ORIFICE AND JET TRAJECTORY DEMONSTRATION

 
4.1.  Student Outcomes (SOs) Addressed by the Activity
SO d, Design and conduct experiments, as well as to analyze, and interpret data, and synthesize
information to provide valid conclusions for investigating complex problems.
SO i, Function effectively as an individual and as a member or leader in diverse teams and in
multidisciplinary setting.

4.2.  Activity’s Intended Learning Outcomes (AILOs)

At the end of this activity the student shall be able to:
a)   Demonstrate the jet trajectory produce by steady state flow in an orifice in tank.
b)   Compare the theoretical and actual jet trajectories.
c)   Discuss different possible factors that affect disturbance in actual jet trajectory.

4.3.  Objective/s of the Activity

The aim of this activity is to analyze to demonstration the difference factors affecting the actual jet
trajectory in comparison with theoretical jet trajectory.

4.4.  Principle of the Activity

Theoretical Jet Trajectory

When a water-filled tank is discharged through an orifice, the potential energy of the water head is
transformed into kinetic energy of the water jet performed by the orifice.

Without losses the kinetic energy is equal to the potential energy:

1
𝑚𝑣 % = 𝑚𝑔ℎ
2

where g is the acceleration due to gravity and h the height of the water. This equation can be rearranged to
give an equation for the velocity v.

𝑣= 2𝑔ℎ

For description of the jet trajectory it is advantageous to introduce Cartesian coordinates. The horizontal
part of the velocity v is dx/dt and the vertical dy/dt. The horizontal part of the velocity is constant and equal
to the velocity in the orifice. The vertical part depends of the acceleration due to gravity.

𝑑𝑥
𝑑𝑦 = 2𝑔ℎ

𝑑𝑦
𝑑𝑡 = 𝑔𝑡

Integration over the time gives the position function of the jet trajectory.
𝑥 =   2𝑔ℎ  𝑡

𝑔𝑡 %
𝑦 =   2

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Elimination of time gives the y-position dependence on of the width x and the water head h.

𝑥%
𝑦 𝑥 =
4ℎ

4.5.  Materials/Equipment
1 unit HM 150.09 Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus Accessories
HM 150.09 Orifice and Jet Velocity Apparatus Accessories
1 unit HM 150.0 Basic Hydraulic Bench
HM 150.0 Basic Hydraulic Bench Accessories
1 Set Timer
1 Set Thermometer
Power and Water Supply Supplies

4.6.  Procedures
Performing of the Activity
1.   Insert orifice into the orifice.
2.   Notice: Don’t forget the sealing ring between orifice and fitting.
3.   Connect apparatus to the water supply of the Basic Hydraulic Bench HM 150 and start the pump.
4.   Adjust the water head to 400 mm by means of the adjustable overflow.
5.   Beginning at the right side, adjust the trajectory probes until they get in contact with the jet.
6.   Read off the measured y-positions of the jet and note them down in tabular form.

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4.7.  Activity Report
Course Code:
Course Title: Activity No.:
Group No.: Section:
Group Members: Date Performed:
Date Submitted:
Instructor:

4.7.1.  Data and Results

 
Plot the Actual and Theoretical Jet Trajectories

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Table 4-1: Data for Theoretical and Actual Jet Trajectories
y-distance Calculated height,
y-distance
x-Distance (mm) calculated h
measured (mm)
(mm) (mm)
4 mm Diameter (Rounded)
Measured Height, h (mm)
70
140
210
280
350
420
490
Theoretical Velocity, v (m/s) Average Height, h
Actual Velocity, v (m/s) (mm)
4 mm Diameter (Angular)
Measured Height, h (mm)
70
140
210
280
350
420
490
Theoretical Velocity, v (m/s) Average Height, h
Actual Velocity, v (m/s) (mm)
8 mm Diameter (Rounded)
Measured Height, h (mm)
70
140
210
280
350
420
490
Theoretical Velocity, v (m/s) Average Height, h
Actual Velocity, v (m/s) (mm)
8 mm Diameter (Angular)
Measured Height, h (mm)
70
140
210
280
350
420
490
Theoretical Velocity, v (m/s) Average Height, h
Actual Velocity, v (m/s) (mm)

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 4.7.1.  Computations

4.7.2.  Conclusion/s
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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