DATACONES

INSTRUCTION MANUAL

FOR

UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS

Manufactures Of

STANDARD EQUIPMENTS

FOR

TECHNICAL INSTITUTES

AND

INDUSTRIES

DESIGNED AND MANUFACTURED BY

DATACONE ENGG. PVT. LTD.

Near Sangliwadi High - School.

SANGLIWADI - 416 416 [M.S]

 UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS

INTRODUCTION & DESCRIPTION

The drive unit consists of a small electric motor connected through ‘V’
belt to shaft drive. Motor & main shaft are mounted on a rigid m s base plate in
vertical fashion. The spindle is supported in a ball bearings.

The optional governor mechanism can be mounted on spindle. Precise speed

control is offered by the speed control unit, & counter hole over the spindle shaft
allows the use of a hand tachometer ( Not supplied ) to determine the
speed. A graduated scale is fixed to the sleeve & guided in vertical direction.

The center sleeve of the porter & Proell governor incorporates a weight
sleeve to which weights may be added. The Hartnell governor provides
means of varying spring rate & initial compression level & mass of rotating
weight. This enables the Hartnell governor, to be operated as a stable or unstable
governor.

The apparatus is designed to exhibit the characteristics of the spring loaded

governor & dead weight governor. The apparatus is driven by D.C. Motor with
variable speed control unit.

The apparatus can perform following experiments on

1. Watt type Governor.

2. Porter type Governor.

3. Proell type Governor.

4. Hartnell type Governor.

1. Determination of characteristic curve of sleeve position against controlling force &

speed.
 2. Plotting of characteristic curves of radius of rotation.

SPECIFICATIONS :

* Drive D.C. Motor H.P. ¼ Speed 1500 RPM

* Speed variation arrangement provided.

Separate linkage for governor arrangements mentioned above are provided

using same motor & base. Speed Measurement is to be done by hand
tachometer, ( not provided with unit ), sleeve displacement is to be noted on scale
provided. Variable control unit is provided with the apparatus. Following
experiments can be conducted on the Gravity controlled governor
apparatus i.e. for watt governor, Porter Governor, Proell Governor & also on spring
loaded governor ........

1. Obtaining the Graph of Governor speed Vs. Sleeve. displacement.

2. Obtaining the governor characteristics i.e. the graph of controlling Force Vs.
Radius of rotation of the ball center.

IMAGE:
EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE :

The governor mechanism under test is fitted with the chosen rotating
weights & spring, where applicable & inserted into the drive unit. The
following simple procedure may then be followed.

The control unit is switched on & the speed control slowly rotated,
increasing the governor speed until the center sleeve rises off the lower stop &
aligns with the first division on the graduated
scale. The sleeve position & speed are then recorded. Speed may be
determined using a handi tachometer on the spindle. The governor speed is
then increased in steps to give suitable sleeve movements, & readings
repeated at each stage throughout the range of the sleeve movement possible.
The result may be plotted as curves of speed against sleeve position.
Further tests are carried out changing the value of variable at a time to draw
curves.
SPECIFICATIONS :

1. Drive Unit : D.C. Motor ¼ H.P., 1500 RPM.

2. Dimmerstat : 2 Amp. D.C. Type.

SERVICE REQUIRED :

Earthen A.C. Single Phase 5 Amp. Electrical supply 230 V., 50 Hz Standard
Supply.

SPACE REQUIRED :

* A Bench area of 1220 x 610 ( 4 x 2 ft. ).

FOUNDATION :

It is preferable to fix, the base on a solid function foundation.

OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS :

For obtaining the graphs as mentioned above following instructions may be

followed.

1. Arrange the setup as a Watt/Porter, Proell governor. This can be done by

removing the upper sleeve on the vertical spindle of the governor & using proper
linkages provided.

2. Make proper connections of the motor.

3. Increase the motor speed gradually.

4. Note the sleeve displacement on the scale provided & speed by tachometer (
Tachometer not supplied ).

5. Plot the graph of speed Vs. Sleeve displacement for watt, porter & proell
governor.

6. Plot the graph of speed Vs. governor height for watt governor.
 7. Plot the governor characteristic after doing the necessary calculations.

PRECAUTIONS :

1. Do not keep the mains ‘ON’ when trial is complete.

2. Increase the speed gradually.

Take the sleeve displacement reading when the pointer remains steady.

3. See that at higher speed the load on sleeve dose not hit the upper sleeve if the
governor.

4. While closing the test the dimmer to zero position & then switch ‘OFF’ the motor.

EXPERIMENTS :

1. WATT GOVERNOR :

DIMENSIONS :

a. Length of each link = mm.

b. Initial height of governor ( ho ) = mm.

c. Initial height of rotation ( ro ) = mm.

d. Weight of each ball () = kg.

Go on increasing the speed gradually & take the readings of speed of

rotation ‘N’ & corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’ Radius of rotation ‘r’ at
any position could be found as follows.

a. Find Height h = ho - x/2.

( ho - X/2)
b. Find ‘’ by using cos  = h/L =
L
c. Then, r = 50 + L sin .

2N
d.  = rad/sec.
60
 W
e. Force, F = 2 . r Kg
g

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. Sleeve Speed Angular Link Radius of Force F

No displacement X N Velocity Height Angle  Rotation r (Kg)
(mm) (RPM)  Rad/sec h (mm) (cm)

Following graphs may then be plotted to study governor characteristics.....

a. Force Vs. Radius of rotation.

b. Speed Vs. Sleeve Displacement

2. PORTER GOVERNOR :

DIMENSIONS :

a. Length of each link - L = mm.

b. Initial height of governor ho = mm.

c. Initial height of rotation ro = mm.

d. Weight of Sleeve = 0.5 kg Each ( 4 Nos.)

1. Take the actual weights of sleeve, ‘W’

2. Go on increasing the speed gradually & take

the readings of speed of rotation ‘N’ &
corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’

Radius of rotation ‘r’ at any position could be found as follows.

a. Find Height h = ho - x/2.

 b. Find ‘’ by using cos  = h/L

c. Then, r = 50 + ( L sin  ).

2N
d.  = rad/sec.
60

W
e. Force, F = 2 . r Kg
g

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. Sleeve Speed Angular Link Radius of Force F

No displacement X N Velocity Height Angle  Rotation r (Kg)
(mm) (RPM)  Rad/sec h (mm) (cm)

Following graphs may then be plotted to study governor characteristics.....

a. Force Vs. Radius of rotation.

b. Speed Vs. Sleeve Displacement

3. PROELL GOVERNOR :

In the Proell Governor ,with the use of fly weights

( Forming full ball ) the governor becomes highly sensitive.

Under these conditions large sleeve displacement is observed for very small
change in speed.
 In order to make it stable, it is necessary to carry cut the experiments by using half
ball fly weight on each side.

DIMENSIONS :

a. Length of each link - L = mm.

b. Initial height of governor ho = mm.

c. Initial height of rotation ro = mm.

d. Weight on sleeve = Kg.

e. Weight of each ball = gms.

f. Extension of Length BG = mm.

Go on increasing the speed gradually & take the readings of speed of

rotation ‘N’ & corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No Sleeve displacement X Speed N Angular Radius of Force F

(mm) (RPM) Velocity Rotation (Kg)
 Rad/sec (cm)

Draw the following graphs. :

1. Speed Vs. Sleeve displacement.

2. Proceed as follows to draw the graph of force Vs. radius of rotation.

3. Keeping static position draw the graph of sleeve displacement Vs. Radius
of rotation of balls by actual measurement.
 4. Plot the graph of sleeve displacement Vs. Speed when the governor is rotating.

5. Then for any displacement ‘X’ of the sleeve it is possible to find ‘r’ & ‘N’.

‘X’ may be found by knowing ‘r’ & ‘N’

4. HARTNELL GOVERNOR :

DIMENSIONS :

a. Length a = mm.

b. Length b = mm.

c. Weight of each ball = mm.

d. Initial radius of rotation ro = mm.

e. Spring stiffness ( P ).

f. Free height of spring.

g. Weight of Sleeve.

1. Measure initial compression of the spring.

2. Go on increasing the speed gradually & take

the readings of speed of rotation ‘N’ &
corresponding sleeve displacement ‘X’
Radius of rotation ‘r’ at any position could
be found as follows.

X (a)
r = ro +
( b ).

Following table may be complete.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No Sleeve displacement X Speed N Angular Radius of Force F

(mm) (RPM) Velocity Rotation (Kg)
 Rad/sec (cm)

Following graphs may then be plotted to study governor characteristics.....

a. Force Vs. Radius of rotation.

b. Speed Vs. Sleeve Displacement

/08/03

UNIVERSAL GOVERNOR APPARATUS

(A) WATT GOVERNOR :

OBSERVATIONS :

Length of Each Link (L) : 125 mm.

Initial Height of Governor (hO) : 97.5 mm.
Initial Radius of Rotation (RO) : 130 mm.
Weight of Each Ball (W) : 700 gm.
Initial Reading of Sleeve Displacement (A) : 50 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No. SLEEVE DISPLACEMENT SPEED OF GOVERNOR

(X) MM. (N) RPM
1. 85 161
2. 105 177
3. 130 194
4. 140 205

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS : (Reading No. 4)

1. Height of Governor (h) :

= hO - (S/2)
Where,

S = X- A
= 97.5 - (90/2)

= 52.5

2. Link Angle (α) :

Cos α = h/ L

= 52.5/125

α = 65.16O

3. Radius of Rotation (R) :

= 50 + L Sin α

= 50 + ( 125 x Sin 65.16)

= 163.84 mm.
 4. Angular Velocity of Governor (ω) :

= (2 x π x N) / 60

= (2 x π x 205) / 60

= 16.85 Rad/Sec

5. Centrifugal Force (F) :

= (W/g) x ω2 x R

= 0.7/9.81 x (21.46)2 x 0.163

= 5.53 Kg.

6. Result Table :

Sr. Height (h) Link Angle Radius of Angular Centrifuga

No. mm Rotation Velocity l Force
Mtr. Rad/Sec Kg
1. 80.0 50.20 0.146 16.85 2.95
2. 70.0 55.94 0.153 18.53 3.74
3. 57.5 62.61 0.160 20.31 4.70
4. 52.5 65.16 0.163 21.46 5.35

(B) PORTER GOVERNOR :

OBSERVATIONS :

Length of Each Link (L) : 125 mm.

Initial Height of Governor (hO) : 97.5 mm.
Initial Radius of Rotation (RO) : 130 mm.
 Weight of Each Ball (W) : 700 gm.
Initial Reading of Sleeve Displacement (A) : 50 mm.
Weight on Sleeve : 1 Kg.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No. SLEEVE DISPLACEMENT SPEED OF GOVERNOR

(X) MM. (N) RPM
1. 68 170
2. 88 186
3. 100 195

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS : (Reading No. 1)

1. Height of Governor (h) :

= hO - (S/2)
Where,

S = X- A
= 97.5 - (18/2)

= 88.5 mm

2. Link Angle (α) :

Cos α = h/ L

= 88.5/125

α = 44.92O

3. Radius of Rotation (R) :

= 50 + L Sin α

= 50 + ( 125 x Sin 44.92)

= 138.27 mm.
 4. Angular Velocity of Governor (ω) :

= (2 x π x N) / 60

= (2 x π x 170) / 60

= 17.80 Rad/Sec

5. Centrifugal Force (F) :

= (W/g) x ω2 x R

= 0.7/9.81 x (17.80)2 x 0.138

= 3.12 Kg.

6. Result Table :

Sr. Height (h) Link Angle Radius of Angular Centrifuga

No. Mm Rotation Velocity l Force
Mtr. Rad/Sec Kg
1. 88.5 44.92 138.27 17.80 3.12
2. 79.0 50.80 146.87 19.47 4.57
3. 72.5 54.54 169.21 20.42 5.02

(C) PROELL GOVERNOR :

OBSERVATIONS :

Length of Each Link (L) : 125 mm.

Initial Height of Governor (hO) : 97.5 mm.
Initial Radius of Rotation (RO) : 130 mm.
Weight of Each Ball (W) : 700 gm.
Initial Reading of Sleeve Displacement (A) : 50 mm.
 Weight on Sleeve : 1 Kg.
Extension of Length BG : 75 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE :

Sr. No. SLEEVE SPEED OF RADIUS OF

DISPLACEMENT GOVERNOR ROTATION
(X) MM. (N) RPM (R) mtr.
1. 85 119 0.162
2. 120 126 0.186
3. 135 129 0.195

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS : (Reading No. 1)

1. Angular Velocity of Governor (ω) :

= (2 x π x N) / 60

= (2 x π x 119) / 60

= 12.46 Rad/Sec

2. Centrifugal Force (F) :

= (W/g) x ω2 x R

= 0.7/9.81 x (12.46)2 x 0.162

= 1.79 Kg.

3. Result Table :

Sr. Angular Velocity Centrifugal Force

No. Rad/Sec Kg
1. 12.46 1.79
2. 13.19 2.30
3. 13.50 2.53
(D) HARTNELL GOVERNOR :
OBSERVATIONS :
Initial Radius of Rotation (RO) : 130 mm.
Weight of Each Ball (W) : 700 gm.
Initial Reading of Sleeve Displacement (A) : 50 mm.
Length of Vertical Link (a) : 120 mm.
Length of Horizontal Link (b) : 75 mm.

OBSERVATION TABLE :
Sr. No. SLEEVE DISPLACEMENT SPEED OF GOVERNOR
 (X) MM. (N) RPM
1. 60 182
2. 70 210
3. 90 265

SAMPLE CALCULATIONS : (Reading No.1)

1. Angular Velocity of Governor (ω) :

= (2 x π x N) / 60

= (2 x π x 182) / 60

= 19.06 Rad/Sec

2. Radius Of Rotation (R) :

= RO + X a / b

= 0.130 + (0.010 x 0.12/0.075)

= 0.146 Mtr.

3. Centrifugal Force (F) :

= (W/g) x ω2 x R

= 0.7/9.81 x (19.06)2 x 0.146

= 3.78 Kg.

4. Result Table :

Sr. ANGULAR RADIUS OF CENTRIFUGAL

No VELOCITY ROTATION (R) FORCE
. Rad/Sec Mtr. Kg
1. 19.06 0.146 3.78
2. 21.99 0.162 5.58
3. 27.75 0.194 10.65