Design & Dynamies Iaboratory BI8MESI80/6180 REVA University

Porter Governor
iovemorS are used tor maintaining the specds of engines within prescribed limits from
no load lo full load. lIn petrol engines, the govemor controls the hrottle of carburctor and in
diesel engines they control the fiucl punp. Most of the governors are of centrifugal type. These
governors use lyweights. Depending upon the specd, the position of weights change, which is
ransmitted to a sleeve through links. Ultimately he slceve operates throttle or fuel pump. The
dynamic apparatus consists of a spindle mounted in a vertical position. Three types of governors
can be mounted over the spindle, namcly, watt, porter, propel. A sleeve atlached to governor
links is lified by outward movement of balls to centrifugal forcc. Lift of sleeve is measured over
a scale.
The function of a governor is to regulate the mean specd of rotation of an engine when
there is a variation in load, which may increase or decrease its speed. Hence it is necessary to
vary the supply of fuel accordingly, which will be done by the govermor. It automatically consists
or controls supply of working fuid to engine with varying load columns keeps the mean speed
within certain Limits. When the load decreases, the speed increases then its necessary to decrease
the supply of working fluid & vice versa, which is done by governor. Governors can be spring
loaded or dead weight type.

A little consideration will show that when the load increases the configuration of the
governor changes and a valve is moved to increase the supply of the working fluid, conversely
when the load decreases, the engine speed increases and the governor decreases the supply of
working fuid.

The porter governor is a modification of a watt governor, with control load attached to the
sleeve. The load moves up & down the spindle. The additional downward force increases the
speed of revolution required to unable the walls to raise to any predetermined level.

There are several methods of determining the relation between the height of the govermor
(h) & the angular speed of the ball (w). The following are the 2 methods:

1. Method of revolution of force.

2. Instaneous center method.
The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating weights & spring,
where applicable & assembles the governor assembly. Connect the motor to speed control unit
using four- way cable provided. Switch on the supply increase the speed slowly until the center
sieeve rises off the lower stop & aligns with the first division on the graduated scale. Record the
sleeve positing & speed. Increase the speed in steps to have suitable sleeve movements, & note
down the displacement & speed accordingly throughout the range of sleeve movement possible.
With the rotation of the crankshaft, the spindle s, which is geared to it, rotates. Let the speed of
the spindle de o. Due to the rotation, the balls of mass m fly out and exert centrifugal forces of
magnitude given by. F= m or. Where r is the radius of the circle of the center of gravity of the
masses in meters, m is mass in kg. o is in radians/sec and F is in Newton's.

School of Mechanical Engineering Page 63

Design &Dynanies Laboratory BI8MESI80/6180 REVAUniversity
The centrifugal forces due to these masses are balanced by the weight of the sleeve. Let
us assume that therce is a suddcn decrcasc in the load on the enginc. Thc cnginc will speed up and
as result of that the centrifugal force will out - balance the weight of the sleeve sliding it up. This
action of the sliding of the sleeve will in turn operale the bell crank lever L which in turn closes
the throttle valve, or decrease the fucl supple. Net result will be a drop in spced, till the new
configuration is achieved when the centrifugal force is again balanced by the weight of the
sleeve. This variation in speed for the two configurations obtained with different loads has to be
within prescribed limits.

Height of governor (h): The vertical distance from the center of the balls mass to the
point of intersection of the arms produced on the axis of the spindle is called the Height
of the Governor denoted by h.
Equilibrium speed: The speed at which the forces on balls, arms and the sleeve are in
complete equilibrium and there is no movement of the sleeve up or down is called the
Equilibrium Speed.
Radius of rotation: The horizontal distance from the axis of rotation to the center of the
ball mass at any speed is called the Radius of Rotation.
Mean equilibrium speed: The speed at the mcan position of the ball mass is called the
Mean Equilibrium Speed.
Maximum equilibrium speed: The speed at maximum radius of rotation is called the
Maximum Equilibrium Speed.
Minimum equilibrium speed: The speed at minimum radius of rotation is called the
Minimum Equilibrium Speed.
Sleeve lift: The vertical distance traveled by sleeve due to change in equilibrium speed is
the Lift of the Sleeve.

School of Mechanical Engineering Page 64

 REVA University
Design & Dynamies Laboratory BISMESI80/6180

Experiment No 7.

Porter Governor
Aim: To determine the frictional resistance offered at the sleeve, effort, and power of the porter

govemor.
Apparatus required: - Porter governor set up and Tachometer.
Procedure: -

. Mount the porter governor assembly over the spindle.

Start the motor and adjust the speed to the required lift of the governor.
3. When speed increase due to the centrifugal forces, sleeve rises
4. Measure the speed and sleeve rise
5. Repeat the experiment with different speed and lift.

Observation:-
1. Mass ofthe rotating disc, m =75 g
2. Mass of the center sleeve assembly, M =2.6 kg
3. Length ofthe link L = 0.135m

4. Offset of the link pivots from spindle axis =.. mm.

5. Initial vertical distance between top and bottom pivots, H =250 mm

Experimental setupp:

MOTOR

Figure 23: Porter Governor

School of Mechanical Engineering Page 65

 BI8ME5 1806180
REVA University
Design & Dynamics Laboratory

Tabular column:
POwer

Slno Speed Sleeve Distance Distance Angle Radius leight Frictional Centrifugal Effort| (P) in
force (f force (Fc)
N) lift(x) (S) in m 0 in (r)in (h) in (E) in
(C) in m m inN inN
rpm in m deg. mm
N N-m

6.

8.

Calculations:
rad /sec
) Angular velocity ofthe spindle
=
o
60
2) Distance C _(H)_x\ .mts.

3) Distance S (L-cf = Tms

4) Angle, 6 =sin" =Ideg

5) Radius rotation, r= (0.0425 + S) =**************"e***.

.. JILS

6) Height of the governor, h = r tane

f
Nhm(m+ M)
7) Frictional force,
=

895,
mor =...N.
8) Centrifugal forcc, Fc
9) Effort, E =0.01 [(M+ m)g +f}
. .N.

10) Power, P= Effort X sleeve lift (x) =. N -m

Page 66
School of Mechanical Engineering
 Design& Dynamics Laboralory BI8MIE5180/6180 REVA University

Graphs:
D.Centrifugal force v/s Speed

2).Fietional foree v/s Specd

3).Radius of rotation v/s

Centrifugal Force, N

Speed, rpm

Frictional Force (N)

Speed,rpmm

School of Mechanical Engineering

Page 67
 Design & Dynamies Laboratory BI8MESIS0 6180 REVA University

Radius of rotation (mm)

Speed, rpm

Conclusion: From the graph Centrifugal force v/s Speed and Frictional force v/s Spced, we
came to know that as the specd of the governor incrcases, the centrifugal force and radius of
rotation increases and the graph obtained is lincar.

Result: The experiment on Porter govermor has been conducted and hence the values were
obtained as follows

i) Frictional force at the sleeve, FF....... . .N

i) Centrifugal foree, Fer =

N

ii) Effort, E =. N

.N -
iv) Power, P=

School of Mechanical Eng1neering Page 68

 Design & Dynamies Laboratory B18MIL5180/6180 REVAUniversity

Experiment No. 4

INTRODUCTION TO BALANCING
The high spoed of engincs and other m/e is common phenomenon now a day. It is thercfore very
essential that all the rotating and reciprocating parts should be completely balanced as for as
possible

These forees not only increase the load on the bearing and stresses in various members but
produce unpleasant vibration.

Static and Dynamic Balancing:

Static balance will be produced if the sum of the moments of the weights about the axis of
rotation is zero. lt is dynamic when there does not exist any resultant inertia force as well as

couple
Balancing of masses is important part of a machine design, when the mass is stationary it can be
easily balanced by putting suitable counter weight on the opposite side of mass. When the nears
is revolving & if it is lef unbalanced, then a centrifugal force is developed which changes its
direction during rotation. This causes pre-mature failure of bearing & shafts are unbalanced,
hence balancing is essential in machine design.

The apparatus basically consists of a steel shaft mounted in ball bearings in a stiff
rectangular main frame. A set of six blacks of different weights is provided & may be clamped in
any position on the shaft & also is easily detached from the shaft.
A disc carrying a das protractor scale is fitted to onside of the rectangular frame, shaf
carries a dise & rim of this disc is grooved to take a light cord provided with 2 cylindrical metal
contains of exactly the same weight.

For static balancing of individual weights the main frame is suspended to the support frame
by chains & in the position the motor driving belt is removed. For dynamic balancing of the
rotating mass system the main frame is suspended from the support frame by & short links such
that the main frame & the supporting frame are in the same plane.

School of Mechanical Engineering Page 44

 Design & Dynamies Laboatoiy RISMI 5I80/6180 REVA University

Balancing of Rotating Masses

Aim:- To tind the radius of the rotation and angular position of balancing masses for complete
dynamic balancing or To detemination statically & dynamically balance of the given masses
rotating in different planes.

Apparatus required: Diflerent masses, main shall &rotor system.

Procedure:
1. The mass is known given by the supplier, select any distance between each plane (circular disc
mounted on the shaft and radial distance r should calculated (graphically)

2. Find out the anglc of cach mass by graphically mcthod, accurately by using a protector (line

diagram should be drawn carefully and accurately to get good result).

3 remove all the mass from the disc in case if they arc mounted carlier and make the disc free to
move along the shaft axially and radially by loosening the Allen grub screw (3/8 inch dia ) by
means of suitable Allen key only.

4. Remove the round belt from the pulley with or without varying the motor position for belt
tightness.
5. make sure that the pointer on right side of the shaft is fixed firmly with some gap between the
circular protractor mounted on the side guard.

a) Keep the pointer at 0 or 360 deg on the protector by rotating the shaft slowly by hand move
the pointer again to the required angle by hand and stay it.
b) Select the disc as a reference plane and keep the slot (provided on the disc at 180 deg) exactly
vertical pointing to 0 deg with carc full observation, then fix the dise firmly to the shaft by
tightening the Allen screw.
c) Select second plane as require and slide it towards the fixed plane the slot of which is at 0 deg
and adjusted the distance by means of steel rule by adding or deducting the thickness of the
disc (thickness of each disc is 3 mm and diameter of each disc is 230 mm 0 then rotate the
pointer to the next required angle and stay it there.
d) The reaming disc can be fixed on the shaft as the required angles and distance by above
method.
e) After fixing the disc on the shafl for requircd angles and distance, the masses should fixed to
the slots of the discs exactly to the required radius -r from the axis of the shaft
Distance of radius should be considered from the axis of the shaft to the center of the mass
Practically it is not convents to measure the distance between the axis of the shaft and the
center of the mass. Therefore the following procedure is convenient and more accurate for the
experiment.

School of Mechanical lEnginecering Page 45

 Design & Dynamies I.aboraioIy M i 0 6180 PEVALnicrity

Problem: 1. Detemine the relatne anpular setting s and the radius of nass A for completc
A. B.C&D cach
dynamic balance of a otating systen having the following propcrtics. Masses
.r75mm, ra
cqual to 72 pms. Iadi of rotation of masses B.&D respectively I100mm
cach.
S0.The disiance betwec planes A - 13. 3 C & C D are 100 mm

Obsernation:

1Diameter ofihe disc 230 mm.

2. Diamcter of the shaft 30 mm

.For extreme position of massr-100 mm

4 Thickncss of disc 3 nm

5. Fly weight72gms
6. Diameter of fly weights
=
30 mm

BALANCINGMACHINE

machine setup
Figure 18: Balancing

Page 46
School of Mechanical Engineering
 Design&& Dynamies Laboratony ISM1:5180/6180 REVA Universily

Tabular column: *RP means reference plane

Plane Mass M Radiusr Centrifugal Distance Couple mrl

kg) (mm) force mr from R
(kg-mm) Kg-mm
("RP) A 0.072 TA 0.072 rA
B 0.072 100 7.2 100 720
0.072 75 5.4 200 1080

D 0.072 50 3.6 300 1080

B C D
A

100 100 100

---
A

OA OC 0 042
1080 kg mm2 1080 kg mm2

A 2
720 kg mm2 A 2+

From the couple polygon, we get relative angular setting between the masses 6pg = 0 (reference)
c =108", Gp = 250

From the force, polygon ra =

62.5 mm
0 203
=

The masses may fíx as per the radial position and relative angular positions and checked for
complete dynamic balance experimentally.

Result: The balancing of the given masses rotating in the different planes are tabulated as
shown in table.

School of Mechanical Eng1neering Page 47

 REVA University
Design & Dynamies Laboratory BI8MESI80/6180

Problem-2
A rotating shaft carries 4 equal masses A,B ,C.&D of 72 gm each which are equally spaced 1
Band C
planes 100 mm apart. the radius of rotation of mass B is 100 mm and the angle between
is 90 and between B & D is 240 find the radii of rotation of masses A.C,&D and also the

angular position of A for complete dynamic balance check for balance experimentally.

(Ans re = 8ómm, ra= 66mm from couple polygon

RA-72mm0A -204°from force polygon)

RESULT: - The balancing of the given masses rotating in the different planes are tabulated as
shown in table.

School of Mechanical Engineering

Page 48
 18MI 5IRO/6180 REVA University
Design&Dynamies Laboratony

Gyroscope
A gyroseope is a sjpinning body or wheel universally imountcd so that only Onc point
its center of gravity is a fixed position, the whcel being rce to turn in any direction round this
point gyoscope is used to introduce desirable lorces as for cxample on the stabilizer in a ship
acro plane and a monorail car it is also used in instrumenls for maintain dircction such as
gyrocompass. Gyroscope is a body while spinning about an axis is free to rotate in other
direetion under the action of internal force. Ex: Locomotive, automobile & airplane mulling a
um. If a body is revolving about an axis, latter is known as axis of spin (rcfcr, where OX is the
axis of spin). Precision means the rotation about the 3 axis OZ which is perpendicular to both
the axis of spin ox & that of couple OY. The 3" axis OX is perpendicular to both the axis of spin
ox & that of couple OY is known as axis of precision.

Gyroscopie Esfect: To a body revolving about an axis say OX if a couple represented by a

vector OY perpendicular to OX is applied then the body fries to process about an axis OZ which
is perpendicular both to ox & OY. Thus the plane of spin, plane of precision 2 planes of
gyroscopic couple are mutually perpendicular. The above combined effect is known as
processional or gyroscopic effect.
Gyroscopic couple: Let a dise of weight W having moment of inertia I be spinning at an
angular velocity about axis OX in anticlockwise direction viewing from front, the angular
momentum of disc is I. Applying right hand, screw rule, The singe of vector representing the
angular momentum of the disc, which is also a vector quantity, will be in the direction OX. A
couple whose axis is OY perpendicular to OX & is in the plane OZ is now applied to precision
axis OX. The motor is coupled to the disc rotor, which is balanced. The disc shaft rotates which
about XX axis in 2 ball bearings housed in the frame 1 this farm can swing about Y-Y axis in
bearings provided in the yoke type frame no 2. In steady position frame no l is balanced by
providing a weight pan on the opposite side of the motor. The yoke frame is free to rotate about
vertical axis Z - Z thus freedom of rotation about 3 perpendicular axes is given to the rotor.

Rule no 1: The spinning body exerts a torque or couple in such a direction, which tends to
makes the axis of spin, coincides with that of the precession.

Rule no 2: The spinning of body processes in such a way as to make the axis of spin coincide
with that of the couple applied, thought 90° turn.

S p i n axis
Gyroscope
frame

Gimbal Rotor

School of Mechanical Fnginecring Page 69

 REVA Universily
Design & Dynamics Laboratory BI8MI5I80/6180
ol angular
demonstrates the principle of conservation
Gyroscope: A gyrOscope is a device which
momentum, in physics.
once spinning,
on an axle. The device,
The essence of the device is a spinning wheel
invented and named in 1852 by
tends to resist changes to its oricntation. The gyroscope
was
exhibits a
Leon Foucault for an experinment involving
the rotation of the Earth. A gyroscope
and notation. Gyroscopes can be
used to construct
number of behaviors including precession aircraft and
SyTOCompasses which complement or replace magnctic compasses (in ships,
Hubble Space Telescope, ships,
spacecrafi, vehicles in general), to assist in stability (bicyclc, effects are used
Inertial guidance system. Gyroscopic
vehicles in general) or be used as part of an such
in many different toys like for example yo-yos
and dynabees. Many other rotating devices,
the effect. The
as flywheels, bchave gyroscopically although
this is not an intentional use of
and in the
account in the design of machines
effect of gyroscopic forces must be taken into
a turn.
design of locomotives, automobiles ships and airplane making
and even
GyroScopes can perplexing objects because they move in peculiar ways
be very
in
seem to defy gravity. special properties make gyroscopes extremely important
These
on the Space Shuttle. A typical
everything from your bicycle to the advanced navigation system its autopilot. The
a dozen gyroscopes in everything from
its
Compass
airplane uses about its orientation to the sun, and the Hubble
Russian Mir space station used 11 gyroscopes to keep
effects are also central to
Space Telescope has a batch of navigational gyros as well. Gyroscopic
things like yo-yos and Frisbees!

We will look at gyroscopes to understand why they are so useful

in so many different
We will also come to see the reason behind their very odd behavior!
places.

Figure24: Gyroscope

School of Mechanical Engineering Page 70

Design & Dynamics Laboratory BI8ME5180 6180
REVA University

Terms used in
gyroscopes
Axis of spin: it is the axis about which the
body revolves.
Axis of couple: it is the axis about which the
gyroscopic couple or torque is applicd, which is
perpendicular to the axis of spin.
Axis of precession: it is the axis about which a
body rotates, which is perpendicular to both
and couple axes. The motion about that
axis is known as processional motion and spin
with
processional angular velocity op. In other words the rotation of axis of spin is called
motion. The fundamental equation processional
describing the behavior of the gyroscope is:
dL d(Iu)
T dt
= la

School of Mechanical Engineering Page 71

 REVA University
BI8ME5I80/6I8o
Design &Dynaics Laboratory

Experiment No. 8 (Demonstration only)

Gyroscope
hand rule
Aim: lo detemine the gyroscope couple & to verify its effect using Right screw

Apparatus required: Gyroscope setup

Procedure:
2. Switch on the regulator and toggle switch.
3. Start the motor coupled with flywheel of the gyroscope gradually and gently to a required

speed in steady.
4. Note down the rpm of the gyroscope and initial angle (protector reading on the base-plate
some known weight on the counter weights
6.
Now put gently.
Keep the speed constant to initial speed and observe the swing at the bottom of the
gyTOSCope where the protector is provided and note the reading of angle in degrecs.
7. Repeat the experiment for different speed and load and take down the readings

Observation:
1. Mass of the disc M =4 kg.
2. Diameter of the disc D = 0.232 m.

3. Distance of the load from the center of the disc X = ---- m

Tabular column:

SI no Speed Load Angle of | Time of Gyroscope Applicd

N) rpm applied precession precession couple Cg couple Ca
(W)N Nm
sec Nm

Specimen calculation:

) Mass moment of Inertia of the disc MD -m

8

School of Mechanical Engineering

Page 72
 B18ME5180/6180
REVA Universily
Design & Dynanmics Laboratory
27N
of the disc w=
2) Angular velocity of the spinning 60 rad /scc

0/t rad /sec.

3) Angular velocity of precession o =
=..

4) Gyroscope couple Cg -I o p---N m

5) Applied couple Ca
=
W *X=--- Nm.
Conclusion:
tabulated in table.
practical gyroscopic coupleis compared
as
Result: The theoretical &