Carbohydrates- are made up primarily of molecules containing atoms of 

carbon, hydrogen,
and oxygen, are essential energy sources and structural components of all life, and they are
among the most abundant biomolecules on Earth.
* they are sources of energy, especially for brain cells and red blood cells.Carbohydrates
provide us with calories or energy, and simple sugars in particular play many roles in our
diet. The primary role of carbohydrates is to supply energy to all cells in the body.

Simple carbohydratesare easily digested by the body.

*They do not provide long term energy, usually not accompanied by real nutrients, and
spike your blood sugar, leaving your cravings more.
Complex carbohydrates are fibers and starches, the slower digesting carbs.
*Provide long lasting energy, found in nutrient dense food (beans, sweet potatoes, etc),
aid in fat loss.
Monosaccharide- is the most basic form of carbohydrates. Monosaccharides serve as a major
fuel for cells and as raw materials for building molecules.One major function of a
monosaccharide is its use for energy within a living organism.
Monosaccharides are also the foundation for more complex carbohydrates, or they serve as
components to amino acids. The ribose and deoxyribose monosaccharides are vital elements of RNA and
DNA, which are the building blocks of life.

Disaccharide-where ”di” means two, so two sugar molecules linked together. A disaccharide,
also called a double sugar, is a molecule formed by two monosaccharides, or simple sugars.
Three common disaccharides are sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
How disaccharides are formed?

Disaccharides are glycosides formed from two monosaccharides that can be either aldoses or ketoses.
One of the —OR groups is provided by the original cyclization to give the hemiacetal or hemiketal. The
second —OR group is derived from an aglycone; it is a second monosaccharide that provides the alcohol
functional group of the glycosidic bond. The common disaccharides are maltose, cellobiose, lactose, and
sucrose

(OR Group - Esters are derivative of carboxylic acids where the hydroxyl (OH) group has been
replaced by an alkoxy (O-R) group. They are commonly synthesized from the condensation of a
carboxylic acid with an alcohol: RCO2H+R′OH→RCO2R′+H2O.)
Lactose is found in the milk of mammals which includes cow milk and human milk.
Sucrose
*sucrose is found in various vegetables, with sugar cane and sugar beets having the
highest quantities
Maltose
 *Simple sugars, whether they’re natural or added, are mixture of monosaccharide or
disaccharides.

Polysaccharide-where “poly” means many, so it has ten or more sugar molecules linked
together. Polysaccharides are long chains of monosaccharides linked by glycosidic bonds. Three
important polysaccharides, starch, glycogen, and cellulose, are composed of glucose. Starch
and glycogen serve as short-term energy stores in plants and animals, respectively.
* most abundant type of carbohydrate found in food.
Starches
*Starches are an important source of calories, and can be found in foods like rice,
potatoes, wheat and maize. Starches don’t taste sweet like simple sugars because
they don’t activate taste buds in the same way.

Dietary Fibers
* there are many types of dietary fibers, and they’re not all the same when it comes
to their structure or impact on health. Fibers has molecular bonds that are resistant
to human enzymes, so they pass to the small intestine undigested, get broken
down a bit by bacteria in the large intestine, and ultimately end up as a bulk
matter in the stool.
*they also increase stool weight which helps prevent constipation, and fibers like
beta-glucan are also good for heart health.

Starches
*Starches are an important source of calories, and can be found in foods like rice,
potatoes, wheat and maize. Starches don’t taste sweet like simple sugars because
they don’t activate taste buds in the same way.

Dietary Fibers
* there are many types of dietary fibers, and they’re not all the same when it comes
to their structure or impact on health. Fibers has molecular bonds that are resistant
to human enzymes, so they pass to the small intestine undigested, get broken
down a bit by bacteria in the large intestine, and ultimately end up as a bulk
matter in the stool.
*they also increase stool weight which helps prevent constipation, and fibers like
beta-glucan are also good for heart health.

Cellulose-is the most abundant natural biopolymer. Cellulose mostly comprises a plant's cell wall. This
provides the cell structural support. Wood and paper are mostly cellulosic in nature.
Possible Question:

Why disaccharides and monosaccharides are simple carbohydrates?

Simple carbohydrates contain the monosaccharide and disaccharide groups. Monosaccharides

are comprised of a single simple sugar unit, glucose, fructose, or galactose, and they cannot be
broken down into simple sugar units. These three monosaccharides are combined in various
ways to make more complex carbohydrates. Disaccharides are comprised of two
monosaccharides bonded together. The three naturally occurring disaccharides in human
nutrition are sucrose (glucose bonded to fructose), lactose (glucose bonded to galactose),
maltose (glucose bonded to glucose). High fructose corn syrup is a manmade disaccharide
created by the hydrolysis of corn, and it contains fructose bonded to fructose.
Why polysaccharides are complex carbohydrates?
Complex carbohydrates, known as and polysaccharides, are made up of longer, more complex
chains of sugar molecules. It takes the body longer to digest complex carbs than to process
simple carbs. Some complex carbohydrate foods contain fiber, vitamins, and minerals and take
longer to digest. This means they have a less immediate impact on blood sugar, causing it to
rise more slowly