Public Release: Topic 01: Introduction To Acoustics and Sound Waves

Topic 01: Introduction to Acoustics and Sound

Waves
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COME 474 − Acoustics

Dr. Hilal M. El Misilmani
Forces and Vibrations
Waves
Hearing Waves in Air
Lectures Schedule
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Topic Nb Topic
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Topic 00 Course Description and Regulations
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Topic 01 Introduction to Acoustics and Sound Waves
Topic 02 rP
Fundamentals of Vibration
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Topic 03 Acoustic Wave Equation
Topic 04 Sound Intensity and Decibel
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Topic 05 Loudness Reverberation Time Control of Interfering Noise

Topic 06 Sound Absorption and Reflection
Dr. Hilal M. El Misilmani Topic 01: Introduction to Acoustics $ Sound Waves 2/34
Waves
Outline of Topics
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What is Vibration?
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Describing Vibrations
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2 Waves
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Wave Types
Waves in Air rP
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3 Hearing Waves in Air
Wave Terms
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Sound Velocity
Refraction and Reflection
Interference
Energy and Sound
What is Vibration?
Waves
Current Section
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What is Vibration?
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2 Waves
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Wave Types
Waves in Air rP
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Wave Terms
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Sound Velocity
Interference
Energy and Sound
What is Vibration?
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Vibrations
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Vibrations are common in many elastic materials, and you can
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see and hear the results of many in your surroundings
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Other vibrations in your surroundings, such as those involved
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in heat, electricity, and light, are invisible to the senses
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What is Vibration?
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What is Vibration?
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A vibration is a repeating motion
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that moves back and forth
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A mass on a frictionless surface is
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at rest at an equilibrium position
(A) when undisturbed rP
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When the spring is stretched (B) or
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compressed (D), then released (C),

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the mass vibrates back and forth

because restoring forces pull
opposite to and proportional to the
displacement
What is Vibration?
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A vibrating mass is described by measuring several variables
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The extent of displacement from the equilibrium position →
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Maximum displacement
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A cycle is the movement from some point, to another point
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and back again → one complete vibration
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A period (T) is the time required for one complete cycle
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Frequency (f) is the number of cycles per second (Hertz (Hz))

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The period is the time for one cycle and the frequency is the
cycles per second (T = 1/f )
What is Vibration?
Waves
Vibrating Mass Attached to a Spring
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What is Vibration?
Waves
Vibrating Mass Attached to a Spring
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Wave Types
Waves
Waves in Air
Current Section
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What is Vibration?
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2 Waves
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Wave Types
Waves in Air rP
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Wave Terms
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Sound Velocity
Interference
Energy and Sound
Wave Types
Waves
Waves in Air
Wave Types
Longitudinal Wave: a wave that travels in a back and forth
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movement
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2 Transverse Wave: a wave that disturbs particles in a
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perpendicular motion to the direction of the wave
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Wave Types
Waves
Waves in Air
Waves in Air
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When you open one door into this room, the other door
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closes. Why does this happen?
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→ The first door creates a pulse of compression that moves
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through the air like a sound wave. The pulse of compression
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pushes on the 2nd door, closing it
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Wave Types
Waves
Waves in Air
Waves in Air
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Wave Types
Waves
Waves in Air
Waves in Air
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Condensation: A zone of increased density and pressure
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the wave forces the air particles closer together
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the average distance between gas molecules is momentarily
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decreased as the pulse passes
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Rarefaction: A zone of reduced density and pressure
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the average distance is momentarily increased
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Sound: A vibrating object produces condensation and

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rarefactions that expand from the source

The vibrations can be interpreted as sound by the human ear
if the frequency of the waves is between 20 - 20,000 Hz
Wave Terms
Forces and Vibrations Sound Velocity
Waves Refraction and Reflection
Hearing Waves in Air Interference
Energy and Sound

Current Section
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What is Vibration?
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2 Waves
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Wave Types
Waves in Air rP
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Wave Terms
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Sound Velocity
Interference
Energy and Sound
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Waves in Air
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1 vibrating tuning fork produces a series of condensations and

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rarefactions
2 reach your ear vibrating the eardrum
3 the ear sends nerve signals to the brain about the vibrations
4 and the brain interprets the signals as sounds
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Waves in Air
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Hearing Sounds
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Hearing Sounds
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

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Infrasonic: Longitudinal waves with frequencies below 20 Hz
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Ultrasonic: Longitudinal waves with frequencies greater that
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20,000 Hz
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Since humans can only hear waves in the 20 − 20, 000 Hz
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range, they hear neither infrasonic nor ultrasonic waves
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Waves move the eardrum in and out with the same frequency
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as the wave, which the brain interprets as sound
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Wave Terms
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Wave Crest: the maximum disturbance a wave will create
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from the resting position
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Wave trough: the maximum displacement a wave will create
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in the opposite direction from the resting position
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Amplitude: the magnitude of the displacement to either the
crest or the trough rP
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Period: the time required for a wave to repeat itself, time
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required to move through one full wave cycle.

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Wavelength: the distance from one crest of a wave to the

crest of the next wave
Wave Equation: relationship between the velocity of sound
waves and the frequency is: v = λf
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Wave Terms
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Sound Velocity
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The movement of sound waves requires a medium through
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which the waves can travel
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The nature of the medium determines the velocity of the
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sound through the medium rP
This is due to the fact that the waves are propagated through
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molecular interactions and is determined by:

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Inertia of the molecules

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Strength of the interactions between molecules
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Sound Velocity
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Velocity in Air
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As the gas molecules that make up the air increase in
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temperature, the velocity of sound waves increases due to
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increased kinetic energy (energy of motion)
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This increase is 0.60 m/s for each degree Celsius increase in
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temperature rP
At sea level, in dry air the velocity of sound is 331.0 m/s
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The velocity of sound at different temperatures can be

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calculated from the following equation:
V = V0 + 0.6(m/s/◦ C )T
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Sound Velocity
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1 Case 1:
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(A) At room temperature, sound travels at 343 m/s. In 0.10 s,
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sound would travel 34 m.
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Since the sound must travel to a surface and back in order for
you to hear the echo, the distance to the surface is one-half
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the total distance
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2 Case 2:
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Sonar measures a depth by measuring the elapsed time

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between an ultrasonic sound pulse and the echo

The depth is one-half the round trip
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Sound Velocity
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Sound Velocity
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Since sound travels faster in warmer air, a wave front becomes
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bent, or refracted, toward the earth’s surface when the air is
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cooler near the surface
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When the air is warmer near the surface, a wave front is
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refracted upward, away from the surface.
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Sound Velocity
Medim Speed of Sound (m/s)
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Air (0◦ )
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331
Air (20◦ )
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343
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Air (100◦ ) 366
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Helium (0◦ ) 965
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Mercury rP 1452
Water (20◦ ) 1482
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Lead 1960
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Wood (Oak) 3850

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Iron 5000
Copper 5010
Glass 5640
Steel 5960
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

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Sound waves are reflected or refracted from a boundary, which
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means a change in the medium through which they are being
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transmitted
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Interference
Constructive interference: Reflected waves that are in phase
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with the incoming waves undergo constructive interference
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2 Destructive interference: Waves that are out of phase undergo
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destructive interference.
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In waves the result is an alternation of loudness called a beat
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Energy and Sound

Loudness:
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The energy of a sound wave is called the wave intensity and is
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measured in Watts per square meter
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The intensity of wound is expressed on the decibel scale, which
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relates to changes in loudness as perceived by the human ear
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The intensity, or energy, of a sound wave is the rate of energy
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transferred to an area perpendicular to the waves (W/m2 )
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Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Energy and Sound

All elastic objects have natural frequencies of vibration,
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determined by the materials they are made of and their shapes
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When energy is transferred at the natural frequencies, there is
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a dramatic increase of amplitude called resonance
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The natural frequencies are also called resonant frequencies
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When the frequency of an applied force, including the force of

a sound wave, matches the natural frequency of an object,
energy is transferred very efficiently
→ This condition is called resonance
Wave Terms
Energy and Sound

Standing Wave
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It can arise in a stationary medium as a result of interference
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between two waves traveling in opposite directions
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The most common cause of standing waves is the
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phenomenon of resonance, in which standing waves occur
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inside a resonator due to interference between waves reflected
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back and forth at the resonator’s resonant frequency
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Topic 01: Introduction to Acoustics and Sound

COME 474 − Acoustics

Topic 05 Loudness Reverberation Time Control of Interfering Noise

compressed (D), then released (C),

the mass vibrates back and forth

A vibrating mass is described by measuring several variables

Frequency (f) is the number of cycles per second (Hertz (Hz))

Vibrating Mass Attached to a Spring

Vibrating Mass Attached to a Spring

Sound: A vibrating object produces condensation and

rarefactions that expand from the source

1 vibrating tuning fork produces a series of condensations and

Hearing Waves in Air

as the wave, which the brain interprets as sound

required to move through one full wave cycle.

Wavelength: the distance from one crest of a wave to the

molecular interactions and is determined by:

Inertia of the molecules

Strength of the interactions between molecules

The velocity of sound at different temperatures can be

calculated from the following equation:

Sonar measures a depth by measuring the elapsed time

between an ultrasonic sound pulse and the echo

Wood (Oak) 3850

Refraction and Reflection

Energy and Sound

Energy and Sound

When the frequency of an applied force, including the force of

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