All Grammar 160 Pages

JADHAV SPOKEN ENGLISH CLASSES , AMBAJOGAI.
Prof. Jadhav T. A. (M.A.B.Ed. Eng. &Hist.)(Govt. Technical College Ambajogai.) 9421271356

Student’s name :__________________________________.Class :____.Date:____/____/______
TENSE dkG
1)Simple tenses : lk/ks dkG
1) Simple Present tense : lk/kk orZekudkG
2) Simple Past tense : lk/kk HkwrdkG
3) Simple Future Tense : lk/kk Hkfo’;dkG .
2)Continuous tenses : pkyw dkG
1) Present Continuous Tense : pkyw orZekudkG
2) Past Continuous Tense : pkyw HkwrdkG
3) Future Continuous Tense : pkyw Hkfo’;dkG
3)Perfect tenses : iw.kZ dkG
1) Present Perfect Tense : iw.kZ orZekudkG
2) Past Perfect Tense : iw.kZ HkwrdkG
3) Future Perfect Tense : iw.kZ Hkfo’;dkG
4)Perfect Continuous Tenses : iw.kZ pkyw dkG
1) Present Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw orZekudkG
2) Past Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw HkwrdkG
3) Future Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw Hkfo’;dkG
Some important Words :-

1)Subject : drkZ
2)Main : eq[;
3)Verb : fdz;kin
4)Object : deZ
iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 1

Student’s name :___________________________________.Class :____.Date:____/____/_____
To be ph #is (am , is , are was , were , shall be , will be )
1)orZekudkG :- am , is, are.

2)HkwrdkG :- was , were.
3)Hkfo’;dkG :- shall be , will be .
To have ph #is (has , have , had , shall have , will have )
1)orZekudkG :- has , have .

2)HkwrdkG :- had .
3)Hkfo’;dkG :- shall have , will have .
eq[; fdz;kinkph #is %&
1) eq[; fdz;kinkps ifgys #i :- eq[; fdz;kinkP;k ifgY;k #ikps ejkBhr

Hkk’kkarj dsY;koj ejkBhr Hkk’kkarj dsyYs ;k “kCnkP;k “ksoVh .ks ;srs . eq[; fdz;kinkP;k
ifgY;k #ikl Present Form vls Eg.krkr-
2) eq[; fdz;kinkps nqljs #i :- eq[; fdz;kinkP;k ifgY;k #ikl -ed gk izR;;
tksMyk vlrk eq[; fdz;kinkps nqljs #i r;kj gksrs - eq[; fdz;kinkP;k
frl&;k #ikl Past Form vls Eg.krkr
3) eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i :- eq[; fdz;kinkP;k ifgY;k #ikl -ed gk izR;;

tksMyk vlrk eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i r;kj gksrs - eq[; fdz;kinkP;k
frl&;k #ikl Past Participle )vls Eg.krkr-
4) eq[; fdz;kinkps pkSFks #i :- eq[; fdz;kinkP;k ifgY;k #ikl -ing gk
izR;; tksMyk vlrk eq[; fdz;kinkps pkSFks #i r;kj gksrs - eq[; fdz;kinkP;k
pkSF;k #ikl Present Participle vls Eg.krkr-

TENSE dkG
Simple tenses : lk/ks dkG
3) Simple Future Tense : lk/kk Hkfo’;dkG .
Notes :-
1)lk/;k orZekudkGkr drkZ tj r`rh; iq#’kh ,dopuh (He, She, It,Ram)
vlsy rj eq[; fdz;kinkl e/es gk izR;; tksMrkr-
2)lk/;k orZekudkGkr drkZ tj r`rh; iq#’kh ,dopuh(He, She, It,Ram)
vlsy o eq[; fdz;kinkP;k “ksoVh ss , sh , ch , o , x , z gh v{kjs vlrhy rj
eq[; fdz;kinkl es gk izR;; tksMrkr- vU;Fkk s gk izR;; tksMkok -
Ex. 1) pass + es = passes
2) push + es = pushes
3) catch + es = catches
4) go + es = goes.
5) relax + es = relaxes
vlsy o eq[; fdz;kinkP;k “ksoVh y vlwu R;kP;k iwohZ O;atu vlsy rj y ps i d#u
eq[; fdz;kinkl es gk izR;; tksMrkr- - vU;Fkk s gk izR;; tksMkok -
Ex. 1) try + es + tries
2) fry + es + fries
3) cry + es + cries
vlsy o eq[; fdz;kinkP;k “ksoVh y vlwu R;kP;k iwohZ Loj (a,e ,i , o, u)
vlsy rj eq[; fdz;kinkl ljG s gk izR;; tksMrkr-vU;Fkk s gk izR;; tksMkok -
Ex. 1) play + s = plays
2) obey + s = obeys
3) stay + s = stays
5) vU;Fkk He , She , It , o Ram gk drkZ ulsy rj eq[; fdz;kinkl

dks.krkgh izR;; tksMw u;s -
Structure :-
drkZ $ eq[; fdz;kinkps ifgys #i (s / es ) $ deZ

Subject + Main Verb - 1 (s/es) + Object
S + M.V. 1 + O
Ex. 1)I push a ball. eh psaMw <dyrks -

2)We push a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyrks -
3)You push a ball. rw psaMw <dyrksl -
4)You push a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyrk-
5)He pushes a ball. rks psaMw <dyrks -
6)She pushes a ball. rh psaMw <dyrs-
7)It pushes a ball. rs psaMw <dyrkr-
8)They push a ball. rs psaMw <dyrkr-
9)Ram pushes a ball. jke psaMw <dyrks
10)People push a ball. yksd psaMw <dyrkr -
Note :- ojhy okD;kr He , She , It , Ram gs r`rh; iq#’kokpd ,dopuh drsZs o eq[;
fdz;kinkP;k “ksoVh ch gk izR;; vlY;keqGs eq[; fdz;kinkl es gk izR;;
tksMysyk vkgs -
play, call, pull, write gh fdz;kins oki#u lk/;k orZekudkGkrh

kudkGkrhy vk.k[kh okD;
r;kj djk -


Notes :-
1)lk/;k HkwrdkGkr eq[; fdz;kinkps nqljs #i okijrkr -
eq[; fdz;kinkps nqljs #i % eq[; fdz;kinkps nqljs #i loZlk/kkj.ki.ks eq[;
2)eq
fdz;kinkP;k ifgY;k #ikl -ed gk izR;; rkMwu r;kj gksrs -R;kyk dkgh viokngh vkgsr -
Ex. 1)call + ed = called
2)push + ed = pushed
3)walk + ed = pwalked
Structure :-
drkZ $ eq[; fdz;kinkps nqljs #i (-ed ) $ deZ
Subject + Main Verb - II(-ed) + Object
S + M.V. II (-ed) + O
Ex. 1)I pushed a ball. eh psaMw <dyyk-

2)We pushed a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyyk-
3)You pushed a ball. rw psaMw <dyykl -
4)You pushed a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyyk-
5)He pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk-
6)She pushed a ball. rhus psaMw <dyyk-
7)It pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk-
8)They pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk-
9)Ram pushed a ball. jkeus psaMw <dyyk
10)People pushed a ball. yksdkauh psaMw <dyyk -
play, call, pull, write gh fdz;kins oki#u lk/;k HkwrdkGkrhy vk.k[kh okD;
r;kj djk -

3) Simple Future Tense : lk/kk Hkfo’;dkG

Structure :-
drkZ $ shall / will eq[; fdz;kinkps ifgys #i $ deZ
Subject + shall / will + Main Verb - I + Object
S + shall / will + M.V -I + O
Notes :-
1)lk/;k Hkfo’;dkGkr I o We lkscr shall okijrkr -
2)lk/;k Hkfo’;dkGkr I o We lksMwu brj loZ dR;kZlkscr will okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I shall push a ball. eh psaMw <dysy-
2)We shall push a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyw-
3)You will push a ball. rw psaMw <dy”khy -
4)You will push a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyky-
5)He will push a ball. rks psaMw <dysy-
6)She will push a ball. rh psaMw <dysy-
7)It will push a ball. rs psaMw <dyrhy -
8)They will push a ball. rs psaMw <dyrhy-
9)Ram will push a ball. jke psaMw <dysy -
10)People will push a ball. yksd psaMw <dyrhy -
play, call, pull, write gh fdz;kins oki#u lk/;k Hkfo’;dkGkrhy vk.k[kh

okD; r;kj djk -

Continuous tenses : pkyw dkG

1)Present Continuous Tense : pkyw orZekudkG
2)Past Continuous Tense : pkyw HkwrdkG
3)Future Continuous Tense : pkyw Hkfo’;dkG
1) Present Continuous Tense : pkyw orZekudkG
Structure :-
drkZ $ am / is / are $ eq[; fdz;kinkl - ing $ deZ
Subject + am / is/ are + Main Verb - ing + Object
S + am/ is/ are + M.V.-ing + O

Notes :-
1)I lkscr am okijrkr -
2)He , She ,It , o ,dopuklkscr is okijrkr -
3)We , You ,They , o vusdopuklkscr are okijrkr -
4)You lkscr are p okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I am pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr vkgs -

2)We are pushing a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyr vkgksr-
3)You are pushing a ball. rw psaMw <dyr vkgsl -
4)You are pushing a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dykr vkgkr -
5)He is pushing a ball. rks psaMw <dyr vkgs -
6)She is pushing a ball. rh psaMw <dyr vkgs -
7)It is pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr vkgs -
8)They are pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr vkgsr -
9)Ram is pushing a ball. jke psaMw <dyr vkgs -
10)People are pushing a ball. yksd psaMw <dyr vkgs -
playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz;kins oki#u pkyw orZekudkGkrhy

vk.k[kh okD; r;kj djk -
2) Past Continuous Tense : pkyw HkwrdkG

Structure :
drkZ $ was / were $ eq[; fdz;kinkl - ing $ deZ
Subject + was / were + Main Verb - ing + Object .
S + was / were + M.V. - ing + O
Notes :-
1)I , He , She , It o ,dopuklkscr was okijrkr -
2)We , You , They o vusdopuklkscr were okijrkr -
3)You lkscr are p okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I was pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr gksrks @ gksrs -

2)We were pushing a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyr gksrks -
3)You were pushing a ball. rw psaMw <dyr gksrkl -
4)You were pushing a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dykr gksrk -
5)He was pushing a ball. rks psaMw <dyr gksrk -
6)She was pushing a ball. rh psaMw <dyr gksrh -
7)It was pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr gksrs -
8)They were pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr gksrs -
9)Ram was pushing a ball. jke psaMw <dyr gksrk -
10)People were pushing a ball. yksd psaMw <dyr gksrs -


3) Future Continuous Tense : pkyw Hkfo’;dkG

Structure :
drkZ $ shall be / will be $ eq[; fdz;kinkl - ing $ deZ
Subject + shall be / will be + Main Verb - ing + Object
S + shall be / will be + M.V. - ing + O
Notes :-
1)I o We o ,dopuklkscr shall be okijrkr -
2)I o We lksMwu brj loZ dR;kZlkscr will be okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I shall be pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr vlsy -

2)We shall be pushing a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyr vlw -
3)You will be pushing a ball. rw psaMw <dyr vkly”khy -
4)You will be pushing a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dykr vlky -
5)He will be pushing a ball. rks psaMw <dyr vlsy -
6)She will be pushing a ball. rh psaMw <dyr vlsy -
7)It will be pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr vlsy -
8)They will be pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr vlsy -
9)Ram will be pushing a ball. jke psaMw <dyr vlsy -
10)People will be pushing a ball. yksd psaMw <dyr vlrhy -


3)Perfect tenses : iw.kZ dkG

1)Present Perfect Tense : iw.kZ orZekudkG
2)Past Perfect Tense : iw.kZ HkwrdkG
3)Future Perfect Tense : iw.kZ Hkfo’;dkG
1) Present Perfect Tense : iw.kZ orZekudkG
Structure :
drkZ $ has / have $ eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i (- ed ) $ deZ
Subject + has / have + Main Verb -III + Object .
S + has / have + M.V. - III (-ed) + O .
Notes :-
1)He , She , It o ,dopuklkscr has okijrkr -
2)I , We , You ,They , o vusdopuklkscr have okijrkr -
3)I o You lkscr have p okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I have pushed a ball. eh psaMw <dyyk vkgs -

2)We have pushed a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyyk vkgs-
3)You have pushed a ball. rw psaMw <dyyk vkgsl -
4)You have pushed a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyyk vkgs-
5)He has pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk vkgs -
6)She has pushed a ball. rhus psaMw <dyyk vkgs -
7)It has pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk vkgs -
8)They have pushed a ball. R;kauh psaMw <dyyk vkgs -
9)Ram has pushed a ball. jkeus psaMw <dyyk vkgs -
10)People have pushed a ball. yksdkauh psaMw <dyyk vkgs -
played , called , pulled , written gh fdz;kins oki#u iw.kZ orZekudkGkrhy


2) Past Perfect Tense : iw.kZ HkwrdkG

Structure :-
drkZ $ had $ eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i (- ed ) $ deZ
Subject + had + Main Verb - III + Object
S + had + M.V. - III (-ed) + O .
Notes :-
1)loZ dR;klksscr had p okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I had pushed a ball. eh psaMw <dyyk gksrk -

2)We had pushed a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyyk gksrk-
3)You had pushed a ball. rw psaMw <dyyk gksrkl -
4)You had pushed a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyyk gksrk-
5)He had pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk gksrk-
6)She had pushed a ball. frus psaMw <dyyk gksrk-
7)It had pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk gksrk-
8)They had pushed a ball. R;kauh psaMw <dyyk gksrk-
9)Ram had pushed a ball. jkeus psaMw <dyyk gksrk-
10)People had pushed a ball. yksdkauh psaMw <dyyk gksrk-
played , called , pulled , written gh fdz;kins oki#u iw.kZ HkwrdkGkrhy


3) Future Perfect Tense : iw.kZ Hkfo’;dkG

Structure :-
drkZ $ shall have / will have $ eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i (- ed ) $ deZ
Subject + shall have / will have + Main Verb -III + Object .
S + shall have / will have + M.V. - III + O .
Notes :-
1)I o We lkscr shall have okijrkr -

2)I o We lksMwu brj loZ dR;kZlkscr will have okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I shall have pushed a ball. eh psaMw <dyyk vlsy -

2)We shall have pushed a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyyk vlsy
3)You will have pushed a ball. rw psaMw <dyyk vl”khy-
4)You will have pushed a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyyk vlsy-
5)He will have pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk vlsy-
6)She will have pushed a ball. rhus psaMw <dyyk vlsy-
7)It will have pushed a ball. R;kus psaMw <dyyk vlsy-
8)They will have pushed a ball. R;kauh psaMw <dyyk vlsy-
9)Ram will have pushed a ball. jkeus psaMw <dyyk vlsy-
10)People will have pushed a ball.yksdkauh psaMw <dyyk vlsy -
played , called , pulled , written gh fdz;kins oki#u iw.kZ Hkfo’;dkGkrhy


4)Perfect Continuous Tenses : iw.kZ pkyw dkG

1)Present Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw orZekudkG
2)Past Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw HkwrdkG
3)Future Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw Hkfo’;dkG
1) Present Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw orZekudkG
Structure :-
drkZ $ has / have + been $ eq[; fdz;kinkl- ing $ deZ
Subject + has / have + been + Main Verb - ing + Object .
S + has / have + been + M.V. - ing + O .

Notes :-
1)He , She , It o ,dopuklkscr has okijrkr -
2)I , We , You , They o vusdopuklkscr have okijrkr -
3)I o You lkscr have p okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I have been been pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr vkysyks vkgs -
2)We have been pushing a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyr vkysyks vkgksr-
3)You have been pushing a ball. rw psaMw <dyr vkysyk vkgsl -
4)You have been pushing a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyr vkysys vkgkr-
5)He has been pushing a ball. rks psaMw <dyr vkysyk vkgs -
6)She has been pushing a ball. rh psaMw <dyr vkysyh vkgs -
7)It has been pushing a ball. rkss psaMw <dyr vkysyk vkgs -
8)They have been pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr vkysys vkgsr -
9)Ram has been pushing a ball. jke psaMw <dyr vkysyk vkgs -
10)People have been pushing a ball. yksd psaMw <dyr vkysys vkgsr
playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz ; kins oki#u iw . kZ pkyw

orZekudkGkrhy vk.k[kh okD; r;kj djk -

2) Past Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw HkwrdkG

Structure :-
drkZ $ had + been $ eq[; fdz;kinkl - ing $ deZ
Subject + had + been + Main Verb - ing + Object .
S + had + been + M.V. - ing + O .
Notes :-
1)loZ dR;klksscr had p okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I had been been pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr vkysyks gksrks -
2)We had been pushing a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyr vkysyks gksrks-
3)You had been pushing a ball. rw psaMw <dyr vkysyks gksrkl -
4)You had been pushing a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyr vkysyks gksrk
5)He had been pushing a ball. rks psaMw <dyr vkysyk gksrk -
6)She had been pushing a ball. rh psaMw <dyr vkysyh gksrh-
7)It had been pushing a ball. rss psaMw <dyr vkysyk gksrs-
8)They had been pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr vkysys gksrs-
9)Ram had been pushing a ball. jke psaMw <dyr vkysyk gksrk -
10)People had been pushing a ball. yksd psaMw <dyr vkysys gksrs
playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz;kins oki#u iw.kZ pkyw HkwrdkGkrhy


3) Future Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw Hkfo’;dkG

Structure :-
drkZ $ shall have / will have + been $ eq[; fdz;kinkl- ing $ deZ
Subject + shall have / will have + been + Main Verb - ing + Object .
S + shall have / will have + been + M.V. - ing + O .
Notes :-
1)I o We o ,dopuklkscr shall have okijrkr -
2)I o We lksMwu brj loZ dR;kZlkscr will have okijrkr -
Ex. 1)I shall have been pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr vkysyks vlsy-
2)We shall have been pushing a ball. vkEgh psaMw <dyr vkysyk vlw-
3)You will have been pushing a ball. rw psaMw <dyr vkysyk vl”khy-
4)You will have been pushing a ball. rqEgh psaMw <dyr vkysyks vlky-
5)He will have been pushing a ball. rks psaMw <dyr vkysyk vlsy-
6)She will have been pushing a ball. rh psaMw <dyr vkysyh vlsy-
7)It will have been pushing a ball. rkss psaMw <dyr vkysyk vlsy-
8)They will have been pushing a ball. rs psaMw <dyr vkysyks vlrhy-
9)Ram will have been pushing a ball. jke psaMw <dyr vkysyk vlsy-
10)People will have been pushing a ball. yksd psaMw <dyr vkysys vlrhy-
playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz ; kins oki#u iw . kZ pkyw

Hkfo’;dkGkrhy vk.k[kh okD; r;kj djk -

Tense Chart
16
Sub kinds
v-dz- Simple Tense Continuous Tense Perfect Tense Perfect Continuous
Main kinds
iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s -

1) Present Tense drkZ $ mv-1(s/es)$deZ drkZ $ am,is,are + mv-ing +deZ drkZ $ has /have+ mv-3$deZ drkZ $ has /have+ been+ mv-ing$deZ
2) Past Tense drkZ $ mv-II (-ed)$deZ drkZ $ was,were + mv-ing +.$deZ drkZ $ had+ mv-3$deZ drkZ $ had+ been+ mv-ing$deZ
3) Future Tense drkZ $ shall / will+ mv-I$deZ drkZ $ shall be / will be + mv-ing +.$deZ drkZ $ shall have / will have+ mv-3$deZ drkZ $ shall have / will have+ been+ mv-$deZ
Passive Voice Chart
Sub kinds
Main kinds
1) Present Tense deZ$aam/is/are+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$ drkZ deZ $ am,is,are +being+ mv-III (-ed)+by$drkZ deZZ $ has /have+been.+ mv-3(-ed)+by$drkZ No Passive Voice
2) Past Tense deZ$a was/were+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$drkZ drkZ $ was,were +being+ mv-III (-ed)+by+deZ deZ $ had+been+mv-3(-ed)$by+drkZ No Passive Voice
3) Future Tense drkZ $ashall be will be+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$deZ No Passive Voice deZ$ shall have / will have+ mv-3(-ed)+by$drkZ No Passive Voice
VOICE iz;ksx
Voice : dR;kph fdaok dekZph fdz;kink”kh th tqG.kh vlrs] fryk iz;ksxkl Voise
vls Eg.krkr- drkZ ]deZ ofdz;kin ;kapk ijLij laca/k Eg.ktsp iz;ksx gks;-
Ex. I write a letter
A letter is written by me.
* iz;ksxkps nksu izdkj vkgsr-
1) Active Voice (vW vWfDVOg Ogkbl
Ogkbl) drZjh iz;ksx%
T;k okD;ke/;s fdz;kin dR;kZP;k ra=kizek.ksp pkyrs] R;k okD;kP;k iz;ksxkyk
drZjh iz;ksx (Active Voice) vls Eg.krkr-
Ex. I play cricket .
2)Passive Voice:(iW iWflOg Ogkbl

Ogkbl) deZ.kh iz;ksx%
* T;k okD;ke/;s fdz;kin dekZP;k ra=kizek.ks pkyrs] R;k okD;kP;k iz;ksxkyk
deZ.kh iz;ksx (Passive Voice) vls Eg.krkr-
Ex. Cricket is played by me.
* iq#’kokpd loZukekP;k fOnrh;k foHkDrh n”kZ.kkjk rDrk iq<hyizek.ks vkgs

iq<hy ukukoj vkgsr -

1) To be ph #is (am , is , are was , were , shall be , will be )

1)orZekudkG :- am , is, are.
2)HkwrdkG :- was , were.
3)Hkfo’;dkG :- shall be , will be .
2) To have ph #is (has , have , had , shall have , will have )
1)orZekudkG :- has , have .
2)HkwrdkG :- had .
3)Hkfo’;dkG :- shall have , will have .
3) eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i :- loZlk.kj.ki.ks eq[; fdz;kinkP;k ifgY;k
#ikl -ed gk izR;; tksMyk vlrk eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i r;kj gksrs - eq[;
fdz;kinkP;k frl&;k #ikl Past Participle vls Eg.krkr - Passive Voice
e/;s eq[; fdz;kinkps frljsp #i oijrkr
* iq#’kokpd loZukekP;k fOnrh;k foHkDrh n”kZ.kkjk rDrk iq<hyizek.ks vkgs
izFkek foHkDrh fOnrh;k foHkDrh

I me
We us
you you
he him
she her
It it
They them
Ram Ram

e/kwu Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e%

* Active Voicee/kw
Structure :-
drkZ $ eq[; fdz;kinkps ifgys #i (s / es ) $ deZ
Subject + Main Verb - 1 (s/es) + Object
S + M.V. 1 + O
lk/;k orZekudkGke/;s Active Voice e/kwu Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e %

1)okD;kP;k lq#okrhl deZ ?;kos (izFkek)-
2)R;kP;kuarj am / is / are ?;kos -
3)R;kP;kuarj eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i( - ed) ?;kos -
4)R;kP;kuarj by ?;kos -
5)okD;kP;k lq#okrhl vlysyk drkZ ?;kok (fOnrh;k)-
Structure :-
dekZl drkZ (izizFkek
kek)+ am / is / are + M.V. - III (-ed) past participle + by +
dR;kZl deZ (fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
1) I push the door . (Active Voice)
Ans : The door is pushed by me. (Passive Voice )

Ex.
1) I play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is played by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He plays cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She plays cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It plays cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is played by it . (Passive Voice)
7) They play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is played by them. .(Passive Voice)
8) Ram play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is played by Ram. (Passive Voice )


* Active Voicee/kw
Structure :-
drkZ $ eq[; fdz;kinkps nqljs #i (-ed ) $ deZ
Subject + Main Verb - II (ed) + Object
S + M.V. II (-ed) + O
lk/;k HkwrdkGke/;s Active Voice e/kwu Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e %

2)R;kP;kuarj was / were ?;kos -
3)R;kP;kuarj eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i( - ed) ?;kos -
Structure :-
kek)+ was / were + M.V. - III (-ed) past participle +
by + dR;kZl deZ (fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
1) I pushed the door . (Active Voice)
Ans : The door was pushed by me. (Passive Voice )

Ex.
1) I played cricket . (Active Voice)
Ans : Cricket was played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We played cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket wasplayed by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You played cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He played cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She played cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricketw as played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It played cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was played by it. (Passive Voice)
7) They played cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was played by them. .(Passive Voice)
8) Ram played cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was played by Ram. (Passive Voice )


* Active Voicee/kw
1) Simple Future tense : lk/kk Hkfo’;dkG
Structure :-
drkZ $ shall / will $ eq[; fdz;kinkps ifgys #i $ deZ
Subject + shall / will + Main Verb + Object
S + shall / will + M.V. I +O
lk/;k Hkfo’;dkGke/;s Active Voice e/kwu Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e %

2)R;kP;kuarj shall be / will be ?;kos -
3)R;kP;kuarj eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i ( - ed) ?;kos -
Structure :-
kek)+ shall be / will + M.V. - III (-ed) past participle + by +
dR;kZl deZ (fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
1) I shall push the door . (Active Voice)
Ans : The door will be pushed by me. (Passive Voice )

Ex.
1) I shall played cricket . (Active Voice)
Ans : Cricket will be played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We shall play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will be played by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You will play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will be played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He will play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will be played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She will play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will be played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It will play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will played by it . (Passive Voice)
7) They will play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was wil lbe played by them. .(Passive Voice)
8) Ram will play cricket . (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will be played by Ram. (Passive Voice )


* Active Voicee/kw
1)Present Continuous Tense : pkyw orZekudkG

Structure :-
drkZ $ am / is / are $ eq[; fdz;kinkl - ing $ deZ
Subject + am / is/ are + Main Verb - ing + Object
S + am/ is/ are + M.V.-ing + O
pkyw orZekudkGke/;s Active Voice e/kwu Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e %

2)R;kP;kuarj am / is / are ?;kos -
3)R;kP;kuarj being gk “kCn ?;kok-
5)R;kP;kuarj by gk “kCn ?;kok-
Structure :-
kek) + am / is / are + being + M.V. - III (-ed) past participle +
fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
1) I am pushing the door . (Active Voice)
Ans : The door is being pushed by me. (Passive Voice )

Ex.
1) I am playing cricket. (Active Voice)
Ans : Cricket is being played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We are playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is being played by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You are playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is being played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He is playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is being played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She is playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is being played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It is playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is being played by it . (Passive Voice)
7) They are playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is being played by them. (Passive Voice)
8) Ram is playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket is being played by Ram. (Passive Voice )


* Active Voicee/kw
2)Past Continuous Tense : pkyw HkwrdkG

Structure :-
drkZ $ was / were $ eq[; fdz;kinkl - ing $ deZ
Subject + was / were + Main Verb - ing + Object .
S + was / were + M.V. - ing + O
pkyw orZekudkGke/;s Active Voice e/kwu Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e %

2)R;kP;kuarj was / were ?;kos -
3)R;kP;kuarj being gk “kCn ?;kok-
Structure :-
kek) + was / were + being + M.V. - III (-ed) past participle +
fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
1) I was pushing the door . (Active Voice)
Ans : The door was being pushed by me. (Passive Voice )

Ex.
1) I was playing cricket. (Active Voice)
Ans : Cricket was being played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We were playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was being played by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You were playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was being played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He was playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was being played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She was playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was being played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It was playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was being played by it . (Passive Voice)
7) They were playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was being played by them. (Passive Voice)
8) Ram was playing cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket was being played by Ram. (Passive Voice )


* Active Voicee/kw
3)Future Continuous Tense : pkyw Hkfo’;dkG

Structure :
drkZ $ shall be / will be $ eq[; fdz;kinkl - ing $ deZ
Subject + shall be / will be + Main Verb - ing +
Object
S + shall be / will be + M.V. - ing + O
Notes :-
1)I o We o ,dopuklkscr shall be okijrkr -
2)I o We lksMwu brj loZ dR;kZlkscr will be okijrkr -
Note pkyw Hkfo’;dkGkps Active Voicee/kw

e/kwu Passive Voice e/;s
#ikarj gksr ukgh -


* Active Voicee/kw
1)Present Perfect Tense : iw.kZ orZekudkG

Structure :
drkZ $ has / have $ eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i (- ed ) $ deZ
Subject + has / have + Main Verb -III + Object .
S + has / have + M.V. - III (-ed) + O .
iw.kZ orZekudkGke/;s Active Voice e/kwu Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e %

2)R;kP;kuarj has / have ?;kos -
3)R;kP;kuarj been gk “kCn ?;kok-
Structure :-
kek) + has / have + been + M.V. - III (-ed) past participle +
fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
1) I have pushed the door . (Active Voice)
Ans : The door has been pushed by me. (Passive Voice )

Ex.
1) I have played cricket. (Active Voice)
Ans : Cricket has been played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket has been played by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket has been played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He has played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket has been played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She has played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket has been played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It has played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket has been played by it . (Passive Voice)
7) They have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket has been played by them. (Passive Voice)
8) Ram has played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket has been played by Ram. (Passive Voice )


* Active Voicee/kw
2)Past Perfect Tense : iw.kZ HkwrdkG

Structure :
drkZ $ had $ eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i (- ed ) $ deZ
Subject + had + Main Verb - III + Object
S + had + M.V. - III (-ed) + O .
iw.kZ HkwrdkGke/;s Active Voice e/kwu Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e %

2)R;kP;kuarj had ?;kos -
Structure :-
kek) + had + been + M.V. - III (-ed) past participle + by +
dR;kZl deZ (fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
1) I had pushed the door . (Active Voice)
Ans : The door had been pushed by me. (Passive Voice )

Ex.
1) I had played cricket. (Active Voice)
Ans : Cricket had been played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We had played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket had been played by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You had played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket had been played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He had played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket had been played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She had played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket had been played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It had played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket had been played by it . (Passive Voice)
7) They had played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket had been played by them. (Passive Voice)
8) Ram had played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket had been played by Ram. (Passive Voice )


* Active Voicee/kw
3)Future Perfect Tense : iw.kZ Hkfo’;dkG

Structure :
drkZ $ shall have / will have $ eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i (- ed ) $ deZ
Subject + shall have / will have + Main Verb -III + Object .
S + shall have / will have + M.V. - III + O .

2)R;kP;kuarj shall have / will have ?;kos -
Structure :-
kek) + shall have / will have + been + M.V. - III (-ed) past
participle + by + dR;kZl deZ (fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
1) I shall have pushed the door . (Active Voice)
Ans : The door will have been pushed by me. (Passive Voice )

Ex.
1) I shall have played cricket. (Active Voice)
Ans : Cricket will have been played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We shall have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will have been played by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You will have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will have been played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He will have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will have been played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She will have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will have been played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It will have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will have been played by it . (Passive Voice)
7) They will have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will have been played by them. (Passive Voice)
8) Ram will have played cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket will have been played by Ram. (Passive Voice )


* Active Voicee/kw
Modal Auxiliary Verbs : shall,should ,will,would,can,could, may ,

might,must, ought to, used to,need , dare ;kiSdh ,[kkns Modal
Auxiliary Verb vlsy rj Active Voicee/kw
e/kwu Passive Voice
dj.;kps fu;e%
Structure :
drkZ $ Modal Auxiliary Verbs $ eq[; fdz;kinkps ifgys #i $ deZ
Subject + Modal Auxiliary Verbs + Main Verb -I + Object .
S + Modal Auxiliary Verbs + M.V. - I + O .

2)R;kP;kuarj Modal Auxiliary Verbs ?;kos -
3)R;kP;kuarj be gk “kCn ?;kok-
Structure :-
kek) + Modal Auxiliary Verbs + be + M.V. - III (-ed) past
fOnrh;k
participle + by + dR;kZl deZ (fOnrh;k
fOnrh;k)
Ex.
Ex.
1) I shall play cricket. (Active Voice)
Ans : Cricket will be played by me. (Passive Voice)
2) We can play cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket can be played by us . (Passive Voice)
3) You could play cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket could be played by you . (Passive Voice)
4) He should play cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket should be played by him. (Passive Voice)
5) She must play cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket must be played by her. (Passive Voice)
6) It may play cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket may be played by it . (Passive Voice)
7) They ought to play cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket ought to be played by them. (Passive Voice)
8) Ram would play cricket. (Active Voice)

Ans : Cricket would be played by Ram. (Passive Voice
)

Impertive Sentence :( vkKkFkhZ okD;)
1) gksdkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD; % gksdkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD;kP;k lq#okrhl eq[; fdz;kin

vlrs o “ksoVh iw.kZfojke vlrks-
M.V.-1+obj+other words.
Ex. 1)Bring water.

2)Go to school.
3)Push the door.
4)Read a book.
5)Speak in English.
6)Help the poor.
2) udkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD; %%gksdkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD;kP;k lq#okrhl Don’t/

Do not ?ksrys vlrk udkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD; r;kj gksrs-
Don’t / Do not+M.V.-1+obj+other words.
Ex. 1)Don’t bring water.

2)Don’t go to school.
3)Don’t push the door.
4)Don’t read a book.
5)Don’t speak in English.
6)Do not help the poor.


* Active Voicee/kw
Impertive Sentence : ( vkKkFkhZ okD;) vlsy rj Active Voicee/kw

e/kwu
Passive Voice dj.;kps fu;e %
Structure :
Main Verb-1 + obj + other words .

1)okD;kP;k lq#okrhl Let ?;kos
2)R;kP;kuarj deZ ?;kos -
3)R;kP;kuarj be gk “kCn ?;kok-
5)R;kP;kuarj brj “kCn ?;kos -
Structure :-
Let + obj. + be + M.V. - III (-ed) past participle + other words .
Ex.
1) Bring water. (Active Voice )
Let water be brought . (Active Voice )

Ex.
1) Bring water. (Active Voice)
Ans : Let water be brought . (Passive Voice )
2) Push the door. (Active Voice)

Ans : Let the door pushed (Passive Voice)
3) Read a book. (Active Voice)

Ans : Let book be read (Passive Voice )
4) Speak English. (Active Voice)

Ans : Let English be spoken . (Passive Voice )
5) Change the voice. (Active Voice)

Ans : Let the vice be chaned. (Passive Voice )
6) Don’t open the door (Active Voice)

Ans : Let the door be not opened (Passive Voice )
7) Don’t pull the cart. (Active Voice)

Ans : Let the cart be not pulled . (Passive Voice )
8) Don’t read the book. (Active Voice)

Ans : Let the book be not read . (Passive Voice)

Active Voice Chart
41
Sub kinds
Main kinds

1) Present Tense drkZ $ mv-1(s/es)$deZ drkZ $ am,is,are + mv-ing +deZ drkZ $ has /have+ mv-3$deZ drkZ $ has /have+ been+ mv-ing$deZ
2) Past Tense drkZ $ mv-II (-ed)$deZ drkZ $ was,were + mv-ing +.$deZ drkZ $ had+ mv-3$deZ drkZ $ had+ been+ mv-ing$deZ
3) Future Tense drkZ $ shall / will+ mv-I$deZ drkZ $ shall be / will be + mv-ing +.$deZ drkZ $ shall have / will have+ mv-3$deZ drkZ $ shall have / will have+ been+ mv-$deZ
Passive Voice Chart
Sub kinds
Main kinds
1) Present Tense deZ$aam/is/are+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$ drkZ deZ $ am,is,are +being+ mv-III (-ed)+by$drkZ deZZ $ has /have+been.+ mv-3(-ed)+by$drkZ No Passive Voice
2) Past Tense deZ$a was/were+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$drkZ drkZ $ was,were +being+ mv-III (-ed)+by+deZ deZ $ had+been+mv-3(-ed)$by+drkZ No Passive Voice
3) Future Tense drkZ $ashall be will be+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$deZ No Passive Voice deZ$ shall have / will have+ mv-3(-ed)+by$drkZ No Passive Voice
Active Voice to Passive Voice Chart
42

Main kinds
Sub kinds
1) Present Tense drkZ $ mv-1(s/es)$deZ drkZ $ am,is,are + mv-ing +deZ drkZ $ has /have+ mv-3(-ed)$deZ drkZ $ has /have+ been+ mv-ing$deZ
Passive Voice deZ$aa m/is/are+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$ drkZ deZ $ am,is,are +being+ mv-III (-ed)+by$drkZ deZZ $ has /have+been.+ mv-3(-ed)+by$drkZ No Passive Voice
2) Past Tense drkZ $ mv-II (-ed)$deZ drkZ $ was,were + mv-ing +deZ drkZ $ had+been+ mv-3(-ed)$deZ drkZ $ had+ been+ mv-ing$deZ
Passive Voice deZ$awas/were+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$drkZ drkZ $ was,were +being+ mv-III (-ed)+by+deZ deZ $ had+been+mv-3(-ed)$by+drkZ No Passive Voice
3) Future Tense drkZ $ shall / will+ mv-I$deZ drkZ $ shall be / will be + mv-ing +deZ drkZ $ shall have / will have+ beenmv-3(-ed)$deZ drkZ $ shall have / will have+ been+ mv-ing$deZ
Passive Voice drkZ $ashall be will be+M.V.-III(-ed)+by$deZ No Passive Voice deZ$ shall have / will have+ mv-3(-ed)+by$drkZ No Passive Voice
Direct Speech And Indirect Speech.

Direct Speech : cksy.kk&;kps “kCn tlsP;k rls O;Dr dj.kk&;k okD;kyk
Direct Speech vls Eg.krkr-
Ex. He said to him , “ I am going to Pune.”
Inirect Speech : cksy.kk&;kps “kCn tlsP;k rls O;Dr u djrk nql&;kp
O;fDrP;k “kCnkr O;Dr dj.kk&;k okD;kyk Indirect Speech vls Eg.krkr-
Ex.He told him that he was going to Pune .
He said to him , “ I am going to Pune now.”
Reporter Listener Reported Speech

Reporting Verb
1) Reporter:cksy.kk&;k O;fDryk Reporter vls Eg.krkr- Ex.He
2) Listener:,sd.kk&;k O;fDryk Listener vls Eg.krkr- Ex.She
3) Reporting Verb : cksy.kk&;k O;fDrps “kCn O;Dr dj.;klkBh T;k
fdz;kinkpk okij djrkr R;k fdz;kinkyk Reporting Verb vls Eg.krkr- Ex.said to
4) Reported Speech :vorj.k fpUgkrhy okD;kyk Reported peech

vls Eg.krkr- Ex.I am going to Pune now.
( I) lkgk
lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kins ( Helping Verb) % baxzthr ,dw.k 24 lkgk
lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kins vkgsr-
Do, does , did , am , is , are , was , were , has , have , had , shall , should , will , would,
can , could , may , might , must , ought to, used to,need , dare = 24

( II ) Personal Pronouns:( iq#’kokpd loZukes)O;fDr cksyr vlrkuk th

loZukes okijrks R;k loZZukekauk iq#’k okpd loZukes vls Eg.krkr-R;kps oxhZdj.k iq<hyizek.ks vkgs-
1)First Personal Pronouns :(izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes)O;fDr Lor% cksyr

vlrkuk Lor%fo’k;h th loZukes okijrks R;k loZZukekauk izFke iq#’k okpd loZukes vls Eg.krkr-
Ex.I,me,my,mine,we,us,our,ours.
2)Second Personal Pronouns : (fOnrh; iq#’kokpd loZukes) ,sd.kk&;k
O;fDrfo’k;h th loZukes okijyh tkrkr R;k loZZukekauk fOnrh; iq#’k okpd loZukes vls Eg.krkr-
Ex. You,you,your,yours, You,you, your,yours.
3)Third Personal Pronouns : (r`rh; iq#’kokpd loZukes) tks ,sdrgh ukgh

o cksyrgh ukgh rj T;kP;kfo’k;h cksyys tkrs R;kaP;kfo’k;h th loZukes okijyh
tkrkr R;k loZZukekauk r`rh; iq#’k okpd loZukes vls Eg.krkr-
Ex.He,him,his,his,She,her,her,hers,It,it,its They, them,their,theirs
iq#’kokpd
opu ,dopu vusdopu
loZuke
izFke iq#’k I,me,my,mine we,us,our,ours
fOnrh; iq#’k You,you,your,yours You,you,your,yours
r`rh; iq#’k He,him,his,his They,them,their,theirs
She,her,her,hers They,them,their,theirs
It,it,its They,them,their,theirs

( III ) okD;kps izdkj pkj vkgsr-

1)Assertive Sentence : fo/kkukFkhZ okD; fo/kkukFkhZ okD;kP;klq#okrhyk drkZ vlrks
o “ksoVh iw.kZfojke vlrks-
Subject + Verb + Object + (.)
Ex. 1)I am playing cricket.
2)He was not asking the teacher .
3)They called the police.
2)Interrogative Sentence : iz”ukFkZd okD;-iz”ukFkZd okD;kps nksu izdkj iMrkr-
1)Verbal Question :
2)Wh Question :
1)Verbal Question:Do, does,did,am,is,are, was, were, has, have,
had,shall,should ,will,would,can,could, may , might,must, ought to,
used to,need , dare ;kiSdh dks.kR;kgh “kCnkus lq# gks.kk&;k iz”ukyk Verbal
Question vls Eg.krkr-
H.V. + S + M.V. + other words?
Ex. 1) Am I playing cricket ?
2) Was he not asking the teacher ?
3) Did they call the police ?
4) Were we pushing the door ?

2) Wh-Question : What, why, when,where, who, whom, whose,

which,how, how many, how much, how far, how long ;kiSdh dks.kR;kgh
Wh “kCnkus lq# gks.kk&;k okD;kyk Wh-Question vls Eg.krkr-
WH-word + H.V. + S + M.V. + other words ?
Ex. 1)Where am I playing cricket ?

2)When was he not asking the teacher ?
3)Why did they call the police ?
4)How were we pushing the door ?
3)Exclamatory Sentence: mnn~xkjokpd okD;kP;k lq#okrhl What/
How gs “kCn vlrkr o “ksoVh mnn~xkjokpd fpUg vlrs-
What + a + fo”ks’k.k + noun + S + V + !

How + fdz;kfo”ks’k.k + S + V + !
Ex.1)What a beautiful flower it is!

2)How beautiful it is!
3What a beautiful scene it is!
4)What a beautiful cap it is!
5)How lucky you are!

4)Impertive Sentence : ( vkKkFkhZ okD;)
1) gksdkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD; % gksdkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD;kP;k lq#okrhl eq[; fdz;kin

vlrs o “ksoVh iw.kZfojke vlrks-
M.V.-1 + obj + other words.
Ex. 1)Bring water.

2)Go to school.
3)Push the door.
4)Read a book.
5)Speak in English.
6)Help the poor.
2) udkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD; %%gksdkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD;kP;k lq#okrhl Don’t/

Do not ?ksrys vlrk udkjkFkhZ vkKkFkhZ okD; r;kj gksrs-
Don’t / Do not + M.V.-1 + obj + other words.
Ex. 1)Don’t bring water.

2)Don’t go to school.
3)Don’t push the door.
4)Don’t read a book.
5)Don’t speak in English.
6)Do not help the poor.

Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk iq<hy izeq[k
cny djkos ykxrkr-
1)Reporting Verb : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk
Reported Speech e/khy okD;kP;k izdkjkuqlkj Reporting Verb ?;kos ykxrs-
2)Conjunctin : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk

Reported Speech e/khy okD;kP;k izdkjkuqlkj Conjunction ?;kos ykxrs-
3)Pronouns (loZukes) :Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD;

cnyrkuk Reported Speech e/khy izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes o fOnrh;
iq#’kokpd loZukes gh vuqdzes Reporter o Listener uqlkj cnyrkr-
4)Verb : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk Reporting
Verb HkwrdkGr vlsy rj Reported Speech e/khy dzekus ;s.kk&;k izR;sd
okD;krhy ifgY;k fdz;kinkpk HkwrdkG djkok-
5)Adverbs (fdz;kfo”ks’k.ks) : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s

okD; cnyrkuk Reported Speech e/khy LFkyokpd vkf.k dkyokpd
vO;;ke/;s cny dkjkok ykxrks-+

Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e-

1) Reporting Verb o Conjunctins : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect
Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk Reported Speech e/khy okD;kP;k izdkjkuqlkj
Reporting Verb o conjunction ?;kos ykxrs - rDrk iq<hyizek.ks
okD;kpk izdkj Reporting Verbs Conjunctions
1)Assertive Sentence said -- said o said to -- told that
2)Interrogative Sentence
1)Verbal Question said/said to -- asked if / whether

2)Wh Question said/said to --asked wh - word
3)Imperative Sentence vkKk - ordered
Affirmative sentence fouarh - requested to
;kpuk - begged
lYyk - advised
Negative sentence rkfdn - warned not to (Remove don’t)
vkns”k - commanded
dGdG - urged
4)Exclamatory Sent. said -- exclaimed that
5)Let’s said --suggested that they should
(Remove Let’s)
6)Wish wished that
prayed that

Ex.
1)He said to him, “He has played cricket.”
He told him that he had played cricket.
2)He said to him, “Has he played cricket ? “
He asked him if he had played cricket.
3)He said to him , “Where has he played cricket ? “
He asked him where he had played cricket.
4)He said , “What a beautiful flower it is !”
He exclaimed that it was vety beautiful flower .
5)He said , “ How nice it is !”
He exclaimed that it was very nice.
6)He said to him , “ Please , bring me a glass of water.”
He requested him to bring him a glass of water.
7)He said to him, “ Don’t play cricket .”
He advised him not to play cricket.
8)He said to him , “Let’s play cricket.”
He suggested him that they should play cricket .

2)LFkyokpd
LFkyokpd o dkyokpd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k “kCnke/;s gks.kkjk cny %
Direct Speech Indirect speech Direct Speech Indirect speech
1) this that 8) next the following

2) these those 9) today that day
3) here there 10) tonight that night
4) now then 11) tomorrow the follwoing day
5) ago before 12) yesterday the previous day
6) just then 13) last the previous
7) thus so 14) next the following
Ex.
1)He said to him, “This is a pen.”
He told him that that was a pen.
2)He said to him, “These are pens.”

He told him that those were pens.
3) He said to him , “ He is here.”

He told him that he was there.
4) He said to him, “He was playing yesterday.”

He told him that he had been playing the previous day.

Ex.
5) He said to him, “He will play tomorrow”.

He told him that he would play the next day.
6) He said to him, “She will play the next morning.”

He told him that she would play the following morning.
7) He said to him, “ He is going to home now.”
He told him that he was going to home then.

8) He said to him , “I am going to play cricket today.”
He told him that he was going to play cricket that day.
9) He said to him, “He is going to study tonight.”

He told him that he was going to study that night.
10)He said to him, “He would play here ago .”
He told him that he would play there before.

3 )fdz
fdz;kinkP;k dkGke/;s gks.kkjk cny %
1) Verb : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cyrkuk Reporting
Verb HkwrdkGkr vlsy rj Reported Speech -e/khy dkGkrhy cny n”kZfo.kkjk
rDrk iq<hyizek.ks
Direct Speech Indirect speech Direct Speech Indirect speech
1) do/does did 9) can could

2) did had + M.V. 3 10) could could
3) am/is/are was/were 11) might might
4) was/were had been + MV-Ing 12) must had to (must)
5) has/have had 13) could could
6) had had 14) should should
7) shall/will would 15) M.V.-1 M.V.-2
8) may might 16) M.V.-2 had + M.V.-3
Ex.
1) I said to him ,”I push the door.”
I told him that I pushed the door.
2) I said to him ,”I pushed the door.”
I told him that I had pushed the door.

3) I said to him , “I shall push the door.”

I told him that I would push the door.
4) I said to him ,“I am pushing the door.”

I told him that I was pushing the door.
5) I said to him ,“ I was pushing the door.”

I told him that I had been pushing the door.
6) I said to him ,“ I shall be pushing the door.”

I told him that I would be pushing the door.
7) I said to him ,“ I have pushed the door.”

8) I said to him ,“ I had pushed the door.”

9) I said to him ,“ I shall have pushed the door.”

I told him that I would have pushed the door.

3) First Personal Pronouns : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s

okD; cnyrkuk Reported Speech e/khy izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes o fOnrh;
iq#’kokpd loZukes vuqdzes Speaker uqlkj o Listeneruqlkj iq<hyizek.ks cnyrkr-
1) e/khy izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes

Reported Speech (I, me, my, mine, we, us , our, ours)
cny.;kps fu;e %
izFke
Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk Reported Speech e/khy
iq#’kokpd loZukes gh cksy.kk&;k O;fDrfo’k;h okijyh tkrkr Eg.kwu rh loZukes
Speaker uqlkj iq<hyizek.ks cnyrkr-
(i) Reporter (cksy.kkjk) gk izFke iq#’kokpd loZuke (I,WE) vlsy rj Reported Speech e/khy
izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes (“I, me, my, mine, we,us, our, ours”)cnyr ukghr-izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes
t”kkl r”kh jkgkrkr -
Ex.
1) I said to him ,“I push my door.”
I told him that I pushed my door.
2) We said to him ,“ We pushed our door.”

We told him that we had pushed our door.
3) I said to him ,“ I shall push my door.”

I told him that I would push my door.
4) We said to him ,“ We are pushing our door.”

We told him that we were pushing our door.

5) I said to him ,“I was pushing my door.”

I told him that I had been pushing my door.
6) We said to him ,“We shallbe pushing our door.”

We told him that we would be pushing our door.
7) I said to him ,“I have pushed my door.”

I told him that I had pushed my door.
8) We said to him ,“We had pushed our door.”

We told him that we had pushed our door.
9) I said to him ,“I shall have pushed my door.”

I told him that I would have pushed my door.
10)We said to him ,“We can push our door.”

We told him that we could push our door.
11)I said to him ,“I may push my door.”

I told him that I might push my door.
12)We said to him ,“We should push our door.”

We told him that we should push our door.
cksy.kkjk
(ii) Reporter (cks .kkjk) gk fOnrh; iq#’kokpd loZuke (You) vlsy rj
Reported Speech e/khy izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes (I, me, my, mine, we, us ,our, ours) gh fOnrh;
iq#’kokpd loZukeke/;s iq<hyizek.ks cnyrkr- rDrk iq<hyizek.ks
Direct Speech Indirect Speech cksy.kkjk iqYyhaxh (You) Indirect Speech cksy.kkjh L=h (You)
“I” you you

“me” you you
,dopu
“my” your your

“mine” yours yours
“we” you you
vusdopu
“us” you you

“our” your your
“ours” yours yours
Ex.
1) You said to him ,“I bring my pen.”
You told him that you brouht your pen.
2) You said to him, “We brought our pen.”
You told him that you had brought your pen.
3) You said to him ,”I will bring my pen.”
You told him that you would bring your pen.
4) You said to him, “We are bringing our pen.”
You told him that you were bringing your pen.
5) You said to her, “I shall be bringing my pen.”
You told her that you would be bringing your pen.

6) You said to us, “I had brought my pen.”

You told us that you had brought your pen.
7) You said to her, “We will have brought our pen.”

You told herthat you would have brought your pen.
8) You said to her, “I have been bringing my pen.”

You told her that you had been bringing your pen.
9)You said to her, “We had been bringing our pen.”

You told her that you had been bringing your pen.
10)You said to her, “We shall have been bringing our pen.”
You told her that you would have been bringing your pen.
11)You said to her, “I can bring my pen.”

You told her that you could bring your pen.
12)You said to her, “We should bring our pen.”

You told her that you should bring your pen.
13)You said to her, “I could bring my pen.”

14)You said to her, “I could bring my pen.”


cksy.kkjk
(iii)Reporter (cks .kkjk)gk r`rh; iq#’kokpd loZuke (He, She, It,Ram,
People, They) vlsy rj Reported Speech e/khy izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes
(I, me, my, mine, we, us ,our, ours) gh r`rh; iq#’kokpd loZukeke/;s cnyrkr-
rDrk iq<hyizek.ks
Direct Speech Indirect Speech cksy.kkjk iqYyhaxh (He) Indirect Speech cksy.kkjh L=h (She)
“I” he she
“me” him her
,dopu
“my” his her

“mine” his hers
“we” they they
vusdopu
“us” them them

“our” their their
“ours” theirs theirs
Ex.
1) He said to him ,”I bring my pen.”
He told him that he brouht his pen.
2) She said to him, “I brought my pen.”
She told him that she had brought her pen.
3) Ram said to him ,”I will bring my pen.”
Ram told him that he would bring his pen.
4) Seeta said to him, “I am bringing my pen.”
Seeta told him that she was bringing her pen.
5) They said to her, “We were bringing our pen.”
They People told her that they had been bringing their pen.
6) He said to him ,“I was bringing my pen.”

He told him that he was bringing his pen.
7) She said to him, “I have brought my pen.”

She told him that she had brought her pen.
8) Ram said to him ,“I had brought my pen.”

Ram told him that he had brought his pen.
9)Seeta said to him, “I shall have brought my pen.”

Seeta told him that she would have brought her pen.
10)They said to her, “We have been bringing our pen.”

They People told her that they had been bringing their pen.
11)People said to her, “We have been bringing our pen.”

People told her that they had been bringing their pen.
12)He said to her, “I can bring my pen.”

He told her that he could bring his pen.
13)She said to her, “I could bring my pen.”

She told her that she could bring her pen.

4) Second Personal Pronouns : Reported Speech e/khy fOnrh; iq#’kokpd

loZukes (You, you, your, yours, You, you, your, ours) cny.;kps fu;e
1) fOnrh; iq#’kokpd loZukes : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk
Reported Speech e/khy fOnrh; iq#’kokpd loZukes (You, you,your, yours,You, you, your, yours, ) gh
,sd.kk&;k O;fDrfo’k;h okijyh tkrkr Eg.kwu rh loZukes ,sd.kkjkuqlkj (Listener)
iq<hyizek.ks cnyrkr-
(i) Listener (,sd.kkjk) gk izFke iq#’kokpd loZuke (me, us)vlsy rj Reported Speech e/khy
fOnrh; iq#’kokpd loZukes (You, you,your, yours,You, you, your, yours, ) gh izFke iq#’kokpd loZukekr cnyrkr
Direct Speech Indirect Speech ,sd.kkjk iqYyhaxh (me) Indirect Speech cksy.kkjh L=h (me)
“You” I I
“you” me me
,dopu
“your” my my
“yours” mine mine
“You” We we
vusdopu
“you” us us
“your” our our
“yours” ours ours
Ex.
1) He said to me ,“You are reading your a book.”
He told me that I was reading my a book.
2) He said to us ,“You are reading your a book.”
He told us that we were reading our a book.
3) He said to me ,“You are bringing your a book.”
He told me that I was bringing my a book.

4) He said to me ,“You are asking your teacher.”

He told me that I was asking my teacher.
5) He said to us ,“You are reading your a book.”
He told us that we were reading our a book.
6) He said to me ,”You have asked your teacher.”
He told me that I had asked my a book.
7) He said to us , ‘‘You have asked your teacher.”

He told us that we were asking our teacher.
8)He said to me ,”You have pushed your the door.”

He told me that I had pushed my the door.
9)He said to us ,”You have pushed your the door.”

He told us that we had pushed our the door.
10)He said to me ,”You are playing on your ground.”

He told me that I was playing on my ground.
11)He said to us ,”You are playing on your ground.”

He told us that we were playing on your ground.

(ii)Listener (,sd.kkjk)gk fOnrh; iq#’kokpd loZuke (You)vlsy rjReported Speech

e/khy fOnrh; iq#’kokpd loZuke(You, you,your, yours,You, you, your, yours, ) gh t”kkl r”kh jkgrkr
- R;kaP;ke/;s cny gksr ukgh-rDrk iq<hyizek.ks
Direct Speech Indirect ,sd.kkjk iqYyhaxh (you) Indirect ,sd.kkjk L=hfyaxh (you)
“you” you you

“you” you you
,dopu
“your “ your your

“yours” yours yours
“you” you you
vusdopu
“you” you you

“your “ your your
“yours” yours yours
Ex.
1) I said to you ,“You push your door.”
I told you that you pushed your door.
2) We said to you, “You pushed your door.”
We told you that you had pushed your door.
3) He said to you ,“ You will push your door.”
He told you that you would push your door.
4) She said to you ,“ You are pushing your door.”
She told you that you were pushing your door.

5) Seeta said to you ,“ You have pushed your door.”

People told you that you had pushed your the door.
6) I said to you ,“You had pushed your door.”

I told you that you had pushed your door.
7) We said to you ,“You willl have pushed your door.”

We told you that you would have pushed your door.
8)He said to you ,“You can push your door.”

He told you that you could push your the door.
9)She said to you ,“You should push your door.”

She told you that you should push your door.
10)They said to you ,“ You may push your door .”

They told you that you might push your door.

(iii)Listener (,s,sd.kkjk
.kkjk)gk r`rh; iq#’kokpd loZuke (him, her, them, Ram, people)vlsy rj
Reported Speech e/khy fOnrh; iq#’kokpd loZukes s(You,you,your, yours,You, you, your, yours, )
gh r`rh; iq#’kokpd loZukeke/;s cnyrkr-rDrk iq<hyizek.ks-
Direct Speech Indirect ,sd.kkjk iqYyhaxh (him) Indirect ,sd.kkjh fL=fyaxh (her)
“You” He She
“you” him her
,dopu
“your” his her

“yours” his hers
“You” them them
vusdopu
“you” their their

“your” their theirs
“yours” theirs theirs
Ex.
1) He said to her , “You bring your book.”
He told her that she brought her book.
2) He said to him , “You brought your book.”
He told him that he brought his book.
3) He said to them , “You brought your book.”
He told them that they had brought their book.
4) He said to him , “You brought your book.”
He told him that he had brought his book.
5) He said to her ,”You will bring your book.”
He told her that she would brought her book.

6) He said to Seeta ,“You were bringing your book.”

He told Seeta that she had been bringing her book.
7) He said to people ,“You will be bringing your book.”

He told people that they would bringing their book.
8) He said to him ,“You have brought your book.”

9)He said to her ,“You had brought your book.”

He told her that she had brought her book.
10)He said to them ,“You will have brought your book.”

He told them that they would have brought their book.
11)He said to Ram,“You can bring your book.”

He told Ram that he could bring his book.
12)He said to Seeta,“You should bring your book.”

He told seeta that she should bring her book.

5) Third Personal Pronouns : Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s

okD; cnyrkuk Reported Speech e/khy r`rh; iq#’kokpd loZukes
(“he, him, his,his,she, her, her, hers, it, it,its, they, them, their, theirs”) cnyr ukghr-- r`rh; iq#’kokpd
loZukes t”kkl r”kh jkgkrkr -

Ex.
1) He said to her ,“She bring her book.”
He told her that she brought her book.
2) He said to him ,“He brought his book.”

He told her that he brought his book.
3) He said to them ,“They brought their book.”

He told them that they had brought their book.
4) He said to him ,“He brought his book.”

5) He said to her ,“She will bring her book.”

He told her that she would brought her book.
6) He said to Ram ,“He is bringing his book.”

He told Ram that he was bringing his book.

7) He said to people ,“They will be bringing their book.”

He told people that they would bringing their book.
8) He said to him ,“He has brought his book.”

9)He said to her ,“She had brought her book.”

He told her that she had brought her book.
10)He said to them ,“They will have brought their book.”

He told them that they would have brought their book.
11)He said to Ram,“He can bring his book.”

He told Ram that he could bring his book.
12)He said to Seeta,“She should bring her book.”

He told Seeta that she should bring her book.
13)He said to people,“They may bring their book.”

He told people that they should bring their book.

1)Assertive sentence:
(1) Repotrting Verb : said vlsy tj said o said to vlsy rj told ?;kos
(2) Conjunction : that ?;kos -
(3) loZuke ] dkG vkf.k rj “kCnkrhy cny oj lkafxrysY;k fu;ekizek.ks djkok -
Notes : fnysY;k okD;kr ,[kkns to vkys o to P;kuarj ,[kkns fdz;kin vkys rj Indirect
djrkuk R;kpk cny d: u;s-
tj fnysY;k okD;ke/;s Eg.kh fdaok lqfopkj vkys vlrhy rj Indirect

djrkuk R;kpk dkG cnyq u;s-
(1) He says, “I am going to college today.”

He says that he is going to college that day.
(2) Neeta says, “I am a good girl.”
Neeta Says that she is a good girl.
(3) He says to me, “you are wrong.

He says to me that t am wrong.
(4) He will say, “I am working in my garden.”
He will say that he is working in his garden.
(5) Shankar said ,”I have done nothing wrong.”
Shankar said that he had done nothing wrong.
(6) Laxmi said,” I will make mats and sell.”

Laxmi said that she would make mats and sell.

(7) He said to Anita,”You have not done your work properly.”

He told Anita that she had not done her work properly.
(8) Rupa said to Jaya,”l will give your message to your father.”
Rupa told Jaya that she would give her message to her father.
(9) He said,”l am doing my work in my office.”
He said that he was doing his work in his office.
(10)She said to the children , “you are always playing on this ground.”
She told the children that they were alwys playing on that ground.
(11) She said,”I am not going to college today.”
She said that she was not going to college that day.
(12) Pankaj said to Jaya,”l am your brother.”
Pankaj told Jaya that he was her brother.
(13) Jaya said to Pankaj,”I am your sister”
Jaya told Pankaj that She was his sister.
(14) She said to them,”I will show you where it is.”
She told them that she would show them where it was.
(15) Teacher said to the students, “I will teach you all the grammar.”
Teacher told the students that he would teach them all the grammar.
(16) He said to her,”You have brought a new book for me.”
He told her that she had brought a new book for him.

2)Interrogative Sentence :
ps Indirect speech e?;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e
(1)Verbal Questionps fu;e.
1) Said / Said to pk cny asked vlk djkok-
3)Verbal Question ps Indirect speech djrkuk usgeh If / whether gs conjinction ?;kos-
NOTE : tj Verbal Questionlq:okr Do, does,did,;k “kCnkus >kkyh

rj rs dk<wu Vkdkos - Do fdaok does dk<wu VkdY;kl fdz;kinkps nqljs
:i fygkos vkf.k did dk<wu VkdY;kl had fygwu fdz;kinkps frljs :i
fygkos ijarw don’t, doesn’t vkys rj rs dk<wu Vkdw u;s rj R;kP;k
tkxh didn’t ?;kos o didn’t dk<wu VkdY;kls rj hadn’t + M.V.-3 ?;kos
vR;ar egRokph lqpuk % Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk Reported
Speech e/khy iz”ukFkZd okD;kps (Verbal Question ) :ikarj fo/kkukFkhZ okD;kr d#u ?;kos Eg.ktsp
iz”ukFkZd okD;kP;k lq#okrhl vlysys lkgk

lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kin gs dR;kZP;k uarj ?;kos -
1) She said to him.”Are you prepared for your examination?”

She asked him if he was prepared for his examination.
2) He said to her,”Have you washed my cloths?”
He asked her if she had washed his cloths.
3) He said to the children, “Can you see this herd of deer?”
He asked the children if they could see that herd of deer.

4) She said to him,”Can you walk with me so fast?”

She asked him if he could walk with her so fast.
5) He said to her,”ls this your notebook?”
He asked her if that was her notebook.
6) She said to him,”Have you completed your notebook?”
She asked him if he had completed his notebook.
7) Mather said to her daughter,”Did you attend the college yesterday?”
Mather asked her daughter if she had attended the college the day before.
8) He said to her,”ls my water for bath ready?”

He asked her if his water for bath was ready.
9) He said to her,”Are you singing a song everyday?”
He asked her if she was singing a song everyday.
10) Mega said to the boys,”Can you come with me to the forest?”
Mega asked the boys if they could come with her to the forest.
11) She said to him,”Is my tea ready?”
She asked him il her tea was ready.
12) He said to her,”Can you swim here?”
He asked her if she could swim there.
13) He said to them,”WiH you do me a favour?”
He asked them if they would do him a favour.
14) She said to the children, “Did you see my progress card?”
She asked the children if they had seen her progress card.
(2)Wh- Questionps ps Indirect speech e?;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e fu;e.

1) T;k iz”ukph lq:okr Wh “kCnkus gksrs R;k iz”ukyk Wh- Question Eg.krkr-
2) Wh- Questionps Indirect speech djrkuk usgeh said / said to pk
cny asked vlk djkok-
3) nksu okD; tksM.;klkBh eqGP;k okD;krhy rksp Wh “kCn conjunction
Eg.kwu okijkok-
NOTE : tj Wh - Question e/;s Do, does ,did ,gs “kCn vkysys vlrhy
rj rs dk<wu Vkdkos - Do fdaok does dk<wu VkdY;kl fdz;kinkps nqljs :i
fygkos vkf.k did dk<wu VkdY;kl had fygwu fdz;kinkps frljs :i fygkos ijarw don’t ,
doesn’t vkys rj rs dk<wu Vkdw u;s rj R;kP;k tkxh didn’t ?;kos o didn’t
dk<wu VkdY;kls rj hadn’t + M.V.-3 ?;kos
vR;ar egRokph lqpuk % Direct Speech e/kwu Indirect Speech e/;s okD; cnyrkuk Reported
Speech e/khy iz”ukFkZd okD;kps (Wh-Question ) :ikarj fo/kkukFkhZ okD;kr d#u ?;kos Eg.ktsp iz”ukFkZd
okD;kr vlysys lkgk¸;dkjh fdz;kin gs dR;kZP;k uarj ?;kos -
1) She said to him. “Why are you prepared for your examination?”
She asked him why he was prepared for his examination.
2) He said to her, “When have you washed my cloths?”

He asked her when she had washed his cloths.
3) He said to the children, “How can you see this herd of deer?”
He asked the children how they could see that herd of deer.

4) He said to her, “Where did you live ?”

He asked her where she had lived.
5) He said to them, “Why are you playing here ?”
He asked them why they were playing there.
6) He said to him, “Where are you going today ?”
He asked him where he was going that day.
7) He said to her, “Why are you crying so loudly ?”
He asked her why she was crying so loudly.
8) She said to them, “Why have you not completed your work ?”
She asked them why they had not completed their work.
9) He said, “What do you want ?”
He asked what he wanted.
10) She said to him, “What is your problem ?”
She asked him what his problem was.
10) Sunita said to Anita,”Where did you get this money ?”
Sunita asked Anita where she had got that money.
11) He said to her,”Where did you live ?”
He asked her where she had lived.

iii)Imperative Sentence : Indirect speech e?;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e fu;e.

1) okD;kP;k vFkkZizek.ks d/kh &d/kh said to pk cny [kkyhy izek.ks djkok ykxrks-
okD;kpk vFkZ said to pk cny

1)lYyk fnyk vlsy rj advised
2)opu fnys vlsy rj promised
3)/kedh fnyh vlsy rj threatened
4)rkfdr fnyh vlsy rj warned
5)lwpuk fnyh vlsy rj suggested
6)ekfgrh fnyh vlsy rj informed
7)[kk=h fnyh vlsy rj assured
2) tj fnysys okD; vkKkFkhZ vlsy rj usgeh to gs comjuncition ?;kos o uarj

;s.kkjs fdz;kin cnyw u;s-
3) vkKkFkhZ okD;kph lq:okr tj Don’t ;k “kCnkua >kyh vlsy rj rks Don’t
dk<wu Vkdkok o R;k,soth not to fygkos-
Note : tj dqBykgh vFkZ O;Dr gksr ulsy rj said /Said to pk cny usgeh asked / told
vlk gksrk-
1) He said to her, “Stop your car here”
He asked her to stop her car there.
2) She said to him. “Keep this amount in post office.’
She told him to keep that amount in post office.
3) She said to her, “Don’t eat this apple.”
She advised her not to eat that apple.

4) He said to her, “Put your notebook on this table”

He suggested her to put her notebook on that table.
5) He said to him, “Open an account in the post office”

He advised him to open an account in the post office.
6) He said to her, “call him immediately.”

He told her to call him mediately.
7) The king said to the soldiers, “Go and capture him”

The king Ordered the soldires to go and capture him.
8) The teacher suggested the boys , “Don’t make noise here.”

The teacher suggested the boys not to make noise there.
9) Leader said to the people, “Follow me and you will get more
benefit from this.”
Leader assured the people to follow him and added that they
would get more benefit from that.

4)Exclaimatory Sentence :Indirect speech e?;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e

fu;e.
1) Repoting Verb gs Said / said to pk cny Exclaimed vlk djkok -
2) Conjunction gs thats ?;kos-
Note : v”kk okD;kps Indirect speech djrkuk fnysYks okD; vxksnj fo/kkukRed
djkos o uarj R;kps Indirect speech djkos-
v”kk okD;kps Indirect djrkuk Exclaimed urj ,sd.kk&;k O;Drhps

uko fygw u;s-
1) He said, “How unfortunate I am !”

He exclaimed that he was very unfortunate.
2) She said, “What a lazy man he is !”
She exclaimed that he was a very lazy man.
3) They said, “How big it is !”
They exclaimed that it was very big.
4) He said, “What a dangerous situation it is !”
He exclaimed that it was a very dangerous situation.
5) She said, “How fine it is !”
She exclaimed that it was very fine.
6) She said, “How lucky he is !”
She exclaimed that he was very lucky.
7) She said, “How lucky she is !”
She exclaimed that she was very lucky.

5) Let’s : tj fnysY;k okD;kr Reported Speech e/khy okD;kph lq:okr Let’s /

Let us us >kysyh vlsy rj------------
1) Reporting Verb gs said fdaok said to P;k ,soth suggested / proposed ?;kos -
2) Conjunction gs that ?;kos -
3) Let’s P;k tkxsoj they should ?;kos-
Ex.
1) He said , “Let’s go to school.”
He suggested that they should go to school.
2) She said , “Let’s play cricket.”

She suggested that they should play cricket.
3) She said , “Let’s read a book .”

She suggested that they should read a book .
4) He said , “Let’s read a book .”

She suggested that they should read a book .
5) They said , “Let’s ask the teacher .”

They suggested that they ask the teacher .
6) She said , “Let’s push the door .”

She suggested that they push the door .
5) They said , “Let’s make a kite .”

They suggested that they make a kite .

Direct Speech and Indirect Speech Chart
SR. Kind of Sentence Reporting Verb Conjunction Pronouns Verbs Other words
said - said that

Reported Speech e/khy izFke iq#’kokpd loZukes gh am/is/are – was/were this – that
Reporter uqlkj cnyrkr-
01) Assertive Sentence that
Reported Speech e/khy fOnrh;k iq#’kokpd loZukes was/were – had been
said to - told
gh Listener uqlkj cnyrkr - these - those
has/ have – had
02) Interrogative Sentence had – had here - there

Direct Speech Indirect Speech
Verbal Question said / said to - asked if / whether
FIRST SECOND don’t/doesn’t – didn’t
Wh-Question said / said to - asked wh- word SPEAKER LISTENER M FM thus - so
did not – had not +mv-3
I you he She
me you him Her
3) Exclamatory Sentence said - exclaimed that shall / will – would now / just - then
my your his Her
said to - exclaimed that mine yours his hers would - would
we you they ago – before
them should - should
us you
4) Imperative Sentence vkKk vlsy rj - ordered (gksdkjkFkhZ okD;) to
our your their
can – could
/kedh vlsy rj - warned today –that day
ours yours their
lYyk vlsy rj - advised could - could
tomorrow –the next day

fouarh vlsy rj - requested may – might
;kpuk vlsy rj - begged (udkjkFkhZ okD;)not to

might - might
Third personal pronouns cannot be yesterday-the previous day
vkKk vlsy rj - ordered Don’t oxGkos
changed . ( he , him , his , she , her , hers
it , it ,its , they , them , their , theirs ) must – had to / must
ekfgrh vlsy rj - informed
next – the following
[kk=h vlsy rj - assured mv – 1 – mv-2
said / said to - proposed that Let’s P;k tkxsoj

05) Let’s mv-2 – had +mv3
come-go
they should + M.V.I
79
Question tag
fo/kkukFkhZ fdaok vkKkFkhZ okD;kP;k “ksoVh ,d NksVklk iz”u fopkjysyk
vlrks R;kyk Question tag vls Eg.krkr-
lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kins % do, does, did, am, is, are, was,were, has, have,
lkgk
had,shall, should, will, would, can, could, may, might, must, ought to,
used to, need, dare.
iq#’kokpd loZukes % I, we, you, he, she, it, they etc.
fnysY;k okD;kr Question tag tksM.;kps fu;e iq<hy izek.ks vkgsr-

1) fnysys okD; tlsP;k rls fygkos-
2) R;kP;k uarj dkWek n;kok
3) R;kP;kuarj okD;kr vlysys lkg;dkjh fdz;kin ?;kos-
4) R;kP;k uarj lkgk¸;dkjh fdz;kinkyk tksMwup n’t fygkos-tj ewGps okD; gksdkjkFkhZ
vlsy rj Question tag udkjkFkhZ okijrkr- tj fo/kkukFkhZ okD; udkjkFkhZ
vlsy rj Question tag gksdkjkFkhZ okijrkr-
5) R;kP;kuarj okD;kP;k lq:okrhl vlysys loZuke ?;kos-
6) ”ksoVh Question mark (?) nsrkr-
lw= %
fnysys okD; $] l-fdz- $ (+/-) + drkZ (loZukekP;k Lo#ikr) + iz”ufpUg (?)
Ex. 1)He is playing cricket.(Add a question tag.)

He is playing cricket , isn’t he ?

Vhik %
tj
1)tj eqGP;k okD;kr lkgk
lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kin okijysys vlsy rj Question tag
e/;s R;kpkp okij djkok-
1)He was reading a book. (Add question tag.)
Ans : He was reading a book ,wasn’t he ?
2)She has pushed the door , hasn’t she ?
3)They had asked the teacher , hadn’t they ?
4)We have pushed the door , haven’t we ?
5)You are not making a kite , are you ?
2)tj lkgk¸¸;dkjh
tj fnysY;k okD;kr lkgk fdz;kin okijysys ulsy o fnysY;k okD;kr
lk/kk orZekudkG
kudkG(s+mv-1(s/es)+o) vlsy rj Question tag e/;s do,
does okjrkr-
1)He read a book. (Add question tag.)
Ans: He read a book , doesn’t he ?
2)She pushes the door , doesn’t she ?
3)They ask the teacher , don’t they ?
4)We push the door , don’t we ?
5)You do not make a kite , do you ?
tj
3)tj fnysY;k okD;kr lk/kk orZekudkG vlsy o eq[; fdz;kinkyk s/es gk iz R ;;
gkiz
vlsy rj lkgk
lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kin Eg.kwu does ?ksrkr--
1)He read a book. (Add question tag.)
Ans : He read a book , doesn’t he ?
3)He asks the teacher , doesn’t he ?
5)It does not make a kite , does it ?

tj fnysY;k okD;kr lk/kk orZekudkG vlsy o eq[; fdz;kinkyk s/es gk izR;; ulsy
4)tj
rj lkgk
lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kin Eg.kwu do ?ksrkr--
1)I read a book. (Add question tag.)
Ans : I read a book , don’t I ?
2)We push the door , don’t we ?
3)You ask the teacher , don’t you ?
4)They push the door , don’t they ?
5)We do not make a kite , do we?
fnysY;k okD;kr lk/kk HkwrdkG

5)fnys dkG(s+mv-2+o) vlsy rj Question tag e/;s
did okijrkr--
1)He pushed a book. (Add question tag.)
Ans : He pushed a book , didn’t he ?
2)She pulled the door , didn’t she ?
3)He asked the teacher , didn’t he ?
4)She made the door , didn’t she ?
5)It did not make a kite , did it ?
okD;kpk drkZ fo”ks’kuke fdaok loZuke dks.krkgh vlyk rjh Quesition tag
6)okD;kpk e/;s
R;kP;k,Soth iq:’kokpd loZukekpsp :i okijrkr - fo”ks’kuke oki: u;s--
Ex. I,we, you, he, she,it,they etc
1)Ram was reading a book. (Add question tag.)

Ans : Ram was reading a book ,wasn’t he ?
2)Seeta has pushed the door , hasn’t she ?
3)People had asked the teacher , hadn’t they ?
4)Children have pushed the door , haven’t they ?
5)She was not making a kite , was she ?

tj fnysY;k oD;kr shall vlsy rj R;kpk Question tag gk shan’t

7)tj
gksrks- ek= okD;kr shall not/shan’t vlsy rj Questoin tag e/;s shall ?;kos--
1)I shall read a book . (Add question tag.)
Ans : I shall read a book , shan’t I ? .
2)I shall push the door , shan’t I ?
3)We shall ask the teacher , shan’t we ?
4)We shall push the door , shan’t we?
5)I shall not make a kite , shall I ?
tj fnysY;k okD;kr will vlsy rj Question tag e/;s won’t gksrs-ek= okD;kr
8)tj
will not/won’t vlsy rj Questoin tag e/;s will ?;kos- -
1)He will read a book . (Add question tag.)
Ans : He will read a book , won’t he ?
2)She will push the door , won’t she ?
3)They will ask the teacher , won’t they ?
4)It will push the door , won’t it?
5)You will not make a kite , will you ?
vkKkFkhZ okD; % T;k okD;kph lq#okr eq[; fdz;kinkus gksrs rs vkKkFkhZokD; vlrs-tj
9)vkKkFkhZ
fnysys okD; vkKkFkhZ vlsy rj Question tag gk will you? gksrks-
1)Read a book . (Add question tag.)
Ans : Read a book , will you ?
2)Push the door , will you ?
3)Ask the teacher , will you ?
4)Push the door , will you?
5)Make a kite , will you ?

10) Let us lq#okr >kysys okD; ,d izdkjps vkKkFkhZ okD;p vlrs-tj fnysY;k okD;kph
lq#okr Let’s us >kysyh vlsy rj Question tag gk shall we?gks gksrks--
1)Let’s read a book . (Add question tag.)
Ans : Let’s read a book , shall we ?
2)Let’s push the door , shall we ?
3)Let’s ask the teacher , shall we?
4)Let’s push the window , shall we?
5)Let’s make a kite , shall we ?
tj fnysY;k okD;kr Let me vlsy rj Question Tag gk shall I ? ?ksrkr-

11)tj
1)Let me read a book . (Add question tag.)
Ans : Let me read a book , shall I ?
2)Let me push the door , shall I ?
3)Let me ask the teacher , shall I?
4)Let me push the window , shall I?
5)Let me make a kite , shall I ?
tj fnysY;k okD;kph lq#okr There us >kysyh vlsy rj Question Tag e/;s

12)tj
loZukekP;k tkxsoj there ?ksrkr--
1)There is a book on the table. (Add question tag.)
Ans : There is a book on the table , isn’t there ?
2)There are five books on the table , aren’t there ?
3)There was a book on the table , wasn’t there ?
4)There were five books on the table , weren’t there ?
5)There was not a pen on the table , was there ?

tj fnysY;k okD;kr used to vlsy rj Question Tag e/;s lkgk

13)tj lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kinkP;k
tkxsoj didn’t ?ksrkr--
1)He used to read a book . (Add question tag.)
Ans : He used to read a book , didn’t he ?
2)She used to push the door , didn’t she ?
3)They used to ask the teacher , didn’t they ?
4)We used to push the car , didn’t we ?
5)You used to make a kite , didn’t you ?
14)Everyone,Everybody, somebody, something, nobody drkZ vlsy
rj gh loZukes ,dopuh vlwulqn~/nk ;k ,soth Question tag
e/;s They gk drkZ okijrkr-They gk drkZ okijY;koj vusdopuh lkgk
lkgk¸¸;dkjh ?;kos-
1)Everybody read a book . (Add question tag.)
Ans : Everybody read a book , don’t they ?
2)Everyone pushed the door , didn’t they ?
3)Somebody was there , weren’t they ?
4)Nobody was pushing the car , were they ?
5)Everybody made a kite , didn’t they ?
15)Nothing fdaok everything iSdh drkZ vlsy rj loZukes Eg.kwu Question tag e/;s it gk
drkZ okijrkr--
1)Nothing was impossible. (Add question tag.)
Ans : Nothing was impossible , was it ?
2)Nothing was possible , was it ?
3)Everything is possible , wasn’t it ?
4)Nothig happened , did it ?
5)Everything was right , wasn’t it ?
fnysY;k okD;kr tj lq;Z] pan]Qqy fdaok ns”kkps uko tj drkZ Eg.kwu okijys vlsy rj
16)fnys
Question Tag e/;s R;k,soth ‘she’gsgs loZuke okijkos--
1)The moon is in the sky.(Add question tag.)
Ans : The moon is in the sky , isn’t she ?
2)The sun is in the sky , isn’t she ?
3)Rose is red , isn’t she ?
4)India is my country , isn’t she ?
5)The sun does not shine in the sky , does she ?
tj fnysY;k okD;kr never, not, nothing, none, seldom, hardly, scarcely,
17)tj
lkj[ks “kCn vkys rj rs okD; udkjkFkhZ vlrs gs y{kkr Bsok-
1)He will never ask me . (Add question tag.) .
Ans : He will never ask me , will he ?
2)Nothing was impossible , was it ?
3)He seldom comes here , does he ?
4)She hardly eats an apple , does she ?
5)Nothing was possible , was it ?
18)This / That drkZ vlsy ;k ,sothzzs Question tag e/;s he/she/it gk
drkZ okijrkr-
1)This is a book. (Add question tag.)
Ans : This is a book , isn’t it ?
2)This is a boy , isn’t he ?
3)That is a book , isn’t it ?
4)That is a boy , isn’t he?
5)That is not a girl , is he?

19)These / Those drkZ vlsy ;k ,soth

thQuestion tag e/;s theygk
gk drkZ okijrkr-
1)Those are books . (Add question tag.)
Ans : Those are books , aren’t they ?
2)These are books , aren’t they ?
3)Those are boys , aren’t they ?
4)Those are not pens , are they ?
udkjkFkhZ Question tag e/;s udkj tksMrkuk n’t vls gks.kkjs laf{kIr :i
20)udkjkFkhZ okijrkr-
1)He was reading a book. (Add question tag.)
Ans : He was reading a book , wasn’t he ?
2)She has pushed the door , hasn’t she ?
3)They had asked the teacher , hadn’t they ?
4)We have not pushed the door , have we ?
tj fnysY;k okD;kr only gs fdz;kfo”ks’k.k vlsy rj Question Tag
21)tj
gksdkjkFkhZ fdaok udkjkFkhZ ;kiSdh dks.krkgh pkyrks-
1)He was reading only novels. (Add question tag.)
Ans : He was reading only novels ,wasn’t he ?
2)She brings only novels ,doesn’t she ? ,does she ?
3)They eat only fruits ,don’t they ? ,do they ?
4)He makes only kites ,doesn’t he ? ,does he ?
tj fnysY;k oD;kr I am vlsy rj R;kpk Question tag gk aren’t I ? gksrks-ek=
22)tj
okD;kr I am not vkls vlsy rj Questoin tag gk am I?vlkp
vlkp Bsokok-
1)I am reading a book . (Add question tag.)
Ans : I am reading a book , aren’t I ?
2)I am pushing the door , aren’t I ?
3)I am asking the teacher , aren’t I ?
fo”ks’k.kkpk rjreHkko )
Degree (fo”ks
Degree pk vH;kl fo”ks’k.kkaoj voyacwu vkgs- fo”ks’k.kkaph rhu :is vkgsr-
1) Positive Adjective : ( eqG fo”ks’k.k)tsOgk fo”ks’k.kkayk er , est ;k lkj[ks

izR;; ykxysys ulrkr fdaok fo”ks’k.kkiwohZ more o most ;k “kCnkpk mi;ksx
>kysyk ulrks rsOgk rs Positive Adjective fdaok eqG fo”ks’k.k vlrs
mnk- tall, beautiful, good b-
Positive Degree: ;k degree e/;s fo”ks’k.kkps ifgys :i ‘so....as’ fdaok
‘as....as’ e/;s vlrs-
mnk- No other boys are as tall as Ramesh.
2) Comparative Adjective : fo”ks’k.kkps rqyukRed@ rjHkkookpd :i tsaOgkfo”ks’k.kyk

er izR;; ykxrks fdaok fo”ks’k.kkiwoh more pk mi;ksx dsysyk vlrks rsOgk rs
fo”ks’k.k Comparative Adjective vlrs -
mnk- taller, more beautiful, better b-
Comparative degree: ;k e/;s fo”ks’k.kkps nqljs :i o uarj than pk okij
dsysyk vlrks-
mnk- Ramesh is taller than any other boys.
3) Superlative Adjective : (reHkkookpd fo”ks’k.k) tsaOgk eqG fo”ks’k.kykest

izR;; ykxrks fdaok fo”ks’k.kkiwohZ most g;k “kCnkpk mi;ksx gksrks-rsOgk fo”ks’k.kkP;k
R;k :ikyk Superlative Adjective vls Eg.krkr-
mnk- tallest, most,beautiful, best b-

DEGREE
1) lkekU;r% “kCnkP;k “ksoVh C.D. e/;s er vkf.k S.D e/;s est

izR;; ykoyk tkrks-
P.D. C.D. S.D.
tall taller tallest
short short shortest
high higher highest
2)tj “kCnkP;k “ksoVps v{kj e vlsy rj C.D e/;s r vkf.k S.D.

e/;s st izR;; ykoyk tkrks-
P.D. C.D. S.D.
fine finer finest
brave braver bravest
large larger largest
3)tj “kCnkP;k “ksoVps v{kj y vlsy rj y P;k tkxh i vkf.k C.D e/;s er vkf.k
S.D.e/;s vkf.k S.D.e/;s est izR;; ykoyk tkrks -
P.D. C.D. S.D.

pretty prettier prettiest
busy busier busiest
lazy lazier laziest

4 dkgha ygku “kCnke/;s “ksoVps v{kj tj O;atu vlsy vkf.k R;kP;kiwohZ tj Loj
(a,e,i,o,u )vlsy rj “ksoVps v{kj Mcy ?ksowu ex er vkf.k est izR;; ykoyk tkrks-
P.D. C.D. S.D.
big bigger biggest
hot hotter hottest
fat fatter fattest
5 dkagh “kCnkP;k iwohZ more vkf.k most ykowu C.D vkf.k S.D.dsyh tkrs-
P.D. C.D. S.D.
beautiful more beautiful most beautiful
difficult more difficult most difficult
expensive more expensive most expensive
6-vioknkRed fo”ks’k.ks (Exceptions): dkgh fo”ks’k.ks gh ojhy nksUgh

fu;ekauk viokn vkgsr- R;kauk dks.krkgh izR;; ykxr ukgh- R;kaph
P.D. C.D. S.D.
good / well better best
bad worse worst
much more most

DEGREE
tj Superlative Degree P;k okD;kr one of the gs “kCn vlrhy rj v”kk
okD;kps Coparative Degree e/;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e [kkyhy izek.ks vkgsr-
1) fdz;kinki;Zar tlsP;k rls ?;kos -
2)R;kP;kuarj fo”ks’k.kkps nqljs :i ?;kos-
3)R;kP;kuarj than many other ?;kos-
4) R;kP;kuarj fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn ?;kosr-
Vhi- one of the dk<wu Vkdkos-
drkZ $ lk- fdz- $ fo”ks’k.k-2 $ than many other $ fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn-
Ex.
1) He is one of the tallest boys in the class.
He is taller than many other boys in the class.
2.India is one of the most beautiful countries in the world .
India is more beautiful than many other countries in the world .
3.She was one of the softest members .

She was softer than many other members .
4.It is one of the most difficult situations .
It is more difficult than many other situations .
5.Kaldari is one of the best villages in the district .

Kaldari is better than many other villages in the district .
6.It was one of the best decisions .

It is better than many other decisions .

DEGREE
tj Superlative Degree P;k okD;kr one of the gs “kCn vlrhy rj v”kk okD;kps
Positive Degree e/;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e [kkyhy izek.ks vkgsr-
1) okD;kP;k lq:okrhl Very few ?;kos-
2)R;kP;kuarj fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn ?;kos-
3)R;kP;kuarjlkg;dkjh fdz;kinkps vusdopuh :i ?;kos-
4)R;kP;kuarj fo”ks’k.kkps ifgys #i ?ksowu R;kP;k nksUgh cktwl as gk “kCn ?;kok-
5)”ksoVh okD;kP;k lw:okrhpk drkZ ?;kok-
Vhi- one of the dk<wu Vkdkos-
Very few $ fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn- $ lk- fdz- v- o- #i $ as $

fo”ks’k.k-1 $ as $ drkZ -
Ex.
1) He is one of the tallest boys in the class.
Very few boys in the class are as tall as he.
2.India is one of the most beautiful countries in the world .
Very few countries in the world are as beautiful as India.
3.She was one of the softest members .
Very few members are as soft as she .
4.It is one of the most difficult situations .
Very few situations are as difficult as it .

DEGREE
tj Superlative Degree P;k okD;kr one of gs “kCn ulrhy rj v”kk
okD;kps Coparative Degree e/;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e [kkyhy izek.ks vkgsr-
1) fdz;kinki;Zar tlsP;k rls ?;kos -
2) R;kP;k uarj fo”ks’k.kkps nqljs :i ?;kos-
3)R;kP;k uarj than any other ?;kos-
4) R;kP;k uarj fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn ?;kosr-
Vhi- the dk<wu Vkdkos-
drkZ $ lk- fdz- $ fo”ks’k.k-2 $ than any other $ fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn-
Ex.
1) It is the hottest drug in teentown .
It is hotter than any other drug in teentown.
2.India is the most beautiful country in the world .
India is more beautiful than any other country in the world .
3.She was the softest member .
She was softer than any other member .
4.It is the most difficult situation .

It is more difficult than any other situation .
5.Kaldari is the best village in the district .
Kaldari is better than any village in the district .
6.It was the best decision .
It was better than any other decision .

DEGREE
tj Superlative Degree P;k okD;kr one of gs “kCn ulrhy rj v”kk
okD;kps Positive Degree e/;s okD; cny.;kps fu;e [kkyhy izek.ks vkgsr-
1) okD;kP;k lq:okrhl No other ?;kos-
2) R;kP;k uarj fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn ?;kos-
3)R;kP;kuarj lkg;dkjh fdz;kinkps ,dopuh :i ?;kos-
4)R;kP;kuarj fo”ks’k.kkps ifgys #i ?ksowu R;kP;k nksUgh cktwl as gk “kCn ?;kok-
5) ”ksoVh okD;kP;k lw:okrhpk drkZ ?;kok-
Vhi- the dk<wu Vkdkos-
No other $ fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn- $ lk- fdz- ,d- o- #i $ as $
fo”ks’k.k-1 $ as $ drkZ -
Ex.
1)He is the tallest boy in the class.
No other boy in the class is as tall as he .
2. India is the most beautiful country in the world .
No other country in the world is as beautiful than India..
3. She was the softest member .
No other member was as soft as she. .
4. It is the most difficult situation .
No other situation is as difficult as it .
5. Kaldari is the best village in the district .
No other village in the district is as good as Kaldari .
6. India is the biggest international service provider .
No other international service provider is as big as India .

Positive Degree to Comparative Degree

* tj fo/kkuke/;s dsoG nksup O;Drhph fdaok oLrwph rqyuk dsysyh vlsy rj v”kk
fo/kkukps Suparlative Degree e/;s :ikarj djrk ;sr ukgh-
* Positive Degree to Comparative Degree
1)nqljss uke lq#okrhl ?;kos-

2)R;kP;kuarj lkgk;dkjh fdz;kin ?;kos-
3)fnysY;k okD;kr not vlsy rj not ?ksow u;s o fnysY;k okD;kr not ulsy rj not
?;kos-as ... as gs “kCn dk<wu Vkdkos-
4)R;kP;kuarj fo”ks’k.kkps nqljs #i ?;kos-
5)ifgys uke lq:okrhl ?;kos-
“ksoVps uke + lk-fdz;kin

kin(-/+) + fo”ks’k.kkps nqljs :i + than + ifgys uke-
Ex.
1)Ram is as tall as Ashok. (P.D.)
Ashok is taller than Ram. (C.D.)
2)Jawar is as costly as wheat.
Wheat is not more costly than Jawar.
3)Matheran is not as cool as Mahabaleshwar.
Mahabaleshwar is cooler than Matheran.
4)Engineers are not as popular as doctors.
Doctors are more popular than Engineers.
5)Silver is not as costly as Gold.
Gold is more costly than silver.
6)He is as fat as she.
She is not fatter than he.
Comparative Degree to Positive Degree
1)nqljss uke lq#okrhl ?;kos-

2)R;kP;kuarj lkgk;dkjh fdz;kin ?;kos-
3)fnysY;k okD;kr not vlsy rj not ?ksow u;s o fnysY;k okD;kr not ulsy rj not ?;kos-
4)R;kP;kuarj fo”ks’k.kkps ifgys #i ?ksowu R;kP;k nksUgh cktwl as ... as gs “kCn ?;kosr.
than dk<wu Vkdkos-
5)ifgys uke “ksoVh ?;kos-
kin(-/+) + as + fo”ks’k.kkps ifgys :i + as ifgys uke-

“ksoVps uke + lk-fdz;kin
Ex.
(1) Ashok is taller than Ram. (C.D.)
Ram is not as tall as Ashok. (P.D.)
(2) He is taller than mother.
Mother is not as tall as he is.
(3) A village isn’t bigger than each house.
Each house is as big as a village.
(4)Ganga is greater than Kaveri.
Kaveri isn’t so great as Ganga.
(5) A mother is more than the earth.
The earth isn’t so much as a mother.
(6) Plastic is cheaper than rubber.
Rubber isn’t so cheap as plastic.
(7) Planting is better than fighting.
Fighting isn’t so good as planting.
(8) They are lighter than milk.
Milk isn’t so light as they.
(9) Yamuna isn’t fatter than Ganga.
Ganesh is as fat as Yumuna.
Degree Chart
SR. Superlative Degree Comparative Degree. Positive Degree
1) drkZ $ lk-fdz- $ the $ fo”ks’k.k&3 $ brj “kCn - drkZ $ lk-fdz- $ fo”ks’k.k&2 $ than any other $ brj “kCn - No other $fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn $ lk-fdz- $ as $ fo”ks’k.k&1 $ as $ drkZ
Ram is the tallest boy in the class- Ram is taller than any other boy in the class- No other boy in the class is as tall as Ram -
2) drkZ $ lk-fdz- $ one of the $ fo”ks’k.k&3 $ brj “kCn - drkZ $ lk-fdz- $ fo”ks’k.k&2 $ than many other $ brj “kCn - Very few $ fo”ks’k.kkuarjps “kCn $ lk-fdz- v- o-#i $ as $ fo”ks’k.k&1 $ as $ drkZ
Ram is one of the tallest boys in the class- Ram is taller than many other boys in the class- Very few boys in the class are as tall as Ram -
3) Comparative Degree to Positive Degree ifgys uke $ lk-fdz-(+/-) $ fo”ks’k.k&2 $ than $ nqljs uke - nqljs uke $ lk-fdz-(+/-) $ as fo”ks’k.k&1 $ as $ ifgys uke -
Ram is taller than Ganesh- Ganesh is not as tall as Ram .-
4) Positive Degree to Comparative Degree nqljs uke $ lk-fdz-(+/-) $ as fo”ks’k.k&1 $ as $ ifgys uke - ifgys uke $ lk-fdz-(+/-) $ fo”ks’k.k&2 $ than $ nqljs uke -
Ganesh is not as tall as Ram .- Ram is taller than Ganesh-


97
CLAUSES miokD;s
Clause :- A group of words a part of sentence with only one
main verb in it is called a ‘clause’.
,[kk|k okD;kpk Hkkx Eg.kwu okijyk tk.kkjk “kCnlewg T;kr drkZ o ,d
eq[; fdz;kin vlrs-
dks.krkgh clause gk fdz;kinkf”kok; vlw ”kdr ukgh- rlsp ,dkis{kk
tkLr eq[; fdz;kinkapkgh vlr ukgh- R;keqGs fdz;kinko#u vki.kkl fnysY;k
clause ph la[;k y{kkr ;sow “kdrs-
mnk- When he came I asked where he was .
dks.kR;kgh okD;krhy clauseph la[;k ekfgrh d#u ?ks.;klkBh loZizFke
okD;kr okiY;k tk.kk&;k eq[; fdz;kinkaph la[;k dk<koh - fdz;kinkaP;k la[;sbrdsp
clauses R;k okD;kr vlrkr- ojhy okD;kr rhu fdz;kins vkgsr- came,
asked and was Eg.ktsp ;k okD;krhy clauses ph la[;k rhu vkgs-
fdaok clauses ph la[;k dk<.;klkBh nqljh i/nr okijrk ;srs- izR;sd
suboudinate clause ph lq#okr cgq/kk gh connective us gksr vlrs- d/kh
d/kh without Connective ua lq/nk Sub - ordinate clause ph lq#okr gksrs -
mnk- When he came , I asked where he was.
ojhy okD;kr nksu connectives vkys vkgsr-

No. of connective + 1 = clause
2 + 1 = 3 Eg.kwu ojhy okD;kr rhu clause vkgsr-

Clause ps eq[; nksu izdkj vkgsr-

eq[; okd;ka”k
1) Msin clause-eq
2) Sub- ordinate clause (mi
mi okD;ka”kk) :-
fnysY;k clause e/;s Main clause dks.krk o Sub- ordinate clausedks.krk

gs vksG[k.;klkBh [kkyhy xks’Vh y{kkr BsokO;kr-
1) When he came , I asked a question.
dks.kR;kgh okD;krhy Main - clausevksG[k.;klkBh R;k okD;kr vl.kk&;k

okD;kapk vFkZ igkok- dkj.k Main - clause vFkZ let.;klkBh vki.kklo brj P;k
vFkkZpk lanHkZ ?;kok ykxr ukgh ijarq sub - ordinate clauses pk vFkZ let.;klkBh
vki.kkl brj Mein - clause P;k vFkkZpk lanHkZ ?;kok ykxrks -
tls ojhy okD;kr when he came tsOgk rks vkyk^ dks.k vkyk^ dk; >kys rs
letr ukgh ^ ijarq iq<hy clause pk lanHkZ ?ksryk rj R;kpk vFkZ letrks- ;kmyV
I asked a question ;k clause pk iw.kZ vFkZcks/k vki.kkl gksrks- eh ,d iz”u fopkjyk
Eg.kts Mein - clausevFkZcks/k QDr R;kp o#u gksrks- brj okD;kpk lanHkZ ?;kok
ykxr ukgh Eg.kwu ojhy okD;kr
when he came gk subordinate clause vkgs rj
I asked a question.gk Main - clause vkgs-
rlsp sub - ordinate clause vksG[k.;klkBh osxGh i/nr vkgs-rh v”kh dh
T;k clause ph lq#okr ,[kk|kconnective us gksrs^rks sub - ordinate clause vlrks
rj T;k okD;kph lq#okr dR;kZus gksrs rks Mein - clause ijarq d/khd/kh sub - ordinate clause ph
lq#okrgh dR;kZus gksrs- Eg.kqu ojhy nksUgh i/nrh y{kkr BsokO;kr -

When he came , I asked a question .
ojhy okD;kr dR;kZuarj lq# gks.kkjk clause gk I asked a question vkgs Eg.kwu
rks Main - clause rj connectiveus lq# gks.kkjk clause gk When he came
vkgs Eg.kqu rks sub - ordinate clause gks;-

v”kk izdkjs clause ps eq[; nksu izdkj vkgsr- Main - clause ps dkgh izdkj
ukghr- ek+= sub - ordinate clause ps rhu izdkj vkgsr-
1) Noun clause - ukekps dke dj.kkjk okD;ka”k

2) Adjective clause - fo”ks’k.kkps dke dj.kkjk okD;ka”k
3) Adverb clause - fdz;kfo”ks’k.kkps dke dj.kkjk okD;ka”k
ukekps dke dj.kkjk okD;ka”k& fnysY;k vusd clause e/;ks

1)Noun clause-ukekps
tksclauseR;k okD;kP;k ukekps dk;Z djrks R;kl Noun clause vls Eg.krkr-
Noun clause gk subordinate clause pk ,d izdkj vlY;keqGs ;k
clause ph lq#okr when, that, what, whatever,where, how etclkj[;k
sub - ordinating conjunction us gksrs-
vki.kkl fnysY;k okD;krhy osxosxG;k clause iSdh Noun clause vksG[k.ks

egRRokps vkgs- dks.kR;kgh okD;krhy Noun clause vksG[k.;klkBh R;k clause P;k
,soth ,[kkns uke oki#u igkos fdaok something oki#u igkos - tj gs oki#u okD;jpusrwu
dkgh vFkZ fu?kr vlsy o okD;jpuk vpwd okVr vlsy rj rks Noun clause vkgs vls letkos-
Ex.He told that he was ready.

;k okD;krhy subordinate clause ,soth ,[kkns uke fdaok something oki#u igkos-
He told the story.\ he told something.
nksUgh izdkjkr okD;kpk vFkZcks/k gksrks o okD;jpukgh vpwd vkgs Eg.kwu that he was
ready.gk Noun clause vkgs -
1) What he said is true -(The news is true.)
2) This is what I want. (This is the fact.) v”kk izdkjs fnysY;k okD;krhy Noun
clause “kks/kkok-

Noun -clause :- vusd izdkj vkgsr-Noun clause P;k dk;kZo#u R;kpk Qjd vki.kkl dGrks -
Noun clause ps dkgh izdkj [kkyhyizek.ks vkgsr-
1) Subject of the verb.

2) Object of the verb.
3) Complement of the verb.
4} Adjective complement.
5) Object of the preposition.
6) In apposition to Noun or Pronoun
7) Object of the Gerund.
8) Object of the participle.
9) Object of the Infinitive.
loZizFke vki.k ;krhy ifgyk izdkj vH;klw -
1) Noun clause as subject of the verb :- tks Noun clause okD;kr ,[kk|k
fdz;kinkpk drkZ Eg.kwu dke djrks rsOgk rks Noun clause as subject of the verb vlrks-
Ex. : 1)What he said was right.. Was right - Main Clause

What he said - Noun Clause as subject of the verb ‘was’
2) How he will write is unknown.

3) When the students will study hard is uncertain.
4) What we do today will shape our fortune.
5) When the monsoon will start is not known.
6) Why he came late was a mystery.
ojhy okD;ke/;s vk/kskjsf[kr clauses gs Noun clouse as subject of the verb vkgsr-

2) Noun clause as object of the verb:- ;k izdkjkr Noun clause gk main

clausee/khy fdz;kinkps deZ Eg.kwu dke djrks Eg.kwu ;k clause yk Noun clause
as object of the verb vls Eg.krkr-
Ex. 1) He told that he was ready .
He told - main- clause. ps dk;Z ‘told’;k fdz;kinkps deZ Eg.kwu vkgs-
Ex. i) I told Mr. sawyer that I wanted to buy a birthday present.
ii) The fact that you were absent on that day is true.
iii) Prpbably they imply that they are doing serious work.
iv) Do you belive that God has given us hands and feet.?
v) It is necessary that every child should be vaccinated.
vi)It was soon clear that he had an inborn skill.
vii)Your statement that you found the money in the street, will not be believed.
viiI) I had no idea that we were anywhere about.
ix)Tell our friends that we have completed the work.
ojhy okD;krhy v/kksjsf[kr clause gk Noun clause as object of the verb vkgs-

3) Noun clause as complement of the verb :- loZizFke vki.kkl fnysY;k

okD;krhy iqjd “kCn dls vkgsG[kkos gs ikg.ks egRRokps vkgs- rs [kkyhyizek.ks
she was sick ;k okD;kr sick gk “kCn was ;k fdz;kinkpscomplement Eg.kwu
dk;Z djr vkgs- dkj.k T;kosGh to be ps lkgk
lkgk¸¸;dkjh fdz;kin eq[; fdz;kin Eg.kwu
okD;kr dke djrs- v”kk osGh R;k fdz;kinkuarjh okD;kr complement p ;srs o
T;kosGh ,[kkns vdeZd fdz;kin okD;kr ;srs R;kuarj complement ;srs-
T;k osGh ,[kknk Noun clauseokD;krhy fdz;kinkps complements Eg.kwu dke djrks- v”kk
osGh rks Noun clause as complement of the verb vlrks-
Ex. 1) This is what I want
;k okD;kr is gs lgk;;d fdz;kin eq[; fdz;kin Eg.kwu dke djr vkgs o Eg.kwu R;kuarj
;s.kkjk Noun clause gk R;kps complenent Eg.kwu dke djr vkgs-
This is - main clause.
‘what I want’ noun clause as complement of the verb ‘is’
rlsp [kkyhy vdeZd fdz;kinkusrjgh ;s.kkjk Noun clausegkcomplement of

the verb vlrks-+ + + appear , wish, look, remember, seem, stand, go ,come ,
become etc.
Ex. : i) The fact was that his face was unlucky

ii)The arrangement was that they would be on duty from 11 in the morning
iii) It appears that he may be allowed.
iv) It seems that he wii! not come.
v) Mother’s prayer is that her son may return safe.

4) Noun clause as Adjective complement :-tasOgk ,[kknk Noun - clause gk

fdz;kinkps AdjectiveEg.kwu dke djrks - rsOgk rks Noun clause as adjective complement vlrks-
mnk. I am sure that she won’t sav no.
;k okD;kr I am sure gk Main clause vkgs rj that she won’t say no gk
sub-ordinate Noun clause vkgs. Noun clause ‘sure’ ;k adjective ps
‘complement Eg.kwu dke djr vkgs Eg.kwu that she won’t say no gk
Noun clause as adjective complement vkgs-
-s
Ex. i) Lalitadevi was not convinced that her bangles were imported. ;k
okD;kr noun clause convinced ;k adjective ps cpmplement Eg.kwu dke djrs-
ii) The shopokeeper was sure that Lalitadevi would not break her bangles. ;k
okD;kr Noun clause sure ;k adjective ps complement vkgs- baxt z hr
dkgh gs fo”ks’k.ks v”kh vkgsr- dh T;kaura j cgq/kk noun -clausegs complement
Eg.kwup dke djrkr - tls doubtful , suspicious , sure , certain , afraid etc.
iii) Lal Bahadur was afraid that Ammaji might not send Lalitadevi for picketing.
iv) I am now certain that grammar is not so difficult.
v) She was suspicious that the shopkeeper might not keep his promise .
ojhy v/kksj[s khr Noun -clause gs BGd dsyYs ;k adjectiveps complement vkgsr-
vi) You are now certain that grammar is not difficult.

vii)I am sure that you know the answer.
vii)I am sure that you can convince her.

5) Noun clause as object of the preposition :-

;k izdkjkr okD;krhy Noun clause gk R;kp okD;krhy Main clause P;k “ksoVh
;s.kk&;k prposition ps object WEg.kwu dke djrks-
mnk- 1)Rajendra laughed at what I said.
Rajendra laughed at - Main clause.
What I said gk Noun clause as object of the preposition atvkgs-
;k izdkjkr cgq/kk main clause P;k “ksoVh Prposition;srs o R;kyk ykxwup Noun
clause lq# gksrs-
i) The man’s wife was against whatever he said.

ii) I do not believe in what he speaks.
iii )Take advice from whomever you meet.
iv)Whit for what is happening.
v) He thought of what he was doing.
6) Noun clause as case in apposition to Noun or Pronoun :-

tks Noun-clausejeq[; okD;krhy uke fdaok loZukekP;k fdz;spk vFkZ Li’V djrks-
R;kl Noun clause as case in apposition to noun or pronoun vls Eg.krkr-
clause iwohZ sure, certain, pity, necessary wonder, afraid, good, bad, fear
gs “kCn ;srkr o thatus ;k clausephlq#okr gksrs-
mnk- 1) It is true that he is guilty.
It is true - Main clause.
that he is guilty - Noun clause as case in apposition to ‘it’
i) It is necessary that every child should be vaccinated.
ii) It was soon clear that he had an inborn skill.
iii)Your statement that you found the money in the street, will not be believed.
iv) I had no idea that we were anywhere about.
v)The fact that you were absent on that day is true.
7) Noun Clause as object of the gerund :-Gerund Eg.kts fdz;kinkl ing

izR;; ykoyk tkrks- Runninggs fdz;kinkps ing ykoysys #i vkgs - ijarq gs
running fdz;kinps dke u djrk tsOgk ukekps dk;Z djrs R;kosGh rs gerund vlrs-
Running is a good exercise.;k okD;kr running gs dR;kZps dke djr vkgs-
tsaOgk ,[kknk Noun clause okD;krhy Gerund ps deZ Eg.kwu dke djrks rasOgk
rks clause gk ‘Noun clasue as object of the Gerund vlrks-
mnk- i) Knowing that he was guilty I was angry.
Knowing I was angry - main clause.
that he was guilty - Noun clause as object of the gerund knowing.
ii) Knowing that he was learned. I respected him.

iii) Suggesting that her husband was dead the doctor went away.
8) Noun clause as object of the participle :- tsaOgk ,[kk|k fdz;kinkl ing

izR;; ykowu rs fdz;kin okD;kr fo”ks’k.kkps dk;Z djrs rsOgk R;kl Participle vls Eg.krkr-
T;kosGh ,[kknk Noun clauseokD;krhyParticiple’ps dke djrks v”kkosGh rks
Noun clause as object of the participle vlrks- ,[kk|kfdz;spk vFkZ egRo Li’V
>kY;kuarj R;k fdz;sP;k leFkZukFkZ fdaok fu’ks/kkFkZ nqljh fdz;k dsyh tkrs rsOgk ;k clause
pk okij djrkr-
Ex. i)I heard him speaking what he knew.
I heard him speaking - Main clause.
What he knew - Noun clause as object of the participle speaking.
ii) I found him speaking which was wrong.
iii) To break these bangles is considered a bad omen Suggesting that husband is dead.

9) Noun clause as object of the infinitive :- Infinitive Eg.kts fdz;kinkP;k iwohZ

to oki#u R;kiq<s fdz;kinkps eqG#i okijrkr- mnk-to see, to ask, to run, to know,
to work, tsaOgk Noun clauseokD;kr vkysY;k infinitiveps deZ Eg.kwu dk;Z djrks
rsOgk rks-Noun clause as objectof the Infinitivevlrks-
mnk- I wanted to know what he spoke.

I wanted to know - main clause,
What he spoke - Noun clause as object of the Infinitive ‘ to know,
i) He was prepared to do whatever it was told.
ii) He was eager to know what had happened.
iii) Yudhishitra was surprised to see that his four brothers were unconscious.
iv) I was shocked to hear that she studied hard.
ojhy v/kksjsf[kr Noun clause gs BGd dsysY;k infinitive ps deZ vkgssr-

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
ukekcnny fo”ks’k ekfgrh lkax.kk&;k “kCnkl Adjective (fo”ks

fo”ks’k.k )Eg.krkr-
Eg.krkr-
;kr fo”ks’k.k ukekcnny xq.kkRed la[;kokpd fdaok loZlk/kkj.k brj lkaxrs-
Ex. 1) She is a very beautiful girl.
;k okD;kr beautiful gs f”ks’k.k ukekcnny ekfgrh lkaxr vkgs- vxnh ;kp i/nrhus
tsOgk ,[kknk sub-ordinate clause,[kk|k uke fdaok loZukekcnny fo”ks’k ekfgrh
lkaxrks rsOgk rks adjective clasue vlrks- [kkyhy rhu ckchao#u fnysY;k clause gk
Adjectiveclause vkgs dk rs Bjfork ;srks-
1) fnysyk Sub-ordinate clauseukek cnny fo”ks’k ekfgrh lkaxr vlsy rj]

2) R;k Sub-ordinate clauseiwohZ ,[kkns uke vkys vlsy rj o R;kp ukekph rks
clauseekfgrh lkaxr vlsy rj ]
3) Adjective ClauseP;k lq#okrhyk okijyh tk.kkjh Conjunctions iz”ukFkZd vlyh rjh
R;kpk okij frFk relative pronoun/relative adverbEg.kwu dsysyk vlsy rj]
Ex. 1) Who are you ?
2) I saw a man who was blind.
Adjective Clause ps nksu izdkj vkgsr-
1) Defining Adjective Clause : ;k izdkjps miokD; (clause)dks.kR;kgh LoYifojkekus

osxGs dsys tkr ukgh-
Ex. The book which you gave me yesterday is very interesting ,
The book is very interesting - Main clause .
which you gave me yesterday - Defining Adjective clause.
;k okD;kpk vFkZ rw eyk fnysY;k iqLrdkaiSdh dky fnysys iqLrd euksjatd vkgs-]
;kr vusd iqLrds fnysyh vkgsr-

2) Non - defining adjective clause : The book.which you gave me

yesterday, is very interesting. ;k izdkjkP;k clauseps okD; LoYifojkekus foHkkxys
tkrs - The book is very interesting - Main clause,
Which you gave me yesterday - Non - defining adjective clause.
;kpk vFkZ rw eyk dky fnysys iqLrd [kqi euksjatd vkgs- ek= ,dp iqLrd fnys xsys vkgs-
Defining o Non-defining Adjective e/khy Qjd Eg.kts Defining Adjective

clause LoYifojkekus osxGk dsyk tkr ukgh rj Non defining Adjective clause
LoYifojkekus osxGk dsyk tkrks-
1) Exampies of Defining Adjective clauses :-
mnk- I) I wish to meet my friend who works in this school.
ii) Tom’s brother who lives in a small town is very clever.
iii) The jackal who was offended went to the lion.
iv) The person who was talking to me is the teacher.
v) The hippopotamus who had a tooth out said nothing.
vi) I took out all the money that was inside.
vii) A hero is someone whose shoes you would like to be in.
viii) The dancer is directed by natuvanar who is a musician.
ix) Dance which is pure movement is called nritta.
ojhy v/kksjsf[kr dsysys Defining Adjective clauses BGd dsysY;k ukekfo’k;h

ekfgrh lkaxrkr-

2) Examples of non-defining Adjective clauses.

1) I took out all the money, that was inside.
2) A hero is someone, whose shoes vou would like to be in.
3) The dancer is directed by natuvanar, who is a musician.
4) Dance, which is pure movement is called nritta.
5) The teacher, who was angry went to the headmaster.
6) I met my friend, who lived far away.
ojhy v/kksjsf[kr dsysys Non-defining Adjective clauses BGd dsysY;k

ukekfo’k;h ekfgrh lkaxrkr-

ADVERB CLAUSE
fnysY;k okD;krhy ,[kknk Sub-ornate clause tsOgk ,[kk|k fdz;kfo“ks’k.kkps dk;Z

djrks raOs gk rskSub-ordinate clausevlrks- Adverb clause gk d/kh fdz;kinkcnny ]
d/kh fo”ks’k.kkcnny rj d/kh fdz;kfo”ks’kcnny vf/kd ekfgrh lkaxrks-;k ph usgeh
Sub-ordinating Conjuctions us gksrs-
Ex. : 1) He runs fast . (Modifies verb / runs)
2) He is very old . (Modifies adjective ‘old )
3) He runs very fastly. (Modifies adverb ‘fastly’)
Adverb Clause ps ,dw.k um miizdkj vkgsr- v”kk izdkjs Adverb clause gs
fdz;kfo”ks’k.ks gs fdz;kin ] fo”ks’k.k o fdz;kfo”ks’k.k ;kfo’k;h ekfgrh lkaxrkr-
1) Adverb clause of Time.
2) Adverb clause of Place.
3) Adverb clause of Reason.
4) Adverb clause of Result.
5) Adverb clause of Purpose.
6) Adverb clause of Condition.
7) Adverb clause of Contrast.
8) Adverb clause of Manner.
9) Adverb clause of Degree.

1) Adverb clause of Time :-

fnysY;k okD;krhy sub-ordinate clause tsOgk Main clause e/khy eq[;
fdz;kinkP;k fdz;spk osG n”kZorks rsOgk rks clause ‘Adverb clasue of Time vkgs
vls lacks/kys tkrs - ;k clause ph lq#okr iq<hy sub - ordinating conjunctions
us gksrs- when , while, after , before , as , since , till, until, whenever, as long as ,
as soon as, etc.
Ex. When he came I saw him.
When he came - Adverb clause of Time.
modifying the verb ‘saw’ in the main clause.
1) When I scrambled out of the pool., Mala accused me.
2) As soon as I reached the class., I gave the letter to the teacher.
3) A dancer in the classical tradition has to have years of training before , he can
begom to perform on the stage.
2) Adverb Clause of Place :- gk sub-ordinate clauseeq[; okD;krhy fdz;sP;k

fBdk.kkcnny ekfgrh nsrks Eg.kts fdz;kinkcnny fo”ks’k ekfgrh lkaxrks Eg.kwu ;kl adverb
clause of place vls Eg.krkr- ;k fdz;kinkph clause ph lq#okr wherever ;k lkj[;k
sub-ordinating conjunctions us gksrs.
Ex. i) Where there is smoke, there is fire.
Where there is smoke - Adverb clause of place modyfing the verb is’
ii) We followed the pair wherever they went.
iii) All the delegates gathered where the round table conference was held.

3) Adverb clause of Reason:- Main - Clausee/khy fdz;k dk ?kMyh ;kps dkj.k

lkax.kjk sub-ordinate clause Eg.kts adverb clause of reason gks;-;k clause
ph lq:okr since, because, as, that, therefore,so,bR;knh conjunctionsus gksrs-
Ex. 1) Since I did not see anyone, I jumped into the pool to save the drowing girt.
2) He was in a hurry as he had an appointment at 9.a.m.
3)Everyone was happy that this gang had at last been caught.
4) I passed because I studied hard.
Adverb clause of reason modifying the verb ‘passed’
4) Adverb Clause of Result :-tks Sub-ordinate clause gk Main clause e/khy

fdz;kinkP;k fdz;spk ifj.kke n”kZforks rks clause gkAdverb Clause of Result
vlrks ;k izdkjP;k clauseph lq:okr thatus gksrs-;k izdkjP;k clause ps okD;
so....that...such...that us tksMysys vlrs-
Ex. i) He works so hard that he wins.

Adverb clause of result modyfing the adjective ‘hard’
ii) The little girl offered him such a humble gift that he felt offended.
iii)She was so busy that she could not realise it.
iv)The lenses of her spectacles were so thick that they almost concealed her eyes.
5)Adverb Clause of Purpose :-ts miokD; Main clause e/khy fdz;spk mnns”k
@ gsrw n”kZfos R;kl Adverb use of purpose vls Eg.krkr-;k izdkjP;k clause ph
lq:okr iq<hy sub-ordinating conjunctions us gksrs- - so that, in case that, in
order that, for wanted, because he wanted, least etc.
Ex. i) He works hard so that he may earn a lot.

‘So that he may earn a lot’ is Adverb clause of purpose modifying the verb ‘works’
ii) Round Table conference had been conducted in order that they
might marshal together all the communal and reactionary elements.
iii) Study hard least you should fail.
iv) Abdul Hamid made his way through enemy bullets and shells for
he wanted to get to the vantage point.
v) He called the people in order that he miaht.get money.
6) Adverb Clause of Condition : tks suo-ordinate clause, main clause e/khy

fdz;sph vV n”kZforks- R;kl .Adverb ciausu of condition vls Eg.krkr- ;k clause
ph lw:okr if, unless, whether;k lkj[;k sub-ordinating conjunctions us gksrs-
Ex. i) If you study, you will pass.
ii) If you Work - Adverb clause of conditions modifying the verb
iii) Unless you work hard, you willl notbe happy.
iv) If you had seen him, you might have called.
v) If the king finds out. I shall be punished.
vi) Whether it is good or bad,I will practise the truth.
7) Adverb Clause of Contrast :- tks subordinate clauseeq[;okD;krhy fdz;spk

fojk/kkHkkl n”kZforks R;k clause yk adverb clause of contrast vls Eg.krkr-;k
izdkjps clause -though, although, even if, even though, however;k
lkj[;k sub - ordintating conjunctions us lq: gksrkr-

Ex.i) Though he is poor, he is generous.

Though he is poor-’adverb clause of contrast’ modifying’ adjective’generouns.’
ii) Although our neighbours had told us to close all the doors.
Grandpa had not followed their advice.
iii) Thought gandhi was against the british Govemment, he had nothing against the Englishmen.
v) Though my grandfather isvery old, he still works hard.
8) Adverb Clause of Manner :- ;k clauseph lq:okr as ,as if, as though
;k lkj[;k sub - ordinating conjunctions us gksrs
Ex. 1) He swims as a fish swims.
2) Do as I tell you.
3) Work hard as I tell you.
9) Adverb clause of Degree :- Wain cldise e/khy fo”ks’k.kkph rqyuk n”kZo.kjk
sub-ordinate clauseEg.ktspadverb clause of degree gks;-;k izdkjP;k okD;kph
lq:okr as,than,bR;nh connectivesus gksrs- Positive o Comparative degree
vlysys okD; Adverb clause of degree ph vlrkr-
Ex. i) She is cleverer than he is.
than he is - adverb clause of degree modiiybn the adjective
ii) He is not so dull, as she is.
as she is - adverb clause of degree modifying the adjective ‘dull’
iii) It is better than fighting people -
Adverb clause of degree modifying the adjective ‘better’
iv) Prevention is better than cure.
Parenthetical Clause:-
g;k clause ps vLrhRo egRokps ulrs- rks vlwu ulwu lkj[kkp vlrks-
Ex.1) This is I think, very dangerous.
2) What he says, it seems, is totally false.

• EXERCISES •
1) When I was growing up. birthday of an adult was not celebrated.
Adverb clause of time modifying the verb phrase ‘was not celebrated.’
2) This shows that we can say no in the most pleasant ways.

Noun clause as object of the verb ‘shows’.
3) They indicate that he should go ahead.
Noun clasue as object fo the verb ‘indicate’.
4) I had to hold back the tears as he left.

Adverb clause of time.
5) The marathan meetings which he held with his colleagues helped to

achieve a consensus.
Adjective clause qualifying the noun ‘meetings’.
6) She no longer knew who he was.

Noun clause bas object of the verb’knew’.
7) As we mcde more money, she received even nicer presents.

Adverb clause of time modifying the verb ‘received’.
8) He was the first Jain who had passed the vernacular Final Examination.
Adjective clause qualifying the noun ‘Jain’.
9)Shahu Maharaj was convinced that Bhaurao was not guilty.

Noun clause as complement of the adjective ‘convinced’.

10) In our country, we have two entrepreneurs who have a feeling for flights and heights.
Adjective clause qualifying the noun ‘ entrepreneurs..
11) If you hit the compound wall of Mantra apartments. it is a four.

Adverb clause of condition.
12) If we have time, we can include it.

Adverb clause of condition .
13) What do you want to be when you grow up ?

14) A tourist is a peson who visits a foreign country.

Adjective clause qualifying the noun ‘person’.
15 How the food is served is also very important.

Noun clause as subject of the verb phrase ‘is served’.
16) Whenever I have had the chance to go away. I have held back.
Adverb clause of time
17) I slaved like a miser until I had enough to bring me home.

18) You have to see whether you are doing right or wrong.
Noun clause as object of the verb ‘see.’
19) I got the needed supplies so that I could remove his sutures.
Adverb clause of purpose.

miokD;s
Clause :miokD;s
1) miokD;s %& It is a group of words having complete or

Clause :miokD;s
incomplete meaning.It is always with a subject and a predicate.
Ex. Suresh works regularly to get good salary.
2) Sentence : okD; :- It is a group of words having complete meaning.
It is always with a subject and a predicate.
Ex. Mohan guided many players.
3) Phrase : okDizpkj%&
kj%&It is a word or group of words having incomplete
meaning. It is always without subject and verb. In front, to be font of.
4) Word : “kCn - It is meaningful set of sounds.

i) Main clause (principal or ordinate or independent.)
ii) Subordinate clause (dependent)
1) Main Clause : iz/kku okD; gk Clause vFkZi.w kZ vlrks-

It is meaningful group of words.
2) Subordinate Clause :(xkS.k miokD; ) Sub ordinate Clause gk viw.kZ
vFkkZpk vlrks-
It is a group of words having incomplete meaning.
If my son is cured soon , I will offer you five thousand rupees.
If my son is cured soon gk subordinate clause vkgs o rks I will offer you
five thousand rupees ;k main clause oj vFkkZlkBh voyaouw vkgs-
1) He is a teacher and a social worker .
Subordinate Clause : ps rhu izdkj iMrkr rs [kkyhy izek.ks&

1) Noun Clause : uke miokD;
2) Adjective Clause : fo”ks’k.k miokD;
3) Adverb Clause : fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;
1) Noun Clause : tks Subordinate ClauseokD;ke/;s ukekph tkxk ?ksrks - fdaok
ukekps dk;Z djrks R;kyk noun ClauseEg.krkr-
Noun Clause ps izdkj
1) Noun Clause as subject of the verb:-drkZ Eg.kwu ;s.kkjs ]uke miokD;] gk okD;kr
fdz;kinkP;kuarj ;srks Eg.ktsp rks dekZph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex. It is right
What you said is right.
What you said is a noun clause as subject of the verb is.
2) When the examinations are, is not known.
3) Why he had cancelled his tour, is a secret.
4) How they cheated him, is a great surprise.
How they cheated him, is a noun clause as subject of the verb is
2) Noun Clause as object of the verb okD;kr deZ Eg.kwu ;s.kkjs] uke miokD;]
gk okD;kr fdz;kinkP;kuarj ;srks Eg.ktsp rks dekZph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex.
1) I know this.
I know when the train arrives. When the train arrives is the noun
clause as object of the verb know.
2) I heard from my friend that I had been chosen as thecaptain of our
cricket team.
3) She does not understand where she is going.

4) We realised that we have committed a mistake. that we have committed
a mistake.
that we have committed a mistake, is a noun clause as object of the
verb realised.
3) Noun clause as object of the preposition : gk Noun clause okD;kr
prepositionuarj ;srks o rks R;k preposition lkBh deZ vlrks.
1) You should pay attention to this. You should pay attention to what
your teacher says.
What your teacher says, is a noun clause as object of the preposition to.
2) There was no reality in what he said.
3) We have to pay for what you want to achieve.
4) They think of why they get angry.
why they get angry, is a noun clause as object of the preposition of.
4) Noun clause in apposition to a noun : ukekpsp dk;Z dj.kkjs miokD;s gk

Noun clauseokD;ke/;s drkZ Eg.kwu vkysY;k ukekP;k ikBksikB-
Ex.
1) The fact that he is guilty, is true.
that he is guilty, is a noun clause in apposition to a noun the fact.
2) The statement , that you won the lottery, is hard to believe.
3) The news that she stood first in the H.S.C. board merit list, pleased
everybody.
4) His confidence that he would become a doctor proved right.
that he would become a doctor, is a noun clause in apposition to the
noun his confidence.
5) Noun clause as complement of the verb.•iqjd Eg.kqu okD;kr ;s.kkjk

noun clause okD;kpk vFkZi.w kZ dj.;klkBh okD;kr am, is, are, was, were, shall
be, will be P;k iq<s ts miokD; ;srs R;kyk (clause) Complement of the
verb vls Eg.krkr-
Ex.
1) His ambition is that he will become a doctor.
That he will become a doctor, is a noun clause
as complement of the verb is,
2) His sincere wish is that he may satisfy them.
3) Our request will be that we must be allowed to go on picnic.
4) My father’s dream was that he would send me in army.
that he would send me in army, is a noun clause as complement of
the verb was.
6) Noun clause as object of the participle: gk noun clause okD;kr resent

participle P;k uarj ;srks o rks R;k P articiple lkBh dekZps dk;Z djrks-
Ex.
1) Seeing that there was no one on the road, I returned home.;k fBdk.kh
that there was no one on the road , gk noun clause object of the
participle seeing gks;
2) Hearing that weather is not good, he cancelled his journey.
that weather is not good £T noun clause object of the participle
hearing gks;-
3) Thinking that I am discouraged he tried to inspire me.
4) Knowing that he is tired, I let him alone for rest.

7) Noun clause as object of an infinitive :- gknoun clause okD;kr

infinitive P;k uarj ;srks o rks dekZps dk;Z djrks-
Ex.
1) It is our duty to know whether he is interested in mathematics.
whether he is interested in mathematics. gk noun clause to know ;k
infinitive lkBh deZ Eg.kwu vkysyk vkgs-
2) He tried to find out which branch’of engineering 1 liked most.
3) It is right time to ask when he is going to payback.
4) It is our duty to see what our old parents need.
2) Adjective Clause :&fo”ks’k.k miokD;%

tks subordinate clause j okD;ke/;s fo”ks’k.kkph tkxk ?ksrks fdaok fo”ks’k.kps dk;Z
djrks R;kyk Adjective clause Eg.krkr-
Ex. The bag which is yellow coloured is mine.
Which is yellow coloured is adjective clause that quali fies the
noun the bat.
Note :- Adjective Clause ph lq#okr who , whose , whom , which , that

;k “kCnkauh gksrs -

3)Adverb clause:-fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;
tks Sub-ornate clause okD;ke/;ss- Adverb clause ph tkxk ?ksrks fdaok Adverb ps
dk;Z djrks R;kyk Adverb clause vls Eg.krkr-
Ex. : 1) He runs fast . (Modifies verb / runs)
Adverb Clause ps ,dw.k um miizdkj vkgsr-
1) Adverb clause of Time. dkyn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;
2) LFyn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;

Adverb clause of Place.LFyn”kZ
3) vVn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;

Adverb clause of Reason.vVn”kZ
4) fojks/kkn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;

Adverb clause of Result.fojks
5) dkj.kn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;

Adverb clause of Purpose.dkj.kn”kZ
6) ifj.kken”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;

Adverb clause of Condition.ifj.kken”kZ
7) Adverb clause of Contrast.gsgsrwn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;
8) fjrhn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD;

Adverb clause of Manner.fjrhn”kZ
9) rqyukn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD; )

Adverb clause of Compartion.rq

1) dkyn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD; :T;kosGh

Adverb clause of time -dkyn”kZ
Subordinate clause dkyn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k Eg.kwu ;srks rsaOgk R;kyk - Adverb
clause of time Eg.krkr-
Ex.
i) You will get full credit, when your answer is correct .
ii) A disease can be produced when there is under supply of various nutrients.
2) Adverb clause of place - LFyn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD; % gk subordinate
clause gk okD;ke/;s LFkyn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.kkph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex. He didn’t find his book where he had put it.
He was free to go where he wanted to.
3) Adverb clause of condition :-vVn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k viokD;
gk subordinate clause okD;ke/;s vVn”kZd fdz;kfo”kz”k.kkph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex. I shall offer you five thousand rupees if my son is cured soon.
4) Adverb clause of contrast :-fojks/kkHkkln”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k gk subordinate
clause okD;ke/;s fojks/kkHkkl n”kZfo.kk&;k fdz;kfo”ks’k.kkph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex.
1) Though she didn’t work hard, she got success
2) Although he was poor, he was honest.
5) Adverb clause of reason :- (as, since, because)dkj.kn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.k miokD; gk

subordinate clause okD;ke/;s dkj.kn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.kkph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex.
1) He could not catch the train because he was late.
2) Since he was guilty, he was sent to the jail.
6) Adverb clause of result: - (ifj.kken”kZd)gk subordinate clause okD;ke/;s

ifj.kken”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.kkph tkxk ?ksrs ks-
Ex.
1) He was so late that he could not catch the train.
2) He was so guilty that he was sent to jail.
7) Adverb clause of Purpose: - gsrqn”kZd gk subordinate clause okD;ke/;s gsrq

fdaok mn~ns”k n”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.kkph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex.
1) He walked very fast so that he could catch the train.
2) She studied very hard that she could pass with good marks.
8) Adverb clause of manner : -fjrn”kZd gk subordinate clauseokD;ke/;s

fjrn”kZd fdz;kfo”ks’k.kkph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex.
1) He walks so slowly as if he was about to die.
2) They helpd me as I expected.
9) Adverb clause of comparison : -rqyukn”kZd gk subordinate lause

okD;ke/;s rqyuk dj.kk&;k o Qjd n”kZfo.kk&;k fdz;kfo”ks’k.kkph tkxk ?ksrks-
Ex.
1) He worked as hard as he could.
2) She is not as clever as he.

Transformation of Simple , Compound & Complex Sentences
Sentence -okD;
Sentence is a meaningful group of words or It is goup of words with
complete sense.
vFkZiw.kZ “kCn leqgkyk okD; vls Eg.krkr-
Ex. Mohan plays cricket.
S + V + O
okD;kps Subject (drkZ)o PredicatedR;kZfo’k;hph ekfgrh vls eq[; nksu Hkkx iMrkr- ojhy mnkgj.kkr
Mohan gk Subject vlwu plays cricket gk Hkkx Predicate gks;-
okD;kps eq[; rhu izdkj vkgsr-

1) Simple Sentence -lk/ks okD;
2) Compound Sentence -la;qDr okD;
3) Complex Sentence -feJ okD;
1) lk/ks okD;s : ;ke/;s ,dp clause ;srks o rks Main clause vlrks-
Simple Sentence -lk/ks
Ex. Mohan plays cricket.

Simple sentence e/;s ;s.kk&;k [kq.kk fdaok “kCn iq<hy izek.ks vlrkr-
Besides , Depsite , Inspite , Being , Having, v+ing, To+Vi (infinitive) ,
Due to , on account of , Because of , Owing to
la;qDr okD;
2) Compound Sentence(la okD;)
;k e/;s nksu fdaok nksuis{kk tkLr Mam clause vkysys vlrkr-
1) We had to tie the aircraft down and thus prevent if from flying off.
2) She was a brilliant student and had won scholarships to Oxford

Univer-sity.
3) This man used to do odd jobs in the Bombay iron Market and would
thus scrape up barely fifty rupees a month.
4) Mohan washed his hands and took his meal.

Compound sentencee/;s ;s.kk&;kk [kq.kk iq<hy izek.ks vlrkr- and , but ,
as well as , not only.... but also, neither ....nor , eather .....or , or , otherwise ,
however, yet, still, so, therefore etc.
3) Complex Sentence : ;ke/;s ,d Main clause o ,d fdaok ,d is{kk tkLr

Subordinate clause vkysys vlrkr-
Ex. If my son is cured soon, I will offer you five thousand rupees.
Complex sentence e/;s ;s.kk&;k [kq.kk iq<hy izek.ks vlrkr-
who, whom, whose, which, what, where, when, why, How, if, unless,
whether , that , so that , so.... that , though , although , as , because , since , as soon as etc.

Important Chart :- [kkyh fnysyk chart ikB djk - rks vfr”k;

egRRokpk vkgs -
Sr. Simple Compound Complex

1) Besides and , as well as , who , which
not only.. .but also,
2) Despites but Though / although
3) Being and , so , therefor as , because ,
since , so. ...that
4) Having and, so, therefore as , because , since
5) V+ing
(seeing) and , so when
6) To + V]
(To get) and if ; so.. ..that
7) Due to ,
on account of , and , so , therefore as , because , since
because of

Transformatio n of sentence
Make it simple sentence
1) Besides pk okij d:u Simple Sentence r;kj dj.ks
T;kosGh Compound sentence e/;s and , not only ..... but also , neither ..... nor , as
well as , ;srs rlsp complex Sentence e/;s who , which ;srs v”kk osGh besides pk okij
d#u Simple Sentence cuorkr -
Ex.
1) He is a teacher and a social worker .
Besides a teacher , he is a social worker .
2) He likes Mathematics and Chemistry.
Besides Mathematics he likes Chemistry .
2)Despite pk okij d:u Simple Sentence r;kj dj.ks
tj Compound Sentence e/;s however , but vkys vlsy fdaok complex
e/;s though fdaok although vkys vlsy rj despite pk okij d#u Simple
Sentence cuorkr -(vls djrkuk okD;krhy fo”k’k.kkps uke cuorkr - Ex. poor to poverty )
Ex.
1) He donated two hundred rupees though he was poor .
Despite his poverty , he donated two hundred rupees.
2) Though he was blind , he made better progress.
Despite his blindness , he made better progress .
3) He was ill but he attended the birthday party .
Despite his blindness , he attenmded the birthday party .
4) They were hungry but they waited for us .
Despite their hunger , they waited for us .

3)Being pk okij d:u Simple Sentence r;kj dj.ks

tj Compound Sentence e/;s so , therefore vkys vlsy fdaok Complex
sentence e/;s as , because , since vkys vlsy rj being pk okij d#u Simple Sentence cuorkr -
Ex.
1) He was ill so he could not attend the birth day party.
Being ill, he could not attend the birth day party.
2) He is late so he is punished.
Being late, he is punished
3) As he was poor, he could not take admission in a private college.
Being poor, he could noy take admission in a private college.
4) She never falls ill because she is healthy.
Being healthy, she never falls ill.
4) Having ;k “kCnkpk okij d:u Simple Sentence r;kj dj.ks
tj Compound Sentence e/;s so , therefore fdaok and lkj[ks “kCn vkys
vlrhy fdaok Complex Sentence e/;s, When , as, because , since ;k lkj[ks
“kCn vkys vlrhy rj Having pk okij d#u Simple Sentence cuorkr -
Note :- Having P;k iq<s d/kh d/kh MV-3 ;srs rj d/kh uke -
1)He made no mistake because he had enough experience.
Having enough experience , he made no mistake.
2)He finished his dinner , he went to movie.
Having finished his dinner and went to movie.
3)When he saw the tiger, he ran away.
Having seen the tiger , he ran away.
4) He became successful as / because he did everything on time.
Having done everying on time, he became successful.
5) V+ ing pk okij d:u Simple Sentence r;kj dj.ks

tj Compound Sentence e/;s and , therefore fdaok so rlsp Complex
Semtemce e/;s as , since , because fdaok when gk “kCn vkyk vlsy rj v+ing pk
okij d:u Simple Sentence cuorkr- ;k v + ing vxksnj by , after , before,
in , at preposition etc. ;k lkj[;k pk mi;ksx djrkr- after pk ns[khy okij djrkr-
Ex.
1) He got success as he worked hard.
Working hard, he got success.
2) When he was tired, he took rest.
Getting tired. he took rest.
3) They worked hard and earmed a lot of money.
Working hard, they earned a lot of money.
4) He got first prize so everybody praised him.
He got first prize so everybody praised him .
pk okij d:u Simple Sentence r;kj dj.ks
6) Infinitive ( To+V1)pk
tj Compound Sentence e/;s that,so , that vkys vlsy fdaok Complex
Sentence e/;s, so, therefor fdaok and vkys vlrhy rj To + V1 pk okij d#u
Simple Sentence cuorkr -
Ex.
1) He worked very hard and got success.
He worked very hard to get success.
2) Ramakant wore warm clothes so that he could protect from from cold.
Ramakant wore warm clothes to protect from cold.
3) Vinayak sold his old books so that he could buy new one.
Vinayak sold his old books to buy new one.
6) On account of , because of , Due to , Owing to pk okij d:u

Simple Sentence r;kj dj.ks
tj Compound Sentence e/;s and , so , therefore vkys vlsy fdaok
Complex sentence e/;s, as , since fdaok because vkys vlrhy rj On account of ,
because of , Due to , Owing to pk okij d#u Simple Sentence cuorkr -
Ex.
1) He is admitted in the hospital because he is ill .
Because of his ilness , he is admitted in the hospital .
2) Raju is clever so he stood first in the S.S.C. examination .
Due to his cleverness , Raju stood first in the S.S.C. examination .
3) He got lots of friends because he is very frank.
Because of his frankness , he got lots of friends .
2) Make it compound
1) and , so , therefore pk okij d:u Compound Sentence r;kj dj.ks ]
tj Simple Sentence e/;s (to + M.V.-1) infinitive vkys vlsy fdaok
Complex Sentence e/;sso that fdaok that vkys vlrhy rj and , so , therefore
pk okij d#u Compound Sentence cuorkr -
Ex.
1) Rahul worked very hard to get sucess .
Rahul worked very hard and got success .
2) Ramaknt was too ill to play .
Ramaknt was so ill that he could not play games .
3) Sunil wore warm clothes so that he could protect from cold .
Sunil wore warm clothes and protected from cold .
4) Sunil sold his old books so that he could buy new one .
Sunil sold his old books and he bought new one .
2) and , so , therefore pk okij d:u Compound Sentence r;kj dj.ks ]

tj Simple Sentence e/;s M.V. - ing , Having + M.V.-3 , Having + noun
vkys vlsy fdaok Complex sentence e/;s as , because , since , when fdaok as soon as vkys
vlrhy rj and , so , therefore pk okij d#u Compound Sentence cuorkr -
Ex.
1) He made no mistake because he had enough experience .
He had enough experience so he made no mistake .
2) He got success as he worked very hard .
He worked very hard and got success .
3) Having finished his dinner , he went movie .
He finished his dinner and he went to movie .
4) Having seen a tiger , Mohan ran away .
Mohan saw a tiger and ran away .
3) and , not only ... but also , as welll as pk okij d:u Compound Sentence r;kj dj.ks ]
tj Simple Sentence e/;s Besides vkys vlsy fdaok Complex sentence
e/;s who fdaok which vkys vlrhy rj and , not only ... but also , as welll as
pk okij d#u Compound Sentence cuorkr -
Ex.
1) Besides teacher , he is a social worker .
He is a teacher as well as a social worker .
2) Besides Mathematics , he likes Chemistry .
He likes Mathematics as welll as Chemistry .
3) Raju who is very clever boy is hard working .
Raju is not only clever but also hard working .
4) This is the best book which is popular in the whole country.
This is the best book and is popular in the whole country.
4) but fdaok however pk okij d:u Compound Sentence r;kj dj.ks

tj Simple Sentence e/;s Despite vkys vlsy fdaok Complex Sentence e/;s
Though fdaok Although vkys vlsy rj Compound Sentence cuorkuk but
fdaok however ?ksrkr-
Ex. :-
1) Though he was poor, he donated two hundred rupees.
He was poor but he donated two hundred rupees.
2) Although he was blind, he made better progress.
He was blind but he made better progress.
3) Despite his illness, Mohan attended the birthday party.
Mohan was ill but he attended the birthday party.
4) Despite their hunger boys waited for us.
Boys were hungry but they waited for us.
5) and , so fdaok therefore pk okij d:u Compound Sentence r;kj dj.ks

tj Simple Sentence e/;s Due to, on account of, because of vkys
vlsy fdaok Complex Sentence e/;s as, because, since vkys vlsy rj Compound Sentence
cuorkuk and, so fdaok therefore pk okij djrkr-
Ex. :&
1) Due to his illness, he is admitted in the hospital.
He is ill so he is admitted in the hospital.
3) He was suspended because he was absent.
He was absent so he was suspended.
4) She was honoured by many people because she wasknowledgeous.
She was knowledgeous so she was honoured by many people.

Make it Complex
1 )Who fdaok Which pk okij d:u Complex Sentence r;kj dj.ks
tj Simple Sentence e/;s besides gk “kCn vkykvlsy fdaok Compound sentence
e/;s and , not only ... but also , as well as vkys vlsy rj Complex sentence
e/;s who fdaok which ?ksrkr-
Ex. : -
1) Besides lawyer, he is a famous author.
He who is lawyer is a famous author.
2) Besides poet, he was a great singer.
He who was poet, was a great singer.
3) This is the best book and is popular in the whole country.
This is the best book which is popular in the whole country.
4) Pune is not only historical city but also a cultural city.
Pune which is historical city is also a cultural city.
2) though fdaok although pk okij d:u
d:u.
tj Simple Sentence e/;s despite vkys vlsy fdaok Compound sentence
e/;s But vkys vlsy rj Complex Sentence e/;s though fdaok although ?ksrkr.
Ex.
1) Despite her blindness Anita made better progress.
Though Anita was blind, she made better progress.
2) Despite his poverty Ramrao gave higher education to his children.
Although Ramrao was poor, he gave better education to his children.
3) There are many hard-working people but very few are successful.
Though there are many hard-working people, very few are successful.
4) Number of students appeared for IPS Examination but only Shyam had passed.
Though number of students appeared for IPS Examination, only Shyam had passed.

3)as , because fdaok since pk okij d:u Complex Sentence r;kj dj.ks
tj Simple Sentence e/;s on account of , because of , due to , owing to
vkys vlsy fdaok Compound Sentence e/;s so , there-fore fdaok and vkys vlsy
rj Complex Sentence e/;s as , because fdaok since ?ksrkr.
Ex. :-
1) On account of his illness , suresh was admitted in the hospital.
Suresh was admitted in the hospital because he was ill.
2) Due to his negligence , Ramakant lost a great job opportunity.
Ramakant lost a great job opportunity because he had negligence.
3) Sudhakar liked the quality as well as price of the product so he purchased it.
Sudhakar purchased the product because he liked the quality and price of the product.
4) It was very cold on Sunday therefore Meena wore sweater during the whole day, on Sunday.
Meena wore sweater (warm clothes) since it was very cold there.
4) as , because , fdaok since pk okij d:u Complex Sentence r;kj dj.ks
tj Simple Sentence e/;s being , having + M.V.-3(as adjective ) fdaok having + noun vkys
vlsy fdaok Compound Sentence e/;s so , therefore fdaok and vkys vlsy rj Complex Sentence e/;s as ,
because fdaok since ?ksrkr.
Ex. :-
1) Being an artist , he led very sophisticated life .
As he was an artist , he led very sophisticated life .

2) Being well educcated , Suresh gave guidance to the number of people .
Suresh gave guidance to the number of people because he was well educcated ,
3) Ramakant had faced such many problems in life so he knew how to soleve them .
Ramakant knew how to soleve them since he had faced such many problems in life .
4) Ganesh had enough experience therefore he could work better than others .
Ganesh could work better than others as he had enough experience .
5) when pk okij d:u Complex Sentence r;kj dj.ks
tj Simple Sentence e/;s v + ing vkys vlsy fdaok Compound Sentence e/;s so ,therefore
fdaok and vkys vlsy rj Complex Sentence e/;s when ?ksrkr.
Ex. :-
1) Sudhir completed his L.L.B. and settled as a lawyer in Pune.
When sudhir completed his L.L.B. he settled as lawyer in Pune.
2) Ramnath stood first in the H.S.C. board merit list and suprised everyone.
Ramnath surprised everyone when he stood first in the H.S.C. board merit list.
3) Working as a social worker, Ramnath visited number of towns.
When Ramnath worked as social worker he visited number of towns.
4) Studying different books on Indian culture, John got well acquainted with Indian culture.
When John studied different books on Indian culture, he got well acquainted with Indian culture.
6)if fdaok so ... that pk okij d:u
tj Simple Sentence e/;s (to + M.V.-1) Eg.ktsp infinitive vkys vlsy fdaok
Compound Sentence e/;s and vkys vlsy rj Complex Sentence e/;s if fdaok so ... that ?ksrkr.
Ex. :-
1) Sunil collected number of books to prepare well for his final examination .
Sunil collected number of books so that he could prepare well for his final examination
.
2) Abhijeet worked very fast to complete his target before March end .
Abhijeet worked very fast so that he could complete his target before March end .

SIMPLE SENTENCES
1) If you are an SMSer, just keep messaging (Rewrite as a simple sentence)
Ans:As an SMSer, just keep messaging.
2) If you are an SMSer, just keep messaging (Rewrite as a simple sentence)

Ans: As an SMSer, just keep messaging.
3) One more flight and I shall be in Europe (Simple)

After one moe flight I shall be in Europe.
4) In the case of a writer, it is his struggle with a words, plots, images and
ideas that defines happiness (Simple)
Ans: A writer’s struggle with words, plots, images and ideas a defines
happi-ness for him.
5) An Australian avitor, who had broken several records of high altitude,

flying, landed on a Tibetan plateal (Simple)
Ans: An Austrilian aviter with several records of high altitude flying- landed
on a Tibeaten pieateaus.
6) I am to stay at the circuit bouse, a heritage structure (simple)

Ans: I am to stay at the circuit house, a heritage structure.
7) We were told that chickens relish cockroaches (Simple)

Ans: We- were told about chit/ken1-. realishing coackroaches.

8) The chiet guest arrived. The student clapped (Simple)

Ans: `On the arrival of the chief guest the student clapped.
9) My grandmother very old- She can not walk without a stick (Simple)
Ans: My grandmother is too old IP wald without a stick.
10) When we visited, We disembarked from the train at Tanjore (Simple)

Ans: On visiting. We disembarked from the train at Tanjorc.
11) We were told that chickens relish cockroaches (Simple)
Ans: We were told about chickens relishing cockroaches.
12) As the evening aarti time nears I trace my steps to the Mahalaxmi temple . (imple)
Ans: I’hr evening aarti time being near 1 trace my steps to the Mahalaxmi
13) We flew over (he Aravalis which looked like brown whales
swimming in an ocean of green field . (Simple)
Ans: We flew over the Aravalis looking like brown whalis swimming in
ocean of green field.
14) It is obvious we are fighting a losing a battle (Simple)

Ans: We are obviously fighting a losing battle.
15) I had several extra curricular activities that kepi me busy and out of the house for hours (Simple)
Ans: I had several extra curricular activilies keeping me busy and out of the house for hours.

16) When I grew up to own a car and a driver by the name of Raju was
appointed, 1 repeated the lesson to my two small daughters (Simple)
Ans: On growing up to own a car and appointing a driver by the
name of Raju. I repeated the lesson to my two small daughters.
17) The Queen of the violets lifted her head and called to her
family (Simple)
Ans: Lifting her head, the queen of the violets called to her family.
18) When I was young there was an amazing publication called,”

The whole Earth catalogue” (Simple)
Ans: In my youth there was an amazing publication called, “The
whole Earth catalogue”.
19) Few plants and animals survive if they are cooled to temperatures far
below freezing. (Make it Simple)
Ans: Few plants and animals survive in temperatures far below freezing.
20) All the chemical processes that take place in living things
depend on water. (Make it Simple)
Ans: All the chemical processes taking place in living things depend on water.
21) All living things die if they are made too cold or too hot. (Make
it Simple)
Ans: All living things die on being made too cold or too hot.

22) The only plants that can survive in a desert are those that can
retain water in their tissues. (Make it Simple)
Ans: The only plants able to survive in a desert are thuse able to
retain water in their tissues.
23) Animals follow the plants or other herbivorous animal which

they need for food. (Make it Simple)
Ans: Animals follow the plants or other herbivorous animals needed for food.
24) Yamunotri and Gangotri are enchanting places and they attract
innu-merable tourists. (Make it Simple)
Ans: Yamunotri and Gangotri are enchanting places attracting
innumerable tourist.
25) As he drifted oil” to sleep he pictured guard angels hovering
over him. (Make it Simple)
Ans: Drifting off to sleep he pictured guardian angels hovering over him.
26) Rustomji got the paper framed and hung it up his office. (Make it Simple)
Ans: Getting the paper framed Rustomji hung it up in his office.

COMPOUND SENTENCES
1) We had to tie the aircraft down to prevent it from flying off. (coumpond)
Ans: We had to tie the aircraft down and thus prevent if from flying off.
2) A brilland student, she had won scholarships to Oxford University

(Re-write as a compound sentence)
Ans: She was a brilliant student and had won scholarships to Oxford Univer-sity.
3) This man used to scrape upbarely fifty rupees a month by doing odd jobs
in the Bombay iron market. (coumpond)
This man used to do odd jobs in the Bombay iron Market and would
Ans: thus scrape up barely fifty rupees a month.
4) At one’s o clock when I had gone to the post office, it was raining
without any break (compound)
Ans: I went to the post office, at one’o clock and il was then raining without any break.
5) He spent the next two nights at the railway station waiting for a train to
take him to Dombivli (Compound)
Ans: He spent the next two night sat the railway station and waited for a
train to take him to Dombivli.
6) It opened up new vistas as we could now view the latest senes of

bat-tered and bruised Mumbai (Compound)
Ans: It opened up new vistas and we could r.ow view the latest senes of battered and bruised Mumbai.

7) She fell down in one place When fellow pede-; rains rushed
instantly for her help (Compound)
Ans: She sell down in one place and fellow pedestrians rushed
instantly for her help.

8) Take the umbrella you will fall sick (Compound)
Ans: Take the umbrella or you will fall sick.
9) The evening aarti time nears and I trace my steps to the

Mahalaxmi lemple (Compound)
Ans:
10) Hype’s over and hope’s here (Compound)

Ans: Hype’s over and hope’s here.
11) Bounful rains have ensured that economic growth will be well
over (Compound)
Ans: Rains have been bountiful and they have ensured that economics
growth will be well over 7 %.
12) Diversity will be respected even en couraged, and it will resulting

vibrant as big corporate? creative society hent. (Compound)
Ans: Diversity will be respected even encouraged and it will result
in vibrant and creative society.

13) For all its limitations, SMS is not a surprius cocoction it’s a
genuie decoc-tion (Compound)
Ans: For all its limitations, SMS is not suprious concoction but
genuie decoc-tion.
14) Insisting on leaving the local blind school, he enrolled at Havertown’s
high school. (Compound)
Ans: He Insisted to leave the local blind school and enrolled at
avertown’s high school.
15) We have tried various homespun remedies in vain (Compound)
Ans: We have tried various homespun remedies but in vain .
16) Having adopted the roles of protector of his parkland he plucked a

pedi-greed chihuahua dog off the ground carried it high in the air and
dropped it (Compound)
Ans: He had adopted the role of protector of his parkland and so
he pluc Ved to pedigreed Chihuahua dog off the ground,
carried if high in the air and dropped it.
17) My wife enters the kitchen to find them scurrying away( Compound)
Ans: My wife enters the kitchen and finds them scurrying a way.
18) When I look at children. 1 wonder whether they have time to play with friends (Compound)
Ans: I look at children and wonder whether they have time to play with friends.

19) Children rushed to St. Vincent place to gaze in wonder at this supreme symbol of
the wild come to life in their district .(Compound)
Ans: Children rushed to St.Vincent place and gazed in wonder at
this su-preme Symbol of the wild come to life in their district.
20) Gazing at the magnificent birt carter grew convinced that the
eagle was harbinger from on high (Compound)
Ans: Carter gazed at the magnificent bird and grew convinced that
the eagle was harbinger from on high.

21) Freed now from the burden of bringing up children, my father
has dis-pensed with his rigid, cold facade (Compound)
Ans: Father is free from the burden of bringing up children and so
he has dispensed with his rigid, cold facade.
22) They were perfect, even circles, without lumps or thick edges (Com-pound)
They were perfect, even circles and without lumps or thick edges.
23) Pilgrims take a dip before offering Puja. (Make it Compound)

Ans: Pilgrims take a dip and then offer Puja.
24) There was a beautiful and fragrant violet who lived placidly amongst its friends
and swayed happily amidst the flowers in a solitary garden (Com-pound)
Ans: There was a beautiful and fragrant violet and it lived placidly amongst its friends, and swayed
happily amidst the flowers in a solitary garden.

25) Ratnakar met his number of close friends for collecting

enough money for his new business.(Compound)
Ans: Ratnakar met his number of close friends and collected enough
money for his new business.
26) Though the water is ice cold, pilgrims take a dip before
offering Puja. (Make it Compound)
Ans: The water is ice cold , yet pilgrims take a dip before offering Puja .
27) Holding a torch high, Dennis kept the boys insight. (Make it Compound)
Ans: Dennis held a torch high and kept the boys insight.
28) Friends burst in yelling. (Make it Compound)
Ans: Friends burst in and they started yelling .
29) Though there was much difference between our ways of living,
he didn’t hesitate to accept my quack treatment. (Make it Compound)
Ans: There was much difference between our ways of living yet he
didn’t hesitate to accept my quack treatment.

COMPLEX SENTENCES
1) Do it at leisure (Complex)
Ans: Do it when you have the leisure.
2) SMS and you add status lo the symbol (Complex Or Rewrite using if)
Ans: If you speak SMS, you add status to the symbol.
3) In place of an income and expenditure of fifty rupees, it was now an

income and expenditure of fifty thousand! ( Rewrite complex sentences)
Ans: Where before it was an income and expenditure of fifty rupees, it was
now an income and expenditure of fifty thousand!
4) Its etinicity a vibrant element of its very culture- is ubiquitously visible

in its monuments crafts, and cuisine.(Complex .)
Ans: Its ethnicity, which is a vibrant elements of its very culture is abiousily
visible in its monuments, crafts, and cusion.
5) Flood water entered at a terrific speed and enveloped the office (complex)
Ans: The flood water entered at such a terrific speed that it enveloped the office.
6) The rain became torrential and the sewage cannal close by was in flash
floods (Complex)
Ans: The sewage cannal close by was in flash floods because the rain had
become torrential,

7) Year after year the monsoon brings floods in one part of the city or the
order but this it covered the suburbs in totality (Complex)
Ans: Although year after year the monsoon brings floods in one part of the
city or the other, this time it covered the suburbs in totality.
8) On seeing the water gushing into the school, people around rushed to
the school (Complex)
Ans: When the people around saw the water qushing into the school, they
rushed there.
9) Last week, we celebrated the wedding of my daughter Pallavi (Complex)

Ans: Last week, we celebrated the wedding of my daughter whose
name is Pallavi.
10) I hope one day you’ll join us. And the world will be one (Complex)
Ans: I hope one day you’ll join us so that the world will be one.
11) There was water everywhere and she had to wade through knee-deep
water (Complex)
Ans: Since there was water everywhere, she had to wade through knee-deep water.
12) We were completely drenched but the spirit of service by those volun-teers
kept us warm (Complex)
Ans: Although we were completely drenched, the spirit of service by these
volunteers kept us warm.

13) You are rude, I can be rude too (Complex)

Ans: If you are rude, I can be rude too.
14) She chains her dog. It is sale now (Complex)

Ans: As she chains her doe, it is safe now.
15) He ran fast. He made a goal (Complex)

Ans: He ran fast and made a goal.
16) Hartman a bank officer and a very practical man, stalled before
replying (Complex)
Ans: Hartman, who was a bank officer and a very practical man, stalled before replying.
17) This pre-dawn massacre is a regular feature yet the cockroach

popula-tion has not decreased (Complex)
Ans: Even though the pre-dawn mass.irc-e is a regular feature, the
cockroach polulation has not decreased .

18) Sam preservered with his rifual flights for months extending the
area of his search (complex)
Ans: Sam who preserved with his rifual mating flights for months
extended the area of his search.

19) The council denied the petition voting to keep it (Complex)
Ans: The council which denied the petition, voted to keep it.

20) Skinner pictured its 34 km of tunnel sprawling ovtr six levels.

(Make it Complex)
Ans: Skinner pictured its 34 km of runnel which sprawled over six levels.
21) Deep in the mine, Josh was scared. (Make it Complex)

Ans: Josh who was deep in the mine, was scared.
22) A child might fearlessly try before giving up. (Complex)

Ans: As adults fearing failure, we give up before we try.
23) Raju takes regular exercise and maintains good health.(Complex )

Ans: If Raju takes regular exercise, he can maintain good health.
24) Rangnath wants to become a doctor and give satisfaction to his old parents.(Complex )
Ans: Rangnath wants to become a doctor so that he could give

atisfaction to his old parents.
25) There may be other animals of different species competing for
the same food. (Make it Complex)
Ans: There may be other animal of different species which compete for the same food.
26) An animal may alter the surroundings to provide .1 home for

another animal. (Make it Complex)
Ans: An animal may alter the surroundings so that it can provide
a home for another animal.

27) The clouds swirl down to touch the Himalayas. (Make it Complex)
Ans: The clouds swirl down until they touch the Himalayas.
28) Then the distinction between work and play vanishes and work
becomes real play. (Make it Complex)
Ans: When the distinction between work and play vanishes work becomes real play.
29) Young people manifesting social interests should be considered

for such employment. (Make it Complex)
Ans: Young people who manifest social interests should be considered for such employment.
30) Place your right palm on the map of Uttarakhand, encompassing the
portion of-Uttar Pradesh from Haridwar to the Himalayas. (Make it Complex)
Ans: Place your right palm on the map of Uttarakhand which
encompasses the portion of Uttar Pradesh from Haridwar to
the Himalayas.
31) As a boy Skinner had explored every bit of the mine (Make it Complex)
Ans: When Skinner was a boy, he had explored every bit of the mine.

FIGURE OF SPEECH vyadkj

“kCbkaP;k fdaok vFkkZP;k Lo:ikr peRdkjhr ekaM.kh fdaok d`rh d:u Hkk’ksyk
vyadkjhd Eg.ktsp lq”kksHkhr dj.;kpk iz;Ru djrkr rsRgk vyadkj r;kj
gksrkr- vyadkjkus Hkk’kkaps lkSn;Z rlsp egRo ok<oys tkrs-
flehyh
flehyh) miek :tsOgk nksu xks’Vhe/;s lekuxq.k/kekZph rqyuk djrkr o
1) Simile (flehyh
baxzthr v”kh rqyuk djrkuk so ,as , like ;klkj[ks “kCn okijrkr-
Comparision is made between two object of different things
which have however at list one point common by using word like
words so , like as .
Ex . 1) Fortune just like a wheel .
2) Blue as the wings of halcyon wild .
3) ..... that wedge like cleave the desert airs .
ifgY;k okD;kr uf”kc gs pkdklkj[ks vkgs Eg.ktsp fotrune o wheel
lkj[ksp vkgsr vls lkaxqu nkgksr rqyuk dsysyh vkgs -
mnk - vkHkkGkxr ek;k rq>h vkEgkojh jkGw ns-
esVWQjj) #id : nksu xks’Vhe/;s rqyuk djrkuk o R;krhy leku xq.k/keZ
2) Metaphor (es
u lkaxrk ra s nkUgh ,dp vkgsr vls tsOgk n”kZorkr o baxzthr v”kh rqyuk djrkuk
so , as , like ;klkj[ks “kCn okijr ukghr -
Comparision is made beteen two objects without implying like , as ,
so as if two things wree one .
Ex . Life is dream . Mother earth.
ifgY;k okD;kr thou gsp LoIu vkgs LoIu gsp thou vkgs vls lkaxwu nksgksr rqyuk dsysyh vkgs -
mnk- maVkyk okGoaVkrhy tgkt Eg.krkr -

3)Personification : (ilkZ ku) psruxq.kksDrh :fuftZo oLrw lfto vkgs v”kh

ilkZfufQds”ku
dYiuk d#u rh e.kq’;kizekus okxrkr ] o d`rh djrkr vls tsOgk n”kZorkr rsOgk gk
vyadkj gksrks -
mnk- dqVqacoRly bFks Q.kl gk dfV[kkan;koj ?ksowfu ckGs -
In this figure of speech inanimate things are given life , intelligence and
personally like human beings .
Ex . 1) Stars danced in the sky .

2) Dancing whirling leaves came down .
ifgY;k okD;kr rkjs vkdk”kkr ukpys Eg.ktsp rk&;kauk ek/klkizek.ks miek fnyh vkgs
-
4)Apostrophe (vW vWiksLVksQ) ijks{klacks/ku : In this figure of speech there is
direct addressed to the dead , absenrt or personified object .
Ex. 1)Oh god ! Please help.
2) Oh moon , give me a basketful moonlight.
ifgY;k okD;kr nsokyk lacksf/kr dsysys vkgs dh tks vuqifLFkr vkgs -

ll) vFkZfoi;kZl fdaok vuqizkl : In this figure of speech
vWafVGksfll
5) Antithesis (vW
a striking contrast or opposion of two things is made.
Ex. 1) Man proposes God disposes
2) It may be near when it seem a far .
ifgY;k okD;kr ek.klkus Bjfo.ks o nsokus foLdV.ks ;k fo#/n xk’Vh vkgsr -
;k vyadjkr nksu xks’Vhe/;s ] “kCnke/;s fo#/ni.kk n”kZfoyk tkrks -
mnk- % tjh vka/kGh eh rqyk ikgrs-
6) Epigram (,fixz,fixzkee): An apingram is brief and pinted saying which
friquently introduces antitheticated idas which excites surprise and catches attention .

mnk- The child is the father of man.

;k mnkgj.kkr ygku eqys o firk ;k fojk/kh ckch ,d= d:u vk”p;Z fuekZ.k dsysys vkgs-
ekstD;kp ijarw ckspd ”kjCnkae/;s ,[kknh dYiuk fojks/khi.ks ekaMwu y{k os/kwu vk”p;Z dsys tkrs-
esVkWukWehh) “kCn foi;kZl : In this figure of speech an object

7) Metonomy (es
or thing is recognised not by its true name but by something assciated
with it.
mnk- 1) The pen is mighter than the sword.
;k okD;kr isukps egRo fdrh vkgs gs ryojh”kh laca/k nsmu n”kZfoysys vkgs-
vyadkjkr oLrwpk funZs”k fdaok vksG[k [k&;k ukokus u djtk R;k oLrqaD”kh laca/khr
vlysY;k nql&;k ukokus djrkr-
8) Synecdoche fun”kZd vkyadkj (flus flusdmksdhh) :It is used to designate the

whole or the whole is designated a part.
mnk- 1) He is burried under a stone.
2) Pakistan lost the match.
ifgY;k okD;kr rs nxMk[kkyh Eg.ktsp tfeuh[kkyh nQu dsyk-;k fBdk.kh tfefupk laiw.kZ
Hkkx ,d NksV;k nxMkus N”kZfoyk vkgs-
Dyk;eWDl
9) Clamix (Dyk;eW l) mRRrjksmRrj d”kZ : It is an arrangement of seris of
ideas made in increasing importance.
Ex. 1) On wedding nihgts , they enjoy liquor with dance and drums .
2) Retored ? sacked ? or fired?
ifgY;k okD;kr yXukP;k jk=h rs e| firkr vkf.k R;kuarj <ksy oktforkr- ;k loZ ?kVuk
p<R;k dzekus vkgsr-

;k vkyadkjkr ?kVuk ;k p<R;k dzekaus ekaMY;k tkrkr- mnk- vk/khp edZV r”kkrfg
e| I;kyk! >kyk r”kkr tjh o`f”pdna”k >kyh rn~ uarj HkqrHkk/kk!ps’B on~ex fdrh dfi”;k vxk/kk-
10) Anticlimax (vWvWUVhDyk;eWDl l) : It is an arrangement of a series of ideas

is made in decreasing importance.
Ex . 1) The forest comprises hills and valleys waterfalls and brooks.
taxykr VsdM;k ] n&;k ] /kc/kcs o >js vkgsr ;k ?kVuk mrjR;k dzekus vkgsr -
;k vkyadkjkr ?kVuk ;k mrjR;k dzekaus ekaMrkr-
11) Paradox (iWiWjkMkWDl l) fojk/kkHkkl %& A truth is stated in apparantly con

tradictory terms.
Ex. 1) Success is failure turned inside.
;”k gsp vi;”k vkgs gs nksu fojks/kh “kCnkauh n”kZfoys vkgs -
fojk/kh “kCnkapk okij d#u ,[kkns lR; gs fojks/kh onV.kk&;k “kCnkauh O;Dr djrkr
mnk -em esukgquh esukgqquh vkEgh fo’.kqnkl ] dfB.k otzkl Hksnw ,Sls -
vk;juh
vk;juh) migkl % vkiys Eg.k.ks vxnh fo#/n vFkkZrwu lkax.ks -
12) Irony (vk;juh
Speech in which the real meanings is exactly the opposite .
Ex : 1) You are very clever .
2) Your feet seemed to dance on air .
eh Eg.kyks rw [kwi gq”kkj vkgsl (ijarq eyk ekfgr vkgs rw [kwi eB~B vkgsl -)
vkWfD>eksjkWu) : ,[k|k xks’Vhps nksu fo#/n xq.k/keZ ,dkp okD;kr O;Dr djrkr -
13) Oxymoron (vkW
Two contradictiory qualities are predicted or the same thing .
Ex.: 1) Our send off was sweet sorrow.
;k okD;kr sweet o sorrow gs BGd “kCn ijLijfojks/kh vkgsr -

gk;ijcksyhh) vfr”k;ksDrh : ,[kknh xks’V vkgs R;kis{kk Qqxowu lkax.ks

14) Hyperbole (gk;ijcks
rsaOgk gk vyadkj gksrks -
mnk - neMhpa rsy vk.kya ] lklwckbZZpa Ugk.ka >kya ] ekeathph nk<h >kyh ] Hkkoksthaph “ksaMh >kyh -
In this figure of speech a statement is made in exaggerated terms .
Ex . : 1)I am able to feel with fears .
vk+ÜkzPq ;k lkgk¸;kus eyk gs Hkjrk ;s.ks “kD; vkgs - ;k okD;kr vfr“k;ksDrh vkgs -
ku) vuqizkl : ,[kk|k okD;kr ,dkp v{kjkph iqujko`Rrh gksrs

vWfyVjs”ku
15) Alliteration (vW
o Hkk’ksl lkSn;Z izkIr d:u fnys tkrs rsOgk gk vyadkj gkssrks -
The repetition of the same letter or syllable at begining .
Ex. : 1) Weavers weaving at breakof day .
2) .......with its twists and turns .
ifgY;k okD;kr w ;k v{kjkph iqujko`Rrh vkgs o nql&;k okD;kr t ;k v{kjkph iqujko`Rrh
vkgs
fjihVh”ku ) iqujko`Rrh : ;k vyadkjkr “kCnkph iqujko`Rrh gksrs-v{kjkaph uOgs-

16) Repetition (fjihVh”ku
In this figure of speech words are repeated .
Ex. : 1) I want to so many small , small moonlight .
Small , small ;k “kCnkph iqujko`Rrh >kyh vkgs -
buOg”kZu ) foi;kZl : dforsP;k vksGhr visf{kr ifj.kke lk/k.;klkBh

17) Inversion (buOg”kZ
“kCnkapk dze cnyyk tkrks rsaOgk gk vyadkj gksrks -
Words are arranged in incerroct order to achieve the effect .
Ex. : 1) Soft and thick the snow lay .
2) Having my law the seventh time disobeyed .
ojhy okD;kr “kCn dzek.ks ukghr - ;ksX; dze The snow lay soft and thick .

iu) vHkaxDys”k : ,dkis{kk vf/kd vFkZ O;Dr dj.kkjs “kCn oki:u gkL; r;kj
iu
18)Pun (iu
d:u visf{kr vFkZ O;Dr djrkr -
mnk - Ükzh d`’.k uojk eh uojh ] f”k”kqiky uojk uojh eh -
A word is used in such away that is expresses double meaning or more
than one meaning in which word produces luderious effect .
Ex. 1) my new house has moved into a flat And I too have become
some what flat .
ojhy okD;kr ek>s ?kj ¶yWVe/;s (flat) LFkykrjhr >kys vkgs - vkf.k eh vkrk tjk’kh ¶yWV(flat)
(Hkkouk”kqU;) >kyh vkgs - ;k okD;kr flat ;k “kCnlps nqgsjh vFkZ n”kZoysys vkgsr -
i;k) /ofuvuqdj.kkRed “kCnkyadkj :fulZxkZrhy fofo/k

vksukseWVksfi;k
19)Onomotopoeia (vks
vkoktkaps vuqdkj.k okpd “kCnkapk fdaaok izfr/ouhapk mi;ksx d:u Hkk’ksl cks/k fdaok
lkSan;Z izkIr djrkr- mnk- fdyfcy fdyfcy i{kh cksyrh >qG>qG >js okgrh-
Use of wors which imitate the sound or echo the sense.
Ex. : 1) The twittering of tiny birds, the rusytling of leaves.
taxykr VsdM;k ] n&;k ] /kc/kcs o >kjs vkgsr ;k ?kVuk mrjR;k dsekus vkgsr-
VkWVkykWthh) O;FkZ iqu:Drh vyadkj : ,dp dYiuk O;Dr

20) Tautology (VkW
dj.;klkBh ,dkp vFkkZps vusd “kCn okijrkr -
The words of the same meaning are used to expressed same idea.
Ex. : 1) I want to hear fairy tales and stories from him .
2) Mohan lives in alonely isolation .
ojhy ifgY;k okD;kr tales o stories pk vFkZ ,dp vkgs -
21) Transferred Epithet(V~ V~kUlWMZ ,fiFksV) LFkykarj xq.kfo”ka’k.k % ;k vyadkjkr

,dkp fo”ks’k.kps R;kP;k”kh toGhdrk vlysY;k nql&;k vFkkZps fo”ks’k.k okijrkr-
An epithet is transferred from its proper word to the enother which

is closlu related to it.

Ex. 1) She passed a sleepless night .
2) She found eager ears and eyes alert.
;k mnkgj.kr eager vkf.k alertgh fo”ks’k.ks eart o eyes dMs vuqdzes toGhdrk n”kZforkr-
22) Interrogataion (babaVsjkxs”ku )iziz”ukFkZd vyadkj : vkiyk eq/nk vf/kd izHkfoi.ks

ekaM.;klkBh iz”ukph jpuk dsyh tkrs-
A question is framed to put a point more effectively.
Ex. 1) But in my own land I don’t know who I am ?
;k mnkgj.kkr dohus Lor%p iz”u fopk:u ek>;k Hkwfer e dks.k vkgs \ vlk iz”u
fopkjysyk vkgs-
,DlDyes”ku
23) Exclamation (,DlDyes ku) vkos”k;qDr mn~xkj % vkiyk eqn/nk izHkkfoi.ks
ekaM.;klkBh mn~nxkjokpd jpuk dsyh tkrs-
Formation of an exclamatory form to draw greater attention.
Ex. Too old to work now, ah!
Young enough to live, hee!
;k mn~nxkjokpd okD;kph jpuk d:u vis{khr ifj.kke lk/kysyk vkgs-
24) Euphemism ( ;wwQsfe>e ) i;kZ;ksDrh % dMw vFkZ xksM “kCnkr lkax.ks

An unpleasent subject is dwscribed in pleasent terms.
Ex. She has fallen asleep.
rh xk< >ksisr fu?kwu xsyh- (Eg.ktsp rh e`R;q ikoyh vls lkaxk;ps vkgs-)



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JADHAV SPOKEN ENGLISH CLASSES , AMBAJOGAI.

Prof. Jadhav T. A. (M.A.B.Ed. Eng. &Hist.)(Govt. Technical College Ambajogai.) 9421271356

Some important Words :-

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 1

To be ph #is (am , is , are was , were , shall be , will be )

1)orZekudkG :- am , is, are.

1)orZekudkG :- has , have .

1) eq[; fdz;kinkps ifgys #i :- eq[; fdz;kinkP;k ifgY;k #ikps ejkBhr

3) eq[; fdz;kinkps frljs #i :- eq[; fdz;kinkP;k ifgY;k #ikl -ed gk izR;;

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 2

5) vU;Fkk He , She , It , o Ram gk drkZ ulsy rj eq[; fdz;kinkl

drkZ $ eq[; fdz;kinkps ifgys #i (s / es ) $ deZ

Ex. 1)I push a ball. eh psaMw <dyrks -

play, call, pull, write gh fdz;kins oki#u lk/;k orZekudkGkrh

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 4

2) Simple Past tense : lk/kk HkwrdkG

Ex. 1)I pushed a ball. eh psaMw <dyyk-

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 5

3) Simple Future Tense : lk/kk Hkfo’;dkG

S + shall / will + M.V -I + O

play, call, pull, write gh fdz;kins oki#u lk/;k Hkfo’;dkGkrhy vk.k[kh

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 6

Continuous tenses : pkyw dkG

S + am/ is/ are + M.V.-ing + O

Ex. 1)I am pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr vkgs -

playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz;kins oki#u pkyw orZekudkGkrhy

2) Past Continuous Tense : pkyw HkwrdkG

S + was / were + M.V. - ing + O

Ex. 1)I was pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr gksrks @ gksrs -

playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz;kins oki#u pkyw orZekudkGkrhy

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 8

3) Future Continuous Tense : pkyw Hkfo’;dkG

S + shall be / will be + M.V. - ing + O

Ex. 1)I shall be pushing a ball. eh psaMw <dyr vlsy -

playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz;kins oki#u pkyw orZekudkGkrhy

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 9

3)Perfect tenses : iw.kZ dkG

S + has / have + M.V. - III (-ed) + O .

Ex. 1)I have pushed a ball. eh psaMw <dyyk vkgs -

played , called , pulled , written gh fdz;kins oki#u iw.kZ orZekudkGkrhy

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 10

2) Past Perfect Tense : iw.kZ HkwrdkG

S + had + M.V. - III (-ed) + O .

Ex. 1)I had pushed a ball. eh psaMw <dyyk gksrk -

played , called , pulled , written gh fdz;kins oki#u iw.kZ HkwrdkGkrhy

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 11

3) Future Perfect Tense : iw.kZ Hkfo’;dkG

S + shall have / will have + M.V. - III + O .

1)I o We lkscr shall have okijrkr -

Ex. 1)I shall have pushed a ball. eh psaMw <dyyk vlsy -

played , called , pulled , written gh fdz;kins oki#u iw.kZ Hkfo’;dkGkrhy

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 12

4)Perfect Continuous Tenses : iw.kZ pkyw dkG

S + has / have + been + M.V. - ing + O .

playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz ; kins oki#u iw . kZ pkyw

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 13

2) Past Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw HkwrdkG

S + had + been + M.V. - ing + O .

1)loZ dR;klksscr had p okijrkr -

playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz;kins oki#u iw.kZ pkyw HkwrdkGkrhy

iz R ;s d efg.;kP;k 1 rkj[ks y k SPOKEN ENGLISH COURSE ph uohu cW p lq # dj.;kr ;s r s - 14

3) Future Perfect Continuous Tense : iw.kZ pkyw Hkfo’;dkG

S + shall have / will have + been + M.V. - ing + O .

playing , calling , pulling , writing gh fdz ; kins oki#u iw . kZ pkyw