Unit 10

Kinetic and Equilibrium

Regents Chemistry

Syarifah Riska Yunita

A. Kinetic
What is Kinetic?

● Kinetics is the branch of chemistry that deals

with rates of chemical reactions
● In order for reaction to occur, reactant particle
must collide. This is called Collision Theory
● Different factor depends on how quickly chemical reaction
occur
● Factor that affect the rate of a reaction are:
1. Nature of reactant : Reactions involve the breaking of
existing bonds and the formation of new bonds
❖ Generally, covalently bonded substances are slower
to react than ionic substances as they have move
bonds to be broken
❖ Breaking more bonds requires that the particles must
have more energy when they collide
2. Concentration : Most chemical reactions will proceed at a
faster rate if the concentration of one or more of the reactants
is increased

❖ Ex: Combustion of Paper

❏ Normal air is 20% oxygen, if we use pure oxygen it
burns much faster!
❏ Why? KMT says that more collisions between oxygen
and paper particles = faster rate of reaction!
❖ The greater
concentration of
reactants, the more
collisions
❖ Increase
concentration =
increase collisions =
increase rate of
reaction! Chemical
reaction is faster!
3. Surface Area : When more surface area of a substance is
exposed, there are more chances for reactant particles to
collide

❖ Ex: One centimeter of a cube of Mg reacting with HCl

reacts more slowly then increasing the surface area
by breaking Mg down into smaller pieces
4. Pressure

❖ Pressure has little or no effect on rates of reactions

between liquids and solids…
❖ It does have an effect on gases!
❖ An increase in pressure has the effect of increasing the
concentration of gaseous particles
➢ Therefore, it increases the rate of a reaction that
involves only gases
5. Catalysts

❖ Catalysts are substances that increase the rate of a

reaction, by providing an alternative pathway
❖ Catalysts take part in a reaction, but they are unchanged
when the reaction is complete
➢ So they are present in the reactants and products and
only assist in the rate of the reaction
6. Temperature

❖ By definition, temperature implies that the greater the

temperature, the faster the molecules will move (higher
kinetic energy)
❖ When particles are moving faster, more collisions occur
and increasing the likelihood of a reaction
➢ Higher Temp = particles with more kinetic energy =
more effective collisions
What is Potential Energy?

● Chemical bonds are large sources of chemical potential

energy (when bonds are formed)
● CHEMICAL ENERGY: energy associated with the breaking
and forming of chemical bonds
● This is a form of Potential energy!
● Chemical bonds have large supplies of potential energy
● Bonds are broken in chemical reactions and new bonds
form in products
● Energy can be released or gained in these chemical
reactions, so…
● Potential energy can be increased or decreased depending
on the reaction..
● Type of Potential Energy

ENERGY IS ON ENERGY RELEASED: ON

REACTANT SIDE! (ENDO) PRODUCT SIDE!!!! (EXO)
Potential Energy Diagram
How potential
energy change
when you add a
catalyst
What is activation energy?
● The amount of energy needed to form the
activated complex from the reactants is called the
activation energy
● Reactions occur between collisions of particles that are
orientated correctly and have sufficient amounts of
energy-ACTIVATION ENERGY!!!!!
Effect of catalysts on reaction rate
● Catalysts are added to a reaction to lower the activation
energy, which in turn speeds up the reaction
● The catalyst speed up the reaction by providing a new
pathway
● In turn, the activation energy of the reverse reaction is also
lowered…but
● The ΔH remains unaffected
B. Equilibrium

● Equilibrium is a continuous state of the rate of

balance between two opposing changes. In a
state of equilibrium the rate of the forward
change is equal to the rate of the reverse
change
Three Type of Equilibrium
❖ Chemical Equilibrium
❏ If the rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction
the reaction has achieved chemical equilibrium.

This reaction produces ammonia (and heat), but some of the ammonia, NH3(g),
produced will decompose during the reaction back into reactants, N2(g) and 3
H2(g).
❏ When the rate of synthesis (forward reaction) equals the rate of
decomposition (reverse reaction), and no other changes occur, this system
will be at equilibrium.
❏ When the rate of synthesis (forward reaction) equals the rate of
decomposition (reverse reaction), and no other changes occur, this system
will be at equilibrium.
❖ Solution Equilibrium
❏ If a solution becomes saturated, the rate of dissolving equals the rate of
precipitation, and the reaction has achieved solution equilibrium.

❏ When sodium chloride is first placed into pure water, the solid ionic crystals
dissolve. As the concentration of the dissolved ions increases, some of those
dissolved Na+1 (aq) and Cl-1 (aq) ions will temporarily rejoin to form a soluble
precipitate which almost immediately dissolves again. Eventually all the ions
will be held apart by the polar water molecules, and no more solid may enter
the solution until some ions come out of solution as precipitate. At this point
the rate of dissolving equals the rate of precipitation, and you have a
SATURATED solution. Additional added solid would not dissolve, or only as a
temporary supersaturated solution.
❖ Physical Equilibrium
❏ If the rate of a forward phase change is equal to the rate of a reverse
phase change, then the system is in Physical (or Phase) Equilibrium.

❏ Physical equilibrium occurs AT the phase change temperature.

Remember that during a phase change, all energy input is going towards
increasing the potential energy of the substance, as there is no increase
in average kinetic energy (temperature) at the phase change
temperature. For water, the boiling (vaporization point) at 1 atm is 373 K.
This means if water is maintained in a sealed container at 1 atm and 373
K, for each water molecule that changes from liquid to gaseous, another
water molecule will change from gaseous to liquid.
Liquid - Gaseous Equilibrium for Water at 1 atm and
373 K
❖ Le Chatelier’s Principle : This principle describes how a
system at equilibrium reacts to changes (stresses) in
system conditions.
❖ Le Chatelier’s Principle
❏ If a change is imposed on a system at equilibrium,
then the system will shift the direction of the
reaction to reduce the change in conditions.

In other words, When a stress is imposed on a system the

system will respond to counteract the stress
❖ For example: consider the rxn … A + B ↔ C + D + Heat

❏ If the above reaction proceeds to the right, we produce more C, D and

heat.

❏ If the reaction proceeds to the left we consume heat, and produce more
A and B

❖ If we consume heat what does Le Chatelier’s principle predict?

Le Chatelier’s Principle says if we remove heat the system will try to return to
equilibrium conditions by producing heat to replace the heat consumed. The Rxn
will be driven to the right!
Enthalpy
❖ Enthalpy is the heat content (potential energy) of a system.
❖ Nature favors reactions that undergo a decrease in enthalpy.
❖ Let go of a ball in your hand; it falls.
❖ Falling is a spontaneous (no additional energy) decrease in enthalpy
(potential energy). The ball can’t fall again from its starting height.
❏ A decrease in potential energy is favored in nature, so exothermic
reactions are the most favored (and most common - see Table I).
❖ Most exothermic (decreasing enthalpy) reactions are spontaneous,and
complete once started. (Think of a bonfire; it burns as long as it has fuel.)
❖ Conversely, most endothermic reactions are nonspontaneous, and require
constant input of energy to keep going. (Think of ice; if you keep your ice in
the freezer, you prevent outside energy from getting to it.)
Entropy : The randomness (disorder) of a system. Nature favors reactions that
increase entropy.
❖ As a substance increases in temperature, the substance undergoes an
increase in entropy as well. As each subsequent phase change occurs, the
randomness (disorder) of the particles of that substance Increases.
❖ In order of LEAST to MOST entropy, the phases are: solid liquid gas.
Solids are locked in a lattice, and gases have very random movement
controlled only by the confines of their container. Liquids fall in between.
❖ As nature favors entropy, nature favors increases in phase.
IMPORTANT TABLE