C

THE UNIVERSITY OF THE STATE OF NEW YORK • THE STATE EDUCATION DEPARTMENT • ALBANY, NY 12234

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/CHEMISTRY

2002 Edition
Table A Table D
Standard Temperature and Pressure Selected Units

Name Value Unit Symbol Name Quantity

Standard Pressure 101.3 kPa kilopascal m meter length
1 atm atmosphere
g gram mass
Standard Temperature 273 K kelvin
Pa pascal pressure
0°C degree Celsius
K kelvin temperature

mol mole amount

of substance
Table B energy, work,
J joule
Physical Constants for Water quantity of heat
s second time
Heat of Fusion 334 J/g
L liter volume
Heat of Vaporization 2260 J/g
ppm part per million concentration
Specific Heat Capacity of H2O () 4.18 J/g•°C
solution
M molarity
concentration

Table C
Selected Prefixes
Table E
Selected Polyatomic Ions
Factor Prefix Symbol
103 kilo- k H3O+ hydronium CrO42– chromate
10 –1 deci- d Hg22+ dimercury (I) Cr2O72– dichromate
10 –2 centi- c NH4+ ammonium MnO4– permanganate
10 –3 milli- m C2H3O2– NO2– nitrite
10 –6 micro- µ CH3COO– } acetate
NO3– nitrate
10 –9 nano- n CN– cyanide
O22– peroxide
CO3 2– carbonate
10 –12 pico- p OH– hydroxide
HCO3 – hydrogen
carbonate PO43– phosphate

C2O42– oxalate SCN– thiocyanate

ClO– hypochlorite SO32– sulfite

ClO2– chlorite SO42– sulfate
ClO3– chlorate HSO4– hydrogen sulfate
ClO4– perchlorate S2O32– thiosulfate

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY 1

 Table F
Solubility Guidelines for Aqueous Solutions

Ions That Form Ions That Form

Soluble Compounds Exceptions Insoluble Compounds Exceptions
Group 1 ions carbonate (CO32–) when combined with Group 1
(Li+, Na+, etc.) ions or ammonium (NH4+)
ammonium (NH4+) chromate (CrO42–) when combined with Group 1
ions, Ca2+, Mg2+, or
nitrate (NO3–)
ammonium (NH4+)
acetate (C2H3O2– or
phosphate (PO43–) when combined with Group 1
CH3COO–)
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
hydrogen carbonate
sulfide (S2–) when combined with Group 1
(HCO3–)
ions or ammonium (NH4+)
chlorate (ClO3–)
hydroxide (OH–) when combined with Group 1
perchlorate (ClO4–) ions, Ca2+, Ba2+, Sr2+, or
ammonium (NH4+)
halides (Cl–, Br–, I–) when combined with
Ag+, Pb2+, and Hg22+
sulfates (SO42–) when combined with Ag+,
Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+

Table G Solubility Curves

KI NaNO3
140

130
KNO3
120

110
Solute per 100 g of H2O (g)

100

90

80
NH4Cl
70
HCl
60
KCl
50

40
NaCl
30
KClO3
20
NH3
10 SO2
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
Temperature (°C)
2 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY
 Table H
Vapor Pressure of Four Liquids

200
propanone

ethanol

water
150
Vapor Pressure (kPa)

ethanoic
acid

101.3 kPa
100

50

0
0 25 50 75 100 125
Temperature (°C)

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY 3

 Table I Table J
Heats of Reaction at 101.3 kPa and 298 K Activity Series**

Reaction ∆H (kJ)* Most Metals Nonmetals Most

CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O() –890.4 Li F2
C3H8(g) + 5O2(g) 3CO2(g) + 4H2O() –2219.2 Rb Cl2
2C8H18() + 25O2(g) 16CO2(g) + 18H2O() –10943 K Br2
2CH3OH() + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 4H2O() –1452 Cs I2
C2H5OH() + 3O2(g) 2CO2(g) + 3H2O() –1367 Ba
C6H12O6(s) + 6O2(g) 6CO2(g) + 6H2O() –2804 Sr
2CO(g) + O2(g) 2CO2(g) –566.0 Ca
C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) –393.5 Na
4Al(s) + 3O2(g) 2Al2O3(s) –3351 Mg
N2(g) + O2(g) 2NO(g) +182.6 Al
N2(g) + 2O2(g) 2NO2(g) +66.4 Ti
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O(g) –483.6 Mn
2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O() –571.6 Zn
N2 (g) + 3H2(g) 2NH3(g) –91.8 Cr
2C(s) + 3H2(g) C2H6(g) –84.0 Fe
2C(s) + 2H2(g) C2H4(g) +52.4 Co
2C(s) + H2(g) C2H2(g) +227.4 Ni
H2(g) + I2(g) 2HI(g) +53.0 Sn
H2O
KNO3(s) K+(aq) + NO3–(aq) +34.89 Pb
H2O
NaOH(s) Na+(aq) + OH–(aq) –44.51 **H2
H2O
NH4Cl(s) NH4+(aq) + Cl–(aq) +14.78 Cu
H2O
NH4NO3(s) NH4+(aq) + NO3–(aq) +25.69 Ag
H2O
NaCl(s) Na+(aq) + Cl–(aq) +3.88 Au
H2O
LiBr(s) Li+(aq) + Br–(aq) –48.83 Least Least
H+(aq) + OH–(aq) H2O() –55.8 **Activity Series based on hydrogen standard
Note: H2 is not a metal
*Minus sign indicates an exothermic reaction.

4 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY

 Table K Table N
Common Acids Selected Radioisotopes

Formula Name Nuclide Half-Life Decay Nuclide

Mode Name
HCl(aq) hydrochloric acid
198Au 2.69 d β– gold-198
HNO3(aq) nitric acid
14C 5730 y β– carbon-14
H2SO4(aq) sulfuric acid
37Ca 175 ms β+ calcium-37
H3PO4(aq) phosphoric acid
60Co 5.26 y β– cobalt-60
H2CO3(aq)
137Cs 30.23 y β– cesium-137
or carbonic acid
CO2(aq) 53Fe 8.51 min β+ iron-53
CH3COOH(aq) ethanoic acid 220Fr 27.5 s α francium-220
or
HC2H3O2(aq) (acetic acid) 3H 12.26 y β– hydrogen-3
131I 8.07 d β– iodine-131
37K 1.23 s β+ potassium-37
42K 12.4 h β– potassium-42
Table L
Common Bases 85Kr 10.76 y β– krypton-85
16N 7.2 s β– nitrogen-16
Formula Name
19Ne 17.2 s β+ neon-19
NaOH(aq) sodium hydroxide
32P 14.3 d β– phosphorus-32
KOH(aq) potassium hydroxide
239Pu 2.44 × 104 y α plutonium-239
Ca(OH)2(aq) calcium hydroxide
226Ra 1600 y α radium-226
NH3(aq) aqueous ammonia
222Rn 3.82 d α radon-222
90Sr 28.1 y β– strontium-90
99Tc 2.13 × 105 y β– technetium-99
Table M
232Th 1.4 × 1010 y α thorium-232
Common Acid–Base Indicators
233U 1.62 × 105 y α uranium-233
Approximate 235U
Indicator pH Range Color 7.1 × 108 y α uranium-235
for Color Change 238U 4.51 × 109 y α uranium-238
Change
ms = milliseconds; s = seconds; min = minutes;
methyl orange 3.2–4.4 red to yellow h = hours; d = days; y = years
bromthymol blue 6.0–7.6 yellow to blue
phenolphthalein 8.2–10 colorless to pink
litmus 5.5–8.2 red to blue
bromcresol green 3.8–5.4 yellow to blue
thymol blue 8.0–9.6 yellow to blue

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY 5

 Table O
Symbols Used in Nuclear Chemistry

Name Notation Symbol

alpha particle 4 He or 42α α

2

beta particle (electron) 0 or –10 β β–

–1 e

gamma radiation 0γ γ
0

neutron 1
0n n

proton 1H or 11p p
1

positron 0 or +10 β β+
+1e

Table P
Organic Prefixes
Prefix Number of
Carbon Atoms
meth- 1
eth- 2
prop- 3
but- 4
pent- 5
hex- 6
hept- 7
oct- 8
non- 9
dec- 10

Table Q
Homologous Series of Hydrocarbons
General Examples
Name
Formula Name Structural Formula
H H
alkanes CnH2n+2 ethane H C C H
H H
H H
alkenes CnH2n ethene C C
H H
alkynes CnH2n–2 ethyne H C C H

n = number of carbon atoms

6 Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY
 Table R
Organic Functional Groups
Class of Functional General
Compound Group Formula Example

F (fluoro-) R X
halide Cl (chloro-) (X represents CH3CHClCH3
(halocarbon) Br (bromo-) any halogen) 2-chloropropane
I (iodo-)
CH3CH2CH2OH
alcohol OH R OH
1-propanol

CH3OCH2CH3
ether O R O R′
methyl ethyl ether
O
O O
aldehyde CH3CH2C H
C H R C H
propanal

O O O
ketone CH3CCH2CH2CH3
C R C R′
2-pentanone

O O O
organic acid CH3CH2C OH
C OH R C OH
propanoic acid

O
O O
ester CH3CH2COCH3
C O R C O R′
methyl propanoate

R′ CH3CH2CH2NH2
amine
N R N R′′ 1-propanamine

O
O O R′
amide CH3CH2C NH2
C NH R C NH
propanamide

R represents a bonded atom or group

of atoms.

Reference Tables for Physical Setting/ CHEMISTRY 7