Materials and Design 56 (2014) 649–656

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Materials and Design

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Effect of friction time on mechanical and metallurgical properties

of continuous drive friction welded Ti6Al4V/SUS321 joints
Peng Li a,b, Jinglong Li b,⇑, Muhammad Salman c, Li Liang b, Jiangtao Xiong b, Fusheng Zhang b
a
State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, PR China
b
Shaanxi Key Laboratory of Friction Welding Technologies, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, PR China
c
Heavy Mechanical Complex, Taxila 47080, District Rawalpindi, Pakistan

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: Dissimilar joint of Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and SUS321 stainless steel was fabricated by continuous drive
Received 9 September 2013 friction welding. The effect of friction time on the mechanical properties was evaluated by hardness mea-
Accepted 25 November 2013 surement and tensile test, while the interfacial microstructure and fracture morphologies were analyzed
Available online 4 December 2013
by scanning electron microscope, energy dispersive spectroscope and X-ray Diffraction. The results show
that the tensile strength increases with friction time under the experimental conditions. And the maxi-
Keywords: mum average strength 560 MPa, which is 90.3% of the SUS321 base metal, is achieved at a friction time of
Titanium alloy
4 s. For all samples, studied fracture occurred along the joint interface, where intermetallic compounds
Stainless steel
Continuous drive friction welding
like FeTi, Fe2Ti, Ni3(Al, Ti) and Fe3Ti3O and many other phases were formed among elements from the
Interfacial microstructure two base metals. The width of intermetallic compounds zone increases with friction time up to 3 lm,
Fracture morphology below which it is beneficial to make a strong metallurgical bond. However, the longer friction time leads
to oversized flash on the Ti6Al4V side and overgrown intermetallic compounds. Finally the optimized
friction time was discussed to be in the range of 2–4 s, under which the sound joint with good reproduc-
ibility can be expected.
Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
The hybrid metal combinations have gained considerable atten-
tion attributed to the rapid development of new materials for
structural applications in various engineering fields, such as
aerospace and nuclear industries, among which there is a strong
demand of dissimilar joining of titanium alloy to stainless steel
[1–3]. Methods of producing this combination include fusion weld-
ing [4–6], brazing [7], diffusion bonding [8–11] and explosion
welding [12,13]. Nevertheless, the conventional fusion welding
joints between titanium and steel exhibit inferior mechanical
properties due to (i) the formation of intermetallic compounds
(IMCs) at the joint interface resulting from the limited solubility
between Ti and Fe, and (ii) the excessive distortion and residual
stresses because of the significant differences in their physical
properties, such as linear thermal expansion coefficient
(Ti: 8.9  106°C1, Fe: 12.2  106°C1) and melting point
(Ti: 1660 °C, Fe: 1535 °C) [14]. Solid-state welding techniques, such
as diffusion bonding, explosion welding, and friction welding can
be more suitable than those related to fusion ones since many
problems associated with melting are eliminated or reduced.
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel.: +86 29 88460673; fax: +86 29 88491426.
E-mail addresses: rocli@mail.nwpu.edu.cn (P. Li), lijinglg@nwpu.edu.cn (J. Li).
The most widely used solid-state method to weld these two
materials is diffusion bonding, for it is easy to insert other metal
foils between the base metals to suppress the formation of exten-
sive Fe–Ti IMCs, which is harmful to the joint strength. However,
the greater care required in the surface preparation and longer pro-
cessing cycle of this method have limited its usage. Additionally,
the highest strength for direct bonding of Ti6Al4V/steel couples
ever reported can just reach up to 520.1 MPa (78.8% of the used
steel base metal strength) [15], which is not adequate to satisfy
the application in engineering. In order to further improve the joint
strength and enhance the fabrication efficiency, friction welding
techniques can be chosen due to its lower temperature and shorter
welding time that are beneficial for suppressing the metallurgical
reaction. There are several researchers who have focused on fric-
tion welded pure titanium/stainless steel dissimilar joints. The
used methods included rotary friction welding [16–19] and friction
stir welding [20]. Joint strength can reach as high as pure titanium
base for some pairs. However, no research work was tried on fric-
tion welding of dissimilar Ti6Al4V/SUS321 couple, which is also
indispensable for the aerospace and nuclear applications.
The aim of this study is to fabricate a combination with higher
strength between Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and SUS321 stainless
steel by using continuous drive friction welding. The effect of fric-
tion time on the interfacial microstructure and tensile strength of

0261-3069/$ - see front matter Ó 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.11.065
650 P. Li et al. / Materials and Design 56 (2014) 649–656
the joints were thus investigated. The reaction products and the
interface structure of the joints were also discussed.
2. Experimental procedures
Rods of commercially available Ti6Al4V titanium alloy and
SUS321austenitic stainless steel in the diameter of £14 mm were
used as base metals, which were machined to the diameter of
11 mm for the weld faying surface side. The chemical compositions
and room temperature tensile properties of the base metals were
listed in Tables 1 and 2. Fig. 1 shows the dimensions of the speci-
mens for friction welding and tensile test. Based on Fuji’s conclu-
sion that decreasing the surface roughness of the steel base can
greatly improve the friction welded joint strength between tita-
nium and AISI 304L stainless steel [16], the faying surfaces, prior
to welding, were polished with emery paper and ultrasonically
cleaned in ethanol and dried in air.
Friction welding was carried out using a continuous drive fric-
tion welding machine (C40, Changchun CNC Machine Tool Co.
Ltd., China), attached with displacement acquisition sensor assem-
bly. During the friction welding operations, the friction welding
parameters were set to the following combinations: a friction
speed of 1900 rpm, a friction pressure of 184 MPa, an upset pres-
sure of 330 MPa and a friction time ranges from 1 to 4 s.
After welding, the axial cross-section of the joint was obtained
by using electrospark wire-electrode cutting and mounted for pol-
ishing, then etched in acid solutions for microstructure examina-
tions. The microstructure and quantitative chemical analyses of
the joints were performed by an optical microscope (OM, Olym-
pus–MPG3) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, JSM–6390A)
equipped with an energy dispersive spectroscope (EDS). Microh-
ardness measurements were conducted on a Vickers microhard-
ness testing machine (Struers Duramin–A300) using a load of
100 g and dwell time of 10 s. The joint strength was evaluated on
a tensile testing machine (Instron 3382) using a crosshead speed
of 0.5 mm/min at room temperature. The tensile specimens with
a gauge diameter of 8 mm were prepared, as shown in Fig. 1b. After
tensile tests, the fracture surfaces were examined by SEM, EDS and
X-ray Diffraction (XRD, X’Pert MPD Pro).
3. Results and discussion
3.1. Appearance and burn-off length of the joints
Fig. 2 shows the appearances of the as-welded joints welded at
different friction times. It is evident that the welds look unsym-
metrical and the flash scale for 4 s is much bigger than that for
1 s, which is consistent with the longer burn-off length. And the
flash is mainly formed on the Ti6Al4V side. One reason for this
could be attributed to that the decrease of the tensile yield
strength of Ti6Al4V with temperature is much more remarkable
than that of SUS321, although the yield strength for Ti6Al4V is
much higher than SUS321 at room temperature. Fig. 3 shows the
variation of tensile yield strengths of Ti6Al4V and SUS321 as a
function of temperature. Furthermore, the thermal conductivity
of SUS321 (16.1 W m1 K1) is two times larger than that of
Ti6Al4V (6.7 W m1 K1). Thus, the heat formed through friction
is mainly generated on the Ti6Al4V side because of its lower ther-
Table 1
Chemical composition of the base metals (wt.%).
Materials C Al Mn V Ni
SUS321 60.08 – 62.0 0.02
Ti6Al4V 60.08 5.5–6.75 – 3.5–4.5
mal conductivity, which results in an unsymmetrical temperature
field distribution along the weld direction, i.e., the temperature in
the Ti6Al4V side is a little higher than the SUS321 side. In addition,
during the welding process, the softening effect due to the severe
dynamic recrystallization is obvious in the Ti6Al4V side. Thus,
the friction surface may transfer to inner Ti6Al4V and forms a sec-
ondary friction surface. The above reasons together contribute to
the plastic flow mainly occurs in the Ti6Al4V side and extruded
from the weld to form large amount of flash in all samples, and fi-
nally resulting in an unsymmetrical appearance. Similar results are
also found in Refs. [21–24].
Fig. 4 shows the effect of friction time on burn-off length of the
joints. It can be seen that the burn-off length increases linearly
with the increasing friction time. Owing to the complex heating
and softening mechanism of the interfacial materials, and the more
complex effect of the upsetting process at final, the definite rela-
tion between the friction time and burn-off length will also be
complex. However, the fit to the experimental results yields the
following simple equation:
LBO ¼ 1:82t  0:6 ð1Þ
where LBO is the burn-off length (mm) and t is the friction time (s).
Eq. (1) can clearly describe the change of burn-off lengths with the
friction time. At the beginning of the welding process, the friction
heat is not enough to plasticize the base metals and the interfacial
temperature is relatively low, hence no burn-off occurs. This initial
heating process sustains about 0.33 s, which is deduced from Eq. (1)
and shown in Fig. 4. Then as the welding progresses, the accumu-
lated heat through friction is sufficient to soften the base metal
and form an obvious flash, thus the burn-off length increases rap-
idly with the increasing friction time. However, this basic equation
is primitive, and further experimental study should be done to
incorporate the factors related to the physical and mechanical prop-
erties of the welding specimens.
3.2. Microstructure of the joint and SEM-EDS analysis result
Fig. 5 shows evolvements of the interfacial microstructure of
the joints welded at different friction times. It can be clearly seen
that the whole joint interface is typically concurve shaped, specif-
ically, on the Ti6Al4V side it is convex shaped, while on the SUS321
side it is cuppy shaped. And the irregularity tendency becomes lar-
ger as the friction time increases. The zoom-in views of regions
‘‘A’’, ‘‘B’’, ‘‘C’’ and ‘‘D’’ are showing in Fig. 6, from which can be seen
that the width of the dynamic recrystallization zone (DRZ) in
Ti6Al4V side is much larger than the SUS321 side, of which it is al-
most nil for all samples. Additionally, the grain refinement in the
DRZ is quite obvious at the Ti6Al4V side. However, the width of
DRZ in the Ti6Al4V side rapidly decreases from 300 lm to
100 lm as friction time increases from 1 s to 4 s. Next to the DRZ
is the thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ), where the
grains are elongated and bended. Some streamlines were thus
formed resulting from the partial deformation of the base metals,
especially for the SUS321 base. Similar phenomenon had already
been observed by some previous researchers [16]. The above phe-
nomenon could be caused by the non-uniform heat generation at
the welding interface. In rotary friction welding (including inert
friction welding and continuous drive friction welding), the heat
generation rate is closely related to the linear velocity and local
Cr Ti Fe Si N S O
9.0–12 17–19 P0.4 Bal 61.0 – 60.03 –
– – Bal 60.4 0.15 60.05 – 60.20
 P. Li et al. / Materials and Design 56 (2014) 649–656 651

Table 2
Tensile properties of the base metals at room temperature.

Materials Ultimate tensile strength (MPa) Yield strength (MPa) Fracture elongation (%)
SUS321 620 240 45
Ti6Al4V 950 880 14

Friction surface
Burn-off length
6

Burn-off length (mm)

Clamping part Fit line

4
Joint interface

2 0.33s

0
0 1 2 3 4
Fig. 1. Dimensions (in mm) and configuration of (a) the specimens to be welded
and (b) tensile samples. Friction time (s)

Fig. 4. Burn-off length changes with the friction time.

SUS321 side Ti6Al4V side

1s has also been reported that the interface temperature at the center
of a solid bar does not reach the maximum interface temperature,
2s or even that of the measured average [27]. The central Ti6Al4V part
may have higher yield strength than SUS321 during the heating
process. The curve shaped interface was thus formed due to more
3s
heat generation near peripheral area and more outer material ex-
truded in the form of flash under the action of high friction and up-
4s set pressure. Moreover, owing to the continuous friction heating of
the base, the temperature in the joint interface increases to a higher
level, then the softening plasticized Ti6Al4V in DRZ cannot bear the
axial force, thus the width decreased from 300 lm to 100 lm as the
Fig. 2. Appearance of the joints welded at different times. friction time increases from 1 s to 4 s.
Fig. 7 shows the SEM images of the joints welded at different
friction times with EDS line scanning to show the concentration
profiles of the elements. It can be seen that a new intermetallic
compounds zone (IMZ) mainly formed on the SUS321 side. The
Ti6Al4V thickness of the IMZ grows from 0.3 lm to 3 lm as the friction
800
SUS321 time increases from 1 s to 4 s. And the morphology of the IMZ
Yeild Strength (MPa)

changes from a continuous pattern to a dispersive one. Generally

600
speaking, the diffusion distance of Fe in Ti6Al4V is larger than that
of Ti in SUS321 because the interdiffusion coefficient of Fe in Ti is
400 much bigger than Ti in Fe at the elevated temperature [28], thus
most of the newly formed IMCs should be in the Ti6Al4V side.
200 Nonetheless, owing to the less deformation in the SUS321 side
where continuous contact condition was achieved, more Ti atoms
0 can diffuse into SUS321 base than Fe into Ti6Al4V, hence leading
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 to the IMZ mainly formed in the SUS321 side.
o
Temperature ( C) The EDS line scanning results in Fig. 7e reveal that a 5 lm wide
mixing zone is present in the joint area, where the elements con-
Fig. 3. Temperature dependent tensile yield strength of the base metals [25].
centration variation indicates the formation of different phases.
Table 3 shows the EDS analysis results and possible phases at posi-
friction condition, such as friction pressure, friction coefficient and tions shown in Fig. 7b–d. It can be seen that the newly formed
other parameters [26]. The local heat generation follows equation: IMCs are Fe–Ti series, namely, FeTi and Fe2Ti, which are inevitable
and also found in other researchers’ works. The above diffusion
dN ¼ 2ppf mrdr ð2Þ phenomenon reveals that thermo-mechanical coupling effect dur-
ing the friction process can enhance the diffusion abilities of the
where N is the heat power, p is the unit pressure, f is the friction elements, because the diffusion distance resulting from only ther-
coefficient, v is the linear velocity and r is the local radius. According mal effect cannot be this large, e.g., a mutual diffusion distance of
to Eq. (2), the heat generation is theoretically zero at the center of 5 lm in diffusion bonding process always needs several tens of
the weld and it increases radially as the distance from the center minutes. Thus friction welding can be finished in a very short
of the weld increases, just as the description down by Vill [26]. It time-frame, which is more effective than diffusion bonding.
652 P. Li et al. / Materials and Design 56 (2014) 649–656

Region A (a)
Sampling position
1mm

Region B (b)
Ti6Al4V
1mm

SUS321 Region C (c)

1mm

Region D (d)
1mm

Fig. 5. Optical micrographs of the joints welded at (a) 1 s, (b) 2 s, (c) 3 s and (d) 4 s.

Ti6Al4V (a) Ti6Al4V (b)

TMAZ
DRZ

DRZ
TMAZ

SUS 321 300μm SUS 321 300μm

Ti6Al4V (c) Ti6Al4V (d)

SUS 321 300μm SUS 321 300μm

Fig. 6. Optical micrographs (a–d) showing the zoom-in views of Regions A, B, C and D in Fig. 5, respectively.

3.3. Microhardness distribution 3.4. Tensile properties and fracture morphologies of the joints

Fig. 8 shows the typical microhardness variations in the direc-
tion perpendicular to the weld interface. Almost the same trend
is observed, i.e., the hardness for the two welded materials signif-
icantly increases in the DRZ, and the maximum hardness value is
obtained near the welding interface. One reason for this could be
the grain size in DRZ is smaller than that of TMAZ and HAZ, so
the DRZ has a slightly higher hardness according to the Hall–Petch
relationship [29]:
1=2
H m ¼ H 0 þ kH d
where Hv is the hardness, d is the grain size, H0 and kH are the con-
stants. Another reason could be the strain hardening effect during
the friction process at the interface [30]. In addition, the hardness
of the newly formed IMCs is much higher than that of base metals.
These factors together influence and result in the current hardness
distribution which may indicate that the joint interface is the weak
part when bearing load.
Fig. 9 depicts the variation of average tensile strength as a func-
tion of friction time. Each value is an average of three samples. It
can be seen that the average strength of the joint increases as
the friction time increases. The maximum average strength, which
is 560 MPa (90.3% of SUS321 base strength) is reached when the
friction time is 4 s. However, the variation of the strength is larger
at either shorter or longer friction time. Based on the analysis done
on the microstructure and chemical composition in Section 3.2, the
tensile properties have the same variation tendency as the IMZ
ð3Þ width, i.e., the higher strength is corresponding to the wider IMZ
yet not exceed 3 lm. Meshram et al. [31] have also pointed out
that in order to prevent the negative factor of the IMZ on the joint
strength, the maximum width cannot exceed 3 lm, which means
that longer welding time is useless or even harmful.
The fracture surfaces of tensile tested specimens are character-
ized using SEM to understand the failure mechanism. Fig. 10
shows the fracture surface morphologies taken from the central
region in each side of the samples welded at different friction
 P. Li et al. / Materials and Design 56 (2014) 649–656 653

(a) (b)
IMZ IMZ

Ti6Al4V SUS321 Ti6Al4V SUS321

F (c) IMZ (d)

Scanning line

H
Ti6Al4V IMZ SUS321 Ti6Al4V SUS321
I

Mixing zone
(e)
Al Ka, 21

Ti Ka, 110

V Ka, 27

Cr Ka, 22

Fe Ka, 46

Ni Ka, 8

0 5 10 15 20 25
Scan length/µm

Fig. 7. SEM-BSE micrographs of the specimens welded at (a) 1 s, (b) 2 s, (c) 3 s and (d) 4 s with (e) EDS results of the scanning line shown in (d).

Table 3
400 1s
The EDS analysis results of the points shown in Fig. 7. 2s
3s
Vickers hardness (Hv)

Position Elements percentage (at.%) Possible phase structure 4s

350
Al Ti Cr Fe Ni
E 2.80 42.31 10.50 41.98 2.45 FeTi(Cr, Ni)
300
F 2.80 38.57 13.08 42.56 2.99 FeTi(Cr, Ni) Interface
G 1.10 15.75 19.65 58.11 5.40 Fe2Ti(Cr, Ni)
H 1.65 34.38 12.35 46.96 4.66 FeTi(Cr, Ni) 250
I 1.16 14.59 18.96 60.93 4.36 Fe2Ti(Cr, Ni)
Ti6Al4V SUS321
200

times. It can be seen that at shorter welding time conditions (i.e.,

1 s and 2 s), the fracture surfaces are relatively rough as com-
pared to the longer friction time condition. There are some pits
and protrusions distributed on the fracture surfaces. By spot
scanning the surfaces of the fractured samples using EDS, it is
observed that the protrusion structure on SUS321 side is mainly
composed of 11.5%Al, 72.9%Ti, 10.2%Fe and 3.4%Cr (Point J) indi-
cating a Ti-based solid solution, while on Ti6Al4V side reveals a
Fe-based solid solution with the composition of 72.1%Fe,
17.9%Cr, 6.1%Ni and 3.9%Ti (Point K). These fracture features
reveal that the metallurgical bonding of Ti6Al4V and SUS321 is
-2 -1 0 1 2
Distance from interface (mm)
Fig. 8. Microhardness test results along the central line of the joints.
not uniform and the bonding strength between the bases and
IMCs is poor, thus fracture partly occurs between Fe–Ti IMCs
and base metals. However, as the friction time prolongs, the
fracture surfaces change from a bumpy feature to a relatively flat
one, which means the uniform bonding interface is achieved,
654 P. Li et al. / Materials and Design 56 (2014) 649–656

SUS321 base metal corresponding to the higher strength of the joint. The observed
600 river patterns on all the fracture surfaces of the joints indicate a
Tentile Strength (MPa)

brittle cleavage fracture mechanism for Ti6Al4V/SUS321 couple.

500

400 3.5. XRD results of the fracture surfaces

300
To further confirm the new phases formed on the interface,
200 the tensile fracture surfaces were analyzed by XRD. Fig. 11 shows
100 the XRD patterns on the fracture surface of the typical joint
welded at 2 s. Peaks corresponding to Fe9.64Ti0.36, Ni3(Al, Ti), FeTi,
0 Fe2Ti, FeNi, AlFe2V, CrTi4, V, Fe3Ti3O and a-Ti were observed on
1 2 3 4
the fractured surface of the SUS321 and Ti6Al4V sides respec-
Friction time (s)
tively. However, since the Ti6Al4V and SUS321 bases experienced
Fig. 9. Variations of the average tensile strength as a function of friction time. a period of larger plastic deformation and stress–strain in the
weld zone, the lattice structure of new phases was distorted.

(a) (e)

(b) (f)

(c) (g)

(d) (h)

Fig. 10. SEM micrographs of the tensile fracture surface at central part of SUS321 side (left column) and Ti6Al4V side (right column) welded at different times: 1 s (a and e),
2 s (b and f), 3 s (c and g) and 4 s (d and h).
 P. Li et al. / Materials and Design 56 (2014) 649–656
Fe9.64Ti0.36
800 Ni3 (Al, Ti)
Al Fe2V
Intensity/cps
600 Fe2Ti
FeNi
FeTi
400
200
0 0
20 30 40 50 60
2θ/(°)
Fig. 11. XRD results on fracture surfaces of the joint welded at 2 s (a) SUS321 side and (b) Ti6Al4V side.
Therefore, a minor deviation of diffraction peak existed between
the joint and base metals. The detected IMCs support the EDS
analysis results in Section 3.2. From the above discussion, the
fracture process of the joint during tensile test can be deduced.
The stress firstly deforms the SUS321, and later concentrates
around the brittle phases of the Fe–Ti IMCs formed at the
Ti6Al4V/SUS321 interface, where the crack initiates at last and
partly tears the surrounding substance during the crack growth.
Chunks on the fracture surfaces of the joints welded at the short-
er friction time (i.e., 1 s and 2 s) and the river patterns reconfirm
this process.
To sum up, although the average tensile strength of the joints
becomes larger as the friction time increases, the longer welding
time also leads to an oversized flash of Ti6Al4V base. Moreover,
at the friction time of 4 s, width of the IMZ reaches to a critical va-
lue of 3 lm, below which it is beneficial for the joint strength.
Therefore, in view of the joints obtained at the shorter friction time
(less than 2 s) have the lower tensile strength with larger variation,
the optimum friction time for this research is chosen to be 2–4 s,
under which the highly reliable bonding strength with good repro-
ducibility can be expected. It is worth noticing that, when applying
these findings into practice, one must take into account that these
results can differ for different types of Ti6Al4V/SUS321 couples,
such as different diameters.
4. Conclusions
In the present research, studies on continuous drive friction
welding of Ti6Al4V/SUS321 couple having different thermal and
mechanical properties have been carried out. Based on the metal-
lurgical analysis and mechanical properties evaluation, the follow-
ing conclusions have been drawn:
(1) The joint shows a typical unsymmetrical appearance. The
burn-off mainly occurred on the Ti6Al4V side, and the fit
of burn-off lengths at different times yields a simple equa-
tion: LBO = 1.82t  0.6, which needs to be modified in the
future work.
(2) As the friction time increases from 1 s to 4 s, the width of
IMZ grows up to a critical value of 3 lm, below which it is
beneficial to make a strong metallurgical bond.
(3) Samples welded at longer friction time have higher strength,
and the maximum average tensile strength of 560 MPa
(90.3% of SUS321 base metal) is obtained at 4 s. However,
the longer friction time leads to an oversized flash in Ti6Al4V
side and overgrown IMCs.
(4) IMCs like FeTi, Fe2Ti, Ni3(Al, Ti) and Fe3Ti3O were detected
on the fracture surfaces, where the observed river patterns
indicate a brittle cleavage fracture mechanism.
655
(a) 1500 CrTi4 (b)
Fe3Ti3O
1200 V
α-Ti
Intensity/cps
900
600
300
70 80 90 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
2θ/(°)
(5) The optimized friction time was discussed to be in the range
of 2–4 s, under which the sound joint with good reproduc-
ibility could be expected.
Acknowledgements
This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foun-
dation of China (Grant No.: 51071123), the fund of the Innovation
Project of Shaanxi Province Overall Plan on Science and Technology
(Grant No.: 2012HBSZS021), Northwestern Polytechnical Univer-
sity Foundation for Fundamental Research (Grant No:
JC20120224) and the 111 Project (B08040).
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