Diode’s Approximations & Logic

Gates
Basic Electronics
 DIODE’S APPROXIMATIONS
 Diode is a two terminals & non-linear device.
 Three different approximations can be used
when analyzing diode circuits. The one used
depends on the desired accuracy of your
circuit calculations.
 DIODE’S APPROXIMATIONS
 The following three are diode’s approximations.

 1st Approximation (Ideal Diode)

 2nd Approximation
 3rd Approximation
IDEAL DIODE or Diode’s 1st Approximation

• The first approximation treats a forward-biased

diode like a closed switch with a voltage drop
of zero volts, as shown in next slide.
• The first approximation is viewing the diode as
an ideal diode. With this first approximation,
the diode acts as a perfect switch that doesn't
consume any voltage and doesn't have any
internal resistance.
IDEAL DIODE or Diode’s 1st Approximation
 DIODE’S 2 APPROXIMATION
ND

• In the second approximation, the diode is

seen as as a diode that needs voltage in order
to turn on.
• For a silicon diode, the diode needs about
0.7V in order to turn on. When the voltage fed
into the diode forward biased is 0.7V or
greater, the diode switches on. When the
voltage is less than 0.7V, the diode turns off.
DIODE’S 2 APPROXIMATION
ND
 DIODE’S 3rd APPROXIMATION
• In the third approximation, the diode is seen
as a diode that consumes 0.7V (for silicon
diode) and voltage across the internal bulk
resistance (RB) of the diode.
• RB is a very small resistance, usually less than
1Ω and almost always less than 10Ω.
 DIODE’S 3rd APPROXIMATION
• The bulk resistance represents the resistance
of the p and n materials of the p-n junction of
the diode. The bulk resistance is not a fixed
resistance but a dynamic one. It changes
according to the amount of forward voltage
and current going through the diode at any
particular time, according to the formula, 
RB= ∆VF/∆IF
DIODE’S 3rd APPROXIMATION
CIRCUITS MODEL FOR DIODE
APPROXIMATION
CIRCUITS MODEL FOR DIODE
APPROXIMATION
 TASK
• Solve the example of 27.2 & 27.3 from Grob’s
Basic Electronics.
• Solve the example of 3.7 & 3.8 from Malvino’s
Electronic Principles.
 LOGIC GATES
• A logic gate is a basic building block of a digital
circuit that has two inputs and one output.
The relationship between the input and the
output is based on a certain logic. These gates
are implemented using electronic switches like
transistors, diodes.
LOGIC GATES
 LOGIC GATES
 AND GATE
 OR GATE
 NOT GATE
 NAND GATE
 NOR GATE
 EXOR GATE
 EXNOR GATE
 AND GATE
• The AND gate is a digital logic gate with two or
more then two inputs and one output, which
perform logical conjunction based on the
combinations of its inputs. The output of this
gate is true (1) only when all the inputs are
true (1).
AND GATE
 OR GATE
• The OR gate is a digital logic gate with two or
more inputs and one output that performs a
logical conjunction based on the combinations
of its inputs. The output of the OR gate is true
only when one or more inputs are true.
OR GATE
 NOT GATE
• The NOT gate is a digital logic gate with one
input and one output that operates an
inverter operation of the input. The output of
the NOT gate is the reverse of the input.
NOT GATE
 NAND GATE
• The NAND gate is a digital logic gate with two
or more then two inputs and one output that
performs the operation of the AND gate
followed by the operation of the NOT gate.
NAND gate is designed by combining the AND
and NOT gates. If the input of the NAND gate
high, then the output of the gate will be low.
NAND GATE
 NOR GATE
• The NOR gate is a digital logic gate with two or
more inputs and one output, that performs
the operation of the OR gate followed by the
NOT gate. NOR gate is designed by combining
the OR and NOT gate. When any one of the
input of the NOR gate is true, then the output
of the NOR gate will be false.
NOR GATE
 EXOR (Exclusive-OR) Gate
• The Exclusive-OR gate is a digital logic gate
with two inputs and one output. The short
form of this gate is Ex-OR. It performs based
on the operation of OR gate. If any one of the
inputs of this gate is high, then the output of
the EX-OR gate will be high.
EX-OR GATE
 EXNOR (Exclusive-NOR) GATE
• The Exclusive-NOR gate is a digital logic gate
with two inputs and one output. The short
form of this gate is Ex-NOR. It performs based
on the operation of NOR gate. When both the
inputs of this gate are high or low , then the
output of the EX-NOR gate will be high. But, if
any one of the inputs is high (but not both),
then the output will be low.
EX-NOR GATE
 LOGIC GATES APPLICATIONS
• The applications of logic gates are mainly
determined based upon their truth table, i.e.,
their mode of operations.
 Light-activated
 Alarm System
 Safety thermostat
 Automatic watering system, etc.