CIRCULAR I

I J U N E 1948

CRASH FIRE AND RESCUE

EQUIPMENT AT AERODROMES

Prepared i n t h e A i r Navigation Bureau

and p u b l i s h e d by a u t h o r i t y
of t h e S e o r e t a r y General

INTERNATIONAL
C I V I L AVIATION
O R G A N I Z A T I O N
MONTREAL CANADA
 This PubUcation i s issued i n English, French and Spanish.

Published i n 14ontrea1, Canada, by the

International C i v i l Aviation Organization.
Correspondence concerning the publica-tions
should be addressed t o the Secre- General
of ICAO, Dominion Square Building,
I.Zontreal, Canada 0

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Montreal, Canada, PO Sharia Lotfallah, Apartment 7,
(Cable address: ICAO MONTREAL)s Zamalek,
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ICAO Circular 4 . AN/^ Page 3

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Introduction .......................O................5
CRASH FIRE AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT AT AERODROMES
General Considerations .............................. 7
The Responsible Authority ........................... 7
Considerations Affecting Measure of
Protection to be Afforded ........*................ 7
Extinguishing Media ................................. 9
Crash. Pire-fighting and Rescue Vehicles ............ 10
Static Water Tanks and Water hains .................. 10
Personnel ........................................... 11
Rescue Equipment .................................... 11
Rescue Tools and Equipment to be carried
on Crash Vehicles ................................. 12
Protective Clothing ................................. 12
Crash Fire and Rescue Statfon ....................... 12
Dispatch of Crash Fire and Rescue Vehicles .......... 13
Supervision of Crash Fire and Rescue Activities ..... 13
Alarm and Communication Systems ..................... 13
Accidents outside Aerodrome Boundaries .............. 14
Break-in points on Aircraft ......................... 14
Water Aerodromes ..................................... 14
Page 4 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 .AN/3
Appendix A ........................................ 15
Bibliography ...................................... 17
United Kingdom P u b l i c a t i o n s ...................... 17
17
United S t a t e s P u b l i c a t i o n s . . . ........*.*****..*,
 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - d~/3 Page % J

I N T R O D U C T I O N

A t t h e Third S e s s i o n ( 1947) of t h e Aerodromes, A i r Routes

and Ground k i d s D i ~ ~ i s i oofn I C A O , a s p e c i a l working p a r t y of
e x p e r t s was appointed t o prepare a paper on t h e s u b j e c t of
"Crash F i r e and Rescue Equipment a t AerodromesT1. The D i v i s i o n
considered t h i s paper and expressed i t s a p p r e c i a t i o n of t h e
speed and e f f e c t i v e n e s s of t h e work performed by t h e United
Kingdom, United S t a t e s and Canadian e x p e r t s who made up t h e
group.
The D i v i s i o n d e c i d e d , howevar, t h a t t h e s t a g e had n o t y e t
been reached when I n t e r n a t i o n a l Standards o r Recommended Prac-
t i c e s on t h i s s u b j e c t could be recornmnded f o r a d o p t i o n by t h e
Council. It proposed i n s t e a d t h a t the paper r e f e r r e d t o above,
t o g e t h e r w i t h a b i b l i o g r a p h y of r e l e v a n t t e c h n i c a l papers
p r o c u r a b l e from v a r i o u s S t a t e s , be i s s u e d a s a n I C A O C i r c u l a r .
The P r e s i d e n t of t h e I C A O C o u n c i l , a c t i n g under s p e c i a l a u t h o r i t 5
d e l e g a t e d t o him by t h e Council, approved t h i s recommendation.
I n a d d i t i o n , t h e P r e s i d e n t approved t h e f o l l o w i n g recom-
mendations which t h e D i v i s i o n made with a view t o f a c i l i t a t i n g
t h e development of I n t e r n a t i o n a l Standards and Recommended
P r a c t i c e s on t h i s s u b j e c t a t i t s 1949 s e s s i o n :
1. That t h e s u b j e c t be f u r t h e r s t u d i e d by Con-
t r a c t i n g 3 t a t e s and by t h e S e c r e t a r i a t and t h a t S t a t e s
be r e q u e s t e d t o supply I C A O w i t h in2ormation on t h e
s u b j e c t f o r f u r t h e r s t u d y , as i t becomes a v a i l a b l e and
w i t h o u t being s p e c i f i c a l l y requested s o t o do;
2. That t h e m a t e r i a l subrni t t e d by C o n t r a c t i n g
S t a t e s should i n c l u d e i n f o r m a t i o n r e l e v a n t t o t h e i n i t i a -
t i o n and t h e p r o g r e s s of r e s e a r c h o r developmental work
on t h e s u b j e c t ;

3 That t h e S e c r e t a r i a t be given t h e t a s k of
c o U e c t i n g , s t u d y i n g , and d i s s e m i n a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n and
d a t a relevant t o the subject.
Page 6 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - AN/^
Action on t h e p a r t of S t a t e s working i n c o l l a b o r a t i o n
w i t h t h e S e c r e t a r i a t should g r e a t l y s i m p l i f y the problem of
developing r s u i t a b l e Standards and Recommended P r a c t i c e s a t
t h e next s e s s i o n of t h e D i v i s i o n . A l l Information and d a t a
received will be s t u d i e d w i t h a view t o i s s u i n g f u r t h e r c i r -
cuikars on t h e s u b j e c t .
 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - AN/3 Page 7

CRASH FIRE AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT AT AERODROMES

General C o n s i d e r a t i o n s
1. Where a i r c r a f t a r e involved i n a c c i d e n t s on o r i n
t h e v i c i n i t y of t h e aerodrome, experience has shown t h a t t h e
most s e v e r e lroblems i n r e s c u e o p e r a t i o n s a r e encountered when
f i r e occurs. The o u t s t a n d i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c of a i r c r a f t c r a s h
f i r e s i s t h e i r tendency t o r e a c h l e t h a l i n t e n s i t y w i t h i n a v e r y
s h o r t time o f t h e o u t b r e a k , and not only s e v e r e l y handicap r e s c u e
e f f o r t s , but p r e s e n t a s e v e r e hazard t o t h e l i v e s o f t h o s e in-
volved i n t h e a c c i d e n t s and anyone a t t e m p t i n g r e s c u e . F i r e i s
a n e v e r p r e s e n t t h r e a t and occurs v e r y f r e q u e n t l y i n a i r c r a f t
a c c i d e n t s . F i r e may occur immediately f o l l o w i n g a n i n c i d e n t o r
a t any time d u r i n g r e s c u e o p e r a t i o n s owing t o t h e n a t u r e of t h e
f u e l i n v o l v e d , and t h e p o s s i b i l i t y of s p a r k s being c r e a t e d
through movement of t h e wreckage o r d i s t u r b a n c e of e l e c t r i c
circuits.
2. The p o s s i b i l i t y of a i r c r a f t a c c i d e n t s i s c o n s t a n t l y
p r e s e n t throughout t h e e x t e n t of a i r r o u t e s . The a c c i d e n t
p o t e n t i a l i s g r e a t e s t , however, a t and near aerodromes. For
t h i s r e a s o n , t h e p r o v i s i o n o f s p e c i a l means t o d e a l with i n c i -
d e n t s on and i n t h e v i c i n i t y of aerodromes i s of primary
importance, a s it i s w i t h i n such l i m i t s t h a t t h e r e a r e t h e
g r e a t e s t o p p o r t u n i t i e s o f saving l i f e .

If he Responsible Aut h o r i t g
3 The r e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r e n s u r i n g t h e p r o v i s i o n of
c r a s h f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e f a c i l i t i e s a t aerodromes should
r e s t p r i m a r i l y upon t h e aerodrome management.

$ o n s i d e r a t i o n s A f f e c t i n g Measure of P r o t e c t i o n
t o be Afforded
4. I n d e c i d i n g on t h e s c a l e of equipment f o r c r a s h , f i r e -
f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e purposes, no r e g a r d should be had t o t h e
p a r t i c u l a r f u n c t i o n f o p which t h e a i r c r a f t using t h a t aerodrome
Page 8
- - -
ICAO Circular 4 - AN/^
,
a r e employed, viz, whether for passenger carrying, f r e i g h t
carrying, or other form of a e r i a l activity, The main o b ~ e c t i v e
i s t o save the l i v e s of passengers and crew, and i t may be
necessary t o e f f e c t complete control 01. e x t i n c t i o n of the f i r e
t o ensure rescue from an a i r c r a f t or any p a r t i c u l a r part of i t .
5 The p o t e n t i a l extent of the f i r e i n an a i r c r a f t i s
governed mainly by the quantity of f u e l carried which v a r i e s ,
usually, i n proportion t o the gross weight of the a i r c r a f t .
The load-carrying capacity of the a i r c r a f t , which w i l l s e t
l i m i t s t o the extent of the rescue f a c i l i t i e s required a t a
crash, has a l s c a d i r e c t r e l a t i o n s h i p t o the gross woight of
the aircraft.
6. The scale of crash, f i r e - f i g h t i n g and rescue f a c i l i -
t i e s should, therefore, be r e l a t e d t o t h e l a r g e s t type of
a i r c r a f t normally using t h e aerod~orne.
?* It i s r e a l i z e d , how eve^, t h a t t h e cost of providing
t h e suggested scales of crash f i r e and rescue f a e i l i t i e s w i l l be
great and t h a t i n the case of remote aerod~omesthe cost may be
materially in@reased, The s c a l e of f a c i l i t i e s a c t u a l l y provided
may, therefore, have t o be r e l a t e d t o the revenue produced by
the t r a f f i c using the aerod~ome,and the overall requirements of
the s i t u a t i o n , On the other hand conditions of t r a f f i c density
or other f a c t o r s , may require an lncrease i n t h e s c a l e of
f a c i l i t i e s t o be afforded.
8. For the purpose sf assessing t h e scale of crash,
f i r e - f i g h t i n g and rescue f a c i l i t i e s t o be provided a t aerodroA:es,
the following grading, based on the gross wefght of a i r c r a f t
normally o r recurrently using those aerodromes, 1s suggested:
Grade 1: Aircraft of over 200,000 I b s , gross weight.
Grade 2: A i r c r a f t of 100,000 I b s , and over, but l e s s
than 200,000 Pbs, gross wefght.
Grade 3 : A i r c r a f t of 6 0 ~ 0 0 0Ibs. and over, but l e s s
than lOO,OOQ l b s , gross weight.
Grade 4: Aircraft of 25,000 I b s . and over, but l e s s
than 60,000 lbs. g r o s s weight.
Grade 5: Aircraft of 10,000 l b s . and over, but l e s s
than 25,000 Ibs. g r o s s wefght.
Grade 6: Aircraft l e s s than 10,000 l b s . gross weight.
 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - AN/3 Page 9
E x t i n g u i s h i n g Media
9. I n view of the l a c k of u n i f o r m i t y i n t h e s i z e and
t y p e of t h e c r a s h and f i r e - f i g h t i n g v e h i c l e s and a p p l i a n c e s i n
use throughout t h e world, t h e s c a l e of e x t i n g u i s h i n g media t o be
provided i s most c o n v e n i e n t l y expressed i n terms of volume and
r a t e of production.
10. It i s recognized t h a t p r e c i s e methods of o p e r a t i o n ,
d e t a i l s of d e s i g n , an? techniques w i l l v a r y w i t h regard t o c r a s h ,
f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e equipment, However, i n o r d e r t o e s t a b -
l i s h a s u i t a b l e minimum e s t i m a t e of e x t i n g u i s h i n g media r e q u i r e d
f o r such purposes, i t i s n e c e s s a r y t o c o n s i d e r c e r t a i n b a s i c
p r i n c i p l e s of e f f e c t i v e o p e r a t i o n a s e s t a b l i s h e d from a c t u a l
experience. These may be summarized as follows:
a) Water used a s water-fog, o r o t h e r w i s e , i s t h e
best u n i v e r s a l l y available cooling agent f o r the c o n t r o l
of f i r e and f o r p r o t e c t i o n f ~ o mh e a t . However, e x c e p t
under v e r y s p e c i a l c o n d i t i o n s , t h e e x t i n g u i s h i n g a b i l i t y
of w a t e r on h i g h l y inflammable l i q u i d s i s poor;
b) I n t r o d u c t i o n of foam t o water-fog d i s c h a r g e
i n c r e a s e s t h e e x t i n g u i s h i n g q u a l i t y of f o g f o r such types
of f i r e s . Hov~ever, f o r u l t i m a t e c o n t r o l of l a r g e a i r -
c r a f t f i r e s , t h e use of foam i n combination w i t h a
s u i t a b l e i n e r t gas i s i n d i c a t e d , because t h i s method
produces more p o s i t i v e and permanent e x t i n c t i o n ;
c> Two o r more compatible e x t i n g u i s h i n g a g e n t s
must o r d i n a r i l y be a p p l i e d i n c o n b i n a t i o n , q u i c k l y and
i n l a r g e q u a n t i t y , completely t o e f f e c t r e s c u e from, ancj.
c o n t r o l o r e x t i n c t i o n o f , even r e l a t i v e l y s m a l l a i r c r a f t
I
fires ;
d) ~ c t u a el x p e r i e n c e i n d i c a t e s t h a t techniques
i n v o l v i n g r a p i d a p p l i c a t i o n of l a r g e q u a n t i t i e s of a
s u i t a b l e q u a l i t y of foam and a n i n e r t g a s , s u c h a s carbon
d i o x i d e (C02) s u p p l i e d from e i t h e r h i g h p r e s s u r e o r low
p r e s s u r e s o u r c e s , a r e s u p e r i o r t o o t h e r known methods f o r
obtaining effective r e s u l t s .
11. The t y p e s and q u a n t i t i e s of e x t i n g u i s h i n g media,
d e t a i l e d i n Appendix A h e r e t o , a r e based on t h e experience r e -
f e r r e d t o i n Paragraph 1 0 , and a r e r e l a t e d t o t h e p a r t i c u l a r
requirements of c i v i l aerodromes and a i r c r a f t . They a r e recom-
mended a s t h e misfmum q u a n t i t i e s t o be herd i n r e a d i n e s s f o r
i n s t a n t o p e r a t i o n t o meet t e c h n i c a l requirements without regard
t o economic o r o t h e r f a c t o r s (see Paragraph 6 ) a t each grade oC
aerodrome.
 Bsge 10 ICAO C i s c u l a r 4 - AN/3
Crash, F i r e - F i g h t i n g and Rescue Vehicles
12. Vehicles must be provided f o r conveying t h e c x t i n -
guishfng media and equipment immediately and r a p i d l y t o a n
a c c i d e n t , and i n t h e event of f i r e , f o r applying t h e media
s p e e d i l y and e f f e c t i v e l y . Vehicles used f o r t h i s purpose
should have the f o l l o w i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s :
a) F u l l flcross-countryw performance;
b) High r a t e of a c c e l e r a t i o n w i t h a c r u i s i n g speed of
n o t l e s s t h a n 45 m i l e s per hour;
C) Lowest p o s s i b l e c e n t r e of g r a v i t y compatible w i t h
adequate ground c l e a r a n c e ;
Minimum u n i t ground l o a d ;
e > S i m p l i c i t y of o p e r a t i o n and maintenance ;
f1 Adequate and convenient stowage f o r a l l equipment
and a p p l i a n c e s ;

g) Adequate two-way r a d i o communication f a c i l i t i e s

a s mentioned i n Paragraph 21;
h) Adequate l i g h t i n g f a c i l i t i e s f o r s e ~ r c hand r e s c u e
o p e r a t i o n s and f o r i l l u m i n a t i o n of the c r a s h .
i) O v e r a l l dimensions and g r o s s weight of v e h i c l e s
should be w i t h i n p r a c t i c a l l i m i t s having regard t o .
t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r passage through g a t e s , l a n e s ,
and over b r i d g e s , and t o o b v i a t e t h e n e c e s s i t y f o r
t h e p r o v i s i o n of new h o u s ~ n gaccommodation.
13 The p a r t i c u l a r n a t u r e of t h e t e r r a i n i n t h e v i c i n i t y
of a n aerodrome may n e c e s s i t a t e t h e p r o v i s i o n of s p e c i a l v e h i c l e s
o r equipment capable of r e l i a b l e movement i n t h e o p e r a t i n g a r e a .
' F o r i n s t a n c e i n c e r t a i n c o n d i t i o n s , a f a s t h i g h l y manoeuvrable
v e h i c l e c a r r y i n g a s m a l l p r o p o r t i o n of t h e e x t i n g u i s h i n g media
may be of advantage f o r quick r e s e r v e o p e r a t i o n .

S t a t i c Nater Tanks and Water Hains

14. The a v a i l a b i l i t y of a s u f f i c i e n t q u a n t i t y of w a t e r
f o r c r a s h , f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e purposes, from water s u p p l y
s e r v i c e s a l o n g + a p r o n s and i n f r o n t of a d m i n i s t r a t i o n and s e r v i c e
a r e a s , i s most d e s i r a b l e - . Furthermore, t h e e x t e n s i o n of such
s u p ~ l i e q t o s t r ~ t e g i cp o i n t s on the movement a r e a i s a g r e a t
 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - ArT/3 Page 11
advantage, e s p e c i a l l y a t aerodromes of v e r y h i g h t r a f f i c d e n s i t y ,
because it e n s u r e s adequate q u a n t i t i e s of water f o r foam pro-
duction o r o t h e r uses.

Person; $2
15. S u f f i c i e n t c r a s h f i r e anci r e s c u e personnel t o b r i n g
i n t o immediate o p e r a t i o n a t l e a s t orL@-thirdof t h e t o t a l e x t i n -
q u i s h i n g media o r a minimum of one c r a s h v e h i c l e , whichever i s
t h e g r e a t e r , should be a v a i l a b l e a t a l l times while f l i g h t
o p e r a t i o n s a r e i n p r o g r e s s , A t aerodromes which, from t h e i r
n a t u r e o r t h e d e n s i t y of ti:c.,ir t r a f f i c , do n o t warrant t h e
employment of f u l l - t i m e personnel, it i s d e s i r a b l e t h a t a t
l e a s t one f u l l - t i m e employee be provided f o r t h e proper main-
tenance and opcrcd.tion of t h e f i r s equipment provided.
16. ALP c r a s h f i r e and rescur? personnel, whether f u l l -
time o r p a r t - t i m e , should be f u l l y t r a i n e d f o r t h e performance
of t h e i r d u t i e s . They should a l s c be p r o f i c i e n t i n medical
f i r s t a i d , i n o r d e r t o avoid t h e : A ~ f l i c t i o of n additional
s u f f e r i n g and i n j u r y i n e x t r i c a t i ~ ~pge r s o n n e l from a i r c r a f t .
They should p a r t i c i p a t e f r e q u e n t l y i n f i r e and r e s c u e d r i l l s
i n o r d e r t o m a i n t a i n a h i g h s t a n d a r d of e f f i c i e n c y , and t h e i r
t r a i n i n g should i n c l u d e i n s t r u c t i o n i n t h e l a y o u t and g e n e r a l
s t r u c t u r e of t h e a i r c r a f t with which t h e y may have t o d e a l , i n
o r d e r t h a t on a r r i v a l a t a n i n c i d e n t t h e y may be a b l e t o d e c i d e
immediately on t h e b e s t method of a t t a c k . P a r t i c u l a r a t t e n t i o n
must be paid t o the t r a i n i n g and d e t a i l i n g f o r d u t y of t h e
d r i v e r - o p e r a t o r s of c r a s h f i r e v e h i c l e s .

Rescue Equipment
17. No a t t e m p t has been made t o be s p e c i f i c i n i n -
d i c a t i n g t h e e x a c t type and q u a n t i t y of r e s c u e t o o l s and
equipment t o be provided. C a t e g o r i e s and t y p e s of t o o l s and
equipment a t p r e s e n t a v a i l a b l e a r e l i s t e d hereunder and t h e s e
should be provided f o r a l l c r a s h f i r e and r e s c u e v e h i c l e s .
Development and r e s e a r c h may show t h e need f o r improvement and
e x t e n s i o n i n the t o o l s and equipment i n d i c a t e d , and f u r t h e r
s t u d y on t h e development of s u i t a b l e equipment should be made.
F u r t h e r s t u d y i s a l s o r e q u i r e d i n t h e use and development of
power-operated t o o l s as a n a i d t o r e s c u e .
 Page 12 ICAO C i r c u l a r 4 - AN/^
Rescue Tools and Equipment t o be
c a r r i e d on Crash Vehicles
C u t t i n g Tools
Large and s m a l l r e g u l a r and s p e c i a l axes
Hand and hack saws
B o l t , b a r and metal c u t t e r s
S p e c i a l r e l e a s e knives
Snippers and wire c u t t e r s , c h i s e l s , p l i e r s , . e t c .
S h i f t i n g Tools
Crow and p r y bars
Grapnel and c a b l e assembly
Pole and hand hooks
Shove 1s
Hand and s l e d g e hammers
Miscellaneous Equipment
Blankets
E l e c t r i c hand lamps and p o r t a b l e f l o o d l i g h t s of
t y p e s u i t a b l e f o r use i n e x p l o s i v e atmosphere
Access l a d d e r s
F i r s t a i d medical equipment

Protective Clothing
18. It i s e s s e n t i a l t h a t adequate p r o t e c t i v e c l o t h i n g
and equipment be provided and maintained and be r e a d i l y a v a i l -
a b l e t o each member of a r e s c u e crew. Such c l o t h i n g and
equipment should be capable of g i v i n g p r o t e c t i o n a g a i n s t
r a d i a n t h e a t and l i m i t e d p r o t e c t i o n a g a i p s t d i r e c t flame and
should i n c l u d e g l o v e s , helmet and a s u i t a b l e f a c e s h i e l d which
must a l l o w f u l l v i s i o n and freedom of movement.

Crash F i r e and Rescue S t a t i o n

19 The c r a s h f i r e and r e s c u e v e h i c l e s should be housed
a t a l l times i n b u i l d i n g s (which should be heated when n e c e s s a r y
f o r i n s u r i n g immediate s t a r t i n g ) and t h e a c c e s s t o t h e movement
a r e a should be u n o b s t r u c t e d . The s t a t i o n should be i n a p o s i t i o n
which i s most convenient having regard t o t h e f o l l o w i n g f a c t o r s :
a) The d e s i r a b i l i t y f o r m a i n t a i n i n g o b s e r v a t i o n
of f l i g h t a c t i v i t y and a i r c r a f t movement on t h e ground;
 ICAO Circular 4 - AN/J Page 13

b) The n e c e s s i t y f o r maintaining d i r e c t corn-

munication w i t h the a i r t r a f f i c - - - + - - l a
c > The n e c e s s i t y f o r Immediate response t o an
alarm by a u x i l i a r y firemen forming p a r t of the'crewq of
flre and r e s c u e v e h i c l e s .

Dispatch of Crash Fire and Rescue Vehicles

20. The a i r traffic c o n t r o l s u p e r v i s o r on d u t y should
normally be r e s p o n s i b l e f o r d i r e c t i n g ' t h e movement of t h e c r a s h
f i r e and rescue v e h i c l e s t o a n a i r c r a f t a c c i d e n t , whether i t be
w i t h i n o r beyond t h e boundary of t h e aerodrome, From h i s know-
ledge of t h e probable movements of o t h e r a i r c r a f t a t the a i r p o r t ,
t h e air traffic c o n t r o l s u p e r v i s o r i s best q u a l i f i e d t o d e c i d e
upon the e x t e n t t o which the p r o t e c t i o n on t h e aerodrome may.be
raduced f o r t h e purpose of a t t e n d a n c e a t a n a c c i d e n t o u t s i d e the
&emdrome boundary.

@tipervision of Crash F i r e and Rescue A c t k v f t i e s

21. R e s p o n s i b i l i t y f o r d i r e c t i o n of ail cras_h, f-ipe;
f i g h t i n g and rescue a c t i v i t i e s , subsequent $0 a r r i v a l a t an
i n c i d e n t , should r e s t e n t i r e l y w i t h t h e i n d i v i d u a l i n charge of
t h e c r a s h f i r e and r e s c u e crews a t the time.

Alarm and Communfcation Sys terns

. .
22. The p r o v i s i o n of adequate and s u i t a b l e communications
f a c i l i t i t e s t o e n s u r e dependable and s u p e r v i s e d t r a n s m i t t a l of
essential emergency and r o u t i n e o p e r a t i n g i n f o r m a t i o n w i t h regard
t o c r a s h , f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e , i s n e c e s s a r y a t each aero-
drome, Such f a c i l i t i e s should i n c l u d e p r o v i s i o n s f o r t h e
f o l l o w i n g purposes, c o n s i s t e n t with t h e i n d i v i d u a l requirements
Of. each s i t u a t i o n :

a) D i r e c t reserved communication between appro-

p r i a t e a i r t r a f f i c c o n t r o l and c r a s h fire s t a t i o n f o r t h e
purpose of e n s u r i n g prompt d i s p a t c h of c r a s h v e h i c l e s and
personnel;
b) ,
Emergency signals t o e n s u r e inmediate sum-
moning of d i s i g n a t e d non-full-time personnel as a p p r o p r i a t e ;
C) Summoning e s s e n t i a l r e l a t e d s e r v i c e s on t h e
aerodrome as n e c e s s a r y ;
 Page 14
- -
Circular 4 - AN/3
d) Maintaining communication by means of two-
way r a d i o w i t h the crash f i r e and r e s c u e v e h i c l e s i n
a t t e n d a n c e a t an i n c i d e n t ;
€3 1 Summoning desired s u p p o r t i n g a s s i s t a n c e from
s e r v i c e s o u t s i d e the aerodrome.

Accidents outside Aerodrome Boundaries

23. The p ~ o b l e mof d e a l i n g w i t h a c c i d e n t s which occur
beyond aerodrome boundaries must n e c e s s a r i l y be considered i n
nore g e n e r a l terms, The p r o v i s i o n of e a s y access t o t h e a r e a s
surrounding the boundary of t h e aerodrome should be given con-
s i d e r a t i o n by t h e aerodrome management. Then t h e a c c i d e n t occurs
a t a s i t e which i s not a c c e s s i b l e within a s h o r t space of time t o
t h e c r a s h f i r e and rescue v e h i c l e s f r o m the aerodrome, ,effective
a c t i o n will depend l a r g e l y on t h e e f f i c i e n c y and measure of
l i a i s o n with l o c a l f i r e and ambulance s e r v i c e s . The determina-
t i o n of the d i v i s i o n of r e s p o n s i b i l i t y between aerodrome c r a s h
rescue s e r v i c e s , t h e A i r S e a r c h and Rescue Organization and any
o t h e r f i r e . a m b u l a n c e s e r v i c e s should r e s t w i t h t h e aerodrome
management,

Break-in p o i n t s on Aircraft
24. Crash f i r e and r e s c u e personnel should be f a m i l i a r
w i t h t h e normal and emergency e x i t s on a l l a i r c r a f t normally
using t h e i r aerodrome. They should a l s o know t h e l o c a t i o n of
a l l p o i n t s a v a i l a b l e f o r e f f e c t i n g forcible entry i n t o t h e
fuselage.

Water Aerodromes
25 The problem of cragh f i r e - f i g h t i n g and r e s c u e a t
v a t e r aerodromes is :i m i l a r t o t h a t a t land *aerodromes and t h e
principlss of o r g a n i z a t i o n , equipment and f a c i l i t i e s s p e c i f i d
f o r land aerodromes will, i n g e n e r a l , apply. The crash f i r e
and rescue appliances and equipment should be mounted an a b o a t
o r boats, i n c o r p o r a t i n g t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of h i g h rat6 of
a c c e l e r a t i o n , speed and seaworthiness i n a l l c o n d i t i o n s normally
experienced on o r near t h e aerodrome. Development work, however,
i s raq~l;.red;, g a ~ t J c u l a r l yie,r e l a t i o n t o q u a n t i t a t i v e r e q u i r e m e n t s ,
-des$gnrq~ f:q.xagh,boa@ and rala:ed equipment and operation , .
technique.
 APPENDIX A

grade 1 Grade 2 Grade 3 Grade 4 -

Gradel Grade 6

Aircraft over Aircraft 1CO,000 Aircraft 60,030 A i r c r a f i 25,030 Aircraft 1 9 , O Atrcraft under
203,033 lbs. t o 203,000 lbs. to 1CO,003 lbs. t o 60,000 lbs. t o 2 5 , m lbs. 10,OCO lbs.
(Over 50,O
kilogramnes)
(45,000 t o 90,000
kilogrames)
(27,000 t o 15,030
l a l o ~ e s )
(11,000 t o 27,033
kilogramnes )
(4,503 t o 11,000
kilogrmes)
. (under 4 , W )
kilogranunes)

Fxtinguishing Hedia Foam CO;! Foam Foam Foam c02 Foam Foam C%
C02 c02 C02

12,030
Quantities 32,000
gals.
4,500
lbs.
2L,CKX)
gals.
3,LW
lbs.
18,000
gals.
2,lCO
lbs . gals.
1,203
lbs.
6,030
gals.
1,21X)
lbs .
3 , m
gals.
300
lbs.

(45,500 (2,050 (109,030 (1,550 (81,750 (1,100 (54,500 (550 (27,250 (550 (U,6CO (U5
litres) kg) litres) kg) litres) kg) litres) kg) litres) kg) litres kg)

Rate of Discharge 6,433 1,500 lbs. 4,800 1,103 lbs. 3,600 EfCO lbs. 2,403 100 lbs. 1,200 400 l b s . 600 1CO lbs.
g.p.m. permin g.p.m. pernin g.p.m. permin g.p.m. permin g-p .m. per min 6.p-m. per m i n

(29,000 (680 kg (21,700 (5CO kg (16,350 (360 kg (10,900 (lakg (5,450 ( l a ' (2,750 (45 kg
1.p.m.) p.m.) 1.p.m.) p.m.) 1.p.n.) p.m.) 1.p.m.) p.m.) 1.p.m.) p.mT 1.p.m.) p.m.)

Period of Discharge 5 mins 3 mins 5 mins 3 mins 5 mins 3 mins 5 mins 3 mins 5 mins 3 mlns 5mins 3 mins

Estinated Uater
Requirement 3,203 gallons 2 , m gallons 1,800 gallons 1,203 gallons 6CO gallons 303 gallons
(l4,550 l i t r e s ) (10,W litres) (8,200 l i t r e s ) (5,450 l i t r e s ) (2,703 l i t r e s ) (1,350 l i t r e s )

Note: 1 ) Quantities oxpressed i n gallons represent Imperial Gallons

2) Required quantities of foam producd indicated above a r e based

upon an approxirate c x p s i o n r a t i o of between 8 t o 1 and 1 0 t o 1.
THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

UNITED KINGDOM PUBLICATIONS

1. Amp, 97so Accidents t o A i r c r a f t -
Notes on 3eseue of
Occupants. F i r e Risk and C o n t r o l of F i r e ,
2. blanual of Firemanship
P r a c t i c a l Firemanship
-
P a r t 6B
-
Chapter 43
( O b t a i n a b l e from H.M. S t a t i o n e r y O f f i c e )
3 '
'Pyrene A i r f i e l d Crash Tender.
( I s s u e d by t h e P y ~ e n eCo, Ltd.,
4, Grosvenor Gardens S,W.19
4. 'Fire Protectiont
( I s s u e d by Afrfoam F i r e P r o t e c t i o n Ltd.,
166, V i c t o r i a St. S,\V.l)

UNITED STATES PUBLICATIONS

1. 8 AF W n u a l 64-60-2, ' ' A i r c r a f t Crash Rescuen,
United S t a t e s A i r Force, 1946,
2. 8 NA B n u a l 00-80R-14, "Airplane Crash F i r e - F i g h t i n g n ,
United S t a t e s Navy,
Bureau of Aeronautics, 1946.
3. O AN Baanual QO-80-C-1, "Procedure f o r A i r c r a f t Crash
Rescuett, J o i n t United S t a t e s Air Force -
Navy publica-
t i o n , A e r o n a u t i c a l 3oa,rd- United S t a t e s , 1947.
4. "Airplane Crash F i r e - F i g h t i n g Manualtt,
National F i r e P r o t e c t i o n Association,
60 B a t t e r y m a ~ c hS t r e e t ,
Boston 10, Mass, 1945. P r i c e $1,00
ik A v a i l a b i l i t y s u b j e c t t o r e q u e s t a c t i o n through
e s t a b l f shed df plomatic and m i l i t a r y channels,
Page 18 ICAO Circular 4 - AN/3
5 "Suggested Standard Operating Procedures
Rescue and sire-FightingH,
- kircraft
National Fire Protection Association,
60 Batterymarch Street,
Boston 10, Mass. 1947. ~rice"$0.25
6. Lt Miscel laneous Technical Bulletins, Committee on Aviation
and Airport Fire Protection,
National Fire Protection Association,
60 Batterymarch Street,
Boston 10, Mass, 1947.
A . Bulletin No. 6 - "AImportance
Statistical Presentation of the
of Fire in Aircraft
Accidentsw, 1946.
B e Bulletin No.15 - "National Fire Protection Association -
Aircraft Fire R e p o r t H , 1947.
-
C, Bulletin ~0.18 'IAircraft Rescue and Fire Control -
Mobile Equipment for Airportsn, 1948.
D. Bulletin No .20 - nPaper on Crash Fire and Rescue
Facilities on Aerodromes - Inter-
national Civil Aviation Organization,
1947

P Other miscellaneous bulletins as published from time to

time. Information by direct inquiry to National Fire
Protection Association.