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n Design of Cold -Formed

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Australian steel institute SteelStructuresSeminar
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Presenter: Professor Greg Hancock, Emeritus Professor, and
ÿ Professorial Research Fellow,
University of Sydney.
C
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D
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ÿ www.steel.org.au
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 DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES

Introduction to Cold-Formed Steel Design

Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock

2
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W? SYDNEY

Cold-Formed Steel Structures

Lecture 1

Introduction to Cold-Formed Steel Design

Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock AM FTSE

Iywl niHwuBinif
Wsgl SYDNEY Cold-Formed Steel Design
Standards
Australian/New Zealand Standard
AS/NZS 4600:2005

North American Specification - 2012

Developed by the AISI

Eurocode 3 Part 1.3

 THEtsrvmsmrof

SYDNEY
AS/NZS 4600 : 2005

Cold-Formed Steel Structures

Austrafcm/New Zealand Standard'

Cold-formed steel structures

Design of Cold-Formed
Steel Structures
(to AS.NZS 4600:2005)

1 TMf iisivntsrrv or
KW SYDNEY
North American Specification

North American Specification

for the Design of Cold-Formed
Steel Structural Members
2012 Edition
 TM LMVEHHTY Of
r-5 SYDNEY
Eurocode 3 Part 1.3
BimnSTANOA*D

—
Eurocode 3 Design of
steel structures —
—
Part 1-3: General rule*
Supplementary rule* for cold-formed
member* and nheetln#

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Australian/ New Zealand Standard
AS/NZS 4600:2005
Similar to the North American Specification

Increased range of steels G450 - G550 to

Australian Standard AS 1397

steels less than 1.0 mm thick can be

used for structural members, i.e. wall studs
and truss chords in steel framed houses

>0.90fy and 0.90fu used in G550 design

 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
("Pwl nit LMvutsmoF ÿ
WsW SYDNEY
AS 1397-2011
ÿ
Coating Classes ÿ
ÿ
Zinc (Z)
ÿ
Australian Standard*
Zinc/Iron Alloy (ZF)*
Continuous hot-dip metallic coated steal ÿ
sheet and strip—Coatings of zinc and
zinc alloyed with aluminium and

Zinc/Aluminium (ZA)* magnesium

ÿ
ÿ
Zinc/Aluminium/Magnesium (ZM)*
ÿ
Aluminium/Zinc (AZ)
ÿ

Aluminium/Zinc/Magnesium (AM)" ÿ
ÿ
New in AS 1397 -2011
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
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SYDNEY
Roll-Forming Machine ÿ
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 SYDNEY Punching and marking in C-Section

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Common Section Profiles and

Applications of Cold-Formed
Steel

Section 1.2
 ÿ
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SYDNEY
Q
ÿ
ÿ
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(3) Roof and Wall Systems of Industrial, ÿ

Rural and Commercial Buildings ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
Section 1.2(a)
ÿ
ÿ
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ÿ
ÿ
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Roof and Walls
Tin 1 wvmsmroF

SYDNEY
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a
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2D Frame with Purlins

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SYDNEY
Purlin and Cleat
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SYDNEY Q
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Simple Complex Simple Complex
Z (Zed) sections C (Channel) sections ÿ
(a) Typical Sections
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
(b) Typical sheeting profiles for screwed connections

(c) Typical sheeting profiles for concealed fasteners

ÿ
Innovative SupaZed™ Section
Fig. 1.1 Roof and Wall Section Profiles
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

ÿ
ÿ
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THEUMVtRSfTYOP

SYDNEY
ÿ

Concealed Fixed Kliplok™ Sheeting

a
ÿ
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a
Kliplok™ Concealed Fasteners ÿ
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10
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(b) Steel racks for supporting storage pallets
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Section 1.2(b)
ÿ

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SYDNEY
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a
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ÿ FIGURE t.3.1 (Input) ADJUSTABLE PALLET RACKING

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AS 4084-2012
ÿ
New Features in 2012 ÿ
ÿ
Limit States Design to
AS/NZS 4600 ÿ
Australian Standard*

Stool storage racking ÿ

Loading (action) ÿ
combinations for racks
ÿ

Geometric non-linear ÿ
analysis (GNA) ÿ
ÿ
Extended range of
test methods ÿ
ÿ
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n
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SYDNEY
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ÿ SYDNEY

n
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ÿ (c) Structural members for plane and space
ÿ trusses
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ÿ

n
Section 1.2(c)
ÿ
ÿ
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ÿ

c
ÿ

D
ÿ

D
Tubular

D top
chord

Tubular

C -web
member
_ Tubular
bottom
D (a) Tubular truss
chord

ÿ
Bolted or welded connections
Channel
ÿ _ section
~
top chord

Channel or
~
tubular web
ÿ member
-Channel
section
ÿ (b) Channel section truss bottom
chord

D Fig. 1.8 Plane Truss Frames

C
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 DIE UMVEKSTTYOF
WW SYDNEY

(e) Domestic wall framing

and

(f) Floor bearers and joists

Sections 1.2(e) and (f)

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SYDNEY

Wall and floor

N
Lipped or
systems unlipped
channel
stud

%
I 9ÿ% %
Noggin
Mechanical
or welded

k
connection

Bottom plate

(a) ÿMill framing

Particle board A
sheeting

I
r Hat section
joists vj
Deep hat section bearers
or UB bearers
i i
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Ajl
(b) Floor system

Fig. 1.10 Domestic Construction

14
 Tltf UNIVERSITY OF
SYDNEY Braced Wall Panel

SYDNEY

ÿ 15
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
rm university of ÿ
SYDNEY
ÿ
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Q
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ÿ
ÿ
Two-storey steel house composed of G550 Steel
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

ÿ
SYDNEY G550 Sheet Steels ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
Deformed
elongated Structure
grains composed
entirely ol
New grains New grains new grains
forming growing

ÿ
/ /
Remnants
of deformed
grains

ÿ
Cold reduced to thickness.
ÿ
G550 less than 1.0 mm thick
Stress relief annealed.
ÿ
Higher fy & fu and lower ductility - Anisot
ÿ

16 ÿ
SYDNEY Typical Stress-Strain Curves

High strength steel G550

Conventional steel G300

Strain-hardening range

thf ixivritsrTVOF
SYDNEY Roof trusses in Indonesia composed of
G550 Steel
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

SYDNEY Shopping complex roof composed a

of G550 Steel ÿ
ÿ
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nil uKivfftsmroF
SYDNEY Steel Framing Design Guide ÿ
ÿ

Aligns with AS/NZS 1170 and ÿ

AS/NZS 4600 ÿ

Guidance on roof systems, ÿ

wall systems, floor systems, ÿ
bracing systems, connectors
testing, durability, fabrication a
and construction practice ÿ
ÿ
Screw capacities tabulated
a
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
 rnEi vujtvnrof
WsW SYDNEY

(g) Steel decking for composite construction

Section 1.2(g)

r»1 nil lMVEKSI7Y OF

W:W SYDNEY

Composite decking Concrete Reinforcing mesh

*
- -S
Decking profile

Concrete

Ribbed decking Intermittent indentations

in profile (Embossments)
Concrete

Interlocking trough sections

Fig. 1.12 Deck Profiles for Composite Slabs

Studs in decking

19
R»1 t>« LMvtitsrrror
WW SYDNEY Portal frames, steel sheds and
garages
Aligns with AS/NZS 1170 and
AS/NZS 4600
AUSTRALIAN STEEL INSTITUTE
Guidance on shed basics, STEEL SHED GHOUP

loads (actions), analysis, Design Guide

Portal Frames
design (especially effective Steel Sheds and Garages
lengths), and connections

Detailed information on wind

actions
111 "

Thlf Guide applies to steel framed and predominantly steel clad

fhedt and garages manufacturedfrom materials certified or
tested for compliance with Australian Standards

June 2009

pWll mi LMvmsm or

bW SYDNEY Special considerations in cold-

formed steel design
Thinner sections

High strength steels

Cold-forming processes

Connections

Section 1.4

20
 n« uwvtKsnYOP
SsW SYDNEY Local buckling and post-local
buckling of ihin elements

(a) Stiffened compression (b) Unstiffened compression (c) Edge stiffener

element element

b _
Multiple stiffened segment

Intermediat&J
stiffener

(d) Intermediate stiffener (e) Effective width for (f) Effective width for
a stiffened element an unstiffened element

Fig. 1.16 Compression Elements

nu t NIVmiflY OF
SYDNEY

ÿ 21
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

Q
SYDNEY Effective Width Method
ÿ
Design of CoTd-Formcd
Actual Effective ÿ
Effective
Steel Structures
(to AS/NZS 46002005)
ÿ
Actual
ÿ
Section 4.3 ÿ

(a) Stiffened element (b) Unstiffened element

ÿ
Fig. 4.3 Effective Stress Distributions ÿ
ÿ
Winter Effective Width Formula
ÿ
where ÿ
ÿ

k = plate buckling coefficient (depends on boundary conditions) ÿ

Uca-t ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
SYDNEY
Effective Section in Bending ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
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ÿ

a
ÿ
ÿ

a
Fig. 4.13 Bending stress with effective widths
ÿ
ÿ
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22
yWl Till CMWKSITY OF

WS SYDNEY
Distortional buckling

(a) Compression (b) Flexure

Fig. 1.18 Distortional Buckling Modes

DM ÿ

23
*5*75 I in* im\ iRsrrr or
SYDNEY Flange buckling model
D«sign of Cold-Formed
Steel Structures I
Shear centre of (10 AS-NZS 4600:2005)
flange and lip

Lentroid
Flange-web
junction
of flange
and lip
Section 5.3
a; I'i.niijc

The flange may be

M
IT
2EI
T~
M
o "T"
-II' 1 restrained by the web

[b) Symmetric Web Bending (c) Asymmetric Restrained

Web Bending

Fig. 5.9 Flange Distortions! Buckling Model

SYDMY Flexural-torsional (lateral) buckling

Lateral Lateral
Buckling Buckling
Mode Mode

(a) Iand T-sections bent about x-axis

Lateral Lateral
Buckling Buckling
Mode Mode

(b) Hat and Inverted Hat Sections bent about y-axis

Fig. 5.1 Lateral Buckling Modes and Axes

24
rwn the t xivmsmf or
WW SYDNEY
Elastic buckling moment
The elastic buckling moment (/W0) of a simply
supported I-beam, monosymmetric I-beam or T-
beam bent about the x-axis perpendicular to the
web

where

Section 5.2

Bridging minimises flexural-torsional

buckling

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1

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as
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25
 TMEUMNEHSmrOf
SH SYDNEY
Propensity for twisting

Eccentricity from shear centre

(e)
Load (P)

Centroid
Shear
centre
Torsional
Flexural deformation
deformation f
of shear
centre /
/

Torque = P e
(a) Eccentrically loaded channel beam

SYDNEY
Bridging minimises twisting

26
c
n
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SYDNEY
Bridging/ Bracing Systems
n / Sheeting

ÿ
£ it r §
n Bridging members x
(a) Bridging or bracing members
Stiff
support

n ÿ Bridging may be omitted / Sheeting

ÿ
fb) Alternating members

ÿ Cleats at supports
y5Sheeting Stiff
E -3 perimeter
member

n ft? (c) Diaphragm connected to perimeter support

ÿ
Sheeting connected at ridge

ÿ Sheeting

ÿ
Bridging may be omitted

ÿ (d) Opposing and balancing purlins and sheeting

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ÿ

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SYDNEY
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ Buckled web

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ Concentrated force

ÿ Fig. 6.6 Web Crippling of an Open Section

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ 27
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
the university of ÿ
SYDNEY
Web crippling under bearing
ÿ

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n
n
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ÿ
ÿ
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ÿ

Flanges restrained Flanges not restrained ÿ

ÿ I/vvvac-M _ ÿ
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HSS| nif UNIVERSITY or
WsW SYDNEY
Web crippling empirical equation ÿ
ÿ
Dusjfln ofCold-Formed
Steel Suocturos
(to A&'NZS 46002005) ÿ
(i) Back lo back (ii) Single web (iii) Single web
channel beam (stiffened or partially
stiffened flange)
(unstiffened
flange) ÿ
(a) Restraint against web rotation
Section 6.6
Bearings ÿ
FreeJ
endl- -tÿ1~ HH New in AS/NZS 4600:2005 ÿ
ÿBearing

fb) Bearing length and position

ÿ
The design ÿ
equation is: Rb =
7777777777777777777777777777777
73ÿ77/ ÿ
Bearing surface
(c) Section geometry
CtwJv sin 0 ÿ
Fig. 6.7 Factors affecting Web Bearing Capacity

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
28
ÿ

n
n
n fW j THE t'MVERSTTY OF
WsW SYDNEY
Corrosion Protection
n
ÿ
Zinc (Z, ZF), Aluminium-Zinc (ZA, AZ)or
n Aluminium/Zinc/ Magnesium (ZM, AM) coating
n protects the steel no matter how thin
n
ÿ
Coated and painted steel can be passed
n through roll forming machines without damage
n
n
ÿ
ÿ

c
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ OLD TASL&
ÿ
SYDNEY Coating classes for corrosion
ÿ conditions
ÿ
ÿ
Coating Class Application
ÿ
ZlOO A very thin, smooth and ductile coating for higher finishes in
ÿ internal, protected environments, eg for refrigerators and
dryers (in conjunction with paints).
ÿ
ÿ Z200 A light coating for internal protected environments such as
ducting and washing machines
ÿ
Z275, Z350 General purpose coatings.
ÿ Z450, AZ150 Recommended coatings for typical exterior protection, eg
roofing and accessories, and cladding.
ÿ
Z600, AZ200 Heavy duty coatings designed for culverts and box gutters.
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

D 29
 ruELsivfusmroF
WsW SYDNEY
Connections in thin sheet steels

Bolted connections

Screwed connections

Welded connections

Riveted connections

Power actuated fasteners

(PAFs)

SYDN! 1 Bolted connections in shear

(a) Single bolt (rf = 1)

CP CP dr O
l.5df 3df

(b) Three bolts in line of force (rf =t)

(c) Two bolts across line of force (r f = 1)

fd) Double shear (with washers)

'e) Single shear (with washers)

)kJ QjsLb Tojÿt

ÿ
30
 N
TUHlNÿ tj
I (a) Thicknesses (b) Nominal screw
diameter (df )

el . Pi

e]> 3df, pi >3df

N e2>1.5df,p2>3df

(c) Minimum edge distances and pitches

Fig. 9.15 Screws in Shear

| n» iMvmsrrror
r-5 SYDNEY Bearing / Tilting Failure

Vl v
ÿ

" :WSki'
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v x

31
*PW| THE UNIVERSITY OF
r.-jrj SYDNEY Welded connections

Arc spot weld (puddle weld)

Arc seam welds

(e) Flare-bevel weld

Fig. 9.1 Fusion Weld Types

sydney
Failure modes in transverse fillet welds

r £.
Geometry

- Inclination failure
5k Weld shear,
§§ÿ weld teanng Failure
If & plate teanng modes

(a) Single lap joint (TNO tests)

Geometry
4w Sheet and
tear failure mode

(b) Double lap joint (Cornell tests)

32
n
n
ÿ
ÿ § sydney Failure modes in fillet welds
ÿ
ÿ HAZ Failure
n
VmÿsID W£)
ÿ

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ÿ

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ÿ
3.0 mrr
ÿ

n Weld throat failure

ÿ

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ÿ

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ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
I-4.-I
ÿ (a) Single thickness of sheet

ÿ
ÿ (c) Minimum edge distance (arc spot welds)

ÿ
ÿ
(b) Double thickncss of sheet

ÿ
ÿ
(d) Geometry and minimum edge distance (arc seam welds)
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ 33
 IMIfNIVfKmrOF
rjrj SYDNEY Failure modes in arc spot welds

(a) Inclination failure

Buckled
plate

(b) Tearing and bearing at weld contour

Buckled
plate

(c) Edge failure

(d) Net section failure

(e) Weld shear failure

SYDNEY Flare welds

-OTfe'K -
w1

tw is the lesser of
0.707twi and 0.707tW2
ii filled flush to surface or
(5/16)R filled flush to surface

ÿX
(a) Flare-bevel weld

Jl

(b) Flare V-weld

Fig. 9.5 Flare Weld Cross-Sections

34
 SYDNEY
Power Actuated Fasteners (PAFs)

JL>8
Figure 2 PAF Geometric Variables Used in the Strength Prediction Model

New Clause E5 of NAS 2012

Includes tension (pull out) and shear

|ywl rMUMvmurvof
WsW
ÿ SYDNEY
Second Order Elastic Analysis
Appendix 2 of NAS 2012

Members shall satisfy the provisions of Section C5 (Section

3.5 in AS/NZS 4600) with the nominal column strengths
determined using Kx and Ky = 1.0 (i.e. effective length leb in
AS/NZS 4600 equal to the actual length), and ax and ay = 1.0
and Cmx and Cmy = 1.0.

Flexural and axial stiffness shall be reduced using E* in place

of E
E* = 0.8 Tb E where Tb depends on the ratio of the load to the yield load and is
basically 1.0 for elastic problems and reduces above 0.5 Py

35
|">*74 1 fMf UNIVERSITY OF
WsW SYDNEY Conclusions

High strength cold-formed sections can be

designed safely to AS/NZS 4600:2005
Cold-formed sections offer many
advantages over hot rolled sections including
high strength, light weight and ease of
fabrication
Cold -formed sections allow for innovative
building products to be developed

ÿ
Gothic j j
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
36
!

S
i

DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES
'

"
!
i

t '

Direct Strength Method of Design of

Cold-Formed Beams/Purlins

Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock

37
 THttMvtusrrrop

3ST SYDNEY

Cold-Formed Steel Structures

Lecture 2

Direct Strength Method of Design of Cold-

Formed Beams/Purlins

Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock AM FTSE

Oitf? Wirt} &c7 1 v(r

rÿ

ÿ SYDNEY Direct Strength Method (DSM)

First proposed by Schafer and Pekoz in 1998

Included in the 2004 Supplement to the North American

Specification as Appendix 1 and now in NAS 2007

Included in AS/NZS 4600:2005 as Section 7

Developed for columns and beams

Not developed explicitly for beam-columns
Not developed explicitly and calibrated for shear

38
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
Ml the uxivmsmr <*ÿ ÿ
SYDNEY American Iron and Steel Institute Design Guide
ÿ
gr; ÿ
(D
"O ÿ

U ÿ
: "QJO
o ÿ
1 9

* ÿ
\
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™ ÿ
; 0) ÿ
2
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m

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SYDNEY
Channel Section in Bending ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
Assume uniform ÿ
bending
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
I= 1.5 nm
i=2(X).(XX)Ml,i ÿ
Applied stress ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
39
 IP
-
Finite strip subdivision of edge-stiffened
sydney

plate

Cubic polynomial
transversely

Flexural
displacements
of plate
Membrane displacement
of edge stiffener
Linear
Sine curves

(b) Membrane and flexural buckling displacements

Gea

sydney
Signature curve of buckling stress versus
half-wavelength

For Beams
Each buckling moment
is calculated from the
buckling stress by
multiplying by the
gross section modulus
(Zf)

<rv

Local Mode (M0,) Distortional Mode (Mod) Flexural-Torsional Mode (M0)

\
BvacK-Us

40
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
M i vwiumror
SYDNEY
Flexural-torsional, distortional and local Q
buckles a
ÿ
ÿ

Local Buckle a
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
Simulated ÿ
Wind Uplift ÿ
Testing
ÿ
Distortional Buckle ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
IyW I mr iMNFRurvor
SW SYDNEY
DSM Flexural-Torsional Buckling Moment
Capacity (Mbe) ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
For M0 < 0.56My Mbe = M0 Eq. 7.2.2.2(1) ÿ

For 2.78M >M0 >0.56M ÿ ( 10Mv ÿ

10
I 9 36M. ÿ
ÿ
Eq. 7.2.2.2(2)
ÿ
For m0 > 2.imy S3
\Mbe My
= Eq" 7-2 Z2(3)
ÿ
where M0 = Elastic FT buckling moment ÿ

Mv = Yield moment of Gross Section ÿ

ÿ
ÿ
41 Q
 THEUMVEKSTYOF
SYDNEY
DSM Local Buckling Moment Capacity (Mbi)

m Eq. 7.2.2.3(1)

Eq. 7.2.2.3(2)
where M0i = Elastic local buckling moment

Mbe = Flexural-torsional buckling moment capacity

/\/ =mmm Eq. 7.2.2.3(3)

SYDNEY
DSM Distortional Buckling Moment
Capacity (Mbd)

Eq. 7.2.2.4(1)

Eq. 7.2.2.4(2)
where M0d = Elastic distortional buckling moment

Mv = Yield moment
C Ad Eq. 7.2.2.4(3)
ÿ

o
ÿ 42
f 1 nif isivfrmtv oj°
WiSl SYDNEY Direct Strength Method for beams

Distortional tests
°

.....
x
Local tests
- Winter
cvtf
- Local curve
Distortional curve
Strength
versus
Mo% S° o i qs ( 12.1 ) to (12.3) and (12.7) to (12.9)
Slenderness
'°lt0
Eqs 1 12. 10) to 1 12 12)/ÿÿ
and ( 12.16) to ( 12. 18) M, is the
yield moment

ÿ
" VM7u
or

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VpaCÿA - q,vq efctfo LxA&yit*

(jp sydney
Direct Strength Design Moment

The Direct Strength Design Moment is the least of:

ÿpMbe i cpMbl and (pMbd

where (p is the Capacity Reduction Factor equal to 0.9

43
 Till isi\msin of
SYDNEY
Prequalified compression members

tails %1J
UMIT* *0* fM-Ql-AUIIKO COMTMOIO* Mnuu For prequalified compression
members, use cp =0.85

For non-prequalified compression

members, use cp =0.80

NAS 2012 has an extended range

0-W
4 *n
of prequalified members including
return lips

rPwl THE LMVIKSITYOF

Ws57 SYDNEY Prequalified members subject to

bending

ÿ For prequalified members,

subject to bending, use cp =0.90

For non-prequalified members

subject to bending, use cp =0.80

NAS 2012 has an extended

jflHHjBi range of prequalified members
including return lips

44
 | 1 nit t siviemr of 10.5.2 Simply Supported C-Section Beam
rif SYDNEY Example

Problem

Determine the nominal member moment capacity of the C-section beam

in Example 5.8.1 using the Direct Strength Method. The section geometry
is shown in Fig. 4.12 and the beam geometry in Fig. 5.22.

The section dimensions are given in Example 4.6.3 and the beam
dimensions in Fig. 5.22.

Fig. 4.12 Fig. 5.22

D = 200mm

B = 75 mm

t = 1.5 mm

dL = 16.5 mm

fy = 450 MPa

® SYDNEY From Example 5.8.1

C. Design Load on Braced Purlin

C1. Clause 3.3.3.2.1 Members subject to lateral buckling- Open

section members (a) singly-symmetric sections.

Fig 5.22
Uplift on tension flange q

Elastic Buckling Moment

_ Lateral + torsional

\mo
brace when included
/ez= /ey= 3500 mm /ez= /ey= 3500 mm
1
- CbAroXyjj oyJ oz
L = 7000 mm

M3 = 7wL2/128
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(8))
BMP
r" m5 . M5 =
12-5(MmaJ
X m4 Mmax M6 =
C„ =
2.5(MmJ+3(M3)+4(M4)- -3(M5)I
(a) Loading and bending moment distribution
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(9))
a
45
 THFiMvttsmror I
ÿsydney From Example 5.8.1

Buckling Stresses and Buckling Moment of Full Section

= 113.86MPa
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(11))

, _ GJ 7T2EI. 103.36MPa (Eq. 3.3.3.2(12))

2 +
Ar
ATo\ V

Cb = 1.299 (Eq. 3.3.3.2(9))

M0= 7.612 kNm (Eq. 3.3.3.2(8))

Yield Moment of Full Section

M= 15.269 kNm (Eq. 3.3.3.2(7))

inn
Signature Curve for C-Section

\
\ r""i Distortional
\ \
\ Local
mode
A
\ mode
\

f0/ = 303.9 MPa

\\pJy </\V —\j 1 / \
\
-
1ÿ=256.2 MPa \

ÿ
* * i ÿ ÿ i 1 1 _ 1 1
_
1
1—i— ÿ ÿ 1 ÿ ÿ i ÿ i ÿ 1 1

10 100 1000
Buckle Half-Wavelength (mm)

Co/yCTFrrfji Fig.10.5 C-Secfion in Bending

From Program THINWALL

(http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/civil/case/thinwall.shtml)

Alternatively use CUFSM (www.ce.jhu.edu/bschafer/cufsm)

46
 ÿ

n
ÿ
ÿRB IT»f LMVfitsmroF
WB SYDNEY Q
ÿ
ÿ
A. Compute the Elastic Local and Distortional Buckling Stresses ÿ
and Moments using the Finite Strip Method
ÿ
fol = 303.9 MPa at 120 mm half-wavelength
ÿ
fod = 256.2 MPa at 600 mm half-wavelength
ÿ
Zxf = 3.393 *104 mm3 (Ex. 5.8.1)
ÿ
Mol= Zxffol = 10.311 kNm
ÿ
M0C) = Zxf fod = 8.693 kNm ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
[ |

O
ÿ
r-9&] r»« iMvuaiiYor
W? SYDNEY
ÿ

B Compute the Inelastic Lateral Buckling Moment Capacity (Mbe) ÿ

Since
ÿ
ÿ
Mbe = M0 =7.612 kNm
ÿ
C Compute the Local Buckling Moment Capacity (Mbl)
ÿ

a
ÿ

Since QjUQ , use Eq. 7.2.2.3(2) ÿ

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
47
 "£*5*1 IHI lMVEKSITYOF

S-W SYDNEY

D Compute the Distortional Buckling Moment Capacity (Mbd)

Since

—N\l> l~
Ni

I*Wll T>if t Mvursnt of

WSW SYDNEY

E. Nominal Member Flexural Moment Capacity (Mb)

Mh is the least of Mbe, Mbl and M,

Mb = 7.139 kNm

This can be compared with 6.665 kNm in Example 5.8.1

using the effective width method.
D
t:
D
D
ÿ
ÿ 48
 [•ÿwl rmcNivnsmroF
Pig SYDNEY Summary

The Direct Strength Method (DSM) uses the same equations

for the flexural-torsional buckling moment and yield moment
of the full section as the Effective Width Method (EWM)

The DSM computes the elastic local buckling moment and

elastic distortional moment of the full section from the
"signature curve" and there is no need to compute effective
widths.

The DSM Moment Capacity is simply taken from the least of the
Inelastic Lateral Buckling Moment Capacity (Mbe)
Local Buckling Moment Capacity (Mbl)
Distortional Buckling Moment Capacity (Mbd) wÿm

ÿ Sydney I Signature curves for C-Section and Supacee

Maximum
Stress in
Section at
Buckling
(MPa)

Buckle Half-Wavelenuth (mm)

49
 ug sydney Failure Modes of SupaCee Section Members
M Test Series

4
ÿ

/£L~i
*'ÿ"1

With straps (local buckling) Without straps (distortional buckling)

M9n| ntflMVIKSfTYOF
WsW SYDNEY
New developments in DSM

2012 Edition of the North American Specification

has 3 significant extensions to the DSM. These are:

Inclusion of holes in both flexural and compression

members

Inclusion of inelastic reserve capacity beyond My for

stocky sections in bending

DSM design for shear, and combined bending & shear

50
 SYDNEY
Distortional buckling in compression
with holes
Yielding at net section

DSM curve (no holes)

NAS 2012 rules
courtesy of AISI
Transition to P

Distortional
buckling with holes
°d2'' y
Based on research
Elastic buckling
at Johns Hopkins
University
Ad2 Assumptions for this plot (Moen and Schafer)
°ynet-0'°0Py

0.5 1 1.5 2
distortional slendernessA

n\n
Inelastic reserve capacity of beams

inelastic bending reserve

considered: sections
1.2.2.2.2 and 1.2.2.3.2
DSM Local Buckling Strength
DSM Distortional Buckling Strength
Elastic Buckling
inelastic bendinpX V.
reserve ignored:
sections 1.2.2.2.1
and 1.2.2.3.1

post-buckling
*-Hÿ) I
t03\, ,05
ÿ2i-(l-0.24— ) V—as
M, IMy J

2 _
3
slendcrncss =

NAS 2012 rules courtesy of AISI (Shifferaw and Schafer JHU)

51
o
n
ÿ
ÿ MPnl THECMVUrSITYOF
SYDNEY
DSM design for shear
ÿ

n Research by Pham and Hancock at the University

n of Sydney
ÿ
Approved for the 2012 Edition of the NAS as Ballot
o 326C
ÿ

a Considers the case of the whole section in pure

shear
a
o Based on a signature curve for pure shear recently
o developed at the University of Sydney
ÿ

o
ÿ

o
o
o niHMvmsmroF
Shear flow distributions in a lipped
SYDNEY
ÿ channel
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

a
ÿ 80 mm

c
D
c
ÿ
 SYDNEY Buckling modes from spline
finite strip method

The intermediate stiffeners can

enhance the shear buckling
stresses

The flanges and lips can have a

Plain C and Supacee with Aspect Ratio 1:1 significant influence on improving
the shear buckling capacity of
thin-walled channel sections

Plain C and Supacee with Aspect Ratio 2:1

SYDM-Y
Shear design curves in DSM format

/ _ \04 / \
Vcr v,
cr

\
Vy / V Vy y

includes TFA
AlSI-Shear Curve

----
Elastic Buckling Curve
Tension Field Action Curve
DSM Proposal Curve for Shear
V=V,

excludes TFA

Vcr is the shear buckling load

of the whole section

53
 SYDNEY Failure mode of SupaCee section
V Test Series

TMF IMMHSin

w SYDNEY Shear Tests compared with DSM Shear Proposals

1.2

-n
l -V v
a+
-
ÿ
"ÿV.'kx\.4
X*0
-Elastic
AlSI-Shear Curve-without TFA
ÿ

—
-°- Buckling Curve-Vcr
ÿ
ÿ
c n. :/ X E

ÿ ÿ
Tension Field Action (TFA) Curve
DSM Proposed Curve for Shear-with TFA *
A C 15015
ÿ C 150 19
CI5024
\ *
A
O
C20015
C20019
\. m
N.
a ÿ
——_ »-

O C20024
X SC15012 ÿ
X SC 15015 ÿ
+ SCI 5024
X SC20012 ÿ ÿ

X SC20015 "
+ SC20024
a UMR-Shear Tests ÿ ÿ
ÿ
UMR-Excluded Shear Tests
i i i iii i ÿ
I i

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.2 1.. 1.6 1.: 2 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.)

ÿ 54
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
THE UNIVERSITY OF
SYDNEY Buckling modes in pure shear Q
ÿ
ÿ

Local buckling ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

n
Distortional n
buckling ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

a
ÿ
ÿ
WsW SYDNEY Signature curve for plain lipped
ÿ
channel in pure shear
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
Maximum Shear Stress
in Section at Buckling ÿ
(MPa)
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
iiiiim annum ÿ

Buckle Half-Wavelength (mm)

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
 TUf tMVEHyTYOF
WsW SYDNEY DSM for shear - Conclusions

Extensions of the Direct Strength Method (DSM) of design

of cold-formed sections for shear have been proposed

The proposals are based on the shear buckling load Vcr

of the whole section in line with DSM philosophy

A signature curve for pure shear has been developed to

allow easy calculation of Vcr for use in the DSM

Local and distortional buckling modes in pure shear

have been identified using the SAFSM

The proposals have been approved as a ballot (CS 326C)

of the American Iron and Steel Institute Specification
Committee

(Sp Sydney

__
DSM for Shear with Stiffeners

Research currently underway at the University of Sydney

. ---> — i

56
 SYDNEY DSM for Shear with Holes

Research currently underway at the University of Sydney

<,120
* g.

ÿ
ÿ
(\aA 0ÿ

o
ÿ
SYDNEY DSM for Shear with Holes ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
OOOIS ÿ
1-6 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

n
n
ÿ THE UNIVERSITY OF

ÿ SYDNEY DSM design for purlins

n
ÿ
Vacuum test rig
ÿ with continuous
lapped purlins
o under wind uplift
o
o
D
ÿ
ÿ

D
O
c
ÿ

o
o
ÿ
ÿ
SYDNEY
Vacuum test rig
ÿ

D
ÿ

D
ÿ

D
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
Simulated upwards loading Simulated downwards loading
D
ÿ

C
ÿ 58
 SYDNEY

7 metre
simple span

One row of
bridging

nirc-NivfitHTYor

SYDNEY Vacuum rig test programs

Table 1. Purlin-Sheeting Test Programs Performed at the University of Sydney
Series Loading Spans* Bridging t Sheeting Type Rafter Fixing
SI Uplift 3-span lapped 0,1.2 Screw fastened Cleats
S2 Uplift 2-span lapped 0,1,2 Screw fastened Cleats
S3 Uplift Simply supported 0,1,2 Screw fastened Cleats
S4 Downwards 3-span lapped 0,1 Screw fastened Cleats
S5 Uplift Simply supported 0, 1,2 Concealed fixed Cleats
S6 Uplift 3-span lapped 1 Concealed fixed Cleats
S7 Uplift Simply supported 0,1,2 Screw fastened Cleats
Simply supported
S8 Uplift 1,2 Screw fastened Cleats
3-span lapped

* 3x7.0 m spans with 900 mm laps between bolt centres for 3-span lapped configuration
2x10.5 m spans with 1500 mm laps between bolt centres for 2-span lapped configuration
1x7.0 m span for simply supported configuration.
t 0: Zero rows of bridging in each span
1 : One row of bridging in each span
2: Single and double spans: Two rows of bridging in each span
Triple spans: Two rows of bridging in the end spans, one row in the central span

59
n
n
n
ÿ Till UNIVERSITY i

$ sydney Flexural-torsional buckling model for Mo

n
n
o Cb approach uses BMD between brace points
o
o Mm*
m3 Mi MS
ÿ
= Elastic buckling moment
ÿ (a) Positive moment (or negative) alone

12.5M,,,
ÿ
1mm 2.5Mmax + 3M3 + 4M4 + 3M5
m3 m4n
_pfc
Ms
ÿ
ÿ
(b) Positive and negative moments

o
o
ÿ
ÿ

D
ÿ
ÿ
sydney
Flexural-torsional buckling model for M0
ÿ
ÿ
FELB (Finite Element Sheeting screw fastened to top flange Lap Lap

ÿ \ i~i
d5 —UP*.
Lateral Buckling) - *
Lateral and torsional brace
End span Interior span j
ÿ (a) Element Subdivision ÿ
inward

FELB approach models full / - outward \| | N.

ÿ fciHffi \\/ N
length lapped purlin - outward
Lateral
ÿ of centroid
Outward loading

ÿ Lateral

of centroid

ÿ ÿÿÿ""ÿyÿInward loading

ÿ (c) Buckling modes

ÿ Fig. 5.6 BMD and Buckling Modes for Half Purlin

ÿ
ÿ

O
c 60
 IM UMVBOmrOF
Sydney
SYDNEY Design programs PURLIN 4600 and SUPAPURLIN

Deform Stress Strength Service

f *? ÿ O

Bridging
SupaPurlin 1J)
Span Rows Locations Analysis and Design of Supa Purlins Al
Copyright © 2003 - University of SydneT
1 |7iJ I 50 1 50
SERVICEABILITY DESIGN
2 | 33 1 B!| 33
3 |7jJ 1 50 1 50 Maximum Deflection
The maximum deflection is 5 = -53.92 n
* pfij I 50 1 50 Located at 4000 mm from left support
r-ji 50 ) 50 1 This represents a span/deflection ratio I

rii_ |
Ffjl |
r±i! |
rdl I-
Fzjl 50| 50;'
Fd I-
rn P"~
Al Equal to Span 1
ÿ Inwards C Outwards

Combined bending and shear

Interaction relationships

61
 niE lSIVFRMTVOF
SYDNEY
Experimental rig for V and MV tests

Loading Rain
bphencal Head

U
Iwo C hannel
Section Members
LVDT 7

Load Transfer
Plate

rlali Round

BU] LVD 8

A|_ÿ ip-. LVUTs 1,4 LVDT* 3.6

200- V Series 200- V Series

400- »ÿ Series 1 400-1- Senes
50

Shear Diagram

m: 1

Moment Diagram

Interaction with Ms] \

Vv based on DSM p

AC15015
ÿC15019
C 15024
A C20015
ÿ C20019
o C20024
X SC15012
X SC15015
+ SCI5024
X SC20012
X SC20015
S SC20024

ÿ 62
 ÿ

a
ÿ
THE UNIVERSITY OF Comparisons with tests Q
SYDNEY
FELB approach
ÿ

I s
8 O Test Lead/ EWMLoad
ÿ
ÿ

1
o
Test Load/ ESMLoad (Proposal 2) ÿ
A Test Load/ EWMLoad - LbwrAords
12.5 -
A Test Load/ ESMLoad(Proposal 2) Dcrv\rr»\ards
ÿ
o
12.0 -
ÿ
D

1.5 O a
I
i
»
ÿ

8
9
A
A
o
8
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
10.0'
1/0 1/1 1/2 2/0-0 2/1-1 2/2-2 3/0-0-0 3/1-1-1 3/2-1-2
ÿ
Span IBridging Configuration
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
riir

SYDNEY
iwvEBTTTor Comparisons with tests
Cb approach ÿ

I
[&o
O Test Load/ EWMLoad
Test Load/DSMLoad (Proposal 2)
ÿ
ÿ
7.0 A Test Load/ EWMLoad - Downwards
A Test Load/ E6MLoad (Proposal 2) - Downwards
ÿ
6.0
1 ÿ
5.0 2
o

O a
D
4.0 +
O
ÿ
3.0

ÿ
2.0

1.0
i i
o o
A !
1l 8 ÿ

0.0
ÿ
1/0 1/1 1/2 2/04) 2/1-1 2/2-2 3/0-0-0 3/1-1-1 3/2-1-2

Span IBridging Configuration

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
 Sheeting shear and flexural
SYDNEY
stiffnesses

Line of support

(b) Sheeting shear stiffness (k )

Line of support

(a) Plan of sheeting

(c) Sheeting flexural stiffness (kÿ)

SYinn Effect of torsional restraint of sheeting (krs)

Sheeting

Torsion Vertical Bending

Stage Stage

(a) Deflection

Flange
element
Spring stiffness Conventional
K bending theory
with Icomputed
for twisted section

Torsion Stage Vertical Bending Stage

(b) Models

64
 0p[VJ\ _ NCTVTdD

Ml
Conclusions
mi isiviksiTY or

SYDNEY

The DSM and EWM methods have been compared with

a range of vacuum rig tests on purlin sheeting systems
with single, double and triple spans.

Both methods produced safe designs with the DSM

slightly less conservative than the EWM in general.

An extension of the DSM to shear and combined bending

and shear has been proposed with the section moment
capacity Ms based on Msi The proposals produce safe designs.

65
 DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES

Connections
j

! :
I .

Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock

66
n«n
WjW
n« lMVFRVTY OP

SYDNEY

Cold-Formed Steel Structures

Lecture 3

Connections

Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock AM FTSE

Connections in thin sheet steels

Bolted connections

Screwed connections

Welded connections

Power actuated fasteners (PAFs)

67
nil i v\!Km;yi>«-
_ . , . .
sydney
Bolted Connection in Shear

Geometry (a) Single bolt (ff -= 1)

0 0df
I.Sdf 3df

lb) Three bolts in line of force (rr y )

—
'

[c) Two bolts across line of force (rf = 1

[d) Double shear (with washers)

(e) Single shear (with washers)

SYO\l Y
Failure Modes in Bolted Connections in
Shear

(a) Tearout failure of sheet (Type I)

Buckled
plate

(b) Bearing failure of sheet material (Type II)

(c) Tension failure of net section (Type III)

(d) Shear failure of bolt (Type IV)

68
ii Sydney Failure Modes in G550 Steel Bolted
Connections

0.42 (.550
Iranv.
CPU

(a) End tearout failure (b) Bearing Failure

(c) Net Section Tension Failure

Tlif LMVftSmrOF

SsW SYDNEY Tearout and bearing failures

Failure Type
ÿ
I
o II
Iand II
a n and III

Tearout Failure of Sheet (Type I

 ime university or

Snw SYDNEY Tearout and bearing failures

1 1 T 1
_ fu/fy> 1.08

:/ ÿ
SNs\ fbu e
s-*
/>
---
Failure Type
o I
a 11
A
a"7

fu dh Iand II
/
_
i i i i i i

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
e/dh
(b) Single shear connectionsfwithoutVashers

Tearout Failure of Sheet (Tvpe

Bearina Failure of Sheet (Tvoe II

SYDNEY
Bearing coefficient C

- 1- 1—
AS/NZS 4600 : 2005, NAS
d/t <10: C = 3.0
10 < d/t < 22 : C = 4 - O.lt/d AS/NZS 4600: 1996 AISI
d/t > 22 : C = 1.8
£c 50

Eurocode
CSA-S136
d/t <10 : C = 3.0
10 < d/t < 15 : C = 30t/d
d/t >15: C = 2.0

15 20 25 30
d/t

Fig. 9. 13 Bearing Coefficient C for Bolted Conections

The modification factors depends on the type of bearing and

is specified in Table 5.3.4.2(A) of AS/NZS 4600

70
 Sp SYDNEY Modification factor a for bearing

Table 5.3.4.2(A)

Single shear and outside sheets of double shear

With washers under both bolt head and nut 1.00

Same as above without washers or with only one washer 0.75

Inside sheets of double shear with or without washers 1.33

(jg) IN \i V. ., ' I

I wSYDNEY Modification factor a for bearing

New in NAS 2012 Table E3.3.1-2

Single shear and outside sheets of double shear

With short slotted holes parallel to the applied load and without
washers under both bolt head and nut, or with only one washer
0.70

Single shear and outside sheets of double shear

with short slotted holes perpendicular to the applied load and
without washers under both bolt head and nut, or with only one
washer 0.50

Inside sheets of double shear using short slotted holes

perpendicular to the applied load with or without washers
0.90

71
 ÿ
ÿ

a
ÿ
SYDNEY
Net section failures
ÿ
ÿ

a
ÿ
0.1+ 3.0
(1 -0.9rf + 3rf (df/sf)
ÿ
f o One
Bolts < a Two Multiple bolts case ÿ
ÿ Three

df/sf
(a) Single shear with washers
a
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
SYDNEY Net section failures ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
(1 - rf + 2.5rf(df/sf))
ÿ
f o One
Bolts < a Two
*• ÿ Three Multiple bolts case ÿ
df/Sf ÿ
(b) Single shear without washers

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
 <0wl IHFLMUHSJTVt*

357 SYDNEY Shear Failure of Bolt (Type IV)

The nominal shear capacity (\/J of a bolt specified in Clause 5.3.5.1

of AS/NZS 4600 is the same as specified in AS 4100. It is given by:

0.62 fuf (nnAc + nxA0)

For combined tension and shear (same as AS41 00):

ÿ sydney Example 9.8.2 Bolted Connection Design Example

Problem

Design a bolted connection in single shear to fully develop the

strength of the net section of the sheet using bolts in the line
of action of the force as shown in Fig. 9.9(b).

Use M12 bolts of strength grade 4.6 with washers under both head and nut.

Fig. 9.9(b)

73
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
die iMVMsmr of
WjW SYDNEY
ÿ
ÿ
A. Plate Strength for Net Plate
Clause 5.3. 1 ÿ
df = 12 mm a
dh = diameter of standard hole
= df + 2.0 = 14 mm ÿ
Clause 3. 2
An = (b-dh)t = {80 - 14)2.5= 165 mm2 ÿ
ÿ
Nt is the lesser of
Nt=\fy (Eq. 3.2.2(1))
ÿ
= (80 x2.5) x 300
= 60000 N ÿ
= 60.0 kN
ÿ
Nt= 0.85 kt An fu (Eq. 3.2.2(2))
= 0.85 x 1.0 x 165 x 340 ÿ
= 47685 N
= 47.69 kN < 60.0 kN ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
vn ITHCCMVUSITYOF
SW SYDNEY
ÿ

Hence ÿ
Nd = (p Nt
= 0.90 x 47.69 ÿ
= 42.92 kN
ÿ
Clause 5.3.3
ÿ
Where washers are provided under both the bolt head
and the nut for multiple bolts in the line parallel to the force. ÿ

Nf = fuAn (Eq. 5.3.3(3)) ÿ

Nf = 340 x 165 = 56.1 kN
ÿ
Now 0=0.55 for single shear connections in Clause 5.3.3(a) ÿ

<f>Vw = 0.55 *56.1 =30.85 kN <42.92 kN ÿ

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
74
 p£*yT| niECMYMsmrof
WW SYDNEY

B. Number of Bolts Required

Strength Grade 4.6, hence fuf - 400 MPa

Clause 5.3.5. 1

Vfv = 0.62fufAo (Eq. 5.3.5.1(2))

= 0.62 x 400 x 113.1
= 28048 N
= 28.05 kN
Hence ÿ = 0.80 for Clause 5.3.5.1
<t> Vtv = 0.80 x 28.05 = 22.44 kN
3(/> Vlv = 67.32 kN > 30.85 kN
If the shear plane contains the bolt thread, then the minor diameter area of the
bolt should be used for this calculation. In this case 30V/v = 43.3 kN > 30.H5 kN

run wvtptsfiYor
riW SYDNEY

C. Check Bearing Capacity

Clause 5.3.4.2

Vb aC fu dft (Eq. 5.3.4.2)

Table 5.3.4.2(A) (Modification Factor d)

Single shear with washers under both bolt head and nut a =1.0

Table 5.3.4.2(B) (Bearing Factor C)

MS9M
m
Hence Vb = 3.00 fudft
= 3.00 x340 x 12 x 2.5 = 30600 N
= 30.6 kN

ÿ = 0.60 as given in Clause 5.3.4.2

<f>Vb= 78.36 kN
3</>Vb = 55.08 kN > 30.85 kN

75
 n
ÿ
ÿ
nafel
jSJ
IMF UMVERSTY Of
SYDNI \ Q
ÿ
D. Tearout
ÿ
Clause 5.3.2 Use e = 25 mm
ÿ
Vf =te fu ( Eq. 5.3.2(2))
= 2.5 *25 *340 = 21250 N ÿ
= 2125 kN
ÿ
Now $= 0.70 for Clause 5.3.2
ÿ
since fu/fy = 1.13 > 1.08
</>Vf = 0.70 x 21.25 = 14.88 kN ÿ
3</>Vf = 44.63 kN > 30.85 kN
ÿ
Also the distance from the centre of a standard hole to the
end of the plate must be greater than or equal to 1.5df =18 mm < 25 mm ÿ
and distance between centre of bolt holes must be greater than
ÿ
or equal to 3df = 36 mm > e + 6 mm = 31 mm. Hence bolt hole spacing
is governed by the 3df requirement and not tearout. W ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
I#] nulmvimirror
WsW SYDNEY
ÿ
ÿ
I I
Sf 0 C
I
i>d4°t
ÿ
1.5df| 3df ÿ
(b) Three bolts in line of force (r f =ÿ-)

ÿ
ÿ
Final solution is three M12 Grade 4.6 bolts in line spaced 36 mm
between the centres of the bolt holes and 25 mm from the end of the plate .ÿ
to the centre of the last bolt hole. Design load capacity is 30.85 kN
which is controlled by the plate strength design capacity and not the bolt ÿ
capacity in shear or plate bearing capacity.
ÿ
n
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
76
 TIIE UNIVERSITY 0T
SsW SYDNEY Block shear rupture
ffs*
---
-A/ \ \ V-

fuAnt£0.60fuAnv
Ch-.z-o-
_q~ÿAgvÿ p
I L_

S*
(a) Small shear force and large
tension force

6Z? 0.60ÿ,,ÿ fjAj,

«9
Us*
(b) Large shear force and
small tension force

Fig. 9.20 Block Shear Rupture

n\n Screw connections in shear

MB*
(a) Thicknesses (b) Nominal screw
diameter (df )

el . Pi

ej> 3df, pi>3df

N e2>1.5df,p2>3df

(c) Minimum edge distances and pitches

Fig. 9.15 Screws in Shear

77
 ÿ

n
ÿ
mi t vunsmroF

SYDNEY Q
ÿ
Tilting Failure of Screwed Connections n
n
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
042/042 C.550
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
SYDNEY
ÿ

Bearing Failure of Screwed Connections ÿ

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
78
 -u
to

TMELMVOHmrOF
SYDNEY Design for Shear

When t2 < t1 use the smallest of

CSA-S136
d/tÿlO
dA < 15 : C = 30t/d AS/NZS 4600 1996 A1S1
d/tÿl5: C = 2.0 C-2.7

AS/NZS 4600 : 2005

d/t£6: C-2.7
6 < dA < 13 : C = 3.3 - O.lt/d
-
d/t£: C 2.0

When t2> 2.5 t1 use the smaller of Fig. 9.17 Bearing Coefficient C for Screwed Connections

When 2.5t1 > t2 >t1 , use linear interpolation

h ' '1
i

Design for Tension

dW|
\"1 \7/
7/x_t ], tensile strength f .
t2 , tensile strength f ÿ
-U-N
(a) Valley (pan) fixed

TT n
t[ ,tensile strength f ul

t2 , tensile strength f ÿ

(b) Crest fixed

Fig. 9.18 Screws in Tension

79
 n« tMvmsmfor
teSf SYDNEY Design for Tension
Pull-Out Failure
Eq. 5.4.3.2(2)
Pull-Over Failure (pan fastened)

Eq. 5.4.3.2(2)
where dw is the larger of the screw
head diameter and the washer
diameter but not greater than 12.5 mm
Pull-Over Failure (crest fastened)

c = 0.54 (corrugated sheeting)

0.89 (wide pan trapezoidal sheeting)
0.79 (narrow pan trapezoidal sheeting

SYDNEY Combined tension and shear in

screwed connections

NAS 2012 has new rules for:

Combined shear and pullover (E4.5.1)

Combined shear and pullout (E4.5.2)

Combined shear and tension in screws

(E4.5.3)

80
 1 TwruMMBrsiTroF
SsW SYDNEY Welded connections

(a) Butt weld

, I.;' '

spot weld (puddle weld)

seam welds

(e) Hare-bevel weld

Fig. 9.1 Fusion Weld Types

_____

Fai
we I

Geometry

Inclination failure

Weld shear
weld tearing Failure
& plate tearing modes

(a) Single lap ioint (TNO tests)

Geometry
and
failure mode

(b) Double lap joint (Cornell tests)

81
 n
ÿ
ÿ

Failure modes in longitudinal fillet welds Q

ÿ
2N- 2N
ÿ
ÿ

!I A Geometry
ÿ
ÿ
Transvi
plate
_ Weld shear
and tearing Failure
tearing
at weld modes
ÿ
mrnr contour

(a) Single lap joint (TNO tests)

ÿ
lll
4N-
I

1 12> tj
ÿ4N o
K
Geometry ÿ
Sheet tear ÿ
and
failure mode
ÿ
(b) Double lap joint (Cornell tests)
ÿ
Fig. 9.4 Fillet Welds subject to
Longitudinal Loading ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
SYDNEY Failure modes ÿ
ÿ
HAZ Failure
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

a
Weld throat failure a
ÿ
ÿ
82
 SYDNEY

(b) Longitudinal (Fig. 9.4b)

(a) Transverse (Fig. 9.2b)

100
Theoretical Ultimate Load = 2VW Theoretical Ultimate Load = 4V

STg 6T- WHt

Arc spot and arc seam welds

ÿ
jt
U-d.—|
(a) Single thickness of sheet

®Tnin ®mm

J_
-o o
(c) Minimum edge distance (arc spot welds)

(b) Double thickncss of sheet

"-min

(d) Geometry and minimum edge distance (arc seam welds)

Fig. 9.6 Arc Spot and Arc Seam Weld Geometry

ÿ 83
&j)ISYDNEY
ÿ THE UNIVERSITY OF

Failure modes in arc spot welds

(a) Inclination failure

Buckled
plate

(b) Tearing and bearing at weld contour

Buckled
plate

(c) Edge failure

(d) Net section failure

(e) Weld shear failure

SYDNEY Flare welds

t w is the lesser of
0.707twi and 0.707tW2
filled flush to surface or
(5/16)R filled flush to surface
0.833 tlw fu
(a) Flare-bevel weld

(b) Flare V-weld

Fig. 9.5 Flare Weld Cross-Sections

84
 88 Sydney 9.8.1 Welded Connection Design Example

Problem
The 80 mm wide 2.5 mm thick G300 sheet is to be welded to the 5 mm
plate shown in Fig. 9.21 using either:

(a) Longitudinal fillet welds, or

(b) Combined longitudinal and transverse fillet welds,
determine the size of each weld to fully develop the design capacity
of the plate

I*W>| Tut isivmsnvoF

few SYDNEY

A. Plate Strength for Full Plate

For a G300 steel, fy = 300 MPa and fu = 340 MPa
Clause 3.2

Use lesser of

Nt = Ag f=(bt) fy (Eq. 3.2.2(1))

= (80 x 2.5) x 300
= 60000 N = 60.0 kN

N, = 0.85ktAnfu = 0.85kt (bt) fu (Eq. 3.2.2(2))

= 0.85 x 1.0 x (80 x2. 5) x 340
= 578000 N = 57.8 kN

Hence the design capacity of the connection ( Nd) is given by

Nd=t, N,
= 0.90 x57.8
= 52.02 kN

85
 n» UMXtKMlYC*'
ÿ SYDNEY
B. Longitudinal Fillet Weld Design
Clause 5.2.3.2(b)
Assuming El

Vw = 0.75 t lwfu (Eq. 5.2.3.2(3))

Now (j> Vw< Nd where <p= 0.55 for Clause 5.2.3.2(b)

52020
= 1487?2m
0.55x0.75tf 0.55(0.75x2.5x340)
1 148 n* ML 74 in*
= 14mm ÿ— = -= 29.6 > 25
2 2 m t 2.5

niE usivf (tsirv of

WW SYDNEY

C. Combined Longitudinal and Transverse Fillet Weld Design

Firstly, locate transverse fillet weld across full width of end of plate
as shown in Fig. 9.21(b).

Clause 5.2.3.3

WJtransverse = t b f u = 2.5 * 80 * 340 (Eq. 5.2.3.3)

= 68.0 kN

Now </<p> = 0.60 for Clause 5.2.3.3

$ VJ transverse = 40.8 kN
(

Hence required (Nd)longitudjnal = Nd $ ( ÿ vv) transverse

= 52.02-40.8 = 11.22 kN

86
 THUMVtKSin OF

ÿ SYDNEY

Try (lw)i=15 mm, hence

Hence for a longitudinal fillet weld each side,

2 <j>\/ = 2 x 7. 79 kN = 14.38 kN > 7122 kN

Hence use 15 mm additional fillet welds each side.

k&*1 $F7-Hlzr& 7ÿ-hj,

* eorv'T w&co ÿ ÿ ÿ
ÿ ?rec-5i s „

SYI)\I >
Power Actuated Fasteners (PAFs)

SU K
Figure 2 PAF Geomeiric Variables Used in the Strength Prediction Model

New Clause E5 of NAS 2012

Includes tension (pull out) and shear

87
 n
ÿ
ÿ
Rw| nu usivfRsmr o" ÿ
W33 SYDNEY
PAF Design Rules in NAS 2012
ÿ
ÿ

E5.2.1 Tension strength - formula given based on section area ÿ

E5.2.2 Pull-out - independent laboratory testing required ÿ
E5.2.3 Pull-over - formula given similar to screws
ÿ
E5.3.1 Shear strength -formula given based on section area ÿ
E5.3.2 Bearing and tilting strength - new formula
E5.3.3 Pull-out strength in shear - new formula o
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

n
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
I"ftys 1 THfUSIVHlSITYOF
WSSf SYDNEY
ÿ
ÿ
Bolted connections have a greater propensity for bearing a
failure and normally require washers
ÿ

Screws can undergo tilting as well as bearing failure ÿ

ÿ
Welds can have failure in the Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) and
require special rules based on the parent metal strength a
G450 Steel can now be designed according the AS/NZS ÿ
4600:2005 ÿ
New rules have been developed for PAFs in the NAS 2012 I i

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
88
 DESIGN OF COLD-FORMED
STEEL STRUCTURES

Design Examples

Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock

89
 , insm i
SYDNEY

Cold-Formed Steel Structures

Lecture 4
Design Examples of Lapped Z-Section Purlin
and Lipped Channel Column in Compression

Emeritus Professor Gregory Hancock AM FTSE

ip Sydney Ex 5.8.4 Continuous Lapped Z-Section Purlin

w = 1 kN/m
(a) Geometry Brace Fig. 5.24
Lap (900 mm)

2800 4200 3500 3500 4200 2800

(all dimensions in mm)
Determine the maximum
3.79 kNm at
uplift and downwards
brace point
design load on the
(b) Bending
Moment
Includes double
stiffness in lap Z-section purlin
Distribution
Reverse signs
3.42 kNm at 3.76 kNm at for uplift loading
end of lap end of lap Use the Effective Width
Method (EWM) and
2.75 kN 3.50 kN
Direct Strength Method
(DSM)
(c) Shear
orce
Diagram 3.80 kN at
end of lap
4.25 kN
3.05 kN at
end of lap

ÿ 90
 SYDNEY
Z-Section purlin

79 mm
t = 1.5 mm

© (D ©
©f y
y«g
Internal corner radii (r j ) = 5mm r = 5.75 mm ©
y«parallel with web u = 1.57r
x«parallel with flanges t = 1.5 mm D = 203 mm = 9.03 mm
C
i
c = 0.637r

W = 3.66 mm

_
Ig = 0.149r3
= 28.3 mm3

I dn = 15 mm
j©
(a) Cross-section
Bt = 74 mm
ÿi'Ns' (b) Line element model
© © ©

Fig. 5.23

nif university of

WW SYDNEY
Program THIN-WALL

Local and distortional buckling stresses

Distortional bucklina

Compression in wide flange ad = 222 MPa, A = 600 mm

Compression in narrow flange od = 236.7 MPa, A = 700 mm
Local buckling

Compression in wide flange al = 304.6 MPa, A = 120 mm

Compression in narrow flange al = 296.2 MPa, A = 120 mm

91
I .
ÿ HWn nit isrxmsrrv of
ÿ SYDNEY
Lipped Zed Notepad file for PURLIN
n
ÿ

n Name Grade D E F L T R1 R2
(mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm) (mm)
o "Z20015S" "G450" 203 79 74 15.0 1.5 5.0 5.0
o
Name Grade fol b fod b fol c fod c
ÿ (MPa) (MPa) (MPa) (MPa)

a "Z20015S" "G450" 300.4 229.4 58.0 105.9

ÿ
ÿ The local and distortional buckling stresses are the mean
ÿ of the wide and narrow flange values from THIN-WALL

ra»l niF iMvutsmroF

WW SYDNEY
Solutions from PURLIN

Effective Width Method

Lowest load factor = 2.183 (cf 2.165 in DCFSS Ed 4th)
Flexural-torsional buckling 2800mm from LH support

Section capacity 2.690

FT buckling 2.183
Distortional buckling 2.235
Shear capacity 4.066
Combined M&V 2.386
Bolt shear 3.905

92
 Direct Strength Method
Lowest load factor = 2.235
Distortional buckling 2800mm from LH support)

This value is 2.2% higher than the EWM

THI LMVUMTYOr

r-5 SYDNEY Ex 7.6.3 Lipped Channel Column

Problem
Determine the nominal member axial capacity (A/c) for the lipped channel
section of length 2000 mm shown in Fig. 7.12 assuming the channel is loaded
concentrically through the centroid of the effective section and the effective
lengths in flexure and torsion are based on a lateral and torsional restraint
in the plane of symmetry at mid-height. This is similar to a wall stud in a steel
framed house with a noggin (bridging) at mid-height.
D = 100 mm 2000 mm
B = 75 mm
1000 mm
t = 1.5 mm
1000 mm
dL = 16.5 mm

fy = 300 MPa

Fig. 7.12

93
 I425*1 rut 1mvfiwty of
SYDNEY Example 7.6.3

Major and Minor Axis Second Moments of Area (Ix, ly) and
Torsion Constant (J) of Full Section accounting for Rounded Corners
lx = 7.116 x705 mm4
I =3.155 *105mm4

J = 304.37 mm4

Fig. 7.12

hPftl tmf iT.ivutsmrof

r-5 SYDNEY

Warping Constant and Shear Centre Position for Full Section with Square
Corners

= 7. 632><105 mm4

= 37. 75 mm

= 7.521 x708mm6

= 65.61 mm

Fig. 7.12

94
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
AS 4100- 1998
0.8 (€% = -0.5)
*
fn = 10.658 c
f ÿ

AISI-LRFD- 1991
ÿ
AS/NZS 4600 v
1996
and A1SI 1996 ÿ

AS 1538 - 1988 ÿ0.877ÿ ÿ

(unfactored)

kr=<fJfn
y*oc where ÿ
Fig. 7.3 Compression Member Design Curves
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
M n« iMVfK&mrop
WSW SYDNEY Buckling Stresses of Full Section
ÿ
ÿ
Flexural buckling about the major x-axis
ÿ
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(14))
= 865.35MPa ÿ
ÿ
Flexural buckling about the minor x-axis ÿ

= 1534MPa (Eq. 3.3.3.2(11)) a

ÿ
ÿ
Torsional buckling
ÿ
(Eq. 3.3.3.2(12))
543.94MPa ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
n
n
n
n rÿn Tin
ÿ SYDNEY
o
ÿ For a section mono-symmetric about the x-axis, the critical stress foc
is the lesser of the minor axis flexural buckling stress and the flexural-
n torsional buckling stress

n (Eq. 3.3.3.2(11))

n
D
(Eq. 3.4.3(1))
a
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
foc- lower value = 369.95 MPa
o
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
SYDNEY
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ fn = (o.658Ac If = 213.66MPa
ÿ
ÿ

a
ÿ

c
c (c) Line element model (d) Effective widths

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ 96
 ÿ
ÿ

a
nif LMvutsrnror
SYDNEY
ÿ
ÿ
Actual Effective Effective ÿ
Actual
ÿ
Supported
edge ÿ

(a) Stiffened element (b) Unstiffened element

ÿ
Fig. 4.3 Effective Stress Distributions a
Winter Effective Width Formula
o
ÿ
where
ÿ
ÿ

k = plate buckling coefficient (depends on boundary conditions) ÿ

ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
SYDNEY
ÿ
ÿ
Boundary Buckling Half -
Conditions Loading Coefficient (k) Wavelength The flange is partially stiffened
ÿ
s.s
S.S
s.s
.
s.s — Uniform
Compression by an edge stiffener and has
Built-in p
k between 0.43 and 4.0 ÿ
; s.sr Uniform
Built-in r~ Compression

S.S
— Uniform 0.425 L =oo
The web is under pure ÿ
_s.s- Compression 0.675 L = 2b
1-ivc
compression k = 4.0
Built-in Uniform ÿ
Free Compression
The lip is under pure
Pure
compression so k = 0.43 ÿ
Bending

Bending ÿ
1SS " +
Compression

V3 l'"roc F-7 Bending ÿ

V's SSF Compression

ÿ
EH3 Pure
Shear
5.35
9.35
L =oo
L=b

L = Plate length, b = Plate width

ÿ
Fig. 4.1 Plate Buckling Coefficients

ÿ
ÿ
97
 «£j Tllf t'NI\TR«nrOP
WH SYDNEY

Element 1 - Compression Lip

Clause 2. 3. 1 Uniformly compressed unstiffened element

d = dL- (rt + t) = 10 mm k = 0.43

(Eq. 2.2.1.2(5)

(Eq. 2.2.1.2(4))

dse = d = 12 mm since A< 0.673 Lip fully effective

(Eq. 2.4.2(10))

r»l TMEUMVIHSrnrOF
r&f SYDNEY

-
Element 3 Flange flat
b = B- 2(ri + t) =66 mm

b/t = 44 This value must not exceed 60 (Clause 2.1 .3.1(a))

(Eq. 2.4.2(13))

b /t > 0.328S Flange not fully effective without stiffener

Calculate buckling coefficient (k) and stiffener reduced effective width (d )

(Table 2.4.2)

(Eq. 2.4.2(7))

98
 1 rHitsivfitsinrop
Pi? SYDNEY

Clause 2.2. 1.2 Effective width of flange Element 3 for strength (see Fig. 7.12)

(Eq. 2.2.1.2(5))

(Eq. 2.2.1.2(4))

(Eq. 2.2.1.2(3))

R*n nil[ UMVmSfTYOF

Wfl SYDNEY

Element 5 - Web
Clause 2. 3. 1 Uniformly compressed stiffened element

b = 91mm k = 4.00

(Eq. 2.2.1.2(5)

(Eq. 2.2.1.2(4))

(Eq. 2.2.1.2(3))

bew= pb = 68.65 mm

99
ÿ

n
ÿ
ÿ Ps%n THUMVIKSITVOF I
ÿSYDNEY
ÿ
D. Nominal Member Compression Capacity (A/c)
n Ae =t (bew + 2bef +4u +2ds ) =317.09 mm2
n
o Nc = Atf„ = 67.75 kN (Eq. 3.4.1(2))

ÿ E. Effective Area at Yield Stress (fy)

o Ae =t (bew + 2bef +4u +2ds ) =281.47 mm2
c
F. Nominal Section Compression Capacity (Ns)
ÿ

D Ns = Aefy = 84.44 kN (Eq. 3.4.1(1))

C
C
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
I the iMviBsrnroF

ÿ ÿ SYDNEY
ÿ G Design Axial Compressive Force (Nd)
ÿ
0C = 0.85
ÿ
Nd = lesser of (/>NS and </>Nc = 57.59 kN
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

c
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ

c
c 100
 ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
r»n ÿ
Summary for Effective Width Method
THEtMVIIBmrOP
WsW SYDNEY
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
1. Compute buckling stresses (flexural and flexural-torsional) of full
section for effective lengths about x, y and z-axes n
ÿ
2. Compute critical stress fn
ÿ
3. Compute effective area (Ae) at the critical stress f* = fn
ÿ
4. Compute design load (Nd)
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
W rut iMVE*vrror Example 10.5.1 Lipped Channel Column
htf SYDNEY
i

(Direct Strength Method) ÿ

ÿ
ÿ
Determine the nominal member compression capacity (Nc) of the lipped channel
in Example 7.6.3 using the Direct Strength Method. The geometry is shown in ÿ
Fig. 7.12 and the dimensions in Example 7.6.3.
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
ÿ
101
 Signature Curve for C-Section
THt LSIYtlCUTY OF
SYDNEY

Distortionai
mode

f0/ =218.6 MPa

_I
I I I I I I11 _I
! I I II I I I
100 1000 0000
Buckle Half-Wavelength (mm)
Fig. 10.4 Lipped Channel in Compression

From Program THINWALL

(http://sydney.edu.au/engineering/civil/case/thinwall.shtml)

ra»| IHElMVmSJIYOF
fe? SYDNEY

A. Compute the Elastic Local and Distortionai Buckling Stresses

and Loads using the Finite Strip Method

fol = 218.6 MPa at 90 mm half-wavelength

fod = 245.2 MPa at 650 mm half-wavelength

405.8 mm2 (Ex. 7.6.3)

A fol = 88.708 kN

A fod = 99.502 kN

102
 THE UNIVERSITY OF
WW SYDNEY

B Compute the Nominal Member Capacity for Long Column Buckling(A/ce)

fL from Ex 7.6.3

Nce = Afn = 86. 703 kN (the mode is flexural-torsional)

C Compute the Nominal Member Capacity for Local Buckling (/Vc/)

Since j|KQ , use Eq. 7.2.1.3(2)

|/

THE CNJVmiTYC*
WsW SYDNEY

D Compute the Nominal Member Capacity for Distortional Buckling (Ncd)

Since , use Eq. 7.2.1 4(2)

103
1ÿ1ntf uMvotsmrof
SYDNEY

E. Nominal Member Compressive Capacity(N )

Nc is the least of Nce, Ncl and Ncd

Nc = 74.254 kN

This can be compared with 67.75 kN in Example 7.6.3 using

the effective width method.

F. Design Compressive Capacity (Nd)

Oc = 0.85
Nd = ())N = 57.59 kN

ÿ sydney Summary for Direct Strength Method

Compute buckling stresses (flexural and flexural-torsional) of full

section for effective lengths about x, y and z-axes

Compute local (fol) and distortional (fod) buckling stresses from the
signature curve

Compute the long column capacities (Nce, Ncl and Ncd)

Compute nominal member capacity (Nc) and design load (Nd)

104