How to Made CPU?

CPU is made combination of semiconductor transistor electranic circuts. These

electranic circuits are gates such as AND,OR,NOT gates. Gates are made from transistor. So
that each CPU contains million of transistors. ​Modern CPU has millions and millions of
transistors in its circuitry.​Using these gates ,we made DECODER,LATCH,ADDER circuit.

DECODER circuit is used for comparsion of binary digit.

LATCH circuit is used for store information or store state information

ADDER circuit is used for addition of binary digit.

What is Transistor?

The Junction Transistor

A Bipolar junction transistor consists of

three regions of ​doped​ semiconductors.
A small current in the center or base region
can be used to control a ​larger
current​flowing between the end regions
(emitter and collector). The device can
be characterized as a​current amplifier​,
having many applications
for​amplification​ and​switching​.

What is DOPED in Transistor?

The addition of a small percentage of foreign atoms in the regular ​crystal lattice​ of silicon
or germanium produces dramatic changes in their electrical properties, producing ​n-type​ and
p-type​ semiconductors.

Silicon is crystal lattice.

 Silicon Lattice

Silicon atoms form covalent bonds and can crystallize into a regular lattice. The illustration
below is a simplified sketch; the actual ​crystal structure​ of silicon is a diamond lattice. This
crystal is called an ​intrinsic semiconductor​ and can conduct a small amount of ​current​.

The main point here is that a silicon atom has four electrons which it can share in covalent
bonds with its neighbors. These simplified diagrams do not do justice to the nature of that
sharing since any one silicon atom will be influenced by more than four other silicon atoms, as
may be appreciated by looking at the silicon ​unit cell​.

What is semicondutor?

A semiconductor is a substance, usually a solid chemical element or compound, that can

conduct electricity under some conditions but not others, making it a good medium for the
control of electrical current. Its ​conductance​ varies depending on the ​current​ or ​voltage​applied
to a control electrode, or on the intensity of irradiation by infrared (​IR​), visible light, ultraviolet
(UV), or X rays.
The specific properties of a semiconductor depend on the impurities, or ​dopants,​ added
to it. An ​N-type​ semiconductor carries current mainly in the form of negatively-charged
electron​s, in a manner similar to the conduction of current in a wire. A ​P-type​ semiconductor
carries current predominantly as electron deficiencies called ​hole​s. A hole has a positive electric
charge, equal and opposite to the charge on an electron. In a semiconductor material, the flow
of holes occurs in a direction opposite to the flow of electrons.
Elemental semiconductors include antimony, arsenic, boron, carbon, germanium,
selenium, silicon, sulfur, and tellurium. ​Silicon​ is the best-known of these, forming the basis of
most integrated circuits (​IC​s). Common semiconductor compounds include gallium arsenide,
indium antimonide, and the oxides of most metals. Of these, gallium arsenide (​GaAs​) is widely
used in low-noise, high-gain, weak-signal amplifying devices.

How to made GATE from Transistors?

Transistor AND Gate

The use of ​transistors​ for the construction of logic​gates​ depends upon their utility as fast
switches​. When the base-emitter diode is turned on enough to be driven into ​saturation​, the
collector voltage with respect to the emitter may be near zero and can be used to construct
gates for the​TTL logic family​. For the​AND​ logic, the transistors are in series and both transistors
must be in the conducting state to drive the output high.

1. Made AND GATE from Transistor

For the​AND​ logic, the transistors are in series and both transistors
must be in the conducting state to drive the output high.
2. Made OR GATE from Transistor

For the​OR​ logic, the transistors are in parallel and the output is
driven high if either of the transistors is conducting.

3. Made NAND GATE from Transistor

For the​NAND​ logic, the transistors are in series, but the output is
above them. The output is high unless both A and B inputs are
high, in which case the output is taken down close to ground
potential.

5. Made NOR GATE from Double Transistor

For the​NOR​ logic, the transistors are in parallel with the output
above them so that if either or both of the inputs are high, the
output is driven low.
6.Made NOR GATE from single Transistor

I​n this alternative way to achieve ​NOR​ logic, only one transistor
is used with the two inputs tied to its base through resistors. If
either or both of the inputs is high, the output is driven low.

How to made DECODER from GATES?

Decdeor used for comparsion or selection.

One Bit Decoder

If you put a 1 into this decoder, Output #0 will

have a 1 on it and Output #1 will have a 0. If you
put a 0 into this decoder, then Output #0 will get
a 1 and Output #1 will get a 0." Since this
decoder has one binary input, it is called a 1-bit
decoder.

Two Bit Decoder

The circuit diagram below represents the logic for a 2-bit

decoder. When a low voltage (represented by 0) is
placed on both inputs, then a high voltage appears on
Output W while the remaining outputs show a low
voltage. Just like we described the behavior of gates with
truth tables, we can also describe the behavior of circuits
with truth tables. The truth table below describes the
behavior of the two-bit decoder when a low voltage is
placed on both inputs. The remaining cases are left
blank as an exercise. Launch the circuit simulator applet
again, and use it to fill in the remainder of the truth table. The applet will display a model of a
two-bit decoder with LEDs attached to the four outputs. The inputs are controlled by the two
toggle switches. Whenever an output (or input) has a high voltage, the associated LED will glow
red.

How to Made Latches from Gates?

Latches are another important circuit in computers.

While decoders are used for selecting, latches are
used for remembering. The circuit diagram below
shows a simple latch made from two NAND gates.
The NAND gate stands for "​No ​ t ​AND"​ and the
behavior of this gate is exactly the opposite
behavior of the AND gate. The truth table for the
NAND gate is displayed on the diagram inside
each gate. Notice that this gate has a small circle
at the end of the gate just like the NOT gate to represent inversion. Also notice that some of the
lines in the diagram cross but are not connected. Only lines with a black dot at their intersection
are logically connected.

How to Memory from Latches?

Latches like the one illustrated above provide one way of creating memory for a computer. With
one latch, only a single bit can be remembered. However, by grouping latches together, much
larger memories can be created. The diagram below illustrates a byte of memory created from
eight latches. Because latches are extremely small, millions of them can be placed on a
computer chip no larger than a dime!

How to Made ADDER from Gates?

ADDER used for binary addition.

Another circuit which is fundamental to computers is the adder. This circuit is responsible
for binary addition. Before looking at the circuit, it will be helpful to review the four basic rules of
binary addition. We can actually think of these four rules as a truth table with the slight
exception of the fourth rule. Notice that the fourth rule causes a carry.
 Rule 1 Rule 2 Rule 3 Rule 4 A B Output Carry

0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0
+ 0 + 1 + 0 + 1
0 1 1 0
0 1 1 10
1 0 1 0

1 1 0 1

Rules of binary addition Truth table for binary addition

To implement an adder circuit, we can use the

exclusive OR gate (XOR) which has exactly the
same behavior as the "Output" column of the table
for binary addition. XOR is the
"either-or-but-not-both" gate. Thus, when both
inputs are 1, the output is 0. To represent the
carry, we can use the AND gate which has the
same behavior as the "Carry" column. The
diagram to the right shows how the circuit is
connected. Try building this adder with the circuit
simulator applet (note that the applet calls the exclusive OR gate "EOR" and not "XOR"). If you
need help, you may ​view the answer​.

Like the latch, adders can be joined together to make more powerful adders. However,
extra circuitry is required to handle the addition of the carry bits. Crawford [​1985​] explains:

"Consider this example: we want to add two eight-bit binary

numbers. If we break this addition up by digits, adding just one column at a time, then we can
use a one-bit adder for each column. We start at the right side of the number, just like you do in
regular addition. If the one-bit adder ends up generating a carry, it passes the carry on to the
next higher one-bit adder, which adds it into its work."
How to Work CPU from Above Cpmponents such as DECODER,LATCH,ADDER?

http://courses.cs.vt.edu/~csonline/MachineArchitecture/Lessons/CPU/