Leukopoiesis

Leture 5+6

Course code: Zool-01704

Course Name: Haematology
Department: Zoology
Presented By: Mr. Nabeel Tahir
Granulopoiesis
 All of the granulocyte derive from myeloblast
• Myelocyte is the stage when three types of granulocyte can
be recognized
• The maturation process of granulocyte characterized by :
• synthesis of azurophilic and specific granules
• Condensation of nucleus
• Mature granulocyte leave the bone marrow then enter the
• circulation à connective tissue
1. Myelomonoblast
• It is the larger cell, similar to myeloblast
2. promonocytes
 It is an young monocyte
 Size: 20um
 Nucleus: larger

- Kidney shaped one nucleoli

- Nuclear chromatin: arranged in aloose network
 Cytoplasm: basophilic

- No azurophilic granules
- They have fine granules which is larger than mature monocytes
3. Monocytes
• Diameter = 18 um
• Nucleus is U shaped or kidney shaped
• Abundant pale blue cytoplasm
• 3 – 8 % of the total WBC
• Are phagocytes – slow but strong

Develop into macrophages when they migrate into

connective tissue
Macrophages
• Once the monocyte enters the tissues, it becomes a macrophage
• Size:15-80µm
• Cytoplasm
• Gray-blue and abundant
• Ragged edges
• Vacuoles common
• Nucleus
• Round with netlike appearance
• Purplish with finer clumped chromatin
• Nucleoli appear
Functions of Marophages
Formation of Lymphocytes
Lymphopoiesis stages

B. lymphocyte

4
1. Lymphoblast
 Cell size: 10-20µm

 Cytoplasm

▪ Blue/scanty
▪ No granules, Auer rods are never present
 Nucleus

▪ Purple, smooth chromatin

▪ Round, central or eccentric
▪ 1-2 nucleoli

 N:C ratio = 4:1

2. Prolymphocyte
•Size: 9-18µm
 Cytoplasm

▪ Blue, scanty
▪ Usually granules are absent, but a few azurophilic
granules may be present
 Nucleus

▪ Purple, condensed chromatin

▪ Round or indented, eccentric
▪ 0-1 nucleoli
 N:C ratio = 4:1
Lymphocytes
 Diameter 5-8 um (small), 10-12 um (medium) or
14-17 um (large)

 20-25 % of the total WBC count

 Large, deep blue or slightly indented nucleus

 Thin rim of pale blue cytoplasm

1. T lymphocyte (T cells) fight antigens directly
2. B lymphocytes (B cells) divide to produce plasma
cells that secrete antibodies
Plasma cells

 Function is the synthesis and excretion of antibodies

(immunoglobulins)
 Normally not present in the peripheral blood; comprise 2% of bone

marrow cells.
 May be seen in the peripheral blood in the disease called multiple

myeloma, a disease of uncontrolled production of immunoglobulins.

 End stage of the B lymphocyte
Plasma cells
•Size: 10-18µm
▪ Cytoplasm is dark blue with perinuclear halo and may contain
vacuoles indicating antibody synthesis
▪ Nucleus is round, eccentric, dark purple with dense clumped
chromatin
Variant Plasma Cells

1. Grape or Mott cell - 2. Flame cell -

• cytoplasm completely filled with • cytoplasm stains bright red-
red, pink or colorless globules staining proteinaceous material
called Russell bodies
Lymphopoiesis Kinesis
 CFU-Ly divides form the CFU-LyB and CFU-LyT

 CFU-LyB migrate to “bursa-equivalent location”, divided ->

B lymphocytes

 CFU-LyT undergo mitosis migrate to the Thymus -> T

lymphocytes
Life Span
•Monocytes:
 72 hrs in blood.
 Once in tissue they swell up to much larger size to become tissue
macrophage → in this form they can live for months.
•Lymphocytes:
 Life span for week or months depending on body’s need.
 They continually circulate in blood & move from blood to tissues &
from tissues to blood and again blood to tissues.
Regulation of leukopoiesis
Role of Cytokines

 The cytokines which control the formation of different types of

granulocytes are called colony stimulating factor [CSF]

 CSF is a glycoprotein formed by T and B lymphocytes

• Also forms:
 G-CSF: stimulate granulocyte precursors
 M-CSF: stimulate monocytic precursors
 GM-CSF: both granulocytes and monocytic precursors
Role of Cytokines
 The cytokines that control lymphocyte formation are called
interleukins.
- E.g.; IL-1, IL-3 etc….

 The interleukins are formed by MONOCYTES, MACROPHAGES &

ENDOTHELIAL CELLS.