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A Gradient of Environment Condition in

CITARUM RIVER BASIN,
A Baseline Feature for Its Restoration

Where is Citarum River Basin?

INDONESIA

Total Area:
3.7 Millions ha
No of Population:
15.3 Millions (2009)
Pop. Growth: 2.03%

“CITARUM, The World Dirtiest River”

International Herald Tribune, December 5th 2008 2

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Citarum River Strategic Roles

• The biggest and the

longest river in West Java:
269 km of length
JAKARTA • Catchment Area: 6.614
km2
• Rainfall: 2,300 mm/yr
• 3 Cascade Reservoirs :
Total vol. 6,147 Millions m3
• Electricity Output: 1,400
BANDUNG MW
• Irrigation Area: 420,000 ha
• 80% Water Supply Source
for Jakarta (16m3/s)
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Scheme of Driver-Pressure-State-Impacts-Response

Pressure

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Citarum River Basin

Degradation Phenomenon

Land cover
change

Watershed
Degradation

Human health
Impact

Land Cover Change

Critical Land In Upstream

 Forest declining rate: 86%

from 71,750 ha (2000) to
9,899 ha (2009)
 Human settlement increasing
rate: 115% from 81,686 ha
(2000) to 176,442 ha (2009)
 Remaining critical land: 202
thousand ha

Photo: National Planning Agency (2010)

Data : Ministry of Environment (2009)

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Urbanization Development
(50% People Live In Urban)
URBAN AREA
JAKARTA

CITARUM WS
(2000)

JAKARTA

CITARUM WS
(2025)
Source: Land-use change – Urbanization (ADB-Package B) 9
2000 – 2025 in JanJaap Brinckman, Deltares 2010

Sanitation Problems in Urban Area

Industrial Wastewater Open Defecation
without Treatment Improper Toilet
Garbage in
Drainase System

Illegal Fecal Sludge

Disposal

Washing and Bathing in

Polluted Water

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Water And Sanitation Problem

Photos: National Planning Agency-icwrmip (2010)

River as a water source

and other activities (bathing, washing and toilet)
60% Organic Waste Pollution 11

PDAM Tirtawening, Bandung

© PDAM Tirtawening
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Another Water Supply Services

13 %
Bottled water is becoming more
popular because of the convenience of
being able to drink it directly

Well : 36 %
Pump : 18 % The primary source of water for more
than half of all Indonesians was
groundwater from wells, especially for
Indonesians in rural area, or pumps

18 %
Other primary sources include
rainwater, rivers, streams, and lakes.

© Indonesian Statistic
13

Raw Water Source Problems

• Uncertainty of raw water supply continuity
– Over exploitation of groundwater use
– Decrease of base flow due to catchment area damage
• Conflict of Interest
– Among users
– Among regions
• Water quality degradation due to human
activities
– Domestic pollution
– Industrial pollution

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WASTEWATER SYSTEM

Wastewater Flow

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© Ministry of Public Works

Wastewater Treatment

SAFE

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© Indonesian Statistic

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Centralized Sanitation

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© Indonesian Statistic

Sanitation Facilities Type Distribution in

Bandung City
Individual Septic Tank
Communal septic Tank
Dispose to River
Latrine
Centralized (Off Site Sanitation)
Without centralized facilities

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Bojongsoang, Bandung

Kolam Anaerob

Kolam Fakultatif

Kolam Maturasi

Outlet Citarum

Sungai Citarum

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Environmental Engineering
Bandung Institute of
Non-centralized Sanitation Technology

In Indonesia, decentralized domestic waste

water treatment consist of smale scale
(individual), commonly Septic Tank
Septic Tank Baffled

Septic Tank Anaerobic Filter

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© Indonesian Statistic

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Environmental Engineering
Bandung Institute of
PROBLEMS Technology

• The total amount of urban wastewater being treated is

approximately 1% of the total urban wastewater
produced
• Open defecation is still 14% in urban communities
• There are a total of less than 200,000 connections and
the rate of increasing conections has been extremely
slow, treatment plants are < 50% utilized and
collection efficiency in some cities is as low as 30%
with only Bandung and Jakarta achieving cost recovery

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© Ministry of Public Works

Industrial Pollution and Improper Solid Waste

Practices Over The Basin
Industry,
agriculture and
husbandry
pollutants (most
of status is highly
polluted along
the river)

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Photo: ICWRMIP, 2010

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Industries

Nanjung

Industries: 9
Industries: 68
Sapan
Cijeruk
Dayeuh kolot
Industries: 74

Majalaya
Industries: 172

Wangisagara

Source: Hadisantosa, 2006

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Wastewater from Livestock Activities

Livestock:
279,481
Nanjung Unit Biogas: Livestock:
None 1,294,227
Unit Biogas:
27
Livestock:
Sapan
149,042
Cijeruk
Unit Biogas: 2
Dayeuh kolot

Livestock:
991,322
Unit Biogas: Majalaya
15
Livestock:
Livestock:
648,787
441,774
Unit Biogas: 90
Unit Biogas: Wangisagara
none

Source: Tjokronegoro, 2010

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Water Quality Profile

3 Reservoirs Cascade

Upstream Middle Stream Downstream

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Diarrhea vs Access to Sanitation

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Improper garbage disposal!!!!!!

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Solid Waste Handling in Rural Area

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Typical Solid Waste Management

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Sedimentation

Sedimentation
rate in upper
stream is 112,3
millions and
precipitated
beneath the
Saguling
reservoir
around 2.8
millions ton/yr
Photo: ICWRMIP, 2010

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Symptom of Land Subsidence

Due to over
groundwater
exploitation
Occurs at many
places
Since1988
subsidence rate more
than 2.3-18.4
mm/month (Abidin et
al., 2002)
Severe impact on
river hydraulics and
Topography Change - Subsidence Data 1999 – 2010
(DGPS Measurement, InSAR, PCI Survey)
flooding
Source: Jan Jaap Brinkman, 2010

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Flood In Upstream

Historical flood in upstream area  It has been

YEAR FLOOD AREA (HA)
happening since
1931 9.300
1931
1986 7.450
 Various magnitude
1998 6.200
2010 > 7000 (?)
and frequency of
SUMBER: TRIJONO PBPP CITARUM 2005/ IDA NARULITA LIPI 2006/ SOBIRIN
DPKLTS 2006/YADI SURYADI-HAHI 2008
flood
 The most severe
flood: 1931, 1986,
1998 and 2010
(more flood
frequently & flood
retention) 36

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Flood In Downstream

Mass Media Coverage, PR 21/03/2010

 Inuadation area in Karawang regency (10
districts, 36 villages, 23,014 houses and
100,412 should be evacuated)
 Inudation area in Bekasi City (5 districts) 37

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SUSTAINABLE INTEGRATED CITARUM

RIVER BASIN RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT 39

Water Resources Management Principles

The Dublin Principles: a basic for WRM reformation

Fresh water is a Water Women play a Water has an

finite and development and central part in economic value
vulnerable management the provision, in all its
resource, should be based management competing uses
essential to on a participatory and and should be
sustain life, approach, safeguarding recognised as
development involving users, of water an economic
and the planners and good.
environment. policymakers at
all levels.

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Sustainable and Integrated Citarum RB

Resources Management
Activity
integration
from upper to
downstream
area

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Integration from Upper and

1 Downstream Area

AMONG CITIES AND REGENCIES IN THE RIVER BASIN

1. UTILIZATION IN THE UPSTREAM WILL REMOVE OPPORTUNITIES IN DOWNSTREAM

2. UPSTREAM DEGRADATION CREATE A SOCIAL COSTS IN DOWNSTREAM
3. UPSTREAM KEEPS THE ENVIRONMENT, DOWNSTREAM HAS TO BE CONTRIBUTED
4. THERE SHOULD BE INCENTIVES AND DISINCENTIVES SYSTEM BETWEEN UPSTREAM AND
45
DOWNSTREAM SOBIRIN/ 2006

Pollution Control Programs

Heavy Pollution Low Level of
Level Pollution

Clean GIS-based Water

Water Act Pollution Control

Domestic
Wastewater
Control
WATER
Comprehensive POLLUTION
Baseline Study PREVENTION Farming
AND CONTROL Wastewater
Control

Integrated Information
System Industrial
Solid waste Water Wastewater Coontrol
Handling Quality
Monitoring
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Combination of structural and

2 non-structural approaches

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Communal Solid
Waste
Management Communal Septictank

Eco-Drainage
System
Pipeline Communal
Wastewater Treatment

Toilet Plus ++

IMPLEMENTATION COMMUNITY BASED SANITATION SYSTEM (SANIMAS)

48 4848

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SANIMAS

TOILET PLUS ++
(With
BIODIGESTER)

Communal Sewerage Pipeline

49 4949

SANIMAS

50
50

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Removal Efficiencies in Wastewater

Treatment Systems

51

AUTONOMOUS SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

COMPOSTING

SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION

COMPOST USED IN THE COMMUNITY GARDEN

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SOLID WASTE SEGREGATION

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Waste Treatment Concept

SORTING INTERMEDIATE TREATMENT PRODUCT/FINAL PROCESS

108 ton/day 11 % National Forest Company

Mechanical
Organic COMPOST
Composting ± 30 ton/day

33 ton/day 3%

100 %
Recyclable Recyclable Product
• Plastic
MIXED • Metal
SORTING
WASTE • Glass Cement Industry
795 ton/day 80%
1.000 ton/day • High calorific value ± 300 ton/day
859 ton/day 86 % RDF

Non Recyclable Bio-drying

• Organic Residue
• Plastic 64 ton/hr 6%
• Paper • Low calorific value
• Hazardous
SANITARY
• Others
LANDFILL

Estimated Operation Cost: IDR 2,34 Billion/Year

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PUBLIC TRAINING
(FORMAL AND
INFORMAL EDUCATION)

ECO-SCHOOL

HAI NAK, JANGAN MENGOTORI DUNIA AIR DONG !! 55

Source: Our Daily Water/ Aquas-Brazil/ KIMPRASWIL/ tata-2001/ Foto2: BPLHD/ Power Point: S. SOBIRIN 2002

Intersectoral Coordination & Integration Between

3 Institutional, Social and Legal Aspects
Central Government Provincial Government
Strategic River Raw Water Source
Management
BBWS CITARUM

BP DAS CITARUM CILIWUNG

City/Regency Government
Water Quality Management
SUMEDANG REGENCY CIANJUR REGENCY

BANDUNG REGENCY PURWAKARTA REGENCY

WEST BDG REGENCY KARAWANG REGENCY

BANDUNG CITY
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CIMAHI CITY

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West Java Regional Policy for SW Handling

City
Landfill
RESIDENTIAL

MARKET

Regional
City
COMMERCIAL
Landfill

PUBLIC FACIITIES CITY

REGENCY
RESIDENTIAL

MARKET

City
COMMERCIAL
CROSS BOUNDARY
Regency
PUBLIC FACIITIES Landfill Source: Government
Regulation No 38 Year 2007
TRANSPORT
SORTING
concerning Regional
COLLECTION TRANSFER
LOCAL LANDFILL Authority
57
CITY/REGENCY AUTHORITY PROVINCIAL AUTHORITY

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Concluding Remarks

• Environmental problems in Citarum River

Basin has arrived on critical conditions, thus
has lost its ability for supporting community
life (clean water provision, good sanitation,
preventing flood etc.).
• To overcome these problems, several
approaches must be applied such as
environmental conservation, technological
solution, and total participatory approach in
an integrated manners.
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THANK YOU

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