Module 5

Cobalt (II) Chloride equilibrium

[Co(H2O)6]2+(aq)(pink) + 4Cl-(aq) ⇌ [CoCl4]2-(aq)(blue) + 6H2O(l) - ΔH>0

1. Add HCl, and the equilibrium shifts right, turning it blue

2. Add Silver Nitrate, forming a white precipitate (AgCl) + equilibrium shifts left, turning it pink
3. Add distilled water, and equilibrium shifts to the side with more aqueous moles turning it pink
4. The heating shifts right, as the forward endothermic reaction is favoured, turning it blue
5. Cooling shifts left, as the reverse exothermic reaction is favoured, turning it pink

Iron (III) Thiocyanate equilibrium

Fe+3 (aq) + SCN- (aq) ⇌ FeSCN+2 (aq) + ∆H

1. Add HPO4 2- (aq) which will react with the Fe 3+ (aq) to form the colourless complex ion FeHPO4 + (aq) this will shift
equilibrium left turning it yellow
2. Add Potassium Thiocyanate, and equilibrium shifts right turning it dark red
3. The heating shifts left turning it yellow
4. Cooling shifts right turning it red

Modelling dynamic equilibrium

1. Label two 100mL measuring cylinders A and B

2. Fill measuring cylinder A with 100mL water
3. Transfer 10mL of water from measuring cylinder A to measuring
cylinder B using a 10mL graduated pipette
4. Transfer 5mL of water from measuring cylinder B to measuring
cylinder A using a 5mL graduated pipette
5. Record the volume of water in each of the measuring cylinders
6. Repeat steps 3-5 until 50 cycles have been completed

Static Dynamic

- Irreversible reaction that proceeds in one direction
- Reactants continue to produce products until limiting
reagent is used up
- Rate of forwards and reverse = zero
- Occurs in an open system where energy and matter
can enter or leave the system
- Reversible reaction that doesn't go to completion
- Rate of forwards and reverse occur at the same rate
and time
- Occurs when reaction in a closed system (matter
cannot enter, however, energy in the form of
pressure/ heat can enter/leave)
- Occurs when macroscopic properties (colour, PH,
temp, Pressure) remain constant
Non Equilibrium system Equilibrium system + Reaction rate

● Enthalpy (H): is the change in energy of a reaction
● Entropy (S): is the measure of randomness, chaos
and disorder of a reaction system
● When Gibbs free energy: G < 0 reaction is
spontaneous (combustion reactions), G = 0 the
reaction is at equilibrium, G > 0 the reaction is
non-spontaneous (photosynthesis reactions) -
however still occurs since biological catalysts or
sunlight overcome barrier
Collision theory: All particles are constantly moving & when
they collide with correct orientation and sufficient kinetic energy
to overcome the EA, they will break bonds of reactants and
form new bonds of products
Reaction rate is the speed at which chemical reaction occurs
and depends on frequency/ likelihood of collisions, orientation
of particles and whether energy of particles is grater or equal to
Ea

● The Ea can be lowered through a catalysed

pathway, which provides an alternate route for the
reaction to occur. This allows more particles to have
enough energy to break reactant bonds and form
products

Q is used to determine if in equilibrium Equilibrium value determines position

- Q < Keq forward reaction favoured - Keq > 1 equilibrium lies to right
- Q = Keq reaction is @ equilibrium - Keq = 1 equilibrium reached
- Q > Keq reverse reaction favoured - Keq < 1 equilibrium lies to left

● Only temperature impacts Keq value; for exothermic reactions Increase in Temp = Decrease, for an endothermic increase
in temperature = increase - the reason being is that temperature lowers the activation energy for both reactions, creating
more/fewer reactants or products
● Common ion effect: two solutions mixed that contain same ion, reducing solubility as equilibrium shift left
Solution Equilibria

Dissociation of salts

● Soluble: If the strength of ionic bonds is greater than the strength of ion-dipole
bonds
● Insoluble: if the strength of ionic bonds is weaker than the strength of ion-dipole
bonds

Endothermic Dissolution

● Dissolution is endothermic if the energy absorbed during solvent separation and

dissociation is greater than what is released during ion hydration.
● An endothermic dissolution would decrease the temperature of the surrounding
environment. Thus, the beaker in which the dissolution occurs will feel colder.

Exothermic Dissolution

● Dissolution is exothermic if the energy absorbed during solvent separation and

dissociation is less than what is released during ion hydration.
● An exothermic dissolution would increase the temperature of the surrounding
environment. Thus, the beaker in which the dissolution occurs will feel warmer.

ATSI removing toxins from Cycad fruits

● Cycad fruits contain neurotoxins that need to be removed. The first step involves
chopping seeds to increase surface area and then placing the sarcastic flesh in a
finely woven mesh bag. Then leaching occurs by which the mesh bag is placed in
a flowing stream of water by which the hydroxyl functional group allows it to
continuously dissolve, as the open system avoids dynamic equilibrium to be
established