I.

Objectives
At the end of the session, the students must be able to:
1. Describe and illustrate
a. well-defined sets;
b. null set;
c. universal set; and
d. subsets
2. Use Venn Diagrams to represent sets and subsets.
II. Subject Matter
Sets: An Introduction
References:
Grade 7 TG, Module 1 pp. 1 - 4

Materials:
Manila paper, pentel pen, pictures, number cards, prepared visual aid, learner’s
material

III. Procedures

Activity 1
Below are some objects. Group them as you see fit and label each group.

Questions:
Answer the following questions:
1. How can you group the objects? Name each group.
2. How many groups are there?
3. Does each object belong to a group?
4. Is there an object that belongs to more than one group? Which one?

Activity 2
Consider the set consisting of counting numbers from 1 to 200. Let this be set U.
Form smaller sets consisting of elements of U that share a different
characteristic.
For example, let E be the set of all even numbers from 1 to 200.
 Questions:
1. Can you form three more such sets? How many elements are there in each of
these sets?
2. Do any of these sets have any elements in common?
3. Which sets do not have elements in common?
4. Did you think of a set with no element?

Analysis
Based on the illustration on activity 1,
1. How many sets are there?
(There is the set of head covers (hats), the set of trees, the set of even
numbers, and the set of polyhedra. But, there is also a set of round objects
and a set of pointy objects. There are 6 well-defined sets.)
2. Does each object belong to a set? Yes.
3. Is there an object that belongs to more than one set? Which ones?
(All the hats belong to the set of round objects. The pine trees and two of the
polyhedra belong to the set of pointy objects.)

Abstraction
Ask the student to give generalization.
1. A set is a well-defined collection or group of distinct objects called members
or elements.
2. An empty or null set, denoted as { } or , is a set with no member.
3. Two sets A and B are equal if they have the same elements. A = B
4. Two sets A and B are equivalent if they have the same number of elements.
A  B.
5. A set is finite if it is empty or if it contains only a countable number of
elements.
6. Infinite set if the counting of elements has no end.
7. The cardinality of a set refers to the number of elements of a set.
8. A universal set, denoted by U, contains all elements being considered in a
given situation.
9. Set A is a subset of B, “A  B” if and only if every element of A is also in B.
Set A is a proper subset of B, “A  B” if and only if every element of A is also
an element of B and that B contains at least one element that is not in A.
10. Joint sets if sets have common element. Disjoint if sets have no common
element.

Set Notations and Symbols

1. Roster Method
H = {ladies hat, baseball cap, hard hat}
2. Set Builder or Rule Method
H = {x/x covers and protects the head}
3. The null or empty set in symbols { } or Ø
  Sets and subsets may be represented using Venn Diagrams. These are
diagrams that make use of geometric shapes to show relationships between
sets.

Application
Do the following exercises. Write your answers on the spaces provided:
1. Give 3 examples of well-defined sets.
2. Name two subsets of the set of whole numbers using both the listing or roster
method and the rule method.
3. Let B = [1, 3, 5, 7, 9}. List all the possible subsets of B .
4. Answer this question: How many subsets does a set of n elements have?

IV. Evaluation
1. Let A = {whole number less than 8}. State whether each statement is TRUE or
FALSE.
_____ a. 8  A _____ d. {6}  A
_____ b. {3}  A _____ e. { }  A
_____ c. {1. 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7}  A
2. Let U = {0, 1, 2, 3, 4} A = {2, 4} B = {3, 1}. Draw a Venn diagram to show the
relationships among the three sets. Explain.
3. Give an example of two sets that are equivalent but not equal. Explain.
4. Let A = {red, orange, blue, green}. How many subsets does set A have? List
them.

V. Assignment
1. Answer by writing as a set.
a. Names of the female president of the Philippines to the present.
b. The basketball player, playing coach who became a senator of the
Philippines.
2. Give the subsets of the set of integers.