matric 03.50 %

The above table shows the educational status of

livestock farmers. Education is very important for the development of mankind. According to
this table, the rate of illiterate farmers are 39.20%, primary educated farmers are
22.80%,Secondary educated farmers are about 29.20%.The rate of Matric educated farmers
are 05.20%.Only 03.50% farmers get education above the Matric levels. So, this is all about
the educational status of livestock farmers and unfortunately the ratio of illiterate farmers.
Graph No. 1: Distribution of Livestock farmers according to their Educational Status

39.20%

29.20%

22.80%

5.20%
3.50%

Illetrate Primary Secondary Matric Above Matric

The above figure shows the educational status of livestock farmers there are 39.20%
farmers are illiterate, 22.80% have primary and 29.20 % have secondary education where
as5.20% are matriculation and 3.50% are above matriculation. The data shows that most of
the livestock farmers are illiterate.
Table No. 2: Percentage of illiteracy in rural areas of four Provinces of Pakistan

Provinces Percentage %
Punjab 45 %
Sindh 58 %
KPK 51 %
Baluchistan 63 %

The above figure shows the educational status of four provinces of Pakistan. The
percentage of illiteracy in Punjab is 45%, Sindh is 58%, KPK is 51% and Baluchistan is 63%
illiterate.

Graph No. 2: Percentage of illiteracy in rural areas of four Provinces of Pakistan

63%
58%

51%
45%

Punjab Sindh KPK Baluchistan

This shows that most of the people are illiterate or uneducated. In rural areas of
Punjab educational status is very low because of peoples have low income, poverty and lack
of resources. Peoples in the rural are poor use their income in their necessities like clothes,
shelter and food.

Table No. 3: Distribution of respondents according to their purpose of livestock rearing.

Purpose of Rearing Percentage %

Family Subsistence 39.10%
Semi Commercial 55.70%
Commercial 05.30%

The above table shows the purpose of Rearing. The percentage of family subsistence is
39.10%, Semi commercial have 55.70%.Only 05.30% for commercial purpose.

Graph No. 3: Distribution of respondents according to their purpose of livestock

rearing.

Percentage %
Percentage %

55.70%
39.10%

5.30%
Family Subsistence Semi Commercial Commercial

The data showed that a majority (55.7%) of respondents’ rear livestock for semi-
commercial purposes. During interviews/discussion with respondents, it was observed that
majority of rural people rear livestock for a variety of purposes. They utilize some part of
meat, milk, draught and other by-products that are utilized at their homes and some of these
sell to the market. The findings of qualitative data confirmed the findings of quantitative data
that the major purposes of rearing livestock of majority of the respondents were domestic as
well as commercial.

Table No.4: Abundance of livestock in percentage in Punjab Province

Livestock Percentage %
Cattle 49%
Buffalo 65%
Sheep 24%
Goats 37%
Camels 22%

The above table shows the abundance of livestock percentage in Punjab province.
The ratio of cattle is 49%, Buffalo is 65%,sheep is 24% , Goats is 37%,and the camels is 22%
.The percentage of Buffalo is high.

Graph No. 4: Abundance of livestock in percentage in Punjab Province

Percentage
Percentage
65%

49%

37%

24% 22%

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goat Camels

The above graph also shows the percentage abundance of livestock in Punjab
province. The abundance of Buffalo is more than cattle, goat, sheep and camels.
Table No.5: Abundance of livestock in percentage in Sindh Province

Livestock Percentage %
Cattle 23%
Buffalo 27%
Sheep 15%
Goats 23%
Camels 30%

The above table shows the abundance of livestock production in Sindh province.The
ratio of cattle is 23%,Buffalo is 27%,Sheep is 15%,Goat is on 23% and camels have
percentage of 30%.

Graph No.5: Abundance of livestock in percentage in Sindh Province

Percentage %
Percentage %

30%
27%
23% 23%

15%

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels

 The above graph shows the abundance of livestock in Sindh province. According to
this graph the percentage of camels is higher than the buffalo, cattle, goats and sheeps.

Table No.6: Abundance of livestock in percentage in KPK Province

Livestock Percentage %
Cattle 20%
Buffalo 07%
Sheep 13%
Goats 18%
Camels 07%

This table shows the abundance of livestock in KPK province. The percentage of cattle
in KPK is 20%, buffalo 07%,sheep 13%,goats is 18%and camels is on 07%.

Graph No.6: Abundance of livestock in percentage in KPK Province

Percentage %
Percentage %

20%
18%

13%

7% 7%

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels

 The above graph shows the abundance of livestock percentage in KPK
province.There is 20% of cattle,7% of Buffalo,13%of sheep,18% of goats,7% of camels.

Table No.7: Abundance of livestock in percentage in Baluchistan Province

Livestock Percentage %
Cattle 08%
Buffalo 01%
Sheep 48%
Goats 22%
Camels 41%

The above table shows the abundance of livestock percentage in Baluchistan province.
The ratio of cattle in Baluchistan is 08%,Buffalo is 01%,sheep is 48%,goat is 22%and camels
is 41%.

Graph No.7: Abundance of livestock in percentage in Baluchistan Province

 Percentage %
Percentage %

48%
41%

22%

8%
1%
Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels

The above graph also show the abundance of livestock in Baluchistan province.The
percentage of sheep is higher than camels, goats, cattle and buffalo.

Table No. 08: Population of Livestock Animals which are used as food

Livestock Animals Population (Million)

Cattle 39.70
Buffalo 34.60
Sheep 29.10
Goats 66.60
Camels 01.00

The above table shows the percentage of livestock animals which are used as
food. The percentage of cattle used for food is 39.70,buffalo is 34.60,sheeps is 29.10,goats is
66.60 and camels is 01.00.

Graph No. 08: Population of Livestock Animals which are used as food
 Population (Million)
Population (Million)

66.6

39.7
34.6
29.1

1
Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels

The above graph shows the population of livestock animals which are used as food.
Goats are on the highest percentage of livestock animals which are used for food.

Table No. 09: Population of Livestock Animals which are used as working animals

Livestock Animals Population(Million)

Horses 0.4
Asses 4.9
Mules 0.2

The above table shows the population of livestock animals which are used as
working animals.According to this table,the percentage of horses is 0.4,Asses is on 4.9and
Mules is on 0.2.

Graph No. 09: Population of Livestock Animals which are used as working animals
 Population(Million)
Population(Million)

4.9

0.4 0.2
Horses Asses Mules

The above graph shows that the Asses is on highest percentage in the working animals.

Table No. 10: Annual Growth rate of Livestock Animals in Percentage (%)

Livestock Animals Annual Growth Rate (%)

Cattle 04.47 %
Buffalo 03.48 %
Sheep 01.25 %
Goats 03.06 %
Camels 01.30 %

The above table shows the annual growth rate of livestock animals in percentage.
The percentage of cattle is 04.47%, buffalo is on the percentage of 03.48%,sheep is on
01.25%,Goats have 03.06% and camels have 01.30%.

Graph No. 10: Annual Growth rate of Livestock Animals in Percentage (%)
 Annual Growth Rate (%)
Annual Growth Rate (%)

4.47%
3.48%
3.06%

1.25% 1.30%

Cattle Buffalo Sheep Goats Camels

The above graph shows the percentage of annual growth rate of livestock animals.
Cattle is on the highest annual growth rate.

Table No. 11: Population of domestic poultry in million.

Domestic Poultry Population (Million)

Breeders 50.13
Chicks 31.95
Ducks /Ducklings 00.50

The above table shows the population of domestic poultry in million. The population
of Breeders is 50.13, chicks are 31.95 and Ducks/Ducklings are 00.50.

Graph No. 11: Population of domestic poultry in million.

 Population (Million)
Population (Million)

50.13

31.95

0.5
Breeders Chicks Ducks /Ducklings

The above graph shows the population of domestic poultry in million.The Breeders are
on the highest level in domestic poultry.

Table No. 12: Population of commercial poultry in million.

Commercial Poultry Population (Million)

Breeders/Layers 50.05
Broiler Chicks 754.54

The above table shows the population of commercial poultry in million. The population of
Breeders/Layers is 50.05, Broiler chicks are on 754.54.

Graph No. 12: Population of commercial poultry in million.

 Population (Million)
Population (Million)

754.54

50.05
Breeders/Layers Broiler Chicks

The above graph shows the population of commercial poultry in million.The Broiler
chicks is highly used in commercial poultry.

Table No. 13a: Milk type and its production in Million Metric Ton

Milk Type Production (Million Metric Ton)

Buffalo Milk 25.00
Cow Milk 14.42
Goat and Camel Milk 01.67

The above table shows the Milk type and its production in Million Metric Ton. The
production of buffalo milk is 25.00 (Million Metric Ton),Cow milk is 14.42,others like Goat
and camel Milk is 01.67.
Graph No. 13a: Milk type and its production in Million Metric Ton

Production (Million Metric Ton)

Production (Million Metric Ton)

25

14.42

1.67
Buffalo Milk Cow Milk Goat and Camel Milk

The above graph shows the milk type and its production in million metric tons. The
buffalo milk is on the highest level then the cow, goat and camels milk.

Table No. 13b: Meat type and its production in Million Metric Ton

Meat Type Production (Million Metric Ton)

Beef 01.89
Mutton 00.66
Poultry Meat 00.99
 The above table shows the Meat and its production in Million Metric Ton. The meat
type like Beef,its production is 01.89.Mutton production is 00.66,poultry meat is 00.99.

Graph No. 13b: Meat type and its production in Million Metric Ton

Production (Million Metric Ton)

Production (Million Metric Ton)

1.89

0.99
0.66

Beef Mutton Poultry Meat

The above graph shows the Meat type and its production in Million Metric Ton.
Beef meat type is more used as food.

Table No. 13c: Milk, Meat type and its production in Million Metric Ton & Eggs in
Billion

Product Type Production (Million Metric Ton& Billion)

Milk 41.13
Meat 03.53
Eggs Poultry 14.45
 The table shows the Milk, Meat type and its production in Million Metric Ton & Eggs in
Billion. The milk production is 41.13.The Meat production is 03.53.The Eggs poultry is
14.45 respectively.

Graph No. 13c: Milk, Meat type and its production in Million Metric Ton & Eggs in
Billion

Production (Million Metric Ton& Billion)

Milk Meat Eggs Poultry

14.45

3.53

41.13

The above graph shows the Milk, Meat type and its production in Million Metric Ton &
Eggs in Billion. The milk production is very high then meat and eggs poultry respectively.

CHAPTER-5

SUMMARY

Pakistan is an agriculture country. Its economy is based on the agriculture. livestock is the
subsector of agriculture that provides important role in the economy of the country including
Milk, Egg and meat production of animals which are valuable because of their skin, manure,
bones and wool.
 Livestock is very important for the economy of a country. Education is the key role
for the human development Livestock in Pakistan comprises of cattle, sheep, goats,
horses, and camels.
 The educational status of livestock farmers is very poor. About 39.20% farmers of
livestock are illiterate.
 The educated farmers improve the quality and production of Milk, Meat and Egg
through their education.
 Livestock gives numerous products including animal proteins in human diets food
,employment, income, organic manure means of transportation, storage of money to
poor and low standard farmers.
 The aim of the study is to develop the livestock production such as milk, meat and
marketing, to provide veterinary services to farmers.
 Pakistan has about 67% Milk production by buffalo a huge dairy animal then cow and
goat.
 Factors affecting the production of milk is essential to increase the productivity, there
are two parameters lactation length and milk yield depends upon their hereditary
which is done by selection and non–hereditary by quality and quantity of feed, season
and management that affect the lactation periods and milk production.
 In Pakistan about ninty percent of peoples in rural areas have livestock animal look
after marketing of animals and primary medication.
 In the abundance of livestock animals in Punjab province the percentage of buffalo is
higher (65%).
 In the abundance of livestock animals in Sindh province, the percentage of camels is
very high (30%).
 The production of milk, meat type in Million Metric Ton & eggs in Billion. The
production of milk is 41.13, meat is 03.53, Egg poultry is 14.45.
CHAPTER-6
LITERATURE CITED