Formulas of power engineering

Cross section Phase angle

• for direct current and single is a phase angle between voltage and current
2 · ,ÃO(mm2) cos = 1,0 0,9 0,8 0,7 0,6 0,5
phase alternative current q=
·u
one-phase current sin = 0 0,44 0,6 0,71 0,8 0,87
1,732 · ,Ãcos · O(mm2)
of known current q=
for three-phase current ·u Insulation resistance
• for direct current and single Siso · In Da · 10 –8 (M1 · km)
2 · OÃP(mm2) Riso =
phase alternative current q= O d
·u·U
of known power
for three-phase current O · P(mm2) Specific Insulation resistance
q=
·u· U
Rs O · 108
= R ·2Ÿ · Da
Voltage drop
In di
For low voltage cable network of normal operation, it is
advisable of a voltage drop of 3-5%. Da = outer diameter over insulation (mm)
On exceptional case, higher values (up to 7%) can be permitted d = conductor diameter (mm)
in case of network-extension or in short-circuit. di = inner diameter of insulation (mm)
l = length of the line (m)
• for direct current Siso = Spec. resistance of insulation materials (1 · cm)
2 · ,ÃO(v)
of known current u=
·q
for single phase 2 · ,ÃFRV · O Mutual capacity (CB) for single-core,
u= (v) three-core and H-cable)
alternative current ·q
r · 103
for three-phase current u = 1,732 · ,ÃFRV · O(v) CB = (nF/km)
·q 18 In Dad
• for direct current
2 · OÃP(v) Inductance
of known power u=
·q·U Single-phase 0,4 · (In Da + 0,25) mH/km
for single phase 2 · OÃP r
u= (v)
alternative current ·q·U three-phase 0,2 · (In Da + 0,25) mH/km
OÃP(v) r
for three-phase current u=
·q·U Da = distance - mid to mid
of both conductors
u = voltage drop(V) q = cross-section (mm2) r = radius of conductor (mm)
U = operating voltage (V) , = working current (A = Ampere) r = dielectric constant
P = power (W) O = length of the line 0,25 = factor for low frequency
Rw = effective resistance ()/km) in m
L = Inductance (mH/km)  (Kappa) = electrical conductivity Earth capacitance
L = induktiver Widerstand of conductors (m/1 · mm2) EC = 0,6 · CB
(1)/km) ( = 2 · Ÿ · f -copper : 58
at 50 Hz = 314) -Alu : 33 Charging current (only for three-phase current)
,Lad = U · 2 Ÿ f · CB · 10–6 A/km je Ader bei 50 Hz
Nominal voltage
The nominal voltage is to be expressed with two values of Charging power
alternative current U0/U in V (Volt). PLad = ,Lad · U
U0 /U = phase-to-earth voltage
U0 : Voltage between conductor and earth or metallic Leakage and loss factor
covering (shields, armouring, concentric conductor) G = tan ·  C (S)  = 2Ÿf
U : Voltage between two outer conductors C = Capacity
U0 : U/ 3 for three-phase current systems tan = G tan = loss factor
U0 : U/2 for single-phase and direct current systems C
S = Siemens = 1
U0/U0 : an outer conductor is earth-connected for A. C.- and 11
Nominal current
Dielectric loss
Active current Dv = U2 · 2 Ÿ f · CB · tan · 10–6 (W/km)
, in (A) f on 50 Hz
tan PE/VPE cables 0,0005
Reactive current EPR 0,005
,w = , · cos Paper-single core, three-core, H-cable 0,003
Oil-filled and pressure cable 0,003
Blindstrom
PVC-cable 0,05
,0 = , · sin

Apparent power (VA) It should be noted that for the current load of the insulated
S=U·, for single phase current (A. C.) cables and wires of selected cross-section, the power ratings
S = 1,732 · U · , for three-phase current table is also be considered.
To estimate the voltage drop of insulated wires and cables for
Active power (W) heavy (big) cross-sections of single- and three-phase-overhead
P = U · , · cos for single phase current (A. C.) line, the active resistance as well as the inductive resistance
P = 1,732 · U · , · cos for three-phase current must be considered.
P=U·, for direct current
The formula for single-phase (A. C.):
Reactive power (var) U = 2 · O · , · (Rw · cos + L · sin ) · 10–3 (V)
Q = U · , · sin for single phase current (A. C.)
Three-phase:
Q = 1,732 · U · ,· sin for three-phase current
(Voltampere reactiv) Q = P · tan U = 1,732 · O · , · (Rw · cos + L · sin ) · 10–3 (V)

X 108

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