30 Fizikos Tarp. Olimpiadu Uzduotys

TRISDEŠIMT
7$537$87,1,Ï),=,.26
2/,03,$'Ï
8åGXRþLÐVO\JRV
FIZIKOS OLIMPAS
Vilnius 1999
www.olimpas.lt
UDK 51(079) Turinys
Tr-155
,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP/HQNija).............................5
,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP9HQJULMD..........................6
,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDPýHNRVORYDNLMD
,9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP6RYLHWÐ6MXQJD
9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP%XOJDULMD
VI WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP5XPXQLMD
3DUHQJ¡9LOQLDXVXQLYHUVLWHWRGRFHQWDV9\WDXWDV5LQNHYLþLXV 9,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP/HQNLMD
9,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP9RNLHWLMD
.DOERVUHGDNWRU¡=LWD.XWUDLW¡ ,;WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGa, 1976 m. (Vengrija)......................22
;WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDPýHNRVORYDNLMD
;,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP6RYLHWÐ6MXnga)..........26
;,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP%XOJDULMD..........28
;,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP9RNLHWLMD
;,9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP5XPXQLMD
'¡NRMDPHS3HWUXL-RQXãXLNXULRLQLFLDW\YDLUUÌSHVþLXEXYR ;9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDPâYHGLMD
išleisWDVãLVOHLGLQ¡OLV ;9,WDUSWDXWLQ¡Iizikos olimpiada, 1985 m. (Jugoslavija)...............42
;9,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP'%ULWDQija).............47
;9,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP9RNLHWLMD
;,;WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP$XVWUija)....................57
;;WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP/HQNija)......................66
;;,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP2ODQGija)...................69
;;,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP.XED
XXII,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP6XRPija).................78
;;,9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP-$9
;;9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP.LQLMD
;;9,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGD 1995 m. (Australija)...............96
;;9,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP1RUYHJija)............102
;;9,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP.DQDGD
;;,;WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP,VODQGija)...............114
 Mokykla FIZIKOS OLIMPAS, 1999 ;;;WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP,WDOija).....................129
ISBN 9986-778-14-X
www.olimpas.lt www.olimpas.lt
8ä'82ý,Ï6/<*26
,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGD0/HQNLMD
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
1. $QWK PDXNãþLRDWUDPRVJXOL0 JPDV¡VUXWXO\VY

PVJUHLþLXKRUL]RQWDOLDNU\SWLPLOHNLDQWLP JPDV¡VNXl-
ND SUDPXãD UXWXO³ WLNVOLDL SHU MR VNHUVPHQ³ D .RNLDPH QXRWRO\MH /
QXNULV DQW åHP¡V NXOND MHL UXWXO\V QXNULQWD DQW åHP¡V O P Dt-
stumu nuo atramos ? b) Kokia dalis αNLQHWLQ¡VNXONRVHQHUJLMRVSa-
YLUVWDYLGLQHHQHUJLMDNDLNXONDSUDPXãDUXWXO³"²RURSDVLSULHãLQLP
QHDWVLåYHONLWH
2. ApskDLþLXRNLWH SDY
B r r parodytos EHJDOLQ¡V JUDQGLQ¡V
YDUåWDUSWDãNÐ$LU%MHLYLVÐ
ãLRV JUDQGLQ¡V UH]LVWRULÐ YDUåRV
r yra vienodos ir lygios r.
r 3. Du vienodi rutuliai yra
WRNLRVSDWWHPSHUDWÌURV9LHQDV
A
LãUXWXOLÐSDG¡WDVDQWKRUL]RQWa-
lios plokštumos, kitas pakabin-
1 pav. WDV DQW VLÌOR $ELHP UXWXOLDPV
suteikiamas vienodas šilumos
NLHNLVMXRVãLOGDQWWDLSJUHLWDLNDGãLOXPRVQXRVWROLÐG¡ODplinkos ir
DUWL HVDQþLÐ GDLNWÐ ³ãiOLPR Q¡UD 9LHQRGRV DU VNLUWLnJRV EXV UXWXOLÐ
WHPSHUDWÌURVSRãLlG\PR"$WVDN\PSDJU³VNLWH
4. 8åGDUDPH 9 O WÌULR LQGH \UD VDXVDV RUDV NXULR VO¡JLV
p 0 ≈ 10 5 Pa LU WHPSHUDWÌUD t 0 = 20 0C. ² LQG ³SLODPD P J YDn-
GHQVNXULV³NDLWLQDPDVLNL t = 100 0C WHPSHUDWÌURV.RNVSDVLGDU\V
VO¡JLVLQGHWDLSM³³NDLWLQXV"²LQGRãLOXPLQ
SO¡WUQHDWVLåYHONLWH
5
www.olimpas.lt
(NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
5. 1XVWDW\NLWHVDYLWMåLEDORãLOXP 9. .LHNYLHQRMH Lã WULMÐ QHSHUPDWRPÐ G¡åLÐ \UD SR YLHQ Lã ãLÐ
3ULHPRQ¡V VYDUVW\NO¡V ãUDWDL JUDGXRWL NDORULPHWUDV WHUPRPHt- elHNWULQLÐ JUDQGLQLÐ HOHPHQWÐ UH]LVWRULXV NRQGHQVDWRULXV ULW¡ 1e-
UDVVURY¡VãDOWLQLVNDLWLQLPRVSLUDO¡VWLNOLQLVLQGDVYDQGXRåLEDODs, DWLGDU\GDPLG¡åLÐLãWLUNLWHNRNVHOHPHQWDV\UDNXULRMHG¡å¡MHLUQu-
sekundometras, jungiamieji laidai, jungiklis. Vandens savitoji šiluma statykite jo elektrinius parametrus.
lygi 4200 J / (kg K). 3ULHPRQ¡V du universalieji matavimo prietaisai – avometrai,
ν=50 +]GDåQLRNLQWDPRVLRV³WDPSRVãDOWLQLVQXRODWLQ¡V³WDPSRVãDl-
WLQLV 0DWDYLPÐ SULHWDLVÐ ³YDLULÐ GLDSD]RQÐ YLGLQ¡V YDUåRV åLQRPRV
,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP9HQJULMD 3ULHWDLVÐ SDNODLGRV PDWXRMDQW QXRODWLQ¡V ³WDPSRV JUDQGLQ¡VH – 2 %,
NLQWDPRVLRV³WDPSRVJUDQGLQ¡VH– 3 %.
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
6. $QWQXRåXOQLRVSORNãWXPRVNXULRVSROLQNLR³KRUL]RQWNDPSDVα ,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDPýHNRVORYDNLMD

= 300, pad¡tas pilQDYLGXULVYLHQDO\WLVFLOLQGUDVNXULRPDV¡P1=8
NJLUVSLQGXO\V5 FPSDY3ULHFLOLQGURDãLHVVLÌOXSULULãWDV 7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
m2 NJ PDV¡V NXEDV HVDQWLV DQW WRV
A SDþLRV QXRåXOQLRV SORNãWumos. Kokiu 10. SDYSDYDL]GXRWDNÌQÐVLVWHPDVXVLGHGDLãWULMÐYHåLP¡OLÐ$
SDJUHLþLX D MXGD DEX ãLH NÌQDL" 7ULn- %LU&NXULÐPDV¡VDWLWLQNDPDLO\JLRVPA = 0,3 kg, mB = 0,2 kg ir mC
WLHV WDUS NXER LU QXRåXOQLRVLRs plokš-
NJ9HåLP¡O³&YHLNLDWRNLDKRUL]RQWDOLRVNU\SWLHVM¡JD F , kad
tumos koeficientas µ ² ULHG¡MLPR YHåLP¡OLDL$LU%QHMXGDYHåLP¡OLR&DtåYLOJLX
α
trinW³LUDãLHVWULQW³QHDWVLåYHONLWH 1) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH D ³WHm-
C 2 pav. B 7. Viename inde yra B
SLPRM¡JYHLNLDQþLVLÌOMXn-
−4
V1 = 3 ⋅ 10 m tololo, kurio tempera-
3
JLDQW³YHåLP¡OLXV$LU%EM¡J
WÌUD t1 = 0 C , o kitame V2 = 1,1 ⋅ 10 −4 m 3 tololo, kurio tempeUDWÌUD
0 F.
7DU
NDGYHåLP¡OLV&Qe-
t 2 = 100 0C .RN³WÌU³XåLPVWRORODVDELHMÐLQGÐWXULQ³VXPDLãLXVMHL C A
MXGD DSVNDLþLXRNLWH D YHåLP¡
WRORORWÌULRSO¡WURVNRHILFLHQWDV α = 0,001 K −1 "²ãLOXPRVQXRVWROLXV OLÐ $ LU % SDJUHiþLXV E VLÌOR
QHDWVLåYHONLWH ³WHPSLPRM¡J
8. ² VWLNOLQLR SXVFLOLQGULR SORNãþLM³ SDYLUãLÐ ãYLHVRV VSLQGXOLDL ² RUR SDVLSULHãLQLP WULQW³
krinta α = 450 kampu. Spinduliai yra plokštumoje, statmenoje pusci- VNULHPXOLR LU UDWÐ LQHUFLMRV Po-
lindrio ašiai. Iš kurios puscilindrio šoninio paviršiaus vietos išeis PHQWXV LU VLÌOR PDV

QHDWVLåYHlkite. 3 pav.
ãYLHVRVVSLQGXOLDL"6WLNOROÌåLRURGLNOLV n = 2 .
11. Varinio m1 PDV¡V NDOo-
ULPHWUR LU MDPH HVDQþLR P2 maV¡V YDQGHQV WHPSHUDWÌUD 71 ² NDORUi-
6 7
PHWU ³GHGDPD OHGR NXULR PDV¡ P3 LU WHPSHUDWÌUD 72. (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
a) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH OHGR PDV
LU WHPSHUDWÌU QXVLVWRY¡MXV ãLOXPLQHL
pusiausvyrai esant bet kokioms m1, m2, m3, T1 ir T2YHUW¡PV8åUDãy- 14. ,ãQDJULQ¡NLWHXåGDUJUDQGLQ
VXVLGHGDQþLLãDGYLHMÐQXo-
kite sistePRVãLOXPRVEDODQVRO\JW³EDSVNDLþLXRNLWHYDQGHQVLUOHGR VHNOLDL VXMXQJWÐ DNXPXOLDWRULÐ YDUå\QR LU UHRFKRUGR E QXRVHNOLDL
PDV
LU WHPSHUDWÌU QXVLVWRY¡MXV ãiluminei pusiausvyrai, kai m1 = 1 VXMXQJWÐ VDXVRMR HOHPHQWR LU JDOYDQRPHWUR VX DSVDXJLQH YDUåD 3a-
kg, m2 = 1 kg, m3 = 2 kg, T1 = 283 K, T2 = 253 K. siÌO\NLWH LU SDJU³VNLWH WRN³ E ãDNRV MXQJLPR SULH D JUDQGLQ¡V EÌG
²HQHUJLMRVQXRVWROLXVQHDWVLåYHONLWH$WPRVIHURVVO¡JLVQRUPDOXV NDG EÌWÐ JDOLPD NHLþLDQW UHRFKRUGR VODQNLNOLR SDG¡W³ SDVLHkti, jog
vario savitoji šiluma c1 = 0,39 kJ / (kg K), vandens c2 = 4,2 kJ / (kg VURY¡JUDQGLQ¡MHSDVLGDU\WÐO\JLQXOLXL
K), ledo c3 = 2,1 kJ / (kg K), ledo savitoji lydymosi šiluma λ = 330 kJ 6XMXQNLWHJUDQGLQ
SDJDOSDVLÌO\WMVFKHPLUPatuodami nusta-
/ kg. W\NLWHGYLHMÐQXRVHNOLDLVXMXQJWÐDNXPXOLDWRULÐJQ\EWÐ³WDPSRVLU
12. PPDV¡VUXWXOLXNDV³HOHNWULQWDVHOHNWURVNUÌYLXq, pritvirtin- VDXVRMRHOHPHQWRHOHNWURYDURVVDQW\N³PDQ\NLWHNDGDELHMÐDNXPu-
WDVSULHYLHQRJDORQHODLGDXVVLÌOR.LWDVWRVLÌORJDODVSULULãWDVSULH OLDWRULÐJQ\EWÐ³WDPSRV\UDSDVWRYLRVQHåLQRPMYDUå5x.
YHUWLNDOLRMHSORNãWXPRMHHVDQþLR5VSLQGXOLRåLHGRSDGDU\WRLãVWDn- 1XVWDW\NLWH NRNLDLYDUå\QRYDUåDL5HVDQWXåGDYLQ\VWXULVSUHn-
GåLRVYLHORV7DVåLHGDV³HOHNWULQWDVWRSDWLHVåHQNORNDLSLUUXWXOLu- GLQ³
NDV NUÌYLX 4 $SVNDLþLXRNLWH NRNLDP VLÌOR LOJLXL O HVDQWDWVLOHQN
V 3ULHPRQ¡VGXJHOHåLHVLUQLNHOLRDNXPXOLDWRULDLYLHQDVVDXVDVLV
UXWXOLXNDVDWVLGXUVVWDWPHQRMHåLHGRSORNãWXPDLMRDãyje. HOHPHQWDV UHRFKRUGDV YLHQDO\WLV QHåLQRPRV YDUåRV 5x laidas su
,ãSUDGåLÐLãVSU
VNLWHXåGDYLQ³EHQGUDLRSDVNXLHVDQWãLRPVVNDi- VODQNLX NRQWDNWX LãWHPSWDV LãLOJDL PLOLPHWULQ¡V OLQLXRW¡V YDrå\QDV
WLQ¡PV YHUW¡PV 4 T 9 ⋅ 10 −8 C , R = 5 cm, m = 1 g, JDOYDQRPHWUDVVXVNDO¡VYLGXU\MHHVDQþLDQXOLQHSDGDODLUDSVDXJi-
−12 nis rezistorius.
ε 0 = 8,9 ⋅ 10 F / m. ²åLHGRYLHORVVWRU³LUVLÌORPDV
QHDWVLåYHONLWH
13. $QWQXãOLIXRWRVWLNOLQLRNXERNXULREULDXQDO\JLFPSDG¡WD
QXãOLIXRWD VWLNOLQ¡ SORNãWHO¡ 7DUS SORNãWHO¡V LU NXbo yra plonas oro ,9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP6RYLHWÐ6MXQJD
VOXRNVQLV,ãYLUãDXVVWDþLXNDPSXDSãYLHþLDQWSORNãWHO
ãYLHVDNXULRV
EDQJRV LOJLDL \UD WDUS LU QP ãLDPH EDQJÐ LOJLÐ LQWHUYDOH 7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
SORNãWHO¡ \UD VNDLdUL DWVLVSLQG¡MXVLRMH ãYLHVRMH PDNVLPXPR VO\JD
HVWLSDWHQNLQDPDGYLHPEDQJÐLOgiam: λ0 = 400 nm ir dar kitam. Ap- 15. ,OJDV 0 NJ PDV¡V WDãHOLV \UD DQW JORWQDXV KRUL]RQWDODXV
VNDLþLXRNLWH W NLW EDQJRV LOJ³ 7DLS SDW DSVNDLþLXRNLWH NLHN UHLNLD stalo ir gali be trinties slankioti jo paviršiumi. ViršutinHKRUL]RQWDOLMD
SDGLGLQWLNXERWHPSHUDWÌUNDGMLVOLHVWÐSORNãWHO
6WLNORLOJLQLVãi- WDãHOLRVLHQDJDOLMXG¡WLP NJPDV¡VYHåLP¡OLVVXYDULNOLX7ULn-
OXPLQ¡VSO¡WURVNRHILFLHQWDV α = 8 ⋅ 10 −6 K −1 RUROXåLRURGLNOLVQ WLHVNRHILFLHQWDVWDUSYHåLP¡OLRLUWDãHOLR µ = 0,02 . Variklis pastoviu
DWVWXPDVQXRNXERDSDþLRVLNLSORNãWHO¡VNDLWLQDQWQHNLQWD v0 = 0,1 m/sJUHLþLXY\QLRMDDQWYHOHQRVLÌO.LWDVVLÌORJDODVYLHQX
atveju prirLãWDV SULH JDQD WROL HVDQþLRV QHMXGDnþLRV DWUDPRV SDY
a), kitu atveju –SULH³WDãHO³³NDOWRNXRORSDYE,ãSUaGåLÐWDãHOLV
SDODLNRPDV NDG QHMXG¡WÐ YHåLP¡OLXL OHLGåLDPD MXG¡WL Y0 JUHLþLX R
SDVNXLWDãHOLVSDOHLGåLDPDV7DãHOLRSDOHLGLPRPHWXYHåLP¡OLRSULHNLV
esti l = 0,5 m atstumu nuo tašelio priekinio krašto. Abiem atvejais
8 9
QXVWDW\NLWHWDãHOLRLUYHåLP¡OLRMXG¡MLPRG¡sQLXVLUODLNSHUNXU³Ye- 18. 7HOHVNRSH³UHQJWDVVIHULQLVYHLGURGLVNXULRVNHUVPXR'
åLP¡OLVSDVLHNVSULHNLQ³WDãHOLRNUDãW PLUNUHLYXPRVSLQGXO\V5 P9HLGURGåLRåLGLQ\MH)VWDWPHQDL
RSWLQHL DãLDL ³WDLV\WDV DSVNULWR GLVNR IRUPRV
l l spinduliuoW¡VLPWXYDVSDY.RNVWXULEÌWL R
PDåLDXVLDVLPWXYRGLVNRVSLQGXO\VUNDG³M³ F
m m paWHNWÐ YLVD YHLGURGåLR DWVSLQGLPD VSLQGu-
M M OLXRW¡" .LHN NDUWÐ VXPDå¡WÐ ³ LPWXY SDWHn- O
D
NDQþLRVVSLQGXOLXRW¡VVUDXWDVMHLMRPDWPHQLV
VXPDåLntume 8 kartus?
4 pav., a 4 pav., b
Nurodymai: (VDQW PDåRPV α YHUW¡PV
7 pav.
(α<< 1), galima 1 − α keisWL ³ -α ³
16. Natrio chlorido
GLIUDNFLMQHDWVLåYHlkite.
(valgomosios druskos –
NaCl) kristalo elementaru-
sis narvelis yra kubas, ku-
a (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
rio briaunos ilgis a =
5,6⋅10-10 m, (5 pav.). Pa-
veiksle juodais rutuliukais
pavaizduoti natrio atomai, 19. 1XVWDW\NLWHO
ãLÐåLGLQLÐQXRWROLXV
baltais – chloro. Visas val- 3ULHPRQ¡V WU\V³YDLUÌVO
ãLDLVXVWRYDLVHNUDQDVVXJHRPHWULQ¡V
gomosios druskos kristalas ILJÌURVDWYDL]GXSULHVWRYRSULWYLUWLQWDYHUWLNDOLYLHODWLHVO¡
JDXQDPDVHUGY¡MHNDrtojant
tokius elementariuosius
5 pav. QDUYHOLXV 1DWULR VDQW\NLQ¡
DWRPLQ¡ PDV¡ O\JL FKOoro – 35,5. Valgomosios 2r 9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP%XOJDULMD
druskos tankis ρ = 2,22⋅103 kg / m3 $SVNDLþLXRNite
YDQGHQLOLRDWRPRPDV
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
17. R = 20 cm spinduOLR SORQDVLHQ¡V PHWDOLQ¡V
sferos viduje yra bendracentris r = 10 cm spindulio 20. *ORWQDXV0PDV¡VSOHLãWRHVDQþLRDQWLGHDOLDLJORWQDXVKo-
PHWDOLQLVUXWXO\V6IHURMH\UDVN\OXW¡SHUNXULUXWu- UL]RQWDODXV SDYLUãLDXV VNHUVSMÌYLV \UD WULNDPSLV NXULR NDPSDL SULH
2R
O\VODEDLLOJXODLGXVXMXQJWDVVXåHPHSDY6IHUD pagrindo α1 ir α2. $QWSOHLãWR\UDGXJORWQÌVNURYiQLDLNXULÐPDV¡V
³HOHNWULQWD4 -8 &NUÌYLX$SVNDLþLXRNLWHWRVVIe- m1 ir m2VXULãWLYLHQDVVXNLWXQHWDPSULXVLÌOXXåG¡WXDQWPDåRVNUi-
URVSRWHQFLDOVLVWePRVHOHNWULQ
WDOSLUQXEUDLå\Ni- GLQLRSULWYLUWLQWRSULHSOHLãWRYLUãÌQ¡V,ãSUaGåLÐYLVDãLVLVWHPD\UD
WHO\JLDYHUW
HOHNWUiQ
VFKHP
6 pav. ULPWLHVEÌVHQRV.RNLXSDJUHLþLX a 0 šliauãSOHLãWDV".URYLQLÐSDJUHi-
10 11
W³ SOHLãWR DWåYLOJLX LãUHLNãNLWH SHU SOHLãWR SDJUHLW³ .RNLDP NURYLQLÐ 22. $SVNDLþLXRNLWHVXPLQ
HQHUJLM:VXNDXSWNRQGHQVDWRULXo-
PDVLÐ P1 ir m2 VDQW\NLXL HVDQW SOHLãWDV QHMXG¡V R NURYLQLDL ãOLDXã VH³MXQJWXRVH³SDYSDURG\WVFKHP
MXR"²VLÌORLUVNULGLQLRPDVHVQHDWVLåYHONLWH -ÐWDOSRV\UD&1, C2, C3, C4. Nuo-
21. 8åO\G\WXJDOX6 FP2VNHUVSMÌYLRSORWRstiklinis vamzdelis ODWLQ¡V³WDPSRVãDOWLQLDLε1, ε2, ε3, ε4.
SULSLOG\WDV YDQGHQLOLR LU YHUWLNDOLDL ODLNRPDV XåO\G\WX JDOX ³ YLUãÐ ² YLGLQHV YDUåDV QHDWVLåYHONLWH 9LVÐ
DWYLUM³JDOSDQDUGLQXV³LQGVXJ\YVLGDEULX9LVDVãLV³UHQJLQ\V³G¡ JUDQGLQ¡V UH]LVWRULÐ YDUåRV vienodos.
WDV³KHUPHWLãNNDPHUSULSLOG\WRURNXULRWHPSeUDWÌUD70 = 273 K .RNV EÌWÐ NRQGHQVDWRULDXV &2 NUÌYLV
LUVO¡JLV30 = 1,334⋅105 Pa. Po tam tikro laiko gyvsidabris vamzdelyje q2, jei taškus H ir B sujungtume
pakilo per h0 PYLUãMRO\JLRLQGH3DVOLQNXVYLHQLãNDPHURV WUXPSDL" 6NDLWLQHV YHUWHV DSVNDLþLXo-
VLHQÐRURVO¡JLVL]RWHUPLãNDLVXPDåLQDPDVLNL31 = 8⋅104 Pa, ir gyvsi- kite, kai ε1 = 4 V, ε2 = 8 V, ε3 = 12 V,
GDEULRVWXOSHOLRDXNãWLVG¡OWRVXPDå¡MDLNLK1 = 0,4 m. Toliau esant ε4 = 16 V, C1 = C2 = = C3 = C4 = 1
pDVWRYLDP WÌULXL NDPHUD ³ãLOGRPD LNL WHPSHUDWÌURV 72 G¡O WR J\YVi- µF.
GDEULR VWXOSHOLR DXNãWLV SDGLG¡MD LNL K2 = 0,5 m. Pagaliau orui 23. 3ULHãYHUWLNDOÐSORNãþLM³YHLd-
kameroMH L]REDULãNDL SOHþLDQWLV J\YVLGDEULR DXNãWLV WDPSD K3 = 0,45 URG³\UDLãSORQRVWLNORSDGDUytas pil- 8 pav.
m. 0DQ\GDPLNDGVLVWHPDYLVODLNLãODLNRWHUPRGLQDPLQ
pusiau- nas vandens rutulio formos akvariu-
VY\UDSVNDLþLXRNLWHYDQGHQLOLRPDV
PSDVNXWLQ¡VEÌVHQRVWHPSe- mas. Akvariumo spindulys R, atstuPDV WDUS MR FHQWUR LU YHLGURGåLR
UDWÌU72LUVO¡J³3 57ROLQXRDNYDULXPRLUYHLGURGåLRHVDQWLVVWHE¡WRMDVåLÌULVWDWPe-
*\YVLGDEULR WDQNLV WHPSHUDWÌURMH 70 yra ρ0 = 1,36⋅104 kg / m3, QDL YHLGURGåLXL SHU DNYDULXPR FHQWU HiQDQþLD NU\SWLPL 9LVLãNDL
J\YVLGDEULRWÌULQ¡VãLOXPLQ¡VSO¡WURVNRHILFLHQWDVβ = 1,84 ⋅10-4 K-1, priešingame steE¡WRMXL DNYDULXPR WDãNH \UD PDåD åXY\W¡ NXUL LPD
XQLYHUVDOLRML GXMÐ NRQVWDQWD 5 - PRO . ² VWLNOR ãLOXPiQ
MXG¡WL SDOHL DNYaULXPR VLHQHO
JUHLþLX Y .RNLX VDQWyNLQLX JUHLþLX
SO¡WULU³J\YVLGDEULRDXNãþLRLQGHNLWLPXVQHDWVLåYHONLWH vsant VNODLGRVL VWHE¡WRMR PDWRPDV åXY\W¡V DtYDL]GDV" 9DQGHQV OÌåLR
Nurodymas: Tarkime, kad ∆T – PDNVLPDOXV WHPSHUDWÌUÐ VNLUWu- rodiklis n = 4/3.
PDV WDUS VLVWHPRV EÌVHQÐ .DGDQJL β⋅∆T = x << 1, pasinaudokite
1 (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
DS\WLNVOLXVU\ãLX ≈ 1 − x.
1+ x
24. 6XGDU\NLWH JUDQGLQ
VNLUW ãDOWLQLR WLHNLDPRV UHRVWDWXL QDu-
dingosios galios priklausomyE¡V QXR VURY¡V VWLSULR JUDILNXL
eksperimentiškai gauti.
Pasinaudodami gautuoju grafiku:
1) QXVWDW\NLWHãDOWLQLRYLGLQ
YDUå
2) QXVWDW\NLWHãDOWLQLRHOHNWURYDU
3) QXEUDLå\NLWHQDXGLQJRVLRVJDOLRVSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRLãRULQ¡V
YDUåRVJUDILN
4) QXEUDLå\NLWHVXPLQ¡VJDOLRVSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRLãRULQ¡VYDr-
åRVJUDILN
12 13
5) QXEUDLå\NLWHãDOWLQLRQDXGLQJXPRNRHILFLHQWRSULNODXVoP\E¡V
QXRLãRULQ¡VYDUåRVJUDILN
3ULHPRQ¡VQXRODWLQ¡VHYãDOWLQLVDPSHUPHWUDVYROWPHWras, reos-
tatas, jungiamieji laidai. A B
9,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP5XPXQLMD
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V 9 pav.
25. 7U\VYLHQRGÐPDVLÐLOJLÐLULãRULQLÐVSLQGXOLÐFLOLQGUDLSDG¡ti 3UDGLQLX PRPHQWX FLOLQGUR $ VWÌPRNOLV EXYR SULWYLUWLQWDV R Fi-

DQW QXRåXOQLRVLRV SORNãWXPRV ,ã SUDGåLÐ MLH QHMXG¡MR âOLDuåLPR lindro vidujHEXYRP NJDUJRQRNXULRVO¡JLVGLGHVQLVXåDWPRs-
QXRåXOQLMDSORNãWXPDWULQWLHVNRHILFLHQWDVµåLQRPDVLU\UDYLHQRGDV IHULQ³&LOLQGUH%NXULRWÌULV9B =
visiems cilindrams. = 5,54 m3, yra tam tikras kiekis deguonies.
3LUPDVLV FLOLQGUDV WXãþLDYLGXULV YDP]GåLR SDYLGDOR DQtrasis – $WOHLGXVFLOLQGUR$VWÌPRNO³MLVMXGDO¡WDLNYD]LQXRVWRYLDL3a-
YLHQDO\WLV SLOQDYLGXULV R WUHþLDMDPH \UD WRNLD SDW HUWP¡ NDLS LU SLr- VLHNXV SXVLDXVY\U DUJRQR WÌULV SDGLG¡MR NDUWXV R Filindre B de-
majame, tik ji pripilta tokio pat tankLR NDLS LU VLHQHO¡V VN\VþLR LU JXRQLHV WÌULV SDGLG¡MR NDUWXV %H WR \UD åLQRPD NDG WHUPRVWDWXL
JDOXRVHXåGDU\WDODEDLPDåRVPDV¡VGDQJWHOLDLV²WULQW³WDUSVN\VþLRLU buvo perduotas Q = 747,9⋅104 J šilumos kiekis. Argono molio maV¡
VLHQHOLÐDWVLåYHOJWLQHUHLNLD M = 40⋅10-3 kg/mol.
3LUPRMRFLOLQGURPHGåLDJRVWDQNLV\UDQNDUWÐGLGHVQLVQHJXDQt- 1) 5HPGDPLHVL NLQHWLQH GXMÐ WHRULMD LU DWVLåYHOJGDPL³ WDmprius
URMRDUWUHþLRMRFLOLQGUR$SVNDLþLXRNLWH PROHNXOLÐVPÌJLXV³VWÌPRNO³³rodykite, kad cilindre A procesas ap-
1) &LOLQGUÐDãLÐOLQLMLQLXVSDJUHLþLXVWXRDWYHMXNDLMLHQeslysta. rašomas lygtimi TV2/3 = const.
3DO\JLQNLWHãLXRVSDJUHLþLXV 2) $SVNDLþLXRNLWHDUJRQRSDUDPHWUXV39LU7HVDQWSUDGLQHLLU
2) .RNLDP QXRåXOQLRVLRV SORNãWXPRV SROLQNLR NDPSXL α esant JDOLQHLEÌVHQDL
QHVO\VQ¡YLHQDVFLOLQGUDV" 3) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH GXMÐ PLãLQLR JDOLQ³ VO¡J³ NXULV VXVLGDU¡ DWVu-
3) 9LVÐFLOLQGUÐNDPSLQLÐSDJUHLþLÐWDUSXVDYLRVDQWykius, kai jie NXVFLOLQGUXVMXQJLDQW³þLDXS
visi rieda slysdami. PalygLQNLWHãLXRVSDJUHLþLXV 27. ²HOHNWULQWDV SORNãþLDVLV NRQGHQVDWRULXV NXULR SORNãWHO¡V VWa-
4) 6YHLNRVWDUSWUHþLRMRFLOLQGURVN\VþLRLUVLHQHOLÐM¡JNDLWDV þLDNDPS¡V³WDLV\WDVYHUWLNDOLDL-RSORNãWHO¡VOLHþLDGLHOHNWULQ³VN\VW³
FLOLQGUDVVO\VWD6N\VþLRPDV¡P\UDåinoma. $WVWXPDV WDUS SORNãWHOLÐ \UD GDXJ PDåHVQLV Xå MÐ PDWPenis. Duota:
26. 'XYLHQRGÐVNHUVPHQÐFLOLQGUDL$LU%WXULPDåRVPDV¡VJa- SUDGLQLV ODXNR VWLSULV NRQGHQVDWRULXMH ( VN\VþLR WDQNLV ρ VN\VþLR
OLQþLXV ODLVYDL VODQNLRWL VWÌPRNOLXV Vujungtus trumpu vamzdeliu su GLHOHNWULQ¡VNYDUEDεNRQGHQVDWRULDXVSORNãWHOLÐDXNštis H.
þLDXSX,ãSUDGåLÐþLDXSDVEXYRXåGDU\WDV&LOLQGUDV$NDUWXVXVWÌ $SVNDLþLXRNLWH VN\VþLR WDUS SORNãWHOLÐ SDNLOLPR DXNãW³ LU SDDLš-
PRNOLX\UDWHUPLãNDLL]ROLXRWDVRFLOLQGUDV%³G¡WDVWHUPRVWDWNXULR NLQNLWHUHLãNLQ³²NDSLOLDUXPQHDWVLåYHONLWH
temperaWÌUDW 0C (9 pav.). 28. 3ORNãþLDLLãNLORMRO
ãLRNXULRVNHUVPXRUNUHLYXPRVSLQGu-
O\V5OÌåLRURGLNOLs n0NDLU¡MHSXV¡MH\UDRUDVQ1 RGHãLQ¡MH–
14 15
VNDLGUL DSOLQND NXULRV OÌåLR URGLNOLV Q2 ≠ 1 (oras yra prie iškilosios 3DEDQG\NLWH QXVWDW\WL SDNODLGDV SDY\]GåLXL YLGXWLQHV NYDGUDWi-
SXV¡V2UHDWVWXPXGQXRO
ãLRSDJULQGLQ¡MHRSWLQ¡MHDã\MH\UDWDãNi- nes) kiekybiškai.
QLVPRQRFKURPDWRULQ¡VãYLesos šaltinis. $SUDã\NLWH YLVXV MÌVÐ VXJDOYRWXV XåGDYLQLR VSUHQGLPR YDULDntus
1) Apsiribodami gretaaãLRSOXRãWRDUWXWLQXPX³URG\Nite, kad QDXGRGDPLHVLWLNMXPVGXRWRPLVSULHPRQ¡PLV
F1 F2 3ULHPRQ¡VGXFLOLQGURIRUPRVNÌQDLLãDNLHVLUSDJDOIRUPYLe-
+ = 1, QRGLSDJDPLQWLLãWRVSDþLRVPHGåLDJRVEHWYLHQDVMÐ\UDYLHQDO\WLV
d f
RNLWRYLGXMH\UDHUWP¡NXULRVIRUPDFLOLQGULQ¡DãLVO\JLDJUHWLVXNÌ
jei f –DWVWXPDVWDUSãDOWLQLRDWYDL]GRLUO
ãLR)1 ir F2 –O
ãLRåLGi-
QRDãLPLHUWP¡VLOJLVSUDNWLãNDLO\JXVNÌQRLOJLXLWDLSSDWOLQLXRW¡VX
QLRQXRWROLDLDWLWLQNDPDLRUHLUHVDQWLãYLHQRVSXV¡V\UDDSOLQNDLNu-
padalomis, medinis tašelis, indas su vandeniu.
ULRVOÌåLRURGLNOLVQ2.
6WDWPHQDL SORNãþLDMDP Sa-

E YLUãLXL O
ãLV SHUSMDXQDPDV ³ GYL
9,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP/HQNLMD
S δ vienodas dalis, kurios po to atito-
linamos iki atstumo δ<< r (BiM¡
ELO
ãLV âLRV VLVWHPRV VLPHWULMRV 7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
ašyje d > F1 atstuPX QXR O
ãLR
åU SDY \UD WDãNLQLV ãDOWLQLV
d l 6 'HãLQ¡MH O QXRWROLX QXR O
ãLR 30. ² QHMXGDQW³ YDQGHQLOLR DWRP NXULR HQHUJLQ¡ EÌVHQD \UD Sa-
HVDQþLDPHO\JLDgUHþLDPHVXO
ãLX JULQGLQ¡VPRJLDWRNVSDWNLWDVYDQGHQLOLRDWRPDVMXGDQWLVJUHiþLXY
ekrane E atsiranda N interferen- Pasinaudodami Boro PRGHOLXLUåLQRGDPLNDGYDQGHQLOLRDWRPRMo-
10 pav. FLMRV MXRVWÐ ³ GHãLQ
QXR O
ãLR nizacijos energija lygi Ej R PDV¡ P DSVNDLþLXRNLWH ULELQ³ JUHLW³ Y0,
irgi esant orui). åHPLDXNXULRDWRPÐVXVLGÌULPDVHVWLWDPSUusis.
Nustatykite interferencijos .DLDWRPDLSDVLHNLDJUHLW³Y0MÐVXVLGÌULPDLJDOLEÌWLQeWDPSUÌVLU
MXRVWÐVNDLþLDXV1SULNODXVRPyE
QXREDQJRVLOJLRλ. DWVLUDVWL VSLQGXOLXRW¡ $SVNDLþLXRNLWH VSLQGXOLXRW¡V LãVSLQGXOLXRMa-
Nurodymas: 9LVLOÌåLRURGLNOLDL\UDDEVROLXWLQDL PRV VPRJLDQþLRMR DWRPR MXG¡MLPR NU\SWLPL LU SULHãLQJD NU\ptimi,
GDåQLÐVNLUWXPRSURFHQWLQ³VDQW\N³VXãLÐGDåQLÐDULWPHWLQLXYidurkiu.
(NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V Ej = 13,6 eV = 2,18⋅10-18 J, m = 1,67⋅10-27 kg.
29. EkspHULPHQWLãNDLQXVWDW\NLWHLUWHRULãNDLSDJU³VNLWH
1) VDQW\NLQ³NÌQÐWDQN³YDQGHQVDWåYLOJLX
2) FLOLQGURIRUPRVHUWP¡VVSLQGXO³
3) DWVWXPWDUSDãLHVLUFLOLQGURIRUPRVNÌQRDãLHV
1XURG\NLWHPDWDYLPRSDNODLGÐãDOWLQLXVLU³YHUWLQNLWHNXULHLãMÐ
GDURGLGåLDXVL³WDNUH]XOWDWDPV
16 17
31. ² JUHWDVLHQLV SORNãWHO¡V (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
α
(11 SDYWDãN$NXULRNRRUGLQaW¡[ y
= 0, statmenai šitai plokštelei krinta
siauras šviesos pluoštelis. PlokšWHO¡V B 33. 8åGDURMH ÄMXRGRMH G¡å¡MH³ \UD GX YLHQRGL SXVODLGLQLQNiniai
PHGåLDJRVOÌåLRURGLNOLVNLQWDWDLS diodai ir rezistorius, QHåLQRPX EÌGX VXMXQJWL ³ GX LãYDGXV WXULnþL
n0 d JUDQGLQ
1XVWDW\NLWHUH]LVWRULDXVYDUå
nx = , 3ULHPRQ¡VÄMXRGRMLG¡å¡³GXXQLYHUVDOÌVVURY¡VVWLSULRLU³WDm-
1− x / R
pos matavimo prietaisai, akumu-
þLDQ0 ir R –SDVWRYÌVG\GåLDL3OXRš- OLDWRULÐ EDWHULMD UHRVWDWDV ODLGDL
telis išeina iš plokšteles taške B, nu- A milimetrinis popierius.
kU\S
V QXR NULWLPR NU\SWLHV NDPSX Pastaba: '¡å¡MH EXYR HOHk-
α. 11 pav. WURV JUDQGLQ¡ NXULRV VFKHPD Sa-
1) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH OÌåLR URGLNO³ rodyta 12 pav.
taške B nB. 12 pav.
2) $SVNDLþLXRNLWHWDãNR%NRRUGLQDW
xB.
3) $SVNDLþLXRNLWHSORNãWHO¡VVWRU³G
9,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP9RNLHWLMD
Imkite šias skaitines vertes: n0 = 1,2, R = 13 cm, α = 300.
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
32. 0RNVOLQ¡ HNVSHGLFLMD GLUEGDPD QHJ\YHQamoje saloje, iš-
eikYRMR YLVXV WXULPXV HQHUJLMRV ãDOWLQLXV âLRMH VDORMH QHVWL Y¡MÐ
QHWHND XS¡V GDQJXV DSWUDXNWDV VWRUX GHEHVÐ VOXRNVQLX DWPRVIeros 34. Strypas pritvirtintas π/2 - α kampu su vertikalia ašimi OO’
VO¡JLVSDVWRYXVRRURLUDSVNULWDLUDPDXVVDOVNDODXMDQþLRYDQGHQy- SDYâLV³UHQJiQ\VJDOLNDPSLQLXJUHLþLXω suktis DSLHWDã³$QW
no vanGHQVWHPSHUDWÌUDHVWLSDVWRYLGLHQLUQDNW³6DORMHEXYRDSWLk- VWU\SR XåPDXWDV JDOLQWLV VX
WDV FKHPLãNDL QHXWUDOLÐ GXMÐ WHONLQ\V 'XMRV HLQD Lã Xrvo pastoviu WULQWLPL VODQNLRWL P PDV¡V
NÌQDV NXULR ULPWLHV WULQWLHV O’
JUHLþLX HVDQW DWPRVIHURV VO¡JLXL LU DSOLQNRV WHPSHUaWÌUDL (NVSHGLFi-
jos dalyYLDLWXULGYLSXVLDXSUDODLGåLDVSO¡YHOHV9LHQDLãMÐJHUDLSUa- koeficientas lygus µ.
a) Kokiems kampams α ω
OHLGåLDDSWLNWDVGXMDVEHWYLVDLQHSUDOHLGåLDRURRNLWD–DWYLUNãþLDL l m
praleiGåLDRUEHWQHSUDOHLGåLDGXMÐ%HWRHNVSHGLFLMRVGDO\YLDLWXUL HVDQW NÌQDV QHMXGD LU No-
galiP\E
SDVLGDU\WL SDSUDVWXV PeFKDQLQLXV ³UHQJLQLXV SDY\]GåLXL kiems juda, kai ω = 0?
cilinGUXV VX VWÌPRNOLDLV LU YHQWiOLDLV WDG EXYR QXVSU
VWD SDsidaryti E .RNLRPV VO\JRPV
α
YDULNO³ HVDQW NÌQDV QHMXG¡V ³UHQJi-
²URG\NLWH NDG JDOLPD SDGDU\WL WRN³ LGHDOÐ ãLDV GXMDV QDXGoMDQW³ niui sukantis pastoviu kampi- O
YDULNO³LUNDGWHRULãNDLãLRYDULNOLRJDOLDQ¡UDULERMDPD QLX JUHLþLX ω" 6XNDQWLV ³UHn-
giniui kampas α nekinta. 13 pav.
18 19
35. 6WRUDVVWLNOLQLVO
ãLVNXULRNUHLYXPRVSLQGXOLDLU1 ir r2 ir sto- WXUL EÌWL VLPHWULãNRV OLQLMRV VWDWPHQRV DWNDUSDL 4$ LU HLQDQþLRV SHU
ULVGSDY\UDRUH-RåLGLQLRQXRWROLVLãUHLãNLDPDVIRrmule MRVYLGXU³DWåYLOJLX,ãJDOLPÐPDJQHWLQLRODXNRVULþLÐULEÐSDVLULQNWL
n r1 r2 tokias, kurios yra linijos, statmenos QA viduriui, aplinkoje, bet neap-
F= . LPDWDãNÐ4LU$6ULWLVWXULEÌWLYLHQWLVDW\EHVNyOLÐLUWUÌNLÐ.
(n − 1) [n(r2 − r1 ) + d (n − 1)]
D'DOHOLÐWUDMHNWRULMÐPDJQHWLQLDPHODXNHNUHLYXPRVSLQGXO³Lš-
ýLDQ–OÌåLRURGLNOLVRUDV– stiklas).
UHLNãNLWHNDLS³WDPSRV8LUPDJQHWLQLRODXNRVUDXWRWDQNLR%IXQNFi-
M
Nurodymas. ri > 0 reiškia, kad kreivumo centras Oi\UDGHãLQ¡MH E1XURG\NLWHGDOHOLÐWUDMHNWRULMÐWRNLDPH³UHQJLQ\MHEÌGLnJVLDV
nuo taško Si, ri < 0 reiškia, kad kreivumo centras Oi yra kaiU¡MHQXR savybes.
taško Si (i = 1, 2). F*HRPHWULQ¡VEUDLå\ERVEÌGXQXVWDW\NLWHmagnetinio lauko sri-
Kartais pageidautiQD NDG åLGLQLR QXRWROLV QHSULNODXV\WÐ QXR þLÐULEDVãLDLVDWYHMDLV5< a, R = a, R > a.
bangos ilgio λ. G6XUDVNLWHPDJQHWLQLRODXNRVULþLÐULEÐPDWHPatines išraiškas.
r2 < 0 a) Keliams skirtingiems
EDQJÐ LOJLDPV JDOLPD SDVLHNWL (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåduotys
NDG åLGiQLR QXRWROLV EÌWÐ WRNV
O1 pat? 37. D6XGDU\NLWHHOHNWURVJUDQGLQ
SXVODLGLQLQNLQLRSULHWDLVRYRl-
O2 S1 S2 E6XUDVNLWHVU\ã³WDUSUi , tamperinei charakteristikai mDWXRWL 0DWXRMDQW GLGåLDXVLD JDOLD QLe-
G LU OÌåLR URGLkOLÐ NDL åLGLQLR NDGDQHWXULYLUã\WLGLGåLDXVLRVOHLVWLQRVJDOLRVNXULO\JLW.
d nuotolis nepriklauso nuo švie- 0DWDYLPRUH]XOWDWXVVXUDã\NLWH³OHQWHO
LUQXEUDLå\NLWHYROWDPSe-
VRV EDQJRV LOJLR åU D NODXVi- ULQ
FKDUDNWHULVWLN 3ULHã SUDG¡GDPL PDWXRWL SDJDOYRNLWH NDLS JDOi-
P LU DSWDUNLWH M³ 1XSLHãNLWH ma patikimai apsauJRWLSXVODLGLQLQNLQ³SULHWDLVQXRSHUNURYÐLUVa-
r1 > 0 JDOLPDV O
ãLÐ IRUmas. Nurody- vo samprotavimus aprašykite.
NLWH NUHLYXPR FHQWUÐ 21 ir O2 1XEUDLå\NLWH PDWDYLPR JUDn-
14 pav. SDG¡WLV GLQ¡V HOHNWULQ
VFKHP LU Lš-
F ²URG\NLWH NDG O
þLXL QDJULQ¡NLWH VLVWHPLQHV SDNODi-
HVDQW SORNãþLDL LãNLODP QRULP GDV DWVLUDQGDQþLDV PDWXRMDQW U1 U2
åLGLQLRQXRWRO³JDOLPDJDXWLWLNYLHQDPãYLHVRVEDQJRVLOJLXL P ?
SDJDOVFKHP
G 1XURG\NLWH NRNLDLV GDU DWYHMDLV QRULP åLGLQLR QXRWRO³ WLN b) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH SXVODi-
vienam šviesos bangos LOJLXL JDOLPD JDXWL HVDQW WLNULHPV VWRUR O
ãLR dininkinio prietaiso vidines
parametrams. YDUåDV GLQDPLQHV YDUåDV We-
36. ,ãWDãNR4YLHQRMHLUWRMHSDþLRMHSORNãWXPRMHVNOLQGDYLHQDk- NDQWP$VWLSULRVURY¡PV
UÌYLÐWHLJLDPÐHNUÌYLRYLHQRGRVSDVWRYLRVPDV¡VPMRQÐSOXRãWHOLV c) Pasinaudodami 15 pav. 15 pav.
3DJUHLWLQWL ³WDPSD 8 MRQDL DWOHQNLDPL YLHQDO\þLX PDJQHWLQLX ODuku, parodyta schema ištirkite iš¡MLPR³WDPSRV82 priklausoP\E
QXR³¡
VWDWPHQX MRQÐ VNOLGLPR SORNãWXPDL 0DJQHWLQLR ODXNR VUDXWR WDQNLV MLPR ³WDPSRV 81 5H]XOWDWXV SDWHLNLWH OHQWHO¡MH LU JUDILNH ²¡MLPR

lygus B 0DJQHWLQLR ODXNR VULWLHV ULERV WXUL EÌWL WRNLRV NDG YLVL ³WDPS81 keiskite nuo 0 iki 9 V. Matuojant puslaidininkinis prietai-
SOXRãWHOLRMRQDLHLWÐSHUYLHQWDãN$4$ D-RQÐWUDMHNWRUijos
20 21
VDV WXUL EÌWL ³MXQJWDV WDLS NDG 82 YHUW¡V EÌWÐ NLHN JDOLPD GLGHVQ¡V 39. &LOLQGURVLHQHO¡VVWÌPRNOLVLUYLGLQ¡GP2 ploto pertvara pa-
1XEUDLå\NLWH SULHWDLVÐ VXMXQJLPR LãVDPL VFKHP LU DSWDUNLWH PDWa- JDPLQWLLããLOXPRVL]ROLDWRULDXVSDY3HUWYDURVVNOHQG¡DWVLGDUR
YLPÐUH]XOWDWXV WDGDNDLVO¡JLVGHãLQ¡MHMRVSXV¡MHHVWLGLGHVQLVQHJXNDLU¡je.
d) Kokio tipo puslaidininkiniams prietaisams priklauso eksperi- ,ã SUDGåLÐ NDLULRMRMH FLOLn-
mente naudojamas prietaisas? Pateikite 15 pav. parodytos schemos l0 l0 dro l0=11,2 dm ilgio dalyje yra
SUDNWLQLRSULWDLN\PRSDY\]G³ 12 g helio, dešiniojoje tokio pat
3ULHPRQ¡Vpuslaidininkinis prietaisas, reostatas (140 Ω), rezisto- ilgio dalyje – 12 g helio, tem-
rius (300Ω³WDPSRVãDOWLQLV–9GXXQLYHUVDOLHMLHOHNWULQLÐPa- SHUDWÌUD DELHMose dalyse lygi
WDYLPÐSULHWDLVDLEHRPHWURMXQJLDPieji laidai. 00& 6O¡JLV LãRU¡MH O\JXV 5
Pastaba. Šiame darbe naudotas puslaidininkinis prietaisas – stabi- Pa. Savitoji helio šiluma esant
litronas. SDVWRYLDP WÌULXL Fv = 3,15⋅103
J/(kg⋅K), o esant pastoviam sl¡
giui cp= 5,25⋅103 J/(kg⋅K).
17 pav. /¡WDL VWXPLDPH VWÌPRNO³
IXWDUSWDXWLQ¡Iizikos olimpiada, 1976 m. (Vengrija) pertvaros link (trumpam stabte-
O¡GDPL VNOHQG¡V DWLGDU\PR PRPHQWX NRO SDPDåX M Sasiekiame.
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V .DPO\JXVPÌVÐDtliktas darbas?
40. Stikliniame rutulyje yra nedidelis oro burbuliukas. Sugalvoki-
38. R = 0,5 m spindulio sfera pastoviu WH NRNLDLV EÌGDLV EÌWÐ JDOLPD LãPDWXRWL WR EXUEXOLXNR VNHUVPHQ³ LU
ω UDGVNDPSLQLXJUHLþLX sukasi apie savo ω NLHNJDOLPDVPXONLDXDSUDã\NLWHWXRVEÌGXV5XWXO\VWXULLãOLNWLQHSa-
YHUWLNDOÐVNHUVPHQ³SDY åHLVWDV
Kartu su sfera prie jos vidinio paviršiaus
VXNDVL QHGLGHOLV NÌQDV HVDQWLV SXV¡V VIHURV (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
spindulio aukštyje.
1) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH NRNLDP PDåLDXVLDP R 41. ,ãWLUNLWHPHGåLDJRV;ãLOXPLQHVVDY\EHVNLQWDQWWHPSHUDWÌrai
trinties koeficientui esant galima tokia bÌ nuo kambario iki 800&LUQXVWDW\NLWHMRVEÌGLQJVLDVãLOXPLQHVNRn-
sena. VWDQWDV0DWDYLPÐUH]XOWDWXVSDWHLNLWHOHQWHO¡VHLUJUDILNXRVH
R/2
2) $SVNDLþLXokite maåLDXVLR WULQWLHV 3ULHPRQ¡Vlaikrodis, termometras, 12 V kaitinimo elementas, du
NRHILFLHQWRYHUW
MHLVIHURVNDPSLQLVJUHLWLV P¡JLQWXY¡OLDLVXVN\VþLX.XULRVDYLWRMLãLOXPDF0 = 2,1 ⋅103 J/(kg⋅K),
ω = 8 rad/s. WLULDPRMLNULVWDOLQ¡PHGåLDJD;6N\VþLRNLHNLVP¡JLnWXY¡OLXRVHWDLS
3) ,ãQDJULQ¡NLWH VLVWHPRV EÌVHQRV Sa- SDWPHGåLDJRV;PDV¡\UDåLQRPL0HGåLDJD;VN\styje netirpsta.
VWRYXPHVDQWDQNãþLDXSDVNDLþLXRWRPVWULn- 16 pav. Pastaba: 6N\VWLVEXYRåLEDODVRNULVWDOLQ¡PHGåLDJD– naftalinas.
WLHV NRHILFLHQWR YHUW¡PV MHL D VIHURV VXNi-
PRVLJUHLWLVQHåHQNOLDLSDNLVWÐEQHåHQNOLDLSDNLVWÐNÌQRSDG¡tis.
22 23
;WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDPýHNRVORYDNLMD YHO¡6WHELQWDWVSLQGåLRãYLHVRMHNDLNULWLPRNDPSDs α = 300SO¡YHO¡
DWURGRåDOLDλ0 = 500 nm).
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V $U JDOLPD QXVWDW\WL ãLRV SO¡YHO¡V PDV
VYDUVW\NO¡PLV NXULÐ
jautris 0,1 mg ? Muilo tirpalo tankis ρ = 103 kg / m3SO¡YHO¡VOÌåLR
42. .HWXUWDNþLR YDULNOLR FLOLQGUR GLGåLDXVLR LU PDåLDXVLR WÌULÐ rodiklis n = 1,33.
santykis ε 9DULNOLRGDUER39GLDJUDPDSDURG\WDSDY,ãRU¡V .RNLRVVSDOYRVDWURG\WÐSDWLSORQLDXVLDSO¡YHO¡WHQkinanti uå
RUDV ³ YDULNO³ SDWHQND HVDQW W1 = =270& WHPSHUDWÌUDL LU 31 = 105 Pa GDYLPRVO\JMHL³MNULVWÐãYLHVDNXULSDVNXLDWVLVSLQG¡WÐVWDWPe-
VO¡JLXL'HJDXVPLãLQLRXåVLGHJLPRPRPHQWXVO¡JLVFLOLnGUHSDGLG¡MD QDLSO¡YHOHL"
du kartus. 44. (OHNWURQÐ SURåHNWRULXMH HOHNWURQDL SDJUHLWLQDPL 8 3 V
D.RNLHSURFHVDLY\NVWDGXMRVHWDUSWDãNÐ– 1, 2 – 3, 4 – 1 ir 1 ³WDPSD,ãO¡N
LãSURåHNWRULDXVWDãNH7HOHNWURQDLMXGDWLHVH77¶
– 0 ? Procesai 1 – 2 ir 3 – 4 – adiabatiniai. pav.). Taške M d = 5,0 cm nuotoliu nuo taško T yra taikinys. Kampas
E1XVWDW\NLWHGXMÐSDUDPHWUXV3LU7WDãNXRVHLU tarp TM ir TT’ α = 600.
F$SVNDLþLXRNLWHYDULNOLRFLNORQDXGLQJXPRNRHILFLHQW
1) Kokio srauto tankio B turi bÌ T
G²YHUWLQNLWHNLHNUHDOÌVJDXWLHMLUH]XOWDWDL WLYLHQDO\WLVVWDWPHQDVEU¡åLQLRSORNš- T’
WXPDLPDJQHWLQLVODXNDVNDGLãO¡N
Lã α
SURåHNWRULDXVHOHNWURQDLSDWHNWÐ³WDi-
NLQ³"

P3 3 2) Kokio srauto tankio B1 turi
M
EÌWL YLHQDO\WLV O\JLDJUHWXV VX 70
magnetinis laukas, kad elektronai pa-
P2 WHNWÐ³WDLNLQ³"
2 19 pav.
Manykite, kad B ir B1 YHNWRULÐ
moduliai neviršija 0,03 T.
4
P4 EkVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
0
P1 1
V 45. $WVNOHLVNLWHÄMXRGRVLRVG¡å¡V³VXWULPLVLãYDGDLV$%LU&Sa-
V1 V2 VODSW³ '¡å¡MH \UD GX NRQGHQVDWRULDL LU YLHQDV UH]LVWRULXV Vujungti
åYDLJåGHSDY
18 pav. 1) 3DJDO SDY VFKHP VXMXQNLWH JUDQGLQ
VXVLGHGDQþL Lã
KDUPRQLQLÐYLUSHVLÐJHQHUDWRULDXV*VURY¡VVWLSULRLU³WDPSRVPa-
WDYLPR SULHWDLVÐ LU ÄMXRGRVLRV G¡å¡V³ $%& $WOLNLWH UHLNDOLQJXV Pa-
43. 6WDþLDNDPSLVYLHOLQLVU¡PHOLVNXULRNUDãWLQ¡VD PLUE taviPXVLUSDJDOMÐUH]XOWDWXVDSVNDLþLXRNLWHLPSHGDQVXV=AB, ZAC ir
P³PHUNLDPDV³PXLOXRWYDQGHQ³LUMDPHVXVLGDURPXLORSO¡ ZBCGDåQLÐLQWHUYDOHQXRLNLN+]
24 25
104 PV 0¡QXOLR VSLQGXO\V 5M = 1,7⋅103km, laisvojo kritimo
2 pagreitis 0¡QXOLRSDYLUãLXMHJM = 1,7 m/s2.
mA A
R
1 C1
G V B
C2 C C
3
B O A O A
20 pav. 21 pav.
2) Logaritminiame popieriuje QXEUDLå\NLWH LPSHGDQVÐ SULNODu-
VRP\E¡VQXRGDåQLRJUDILNXV
3) 7HRULãNDL³URG\NLWHNDGåLQDQWLPSHGDQVXVLUGDåQLXVJDOLPD 23 pav.
22 pav.
QXVWDW\WLUH]LVWRULDXVYDUå5LUNRQGHQVDWRULÐWDOSDV&1 ir C2.
4) 5HPGDPLHVLJDXWDLVUH]XOWDWDLVQXVWDW\NLWHSULHNXULÐJQ\EWÐ
priMXQJWDVUH]LVWRULXVLUSULHNXULÐ– kondensatoriai. .LHNNXURUHLNLDVXQDXGRWLNDG³MXQJXVVWDEG\PRYDULNO³WDãNH
5) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH YDUå 5 LU WDOSDV &1 ir C2, naudodamiesi im- $ODLYDVQXVLOHLVWÐDQW0¡QXOLRWDãNH%SDY"
SHGDQVÐLãPDWXRWÐHVDQWN+]LUN+]GDåQLDPVYHUW¡PLV .LWDPHQXVLOHLGLPRDQW0¡QXOLRYDULDQWHWDãNH$ODLYXLVXWHi-
6) Nurodykite, koks bus poveikis matavimo tikslumui, jei neat- NLDPDVLPSXOVDVQXNUHLSWDV³0¡QXOLRFHQWULUODLYDVSHUYHGDPDV³
VLåYHOJVLPH³VURY
kuri teka voltmetru. RUELWOLHþLDQþL0¡QXO³WDãNH&SDY.LHNNXURUHLNLDVXQDXGo-
3ULHPRQ¡VKDUPRQLQLÐYLUSHVLÐJHQHUDWRULXVGXPDWDYLPRSULe- ti šiuo atveju?
WDLVDLNLQWDPRVLRVVURY¡VDPSHUPHWUDVLUYROWPHWUDVLUÄMXRGRMLG¡ 47. $OLXPLQLQ¡ GHWDO¡ VYHULDPD DQDOL]LQ¡PLV VYDUVW\NO¡PLV QDu-
å¡³ doMDQW åDOYDULQLXV VYDUHOLXV 9LHQ NDUW VYHULDPD VDXVDPH RUH NLW
NDUW–GU¡JQDPHHVDQWYDQGHQVJDUÐVO¡JLXL3v = 2⋅103 Pa. Suminis
DWPRVIHURVVO¡JLV3 53DLUWHPSHUDWÌUDW 0C) abiem atve-
jais vienodi.
X,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP6RYLHWÐ6MXQJD .RNLDLGHWDO¡VPDVHLHVDQWJDOLPDSDVWHE¡WLVYDUVW\NOLÐSDURG\PÐ
VNLUWXP MHL MÐ MDXWULV P0 = 0,1 mg? Aliuminio tankis ρ1 = 2700
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V kg/m3åDOYDULR- ρ2 = 8500 kg/m3.
48. 6RYLHWÐ 6MXQJRV LU 3UDQFÌ]LMRV DWOLNWDPH 0¡QXOLR RSWLQ¡V
46. 0 WPDV¡V kosminis laivas h = 100 km aukštyje apskrita lokacijos eksperimente λ = 0,69 µm bangos ilgio rubino lazerio spin-
RUELWDVNULHMDDSOLQN0¡QXO³5XRãLDQWLVQXVLOHLVWLDQW0¡QXOLRWUXm- GXOLXRW¡VLPSXOVDLEXYRQXNUHLSLDPL³0¡QXOLRSDYLUãLÐSDQDXGRMDQW
SDP³MXQJLDPDVYDULNOLV,ãUDNHWRVWÌWRVLãOHNLDQþLÐGXMÐJUHLWLVX D = 2,6 m skHUVPHQVWHOHVNRSRYHLGURG³0¡QXO\MHEXYR³UHQJWDVDt-
26 27
švaitas, veikiantis kaip idealus d = 20 cm skersmens veidrodis, kuris WXY¡OLRGDO\MH\UDQPROLXYLHQDWRPLÐGXMÐNXULÐPROLRPDV¡00 ir
DWVSLQG¡GDYR ãYLHV WLNVOLDL DWJDO $WVSLQG¡WD ãYLHVD SaWHNGDYR ³ W WHPSHUDWÌUD73HUWYDUDSDOHLGåLDPDLUMXG¡GDPDEHWULQWLHVLãOHNLDLã
SDW³WHOHVNRSLUEÌGDYRIRNXVXRMDPD³LPWXY P¡JLQWXY¡OLR3DVNXLLãHLQDLUGXMRV.RNVP¡JLQWXY¡OLRJDOLQLVJUHi-
1) Kokiu tikslumX WXU¡MR EÌWL QXVWDW\WD RSWLQ¡ WHOHVNRSR DãLV tis, jei pertvarosMXG¡MLPRSUDGåLRVPRPHQWXP¡JLQWuY¡OLVQHMXG¡MR"
šiame eksperimente? 'XMÐNRQVWDQWD5\UDåLQRPD²GXMÐLPSXOVLNLLãOHNLDQWSHUWYa-
1HDWVLåYHOJGDPL³ãYLHVRVQXRVWROLXVäHP¡VDWPRVIHURMHLUWe- UDL WDLS SDW ³ ãLOXPRV PDLQXV WDUS GXMÐ LU P¡JLQWXY¡OLR VX SHUWYDUD
OHVNRSH³YHUWLQNLWHNRNLQXR0¡QXOLRDWVLVSLQG¡MXVLOD]HULRãYLHVRV JDOLPDQHDWVLåYHOJWL7DLSSDWQHSDLV\NLWHGXMÐWHPSHUDWÌURVSRN\þLR
HQHUJLMRVGDO³UHJLVWUXRGDYRLPWXYDV LãO¡NXVSHUWYDUDLLUäHP¡VWUDXNRV
3) Ar galima atsLVSLQG¡MXV³ ãYLHVRV LPSXOV PDW\WL SOLND DNLPL 51. R0 = 2 ΩYDUåRV80 9YDUGLQ¡V³WDPSRVOHPSXW¡PDLWi-
MHLDNLHVVOHQNVWLQLVMDXWULVEÌWÐQ ãYLHVRVNYDQWÐRYLHQRLm- nama iš ε 9HYDNXPXOLDWRULDXV³NXULRYLGLQ
YDUåJDOLPDQHDt-
pulso metu išspinduliuojama energija E = 1 J? VLåYHOJWL
²YHUWLQNLWHNRNLQDXGGXRGDDWãYDLWDV0DQ\NLWHNDG0¡Qu- 1) 7DUNLWH NDG YDUGLQ¡ ³WDPSD VXGDURPD SDQDXGRMDQW UHRVWDW
lio paviršius tolygiai išsklaido α = 10%NULQWDQþLRVãYLHVRVπ sr erd- ³MXQJWNDLSSRWHQFLRPHWUDV.RNLDWXULEÌWLUHRVWDWRYDUåD5LUNRNLDL
viniame kampe. GLGåLDXVLDL VURYHL ,max MLV WXUL EÌWL DSVNDLþLXRWDV NDG VLVWHPRV QDu-
$WVWXPDV WDUS äHP¡V LU 0¡QXOLR / NP $NLHV O
ãLXNR GLQJXPRNRHILFLHQWDVEÌWÐQHPDåHVQLVNDLSη0 = 0,6 ?
skersmuo d1= 5 mm. Planko konstanta h = 6,62⋅10-34 J⋅s. 2) .DPO\JXVGLGåLDXVLDVJDOLPDVJUDQGLQ¡VÄOHPSXW¡– akumu-
liatorius“ naudingumo koHILFLHQWDVHVDQWYDUGLQHLOHPSXW¡V³WDPSDLLU
(NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V NDLSWJUDQGLQ
UHLNLDVXMXQJWLSDQDXGRMDQWUHRVWDW"
52. 5DGLRDVWURQRPLMRVREVHUYDWRULMRVUDGLMREDQJÐLPWXYDV³UHQg-
49. 1XEUDLå\NLWH ÄMXRGRVLRV G¡å¡V³ HOHNWULQ¡V JUDQGLQ¡V VFKeP WDV DQW MÌURV NUDQWR K P DXNãW\MH YLUã MÌURV O\JLR 3DWHN¡jus
LUQXVWDW\NLWHMRVHOHPHQWÐSDUDPHWUXV åYDLJåGHLVSLQGXOLXRMDQþLai λ = 21 cm ilgio elektromagnetines ban-
3ULHPRQ¡VÄMXRGRMLG¡å¡³9QXRODWLQ¡V³WDPSRVãDOWLQLV JDV LPWXYDV UHJLVWUXRMD EHVLNDLWDOLRMDQþLXV VLJQDOR PDNVLPumus ir
+] 9 NLQWDPRVLRV ³WDPSRV ãDOWLQLV GX XQLYHUVDOLHML QXRODWiQ¡V LU PLQLPXPXV 5HJLVWUXRMDPDVLV VLJQDODV WLHVLRJLDL SURSRUFLQJDV ³ Lm-
NLQWDPRVLRV VURY¡V VWLSULR LU ³WDPSRV PDWDYLPR SULHWDLVDL UHJXOLXo- WXY NULQWDQþLÐ HOHNWURPDJQHWLQLÐ EDQJÐ NXULÐ HOHNWUinis vektorius
jamasis rezistorius, jungiamieji laidai. lygiagretus su vandens paviršiumi, intensyvumui.
Pastaba: Ä-XRGRMRMHG¡å¡MH³EXYRWUDQVIRUPDWRULXV 1) 1XVWDW\NLWH GDQJDXV VIHURV NDPSDLV LãUHLNãWXV åYDLJåG¡V
DXNãþLXV YLUã KRUL]RQWR NXULHPV HVDQW UHJLVWUXRMDPL PDNVLPXPDL LU
minimumai.
2) 'LG¡MDDUPDå¡MDVLJQDODVNWLNSDWHN¡MXVåYDLJåGHL"
X,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP%XOJDULMD 3) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH VLJQDOÐ VDQW\N³ HVDQW SLUPDMDP PDNVLPumui
LU SR MR HLQDQþLDP PLQLPXPXL $WVLVSLQG¡MXVLRV QXR YDQGHQV HOHk-
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V WURPDJQHWLQ¡VEDQJRVHOHNWULQLRYHNWRULDXV(a) ir kritusios (Ek) san-
tykis išreiškiamas taip:
50. 0 PDV¡V P¡JLQWXY¡OLV \UD YDNXXPH /DEDL SORQD P PDV¡V
SHUWYDUDP¡JLQWXY¡OLRWÌU³GDOLMD³GYLO\JLDVGDOLV8åGDURMRMHP¡JLn-
28 29
E a n − cos ϕ JULQNLQ\VVHNXQGRPHWUDVOLQLXRW¡OHNDODVLUmilimetrinis popie-
= . rius.
E k n + cos ϕ
Nurodymas. /DLVYRMRNULWLPRSDJUHLW³WDUNLWHHVDQWO\JÐPV2²
UDLãþLRPDV
QHDWVLåYHONLWH
ýLDQ–OÌåLRURGLNOLVϕ - elektromagnetLQ¡VEDQJRVNULWLPRNDm-
pas. Kai λ FPDSOLQNÐÄRUDV– vanduo“ ribai n = 9.
0Då¡V DU GLG¡V PDNVLPXPÐ LU JUHWLPÐ SR MÐ HLQDQþLÐ PLQi-
PXPÐVLJQDOÐVDQW\NLVåYDLJåGHLN\ODQWDXNãW\QYLUãKRUL]RQWR" X,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP9RNLHWLMD
Nurodymas. 6SU
VGDPL ã³ XåGDYLQ³ PDQ\NLWH NDG MÌURV Yandens
paviršius lygus. 7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
(NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V 54./LXPLQHVFHQFLQ¡OHPSD³MXQJWDSDJDOSDYVFKHPKinta-
PRVLRV ³WDPSRV GDåQLV +] %XYR LãPDWXRWL ãLH G\GåLDL WLQNOR
53. Atlikite tokius tyrimus: ³WDPSD8 9VURY¡VVWLSULV, $OHPSRV³WDPSD8¶
9 GURVHOLR DNW\YLRML YDUåD 5d = 26,3 Ω. Manydami, kad liumines-
1) *XPLQ³ UDLãW³ DSNUDXGDPLVYDUHOLDLVNXULÐPDV¡V\UDQXR FHQFLQ¡VOHPSRVYDUåD\UDDNW\YLRMLDSVNDLþLXRNLWH
LNLJLãWLUNLWHSDLOJ¡MLPR∆OSULNODXVRP\E
QXR³WHPSLPRM¡JRV a) 'URVHOLRLQGXNW\YXP/
)0DWDYLPÐUH]XOWDWXVVXUDã\NLWH³OHQWHO
LUSDULQN
WLQNDPPDVWHO³ b) )D]LÐVNLUWXPWDUS³WDPSRVLUVURY¡Vϕ.
pavaizduokite grafiškai ∆l priNODXVRP\E
QXR) c) *UDQGLQ¡VDNW\YLMJDOL3
2) 3DQDXGRGDPL PDWDYLPÐ UH]XOWDWXV DSVNDLþLXRNLWH LU ³ OHQWeO
d) %H VURY¡V ULEo-
VXUDã\NLWHUDLãþLRWÌULXVHVDQWDSNURYRPVQXRLNLJ6NDLþLXo- jimo droselis atlieka dar
S
kite nuosekliai imdami kiekvienas dvi gretimas apkrovos vertes iš YLHQ VYDUEL IXQNFLM
DQNãþLDX QXURG\WR LQWHUYDOR 8åUDã\NLWH NRNLRPLV IRUPXO¡PLV QDu- 3DDLãNLQNLWHNRNL
GRMRW¡VVNDLþLXRGDPL-ÌVÐSDGDU\WSULHODLGG¡OWÌULRSULNODXVRPy- Nurodymas. Starte- Gyvsidabrio garai
E¡VQXRDpkrovos išreikškite formule. ryje S yra kontaktas,
Tarkite, kad Jungo modulis yra pastovus ir lygus E = 2⋅106 Pa. NXULV ³MXQJXV MXQJLNO³
Aptariant rezXOWDWXVUHLNLDDWVLåYHOJWL³IDNWNDGJXPDLHVDQWDQNs- tuoj sujungiamas, pas-
þLDXQXURG\WRPVDSNURYRPV+XNRG¡VQLV∆l / l = F / (ES) tinka tik kui atjungiamas ir toliau
DS\WLNULDLWRG¡OQXNU\SLPDLQXRMRJDOLVLHNWL%. lieka atjungtas. Droselis
3) 1XVWDW\NLWHJXPLQLRUDLãþLRWÌU³QDXGRGDPLHVLVHNXQGometru e) 1XEUDLå\NLWH
LU SDG¡M
DQW VYDUVþLÐ O¡NãWHO¡V J VYDUHO³ 1XURG\NLWH VNDLþLDYi- 24 pav.
lempos spinduliuojamos
mams panaudotas formules. šviesos srauto priklau-
3ULHPRQ¡V ant stovo vertikaliai pakabintas guminis raištis (jo VRP\E¡VQXRODLNRJUaILNODLNRVNDO¡NLHNyELQ¡
pradinis ilgis l0 PP VYDUVþLÐ PDV¡ J VYDUHOLÐ QXR LNL f) .RG¡OOHPSDGHJDYLVODLNQRUVMRV³WDPSDWDPWLNUDLVODLNR
PRPHQWDLVEÌQDOygi nuliui?
30 31
g) Naudojant šio tipo liuminescencines lempas nuosekliai su b) (VDQW O\QX SULULãWDP EDOLRQXL RUDV MR YLGXMH ³NDLWLQDPDV LNL
GURVHOLXJDOLEÌWL³MXQJLDPDVDSLHµF talpos kondensatorius. Ko- t3=1100&$SVNDLþLXRNLWHO\QYHLNLDQþLM¡J
NLDEÌWÐMR³WDNDOHPSRVYHLNLPXLLUNRNLDPWLNVOXLMLVNDUWDLVHVWLMXn- c) 7DUNLPH NDG EDOLRQR DSDþLRMH HVDQWL VN\O¡ XåULãWD WDGD RUR
giamas? WDQNLV EDOLRQH LãOLHND SDVWRYXV %DOLRQDV NXULR YLGXMH HVDQþLR oro
h) 3UR VSHNWURVNRS SDåYHONLWH ³ DEL ³UHQJWRV GHPRQVWUDFLQ¡V WHPSHUDWÌUDSDVWRYLLUO\JLW3=1100C, kyla esant pastoviai 200C aplin-
OHPSRVSXVHV3DDLãNLQNLWHDELHMÐSXVLÐVSHNWUÐVNLUWXPXV NLQLR RUR WHPSHUDWÌUDL LU VO¡JLXL SULH åHP¡V SDYLUãLDXV 30=1,013⋅105
55. 9LHOLQ¡SDNDEDPDåDDPSOLWXGHVY\UXRMDEU¡åLQLRSORNãWXPo- 3D.RN³DXNãW³KEDOLoQDVSDVLHNWÐãLRPLVVO\JRPLV"
MHDSLHSXVLDXVY\URVSDG¡WLVSDY$LUEDWYHMDLVLOJRMLNUDšWLQ¡ d) KDXNãW\MHHVDQWLVEDOLRQDVåUNODXVLPFSDNHOLDPDVLš pu-
\UDKRUL]RQWDOL.LWRVGYLNUDãWLQ¡V\Ua lygios viena kitai. Visais tri- VLDXVY\URV SDG¡WLHV ³ YLUãÐ PDåGDXJ SHU ∆h = 10 m, o paskui palei-
mis atvejais (a –FVY\UDYLPÐSHULRGDLYLHQRGL.XU\UDPDVLÐFHn- GåLDPDV.RN\ELãNDLDSUDã\NLWHNDLSMLVSRWRMXG¡V
tras ir koks svyravimo periodas?
(NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
57. 1XVWDW\NLWH O
ãLR åLGLQLR QXRWRO³ 3DNODLGD QHWXUL YLUã\WL
± 1%.
10 2) NustatykLWHVWLNORLãNXULRSDGDU\WDVO
ãLVOÌåLRURGLNO³9Dn-
cm GHQVOÌåLRURGLNOLVQv = 1,33.
2UHHVDQþLRSORQRO
ãLRåLGLQLRQXRWROLXL)WLQNDIRUPXO¡
42 cm
1 1 1
= (n − 1)( − ).
F r1 r2
a b c
ýLD Q – VWLNOR Lã NXULR SDGDU\WDV O
ãLV OÌåLR URGLNOLV U1 ir r2 –
DELHMÐODXåLDQþLÐMÐSDYLUãLÐNUHLYXPRVSLQGXOLDL
6LPHWULãNDPDELSXVLãNLODPO
ãLXLU1 = - r2 = r, o simetriškam abi-
25 pav.
SXV³JDXEWDPO
ãLXLU1= - r2 = - r.
3ULHPRQ¡VVLPHWULãNDVDELSXVLãNLODVO
ãLVSORNãþLDVLVYHLdrodis,
56. 2UR EDOLRQR WÌULV SDVWRYXV LU O\JXV 9 P3. Apvalkalo OLQLXRW¡SLHãWXNDVLUVWRYDVVXPRYD
PDV¡ P0 NJ ² DSYDONDOR WÌU³ QHDWVLåYHONLWH %DOLRQas turi 58. 5LHGDQþLR FLOLQGUR MXG¡MLPDV VXVLGHGD Lã VXNLPRVL DSLHDã³LU
VWDUWXRWL HVDQW DSOLQNRV RUR WHPSHUDWÌUDL W1 = 200C ir normaliam at- KRUL]RQWDODXV VOHQNDPRMR MXG¡MLPR âLDPH EDQG\PH QXVWDWRPDV WLN
PRVIHURVVO¡JLXL30 = 1,013⋅1053D2URWDQNLVãLRPLVVOygomis ρ1 = VOHQNDPRMR MXG¡MLPR SDJUHLWLV LU M³ VO\JRMDQþLRV M¡JRV 5 VSLndulio
1,2 kg/m3. 0PDV¡VDQWKRUL]RQWDODXVSDYLUãLDXVJXOLQþLRFLOLQGURWDãNQXWROXV³
a) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH NRNLD WXUL EÌWL EDOLRQR YLGXMH HVDQþLR RUR nuo ašies atstumu riL YHLNLDM¡JDåUSDY3DOHLVWDVFi-
WHPSHUDWÌUDW2NDGEDOLRQDVEÌWÐODLVYDLSDNLE
VRUH OLQGUDVULHGDSDVWRYLXJUHLþLX
32 33
VN\OHVNLHNJDOLPDJLOLDX7DPSDQDXGRNLWHNDQFHOLDULQHVVYDUå¡les.
2R Atstumai matuojami liniuote, laikas – elektroniniu sekundometru.
2ri
C X,9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP5XPXQLMD
M 7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
d
D
L 59. GDOHO¡ MXGD LãLOJDL WHLJLaPRV SXVDãLV 2[ YHLNLDPD M¡JRV F ,
m
B kurios projekcija Fx³Dã³2[SDWHLkta 27 pav. (Fy = Fz = 0).
A .DUWX GDOHO
YHi-
NLD WULQWLHV M¡JD Nu-
26 pav. rios modulis
Fx,N
Ftr=1,00 N. Koordi-
3ULHã EDQG\P SDG¡M
NDUWRQR ODNãWXV SDVLHNLWH NDG SORNãþLDVLV
QDþLÐ SUDGåLRMH \UD
SDYLUãLXVEÌWÐKRUL]RQWDOXVâLDPEDQG\PXLSDNDQNDNDGQXokrypis 0
idealiai atspindinti x0 x
nuo horizontalumo QHYLUã\WÐ ± 1 mm vienam ilgio metrui.
VLHQHO¡ VWDWPHQD -10,0
a) Eksperimentiškai išmatuokite linijinius cilindro ašies pagrei-
DãLDL2['DOHO¡VWDr-
þLXVDi (i = 1,...,6).
tuoja iš taško
b) 3DQDXGRGDPL LãPDWXRWXV SDJUHLþLXV Di DSVNDLþLXRNLWH KRUi- 27 pav.
x0 P WXU¡GDPD
]RQWDOLVLDVUHDNFLMRVM¡JDV)iYHLNLDQþLDVWDUSFLOLQGro ir horizonta-
Ek - NLQHWLQ¡V
laus paviršiaus.
energijos.
c) Grafiškai pavaizduokite Fi SULNODXVRP\E
QXR Ui. Aptarkite
1) $SVNDLþLXRNLWHGDOHO¡VQXHLWNHOLLNLYLVLãNRMRVVXVWRMimo.
gautuosius rezultatus.
2) *UDILãNDLSDYDL]GXRNLWHGDOHO¡VSRWHQFLQ¡VHQHUJLMRVSULNODu-
d) .RNL ³WDN WXU¡WÐ SDYLUãLDXV NXULXR ULHGD FLOLQGUDV QHKRUi-
VRP\E
QXRNRRUGLQDW¡V[M¡JRVODXNH)x.
zontalumas?
3) 1XEUDLå\NLWH NRN\ELQ³ JUHLþLR SURMHNFLMRV Yx priklausomyE¡V
e) $SUDã\NLWHNDLSEÌWÐJDOLPDQXVWDW\WLSDJDOELQLXVG\GåLXVLU
QXRNRRUGLQDW¡V[JUDILN
NDLSEÌWÐJDOLPDSDSLOGRPDLVXUHJXOLXRWL³UHQJLQ³1XURG\NLWHNRNL
60. .LQWDPRVLRVVURY¡VJUDQGLQ¡SDYVXVLGHGDLãLGHDOLÐ/1
³WDNWLHG\GåLDLJDO¡WÐGDU\WLHNVSHULPHQWRUH]XOWatams.
= 10 mH ir L2 P+LQGXNW\YXPRULþLÐ&1 = 10 nF ir C2 = 5 nF
'XRWRVãLRVYHUW¡V
R = 5,00 cm, M = 3,275 kg, m = 2× 50,0 g, D = 1,50 cm, d = WDOSRVNRQGHQVDWRULÐLU5 NΩ varåRVUH]LVWRULDXV.DLJUDQGLQ¡
0,10 mm, r1 = 0,75 cm, r2 = 1,50 cm, r3 = 2,25 cm, r4 = 3,00 cm, r5 = HVWL VXMXQJWD NLQWDPRVLRV VURY¡V VWLSULR DPSOLWXG¡ QHNLntD NHLþLDQW
3,74 cm, r6 = 4,50 cm. PLQXVLQ¡V ³WDPSRV JHQHUDWRULDXV GDåQ³ SDVWRYLRV VUoY¡V DPSOLWXG¡V
6NDLþLXRGDPLQHDWVLåYHONLWH³WULQW³LUVNULGLQ¡OLRPDV
7URVDLVX generatorius).
PD]JDLV JDOXRVH WYLUWLQDPL FLOLQGUR LãGURåRVH -XRV UHLNLD ³VWXPWL ³ Nustatykite:
34 35
DGDåQLRνmNXULDPHVDQWJUDQGLQ¡MHLãVLVNLULDQWLDktyvioji galia 1) Koks šviesos bangos ilgis WXUL EÌWL NDG VSLQGXOLDL ULE $&
Pmax\UDGLGåLDXVLDVDQW\N³VXVNLUWXPXGDåQLÐ∆ν = ν+ - ν-, kuriems SHUHLWÐ QHOÌåGDPL HVDQW EHW NoNLDP MÐ NULWLPR ³ VLHQ $' NDPSXL"
esant aktyvioji gaOLDO\JLSXVHLGLGåLDXVLRVJDOLRV3max. Taip pat nustatyNLWHOÌåLRURGLNOLÐQ1 ir n2 vertes tam bangos ilgiui.
*UDQGLQ¡LãMXQJLDPDäLQRPDNDGSUD¡MXVODikui t0 po išjungimo 2) 1XEUDLå\NLWH VSLQGXOLÐ HLJ SUL]PLÐ VLVWHPRMH WULMÐ EDQJÐ Ll-
VURY¡VVWLSULDLULW¡VH/1 ir L2HVWLO\JÌVL01 = 0,1 A ir i02 $åU JLÐDWYHMDLVλr > >λ0, λ0 ir λv < λ0MHLNULWLPR³VLHQ$'NDPSDVYi-
SDYNXULDPHSDURG\WRVVURYLÐNU\SW\VRNRQGHQVDWoriaus C1³WDmpa sais atvejais yra toks pat.
U0 = 40 V. 3) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH VLVWHPRV PDåLDXVLR QXRNU\SLR NDPS HVDQW
L1
Nustatykite: šviesos bangos ilgiui λ0.
E ODLVYÐMÐ HOHNWURPDJQHWLQLÐ YLUSe- 4) .RNLDPEDQJRVLOJLXLHVDQWVSLQGXO\VNULQWDQWLV³SUL]PLÐVLs-
C1 i01
VLÐ WHPO\JLDJUHþLDLVXSDJULQGX'&LãHLs iš sistemos taip pat lygiagre-
C2 L1C1C2L2JUDQGLQ¡MHGDåQ³ þLDLVXSDJULQGX'&"
FVURY¡VVWLSU³NRnWÌURGDO\MH$% 62. Fotonas, kurio bangos ilgis λi EXYR LãVNODLG\WDV MXGDQþLR
L2 G YLUSHVLÐ VURY¡V VWLSULR ULW¡MH /1 elektrono. Po šio akto elektronas sustojo, o fotonas, kurio bangos il-
i02
DPSOLWXG
gis λ0QXNU\SRQXRDQNVWHVQLRIRWRQRMXG¡MLPRNU\SWLHVNDPSXΘ =
R Nurodymas. ² ULþLÐ /1 ir L2 DELSXV³ 600 kaPSX,ãVNODLG\WDVLVIRWRQDVVXVLGÌU
VVXNLWXQHMXGDQþLXHOHk-
LQGXNW\YXPQHDWVLåYHONLWH WURQXGDUNDUWEXYRLãVNODLG\WDV3RãLRVNODLGRVDNWRIotonas, kurio
A bangos ilgis λf = 1,25⋅10-10 m, nukrypo nuo fotono su bangos ilgiu λ0
B MXG¡MLPRNU\SWLHVLUJLΘ = 600 kampu.
28 pav. n2 $SVNDLþLXRNLWHSLUPRMRHOHNWURQRGH%URLOLREDQJRVLOJ³äinomi
Â1 G\GåLDL3ODQNRNRQVWDQWDK ⋅10-34 J⋅VHOHNWURQRULPWLHVPDV¡P
61. Dvi prizP¡V NXULÐ
Â2 = 9,31⋅10-31 kg, šviesos greitis c=3,0⋅108 m/s.
ODXåLDPLHML NDPSDL
Aˆ1 = 60 0 , Aˆ 2 = 30 0 , sukli- (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
n1
juotos taip, kaip parodyta 29
pav. (kampas C = 900). C 63. D 1DXGRGDPL NLHN JDOLQW PDåLDX HOHNWULQLÐ VFKHPÐ GYLHP
D
3UL]PLÐ OÌåLR URGLNOLDL YROWPHWUDLVEHYDUå\QRQXVWDW\NLWHVURY¡VãDOWLQLRHOHNWURYDUHY
išreiškiami taip:
29 pav. E3DVLQDXGRGDPLYROWPHWUXLUYDUå\QXQXVWDW\NLWHVURY¡VãDOWi-
b1 QLRHYMRYLGLQ
YDUåLUYROWPHWURYDUå3DWDUWLQDWDPWLNVOXLSDJDO
n1 = a1 + 2 ,
λ HNVSHULPHQWR GXRPHQLV QXEU¡åWL GX JUDILNXV DWLWLQNDQþLXV WHRULQHV
b tiesiQHVO\JWLVLULãWÐJUDILNÐQXVWDW\WLLHãNRPXVG\GåLXV
n 2 = a 2 + 22 . F 1XURG\NLWH PDWDYLPR SDNODLGÐ ãDOWLQLXV .XULH Lã MÐ WXUL Gi-
λ GåLDXVLRV³WDNRVUH]XOWDWÐWLNVOXPXL"
ýLDD1 = 1,1, b1 = 105 nm2, a2 = 1,3, b2 = 5⋅104 nm2. 3ULHPRQ¡VQXRODWLQ¡VVURY¡VãDOWLQLVGXYROWPHWUDLLUYDUå\QDV
36 37
kite, kad iš praGåLÐ
XV tarSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDPâYHGLMD vandens paviršius su
horizontalia plokštuma ξ
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V VXGDUR QHGLGHO³ NDm-
S 7DGD YDQGXR LPV
64. a) 30 pav. parodyta šviesos spindulio eiga skaidrioje greta- svyruoti, t. y. vandens h
VLHQ\MH SORNãWHO¡MH NXULRV OÌåLR URGLNOLV NHLþLDVL NLntant atstumui z. paviršius išlieka lygus,
²URG\NLWH NDG QAsinα = bet jis svyruoja hori-
nBsinβ. zontalaus paviršiaus
L
z E ²VLYDL]GXRNLWH DWåYLlgiu. Sumode-
α
nA kDG MÌV VWRYiWH GLGHO¡V OLXRNLWH VN\VþLR Mud¡ 31 pav.
SORNãþLRV G\NXPRV Yi- MLPLULãYHVNLWHJHLãRV
duryje. Tolumoje matote VY\UDYLPÐSHULRGRLãUDLãN3UDGLQ¡VVlygos duotos 31 pav.
n(z) NDåN SDQDãDXV ³ YDn- Manykite, kad ξ<< K äHPLDX HVDQþLRVH OHQWHO¡VH SDWHLNWL YDn-
GHQV SDYLUãLÐ 7DþLDX GHQV VY\UDYLPR SHULRGDL HVDQW³YDLULHPV MR VOXRNVQLR VWRULDPVGYLe-
z=0 NDL DUWLQDW¡V SULH ãLR MRVHVNLUWLQJÐLOJLÐYRQHO¡VH.RNLXQRUVEÌGXLãVLDLãNLQNLWHNLHNMÌ
nB „vandens“, jis vis tolsta VÐ LãYHVWD IRrPXO¡ GHUD VX HNVSHULPHQWR GXRPHQLPLV LU ³YHUWLQNLWH
nuo jÌVÐ R DWVWXPDV LNL savo modeliavimo tinkamuP
β „jo“ lieka 250 m. Paaiš- DESDYSDWHLNWRVYDQGHQVSDYLUãLDXVDXNãþLRNLWLPRSULNODu-
NLQNLWH ã³ QHSDSUDVW VRP\E¡V QXR ODLNR W GLDJUDPRV LãPDWXRWRV GYLHMRVH J\YHQYLHW¡VH
reiškiQ³ kuriRV\UDSULHãLQJXRVHSDJDOLOJ³9DWWHUQRHåHURHVDQþLRâYHGLMRMH
30 pav.
F $SVNDLþLXRNLWH NUDQWXRVH(åHURLOJLVNPYLGXWLQLVJ\OLVP
WHPSHUDWÌU SULH åHP¡V 'LDJUDPRVHQXVWDW\NLWHODLNRDãLHVPDVWHO³LUDSVNDLþLXRNLWHYDndens
SDYLUãLDXV7EDWYHMXWDU
NDGMÌVÐJDOYD\UDPDXNãW\MHYLUãWR VY\UDYLPÐSHULRG
SDYLUãLDXVäLQRPDNDGRUROÌåLRURGLNOLVQ0HVDQWWHPSHUDWÌUDL70 = (NVSHULPHQWRVXYRQHO¡PLVUH]XOWDWDL
150C ir normaliam atPRVIHURVVO¡JLXLO\JXV0DQ\NLWHNDG
didesniame negu 1 m aukštyje oro temperaWÌUD\UDSDVWRYLLUO\JL71 L = 479 mm
= 300&6O¡JLVQRrmalus ir lygus 0,1013 MPa. Tarkite, kad (n – 1) yra
proporcingas duMÐGDOHOLÐVNDLþLDXVWDQNLXL h, mm 30 50 69 88 107 124 142
65. .DL NXULXRVH GDåQLDXVLDL LOJXRVH LU VLDXUXRVH HåHUXRVH NDr- T, s 1,78 1,40 1,18 1,08 1,00 0,91 0,82
WDLVSDVWHELPDVJDQDQH³SUDVWDVUHLãNLQ\VYDGLQDPDVVHLãDVWRYLQþL
MDEDQJD9DQGXRMXRVHVY\UXRMDO\JDUEDWDVWLNOLQ¡MHNDLMQHãDWH
L = 143 mm
VDYRVYHþLXLHVDQþLDPNLWDPHNDPEDULRJDOH
6HLãDL VXPRGHOLXRWL SDQDXGRMDPD VWDþLDNDPS¡ YRQHO¡ 9Dndens h, mm 31 38 58 67 124
VOXRNVQLRYRQHO¡MHDXNãWLVO\JXVK+RUL]RQWDOXVYRQHO¡VLOJLV/7Dr- T, s 0,52 0,48 0,43 0,35 0,28
38 39
ULã¡M / U³¡M
U³¡M ULã¡M
/RJDULWPLQ¡VNDO¡ ν
33 pav. 34 pav.
32 pav.
67. 6XPRQWXRNLWHHOHNWURVJUDQGLQ
SDJDOSDYVFKHP
66. (OHNWULQLVILOWUDVWXULVXVLG¡WLLãNHWXULÐGHWDOLÐVXMXQJWÐWDLS Eksperimentiškai nu-
NDLS SDURG\WD SDY ² ³WDPSRV ãDOWLQLR LPSHGDQV JDOLPD QHDWVi- statykite rezistoriuje R
åYHOJWL R DSNURYRV YDUå WDUWL HVDQW EHJDOLQH )LOWUDV WXUL EÌWL WRNV LãVLVNLULDQþL YLGXWLQ

kad santykis ULã¡M / U³¡MQXRVURY¡VGDåQLRSULNODXV\WÐWDLSNDLSSDUo- JDOL NDL SULH WDãNÐ $ LU
dyta 34 pav. graILNH(VDQWGDåQLXLν0ID]LÐVNLUWXPDVWDUS8Lã¡M ir U³¡M A B prijungtas 0,20 kHz
WXULEÌWLOygus nuliui. GDåQLR 9 DPSOLWudi-
.RQVWUXRGDPLILOWUJDOLWHSDVLULQNWLNHWXULDVLããLÐGHWDOLÐGX C R Q¡V ³WDPSRV W\ 9
kΩ YDUåRV UH]LVWRULDL GX Q) WDOSRV NRQGHQVDWRULDL GYL P+ tarp minimumo ir mak-
LQGXNW\YXPRULW¡VEHJHOHåLQLÐãHUGåLÐR³MÐDNW\YLVLDVYDUåDVJa- simumo) kintamosios
B
OLPDQHDWVLåYHOJWL VURY¡VJHQHUDWRULXV
1XVWDW\NLWH GDåQ³ ν0 LU VDQW\N³ 8Lã¡M / U³¡M HVDQW ãLDP GDåQLXL Yi- 35 pav. 3ULHPRQ¡V 0,20 kHz
VRPVJDOLPRPVGHWDOLÐNRPELQDFLMRPV GDåQLXL VXGHULQWDV sinusi-
QLÐYLUSHVLÐJHQHUDWRULXVGYLHMÐVSLQGXOLÐRVFLORgrafas, milimetrinis
popierius, diodas, 0,10 µF talSRV NRQGHQVDWRULXV QHåiQRPRV YDUåR
UH]LVWRULXVPRQWDYLPRSORNãW¡VXJQ\EWDLVMXQJLDPLHMLODidai.
68. 1HRQLQ¡V OHPSRV VSHNWUR JHOWRQRMH– RUDQåLQ¡Me – raudonoje
VULW\MHPDW\WLNHOHWDVOLQLMÐ9LHQDJHOWRQDOLQLMD\UD\SDþU\ãNL1u-
VWDW\NLWHãLRVOLQLMRVEDQJRVLOJ³²YHUWLQNLWHVDYRVNDLþLDYLPRSDNODi-
G
40 41
3ULHPRQ¡V QHRQLQ¡ OHPSD SULMXQJWD SULH 9 NLQWDPRVLRV HOHNWURQXVYHLNLDQþL/RUHQFRM¡JWRG¡OãLXRDWYHju elektrinio lauko
³WDPSRV ãDOWLQLR OD]HULV NXULR EDQJRV LOJLV QHåLQRPDV GLIUDNFLQ¡ VWLSULRYHNWRULDXVNU\SWLVQ¡UDO\JLDJUHWLVURY¡VWHN¡MLPRNU\SþLDLâLV
gardeO¡ NXULRV NRQVWDQWD QHåLQRPD RSWLQLV PLNURPHWUDV VWLNOLQ¡ reiškinys vadinamas Holo efektu.
plokšteO¡ VX PP LOJLR VNDOH FHQWUH SDGDO\WD ³ GDOLÐ PHGLQ¡ a) Nustatykite elektrinio lauko stiprio vektoriaus strypelyje mo-
PHWULQ¡OLQLXRW¡VWRYDVVSDXVWXNDL GXO³LUNU\SW³
E $SVNDLþLXRNLWH SRWHQFLDOÐ VNLUWXP WDUS VWU\SHOLR SULHãLQJÐ
VLHQÐEULDXQRVENU\SWLPL
F ,ãYHVNLWH E SXQNWH QXVWDW\WR SRWHQFLDOÐ VNLUWXPR QXRODWLQ¡V
X9,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP-XJRVlavija) GHGDPRVLRVDQDOL]LQ
LãUDLãNMHLVURY¡VVWLSULVLUPDJQHWLQLRVUDuto
tankis kinta taip: I = I 0 sin ω t , B = B0 sin(ω t + ϕ ).
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V d) Suprojektuokite (ir paaiškinkitH HOHNWURV JUDQGLQ
VX NXULD
SDQDXGRMDQWFSXQNWHJDXWUH]XOWDWEÌWÐJDOLPDLãPDWXRWL³NLQWa-
69. -DXQDVLV UDGLMR P¡J¡MDV SDODLNR U\ã³ VX GYLHP PHUJLQRPLV moVLRVVURY¡VJUDQGLQ
³MXQJWRSULHWDLVRQDXGRMDPJDOL
J\YHQDQþLRPLVVNLUWLQJXRVHPLHVWXRVH$LU%-LVQRUL³VLUHQJWLWRNL 3DVLQDXGRNLWHãLDLVGXRPHQLPLV,Q6EHOHNWURQÐMXGULVX P2
VLVWHPNDGJDO¡WÐNDOE¡WLVVXYLHQDLãWÐPHUJLQÐSY]JyYHQDQþLD / (V⋅VHOHNWURQÐVNDLþLDXVWDQNis n = 2,5⋅1022 m-3, I = 1A, B = 0,1T,
mieste B) ir kad pokalbioQHJDO¡WÐJLUG¡WLDQWURMLPHUJina (gyvenanti b = 1,0cm, c = 1 mm.
PLHVWH$LUDWYLUNãþLDL7DDQWHQÐVLVWHPDWXULVXVLG¡WLLãGYLHMÐYHr- 71. .RVPLQLR ODLYR SDVLXQWLPR Xå 6DXO¡V VLVWHPRV ULEÐ SUojekte
WLNDOLÐ DQWHQÐ YLHQRGÐ LQWHQV\YXPX VSLQGXOLXRMDQþLÐ YLVRPLV KRUi- EXYRVYDUVWRPRVGYLJDOLP\E¡V
zontaliomis kryptimis. 3DNDQNDPXLãWUÌNWLLã6DXO¡VVLVWHPRVJUHLþLXNRVPLQLVODLYDV
1XVWDW\NLWHNRNVWXULEÌWLDWVWXPDVWDUSDQWHQÐU kampas ψ0 tarp SDOHLGåLDPDVWLHVLRJLãäHP¡VRUELWRs.
SORNãWXPRVHLQDQþLRVSHUDELDQWHQDVLUãLDXU¡VNU\SWLHVWDLSSDWIa- .RVPLQLV ODLYDV Lã SUDGåLÐ SULDUW¡MD SULH YLHQRVLãWROLPHVQLÐ
]LÐVNLUWXPDV∆ϕWDUSDQWHQÐVSLQGXOLXRMDPÐHOHNWURPDJQHWLQLÐVLg- QXR 6DXO¡V SODQHWÐ WRV SODQHWRV YHLNLDPDV SDNHLþLD VDYR MXG¡MLPR
QDOÐ$WVWXPDVWDUSDQWHQÐWXULEÌWLNLHNJDOLPDPDåHVQLV NU\SW³LU³J\MDJUHLW³UHLNDOLQJ6DXO¡VVLVWHPDLSDOLNWL
6NDLWLQ
YHUW
DSVNDLþLXRNLWH WDU
NDG MDXQXROLR UDGLMR VLÐVWXYR Galima tarti, kad visais atvejais kosminis laivas juda veikiamas
GDåQLVν 0+]RMRDQWHQÐVLVWHPDEXV3RUWRURåH3DJDOåHP¡Oa- WLNVDXO¡VDUEDWLNSODQHWRVJUDYLWDFLQLRODXNRåLÌULQWNXULVLãWÐODu-
S³MDXQXROLVQXVWDW¡NDGNDPSDVWDUSNU\SWLHV³PLHVW$.RSHU³LU NÐ\UDVWLSUHVQLVWDPHWDãNH
ãLDXU¡VNU\SWLHVψ1 = 720RWDUSNU\SWLHV³PLHVW%%XQ
LUãLDXU¡V a) $SVNDLþLXRNLWHPDåLDXVLNRVPLQLRODLYRJUHLW³YaLUMRNU\SW³
krypties ψ2 = 1570. äHP¡VRUELWLQLRJUHLþLRDWåYLOJLXMHLEÌWÐ³J\YHQGinamas 1 projektas.
70. Iš ,Q6E SXVODLGLQLQNLR SDGDU\WDV VWDþLDNDPSLR JUHWDVLHQLR b) Tarkite, kad kosminis laivas buvo paleistas tokia kryptimi, ko-
formos ilgas strypelis (a > b >> c), kuriuo a briaunos kryptimi teka NLD DSVNDLþLXRWD SXQNWH D EHW NLWX JUHLþLX Yb äHP¡V DWåYLOJLX $p-
VURY¡,6WU\SHOLV\UDPDJQHWLQLDPHODXNHNXULRVUDXWRWDQNLRYHNWo- VNDLþLXRNLWH NRVPLQLR ODLYR JUHLW³W \ O\JLDJUHþLM LU VWDtPHQM

rius B nukreiptas c briaunos kryptimi. InSb NUÌYLQLQNDL \UD HOHNWUo- 0DUVRRUELWDLGHGDPVLDVWXRPHWXNDLMLVNLUV0DUVRRUELW6NDi-
þLXRGami manykite, kad tuo metu Marsas yra toli nuo kosminio laivo.
nai, E stiprio elektriniame lauke judantys vidutiniu v = u E JUHLþLXX
c) 7DUNLWHNDGNRVPLQLVODLYDVSDWHNR³0DUVRJUDYLWDFLQ³ODXN
–HOHNWURQÐMDXWULV(VDQWPDJQHWLQLDPODXNXLGDUUHLNLDDWVLåYHOJWL³ $SVNDLþLXRNLWHPDåLDXVLODLYRVWDUWRLãäHP¡VRUELWRVJUHLW³YcEÌWi-
42 43
QNDGODLYDVLãHLWÐLã6DXO¡VVLVWHPRVULEÐSULHãWDLSDEXYRM
V0Dr- ΩÄMXRGRMLG¡å¡³VXPDJQHWDLVGYLULW¡VPDJQHWLQLDPODXNXLVXNXUWL
VRJUDYLWDFLQLDPHODXNH-ÌVÐQHWXULGRPLQWLWLNVOL0DUVRSDG¡WLVMR YLMÐ NLHNYLHQRMH 5 Ω), voltmetras (rekomenduojama
VYHLNRVVXODLYXPHWX8åXRPLQDLãSXQNWRDUH]XOWDWÐåLQRWHRp- QDXGRWLV99LU9VNDO¡PLVHOHNWURQLQ¡VFKHPDDPSHUPHt-
WLPDOÐJUHLþLRG\G³LUNU\SW³EÌWLQXVNDGODLYDVLãHLWÐLã6DXO¡VVLs- UDVNLQWDPRMLYDUåD5max = 3,3 kΩ), jungiamLHMLODLGDLSORNãWHO¡VX
WHPRV 3DLHãNRNLWH VU\ãLR WDUS ãLR JUHLþLR LU MR GHGDPÐMÐ LNL ODLYXL VN\O¡PLV ULW¡PV ³WYLUWLQWL JXPLQLDL ³YDLULRV SDVNLUWLHV åLHGDL SY]
SDWHQNDQW³0DUVRJUDYLWDFLMRVODXNW\GHGDPÐMÐMÌVÐQXVWDW\WÐ ULW¡PV SULWYLUWLQWL PHGLQ¡V OD]GHO¡V WLHPV SDWLHPV UHLNDODPV Oi-
punkte b). Ar išliks nepakitusi kosminio laivo energija? QLXRW¡VLÌODL
d) $SVNDLþLXRNLWH NRN³ GLGåLDXVL HQHUJLMRV NLHN³ JDOLPD VXWDu- Nurodymai. Tyrimams ga-
S\WLY\NGDQWSURMHNWYLHWRM lima naudoti bet kokius magne- Z Y
Pastabos: 1) Galima manyti, kad visos planetos skrieja aplink tams nekenksmingus metodus.
VDXO
WD SDþLD NU\SWLPL DSVNULWRPLV RUELWRPLV HVDQþLRPLV YLHQRMH *DOXWLQLDPH DWVDN\PH WXUL EÌWL
SORNãWXPRMH ² RUR SDVLSULHãLQLP äHP¡V VXNLPVL DSLH VDYR Dã³ LU pateikti mataYLPÐ UH]XOWatai,
HQHUJLM VXQDXGRMDP LãHLQDQW Lã äHP¡V JUDYLWDFLQLR ODXNR QHDWsi- IRUPXO¡ JUDILNDL LU SLHãLQLDL
åYHONLWH äLQRPRV ãLRV VNDLWLQ¡V YHUW¡V äHP¡V VNULHMLPR DSOLQN (pastaruosius galima naudoti X
6DXO
JUHLWLVY0 NPVVDQW\NLVDWVWXPÐÄäHP¡–6DXO¡³LUÄ0Dr- YLHWRM NRPHQWDUÐ NXU WDL \UD
sas –6DXO¡³O\JXV tikslinga). 37 pav.
Kaip teisingai naudotis ma-
(NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V tavimo sistema, parodyta 38 pav. Ritei 1 esant prijungtai per elektro-
QLQ
VFKHPSULHYROtPHWURGLGåLDXVLDVYROWPHWURURG\NO¡VQXo-
krypis yra proporFLQJDVULW
NHUWDQþLRPDJQHWLQLRODXNRVUDXWRSRNy-
72. 1XVWDW\NLWHPDJQHWÐSDVO¡SWÐÄMXRGRMRMHG¡å¡MH³FHQWUÐSa- þLXL
G¡W³LURULHQWDFLM0DJQHWDVSDYDL]GXRWDVSDY
âLDXU¡-P¡O\QDV Jo koordinates x, y, z reikia
PDWXRWL QXR YLUãÌQ¡V SDY
B SDåyP¡WRVMXRGXWDãNX1DXGo-
damiesi prieš tai sukalibruota
matavimo sistema nustatykite
magnetinio srauto tankio vekto-

B 3LHWÌV- raudonas riaus B dedamM HVDQþL
XY plokštumoje. Nustatykite
GLGåLDXVL MÌVÐ PDJQHWR Vuku-
36 pav.
riamo magnetinio srauto tankio
YHUW

3ULHPRQ¡VQXRODWLQLVPDJQHWDVWRNVSDWNDLSLUSDVO¡SWLHMLG¡å¡
MH³WDPSRVãDOWLQLV–9PDWDYLPRULW¡YLMÐ5
44 45
X9,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP'LGåLRML%ULWDQija)
2
1 TeRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
3 74. 3ORNãþLRML PRQRFKURPDWLQ¡

+ šviesos banga, kurios bangos ilgis λ
L 24 V V LUGDåQLVνVWDWPHQDLNULQWD³GXYLe-
- nodus siaurus plyšius L ir M, atstu-
θ PDVWDUSNXULÐGSDY
âYLHVRV EDQJRV LãHLQDQþLRV Lã
d L
kiekvieno plyšio kampu θ su statme-
38 pav. θ niu, nuotolyje x >> d laiko momentu
M t aprašomos lygtimi
73. ,ãWLUNLWH NLQWDPRVLRV VURY¡V YDULNOLR VXNDPR YDULQLR GLVNR y = a cos[2π(νt – x/λ)].
JUHLW¡MLPR LU O¡W¡MLPR SURFHVXV 0DWXRGDPL GLVNR SXV¡V DSVLVXNimo
WUXNP
QXVWDW\NLWHSRVÌNLRNDPSRNDPSLQLRJUHLþLRLUNDPSLQLRSa- ýLDD–DPSOLWXG¡YLHQRGDDELHP
JUHLþLR SULNODXVRP\EHV QXR ODLNR 1XVWDW\NLWH VXNDPÐMÐ M¡JÐ Po- 39 pav.
bangoms).
PHQWRLUYDULNOLRJDOLRVSULNODXVRP\EHVQXRNDPSLQLRJUHLþLR ²URG\NLWH NDG GYLHMÐ EDQJÐ
3ULHPRQ¡V NLQWDPRVLRV VURY¡V YDULNOLV VX MXQgikliu ir variniu QXNU\SXVLÐ QXR VWDWPHQV NDPSX θ DWVWRMDPM DPSOLWXG
$ JDOLPD
disku, indukcinis keitiklis, daugiakanalis sekundometras su kompiu- apVNDLþLXRWLVXG¡MXVGXYHNWRULXVNXULÐNLHNYLHQRPRGXOLVOygus a, o
teriu. NU\SWLVSULNODXVRQXRãYLHVRVEDQJRVID]¡V3DJDOYHNWRULÐGLDJUDP
Nurodymai. ,QGXNFLQLV NHLWLNOLV UHJLVWUXRMD GLVNH HVDQþLÐ GYLHMÐ JHRPHWULãNDL³VLWikinkite, kad
JHOHåLQLÐVWU\SÐMXG¡MLP.DLWLHVWU\SDLDWVLGXULDDUþLDXNDLSSHU πd sin θ
PP QXR NHLWLNOLR ³ VHNXQGRPHWU SDVLXQþLDPDV VLJQDODV 6HNXQGo- A = 2a cos β , þLD β = .
PHWUDV SULMXQJWDV SULH NRPSLXWHULR UHJLVWUXRMDQþLR LU ³VLPHQDQþLR λ
JHOHåLQLÐVWU\SÐSULDUW¡MLPRSULHNHLWLNOLRODLN1RULQW³MXQJWLVHNXn- 'XSO\ãLDLSDNHLþLDPLGLIUDNFLQHJDUGHOHWXULQþLD1YLHQRGÐ
GRPHWUUHLNLDSDHLOLXLQXVSDXVWLÄ³LUÄ³P\JWXNXVHVDQþLXVNRm- SO\ãLÐDWVWXPDVWDUSNXULÐG$PSOLWXGåLÐYHNWRULQ¡VVXG¡WLHVPHWo-
piuterio valdymo pulte. GX SDURG\NLWH NDG NLHNYLHQR YHNWRULDXV SUDGåLDLUJDODV\UDDQWDp-
Kompiuteris pateikia rezultatus grafiškai. Vertikaliojoje ašyje pa- skritimo, kurio spindulys R išreiškiamas lygtimi
WHLNLDPLODLNRLQWHUYDODLWDUSGYLHMÐJUHWLPÐJHOHåLQLRVWU\SRUHJLVWUa- a
R= .
FLMÐKRUL]RQWDOLRMH–LQWHUYDOÐQXPHULDL 2 sin β
3DVSDXGXVÄ³P\JWXNNRPSLXWHULVSDWHLNLDPDWDYLPRUH]XOWaWÐ ýLDD–NLHNYLHQRYHNWRULDXVPRGXOLV²URG\NLWHNDGDWVtojamoji
lenteO
3LUPDMDPH VWXOSHO\MH SDWHLNLDPDV PDWDYLPR QXPHULV DQWUa- DPSOLWXG¡O\JL
jame –ODLNDVSUD¡M
VQXRPDWDYLPRSUDGåLRVWUHþLDMDPH– laiko in- sin Nβ
a ,
WHUYDODLWDUSGYLHMÐJUHWLPÐJHOHåLQLRVWU\SRUHJLVWUDFLMÐ sin β
46 47
LU DSVNDLþLXRNLWH ID]LÐ VNLUWXP WDUS DWVWRMDPRVLRV EDQJRV LU ³ Rc
JDUGHO
NULQWDQþLRVEDQJRV -HL WDãNR ; SDG¡WLV WRNLD NDG θ > arccos , WDL VHLVPLQ¡V
R
7DPHSDþLDPHEU¡åLQ\MHQXEUDLå\NLWHVLQ1β ir 1/sinβ priklau- banJRV SDVLHNV VWHE¡WRM GX NDUWXV OÌåXVLRV DSYDONDOR LU EUDQGXROLR
VRP\ELÐQXRβ grafikus. Atskirame grafike parodykite, kaip atstoja- ULERMH 1XEUDLå\NLWH WRNLRV EDQJRV VNOLGLPR WUDMHNWRULM ,ãveskite
mosios bangos intensyvumas priklauso nuo β. VU\ã³WDUSNDPSRθLUSEDQJRVNULWLPR³DSYDONDORLUEUDQGXROLRULE
$SVNDLþLXRNLWHSDJULQGLQLÐPDNVLPXPÐLQWHQV\YXP kampo i.
²URG\NLWHNDGSDJULQGLQLÐPDNVLPXPÐVNDLþLXVQHJDOLYLUã\WL 3) Pasinaudodami duomenimis: R = 6370 km, Rc = 3470 km,
(2d/λ) + 1. vp=10,85 km/s, vS=6,31 km/s, vcp=9,02 km/s ir 2) punkte gautais re-
²URG\NLWHNDGGYLEDQJRVNXULÐLOJLDLλ ir λ + ∆λþLD∆λ << ]XOWDWDLVQXEUDLå\NLWHθSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRLNRN\ELQ³JUDILN$p-
λGXRGDSDJULQGLQLXVPDNVLPXPXVHVDQþLXVNDPSLQLDLVDWVWumais WDUNLWH ãLRV SULNODXVRP\E¡V IL]LNLQLXV GDULQLXV ³YDLULXRVH äHP¡V Sa-
n∆λ YLUãLDXV WDãNXRVH HVDQWLHPV VWHE¡WRMDPV 1XEUDLå\NLWH S LU 6 EDQJÐ
∆θ = ,
d cosθ VNOLGLPRWDUSWDãNÐ(LU;WUXNP¡VSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRNDPSRθ gra-
þLDQ 0, ± 1, ± 2,... fikus, kai 0 ≤ θ < 90 0 .
$SVNDLþLXRNLWH ã³ NDPSLQ³ DWVWXP QDWULR OLQLMRPV NXULÐ EDQJÐ ²Y\NXV äHP¡V GUHE¡MLPXL VWHE¡WRMDV QXVWDW¡ NDG 6 EDQJD M³
ilgiai λ = 589,0nm, ir λ + ∆λ = 589,6 nm, d = 1,2⋅10-6 m. SDVLHN¡PLQVY¡OLDXQHJXSEDQJD3DVLQDXGRGDPLSXQNWRUe-
75. Pagal šio DPåLDXV SUDGåLRMH SDVLÌO\W ]XOWDWDLVQXVWDW\NLWHäHP¡VFHQWURDWåYLOJLXLãPDWXRWNDPSLQ³DWVWu-
äHP¡VPRGHO³äHP¡\UD5VSLQGXOLRUXWXO\VVu- X PWDUSäHP¡VGUHE¡MLPRWDãNRLUVWHE¡WRMR
E 6WHE¡WRMDVDWOLN
VSXQNWHDSUDã\WVWHE¡MLPQXVWDW¡NDG
GDU\WDV Lã YLHQDO\þLR L]RWRSLQLR NLHWR Dpvalkalo
ir skysto Rc spindulio branduolio (40 pav.). 2θ SUD¡MXVWDPWLNUDPODLNXLSRWRNDLM³SDVLHN¡SLU6EDQJRVMRVHLs-
6HLVPLQLÐ LãLOJLQLÐ LU VNHUVLQLÐ EDQJÐ YDGi- R PRJUDIHDWVLUDGRGDUGX³UDãDLNXULXRVYLHQQXRNLWRVNLULDPLQ
QDPÐ GDU S LU 6 EDQJRPLV JUHLþLDL Yp ir vS ap- O VODLNRLQWHUYDODV3DDLãNLQNLWHã³UH]XOWDWLUSDWLNULQNLWHDULãWLNUÐMÐ
Rc WDLVXVLM
VXSXQNWHQXVWDW\WXNDPSLQLXDWVWXPX
YDONDOH\UDSDVWRYÌV%UDQGXRO\MHLãLOJLQ¡VEDn-
JRV VNOLQGD JUHLþLX Ycp R VNHUVLQ¡V Lã YLVR Qe- 76. 7U\VPPDV¡VGDOHO¡VYLHQDVX
VNOLQGDäHP¡VGUHE¡MLPDV³Y\N
VäHP¡VSDYLr- kita sujungtos tampriomis ne³WHPSWo-
šiaus taške E, sukelia seismines bangas, kurios PLV VS\UXRNO¡PLV NXULÐ NLHNYLHQRV
40 pav.
VNOLQGDäHPHLUJDOLEÌWLXåUHJLVWUXRWRVVWHE¡Wo- standumas k, yra pusiauVY\URVSDG¡Wy-
MR ³UHQJXVLR VDYR VHLVPRJUDI EHW NXULDPH äeP¡V SDYLUãLDXV WDãNH VHSDY'DOHO¡VJDOLMXG¡WLWLNDp-
;.DPSLQLVDWVWXPDVWDUSWDãNÐ(LU;(2; θþLD–äHP¡V skritimu.
centras). .LHNYLHQDGDOHO¡LãSXVLDXVYyros
²URG\NLWH NDG VHLVPLQ¡V EDQJRV WLHVLDL VNOLQGDQþLRV WLN Dp- SDG¡WLHV DWOHQNLDPD QHGLGHOLDLV DWVWu-
valkaOHWDãN;SDVLHNVSHUODLNWLãUHLãNLDPIRUPXOH mais u1, u2 ir u38åUDã\NLWHNLHNYLHQRV
2 R sin θ R GDOHO¡V MXG¡MLPR O\JWLV ² VSyUXRNO¡V
t= , kai θ ≤ arccos c . PDV
QHDWVLåYHONLWH
v R 41 pav.
²URG\NLWH NDG VLVWHPRMH JDOLPL
ýLDY Yp p bangoms ir v = vS S bangoms. harmoniniai svyravimai, aprašomi lyg-
48 49
timi (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
u = an cosωt (n = 1, 2 ir 3).
77. 3DW\ULQ¡NLWH YDQGHQV SLUPRV DQWURV LU SHQNWRV HLOLÐ YDLYo-
ýLDDn –SDVWRYLRVDPSOLWXG¡V7DLSSDW³URG\NLWHNDGVY\UXRMDn- rykãWHVLUVN\VþLÐ$LU%SLUPRVLUDQWURVHLOLÐYDLYRU\NãWHV1XVWDWy-
þLÐGDOHOLÐSDJUHLþLDLO\JÌV- ω2XRNDPSLQLRGDåQLRω galimos dvi NLWHãLÐYDLYRU\NãþLÐUDXGRQÐMÐULEÐNDmpus θ (42 pav.).
verW¡VLUω0 3 ýLDω02 = k/m. $SVNDLþLXRNLWH QXRNU\SLR NDPSXV ϕ, kuriais pasisuka krintantis
ãYLHVRVVSLQGXO\VNDLMLVGXNDUWXVOÌåWDLUNNDUWÐDWVLVSLQGLQXR van-
3) Sistemos daOHOLÐ LU VS\UXRNOLÐ VNDLþLXV SDGLGLQDPDV LNL 1
GHQVODãRYLGLQLÐSDYLUãLÐLPGDPLN N–YDLYRU\NãW¡VHLO¡
.LHNYLHQD GDOHO¡ LãOLHND VXMXQJWD VS\UXRNO¡PLV VX GYLHP NDLP\Q¡
PLV,ãSUDGåLÐVS\UXRNO¡VQH³WHPSWRVGDOHO¡VSXVLDXVYLURV8åUDãy- 1XEUDLå\NLWH ϕN SULNODXVRP\E¡V JUaILN 1XVWDW\NLWH VN\VþLÐ $ LU
kite n –WRVLRVGDOHO¡VMXG¡MLPRO\JW³Q 1³NXUL³HLWÐQ % DQWURV HLO¡V YDLYRU\NãþLÐ ϕ. Nubraiå\NLWH YLVÐ WULMÐ VN\VþLÐ
–WRVLRVGDOHO¡VLUNDLP\QLQLÐGDOHOLÐSRVOLQNLDLLãSXVLDXVY\URVSDG¡ Šviesos cos(ϕ/6) priklau-
þLÐ²Uodykite, kad sprendinys šaltinis Kolimatorius VRP\E¡V QXR Q
Lašas JUDILNXV ²G¡NLWH
u n (t ) = a s sin(2nsπ / N + ϕ ) cos ω s t paSLOGRP WDãN
NDLQ 3HUWDþNXV
išveskite kiek gali-
þLDV 1Q Qϕ -QHDSLEU¡åWDID]¡WHQNLQDMu- PD WLNVOHVQ
WLHV

G¡MiPRO\JW³MHLNDPSLQLVGDåQLV\UD θ išmatuokite jos po-
äLÌURQDV OLQN³ LU G\G³ ϕ, kai
ω s = 2ω 0 sin( sπ / N ). Q 6N\VþLÐ OÌåLR
rodikOLDL åLQRPL
ýLDDs (s = 1, 2,..., N) –SDVWRYLRVQHSULNODXVDQþLRVQXRQDPSOi- nvand=1,333,
Akis
WXG¡V1XURG\NLWHJDOLPÐGDåQLÐLQWHUYDOMHLJUDQGLQ¡MHEÌWÐEHJa- nA=1,467,
ORGDXJGDOHOLÐ nB=1,534.
4) Nustatykite un / un+1VDQW\N³HVDQWGLGHOLHPV1ãLDLVGYLHP 42 pav. 3ULHPRQ¡V
DWYHMDLVDPDåÐGDåQLÐVSUHQGLniai, b) ω = ωmaxþLDωmax –GLGåLDu- spektroskopas, trys
VLR GDåQLR VSUHQGLQ\V *UDILãNDL SDYDL]GXRNLWH GDOHOLÐ LãVLG¡VW\P švirkštai, indas su
granGLQ¡MHODLNRPRPHQWXWDLUEDWYHMDLV vandeniu ir du m¡JLQWXY¡OLDLVXVN\sþLDLV$LU%WU\VLQGDLVN\VþLDP
9LHQDLãGDOHOLÐSDNHLþLDPDNLWDNXULRVPDV¡P¶P²YHr- surinkti, šviesos šaltinis, juodas kartonas, plastilinas, juoda juosta, du
WLQNLWH NRNLÐ HVPLQLÐ SRN\þLÐ G¡O WR UHLNLD ODXNWL NDPSLQLÐ GDåQLÐ plastikiniai kvadratai su angomis, milimetrinis popierius.
SDVLVNLUVW\PH .RN\ELãNDL DSUDã\NLWH GDåQLÐ VSHkWUR SREÌG³ MHL Nurodymas..ROLPDWRULÐVXGHULQNLWHO\JLDJUHþLÐVSLQGXOLÐSOXRš-
JUDQGLQ¡EÌWÐVXGDU\WDLãSDNDLWRPLVHLQDQþLÐPLUP¶PDVLÐGDOHOLÐ tui gauWL,ãLPNLWHRNXOLDULãåLÌURQRLUSULHDELHMÐåLÌURQRJDOÐJu-
PLQLDLV åLHGDLV SULWYLUWLQNLWH SODVWLNLQLXV NYDGUDWXV VX DQJRPLV 3a-
QDXGRGDPL ãYLUNãW ÄSDNDELQNLWH³ VN\VþLR ODã VSHNWURskopo stovo
FHQWUH WDLS NDG MLV YLVDV EÌWÐ NROLPDWRULDXV ãYLHVRV SOXRãWe ir gerai
50 51
PDW\WÐVLSURåLÌURQ'XOÌåLPDLLUNDWVSLQGåLDLQXRODãRYLGLQLRSa- lenWHO
VXVNDLþLDLV∆1GDOHOLÐMXGDQþLÐJUHLþLDLVLãQXURG\WRLQWHUYa-
YLUãLDXVFHQWULQ¡MHKRUL]RQWDOLRMRMHODãRVULW\MHGXRGDGLVSHUVLMRVVHUi- lo.
jas (vaivorykštes). 8åGXRW\V1) Patikrinkite, kad suminis sistemos impulsas nekinta,
78. 3ULHPRQ¡VNRPSLXWHULVPLOLPHWULQLVSRSLHULXVODSÐ LPGDPLV .RNVVNDLþLDYLPRWLNVOXPDV"
Nurodymai. Kompiuteris XåSURJUDPXRWDV GYLPDW¡V VLVWHPRV Vu- 1XEUDLå\NLWHVLVWHPRVNLQHWLQ¡VHQHUJLMRVSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXR
VLGHGDQþLRV Lã VYHLNDXMDQþLÐ GDOHOLÐ ;< SORNãWXPRMH 1LXWRQR laikoJUDILNNDLV
MXG¡MLPRO\JWLPVVSU
VWL6LVWHPDDSULERWDÄG¡åH³LUSUDGLQLXPRPHn- 7SDW³NDLSLUSXQNWHDWOLNLWHSRWHQFLQHLHQHUJLMDL
WXVXGDURWYDUNLGYLPDW
ÄJDUGHO
³9LVRVÄJDUGHO
³VXGDUDQþLRVGa- $SVNDLþLXRNLWHVXPLQ
VLVWHPRVHQHUJLMVXSXQNWHQXURGy-
OHO¡V\UDYLHQRGRV6LVWHPDLHYROLXFLRQXRMDQWGDOHOLÐSDG¡W\VLUJUHi- WRPLV V YHUW¡PLV $U VLVWHPRV HQHUJLMD QHNLQWD" .RNLX WLNVOXPX ap-
þLDLNLQWD-HLGDOHO¡LãOHNLDXåÄG¡å¡V³ULEÐSURJUDPDVXNXULDQDXM VNDLþLXRMDPDVXPLQ¡VLVWHPRVHQHUJLMD"
GDOHO
LU ³OHLGåLD M ³ ÄG¡å
³ Lã SULHãLQJRV SuV¡V 1DXMRVLRV GDOHO¡V 3UDGLQLXV PRPHQWXVLVWHPDQ¡UDWHUPRGLQDPLQ¡MHSXVLDu-
JUHLWLVO\JXVLãO¡NXVLRVGDOHO¡VJUHLþLXL7DLJLGDOHOLÐVNDLþLXVÄG¡å¡ VY\URMH3HUWDPWLNUODLNVLVWHPDSDVLHNLDWHUPRGLQDPLQ¡VSXVLDu-
MH³QHNLQWD'YLHMÐGDOHOLÐLLUMDWVWXPDVWDUSNXULÐ5ijVYHLNDDSi- VY\URV EÌVHQ R VXPLQ¡ EHPDW¡ NLQHWLQ¡ HQHUJLMD IOLXNWXRMD D³LH Yi-
EÌGinama potencialu Uij. GXWLQ
YHUW
(k*. Nustatykite Ek*YHUW
WDLSSDWLUODLNSHUNXU³VLs-
.DG EÌWÐ SDSUDVþLDX VNDLþLXRWL QDXGRMDPL EHPDþLDL G\GåLDL -LH WHPDSDVLHNLDSXVLDXVY\U
JDXQDPL ³SUDVWXV G\GåLXV GDOLMDQW Lã VLVWHPRV EÌGLQJÐMÐ SDUDPHtUÐ 3DVLQDXGRGDPLGDOHOLÐVNDLþLDXV∆N pasiskirstymo pagal grei-
%HPDþLDL G\GåLDL þLD WDLS SDå\P¡WL 5* - atstumas, v* - greitis, t* - þLXVUH]XOWDWDLVHVDQWWHUPRGLQDPLQHLSXVLDXVY\UDLQXEUDLåykite ∆N
laikas, E* - energija, m* = 48 –GDOHO¡VPDV¡8ij* - potencialas, (1 / SULNODXVRP\E¡VQXREHPDþLRJUHLþLRKLVWRJUDP3DWLkULQNLWHVU\ã³
2)m*v*2 –NLQHWLQ¡HQHUJLMD3URJUDPDGXRGDJDOLP\E
QDJULQ¡WLEÌ ∆N = A exp(−24v *2 / α ),
senas laiko momentais t* = s ∆t*þLD∆t* = 0,100000, s = 0, 1, 2,... ir
þLD1LUα - konstantos. Nustatykite αVNDLWLQ
YHUW

SDWHLNWLHNUDQHG\GåLXV
6LVWHPDL HVDQW WHUPRGLQDPLQ¡MH SXVLDXVY\URMH DSVNDLþLXRNLWH
1 25 * n 1 25 * n
∑
25 i =1
(vix ) , ∑ (viy ) , n = 0,1, 2;
25 i =1
R YLGXUN³ < R 2 > ýLD 5 – DWVWXPDV WDUS GDOHO¡V SDG¡WLHV SUDGLQLX
2
laiko momentu (t. y. esant tam tikrai pasirinktai sR vertei) ir kitu lai-
NRPRPHQWXV/DLNRWUXNP¡VV= V–V5³J\MDYHUWHV
1 25 25 * 1 25 * 1XEUDLå\NLWH < R 2 > SULNODXVRP\E¡V QXR V= JUDILN DWLWLQNDPDPH
∑∑U ij , 25 ∑
25 i =1 j =1 i =1
( xi ( s ) − xi* ( sR )) 2 ; V5 YHUþLÐ LQWHUYDOH 7LHVLQ¡MH VULW\MH DSVNDLþLXRNLWH IXQNFLMRV
gradienW LU QXURG\NLWH ODLNR LQWHUYDO NXULDPH ãLV JUDGLHQWDV WXUL
prasP
*UDILNR WLNVOXPXL SDGLGLQWL SDNDUWRNLWH VNDLþLDYLPXV VX
1 25 * WULPLV SDSLOGRPRPLV V5 YHUW¡PLV LU DSVNDLþLXRNLWH NHWXULÐ GXRPHQÐ
∑
25 i =1
( y i ( s ) − y i* ( sR)) 2 .
rinkiQLÐ < R 2 > , WDLS SDW LU JUDGLHQWÐ LU ODLNR LQHUWYDOÐ YLGXUNLXV
NustaW\NLWH LU SDJU³VNLWH NRNLRMH DJUHJDWLQ¡MH EÌVHQRMH VN\VWRMH DU
'¡O SDWRJXPR NRPSLXWHULV GXRGD SULNODXVRP\EHV QH QXR V R kietoje) yra sistema esant pusiausvyrai.
nuo sZ = s –V5þLDV5–XåGXRGDPDVODLNRSDUDPHWUDV%HWRJDOi-
PD QDJULQ¡WL PROHNXOLÐ JUHLþLÐ SDVLVNLUVW\PR G¡VQLQJXPXV JDXWL
52 53
X9,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP9RNLetija) Nurodymai ir duomenys. ² RU åLÌU¡NLWH NDLS ³ LGHDOLDV GXMDV
9DQGHQVJDUÐ³WDNRVRURVDYLWDMDLãLOXPDLLUWDQNLXLWDLSSDWLUVDYLWo-
7HRULQ¡VXåduotys VLRVJDUDYLPRãLOXPRVSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRWHPSHUDWÌURVQHSDLV\NLWH
7HPSHUDWÌUQXURG\NLWH.WLNVOXPXGHEHVÐDSDWLQ¡VULERVDXNãW³–
79. .DOQDJÌEU³ adiabaWLãNDLDSWHNDGU¡JQDVRUDVSDY PWLNVOXPXNULWXOLÐVWXOSHOLRDXNãW³– 0,1 mm tikslumu.
Meteorologijos 2UR VDYLWRML ãLOXPD PXV GRPLQDQþLÐ WHPSHUDWÌUÐ LQWHUYDOH Fp =
stotys M0 ir M3³Ue- 1005 J / (kg⋅K), oro tankis stotyje M0HVDQWVO¡JLXLS0 ir temperatÌrai
gistraYR RUR VO¡J³ T0 - ρ0 = 1,189 kg / m3, vandens savitoji garavimo šiluma debesyse –
M2 p0=100 kP, stotis qv = 2500 kJ / kg, cp / cv = χ = 1,4, g = 9,81 m/s2.
Oras M2–p2=70 kPa. Oro 80. ,ã WDãNLQLR ãDOWLQLR 3 LãO¡N
V HOHNWURQÐ
WHPSHUDWÌUD VWRWyje SOXRãWHOLV ³OHNLD ³ WRURiGR IRUPRV ULW¡V PDJQHWLQ³
M0 buvo t0=+200C.
ODXN B išilgai lauNROLQLMÐ4 pav.). R
2UXLN\ODQW³NDOQ
Kampas 2α0, kuriame telpa pluoštelis, labai
NDL VO¡JLV SDVLGDUR
M1 PDåDVα0 << 3DJUHLWLQWL³WDPSD80 elektronai
p1=84,5 kPa, pra-
M3 ³OHNLD³WRURLGWLHVMRYLGXWLQLXVSLQGXOLX57Dr-
M0 deda susidaryti de-
besys (taškas M1). kite, kad B PRGXOLV\UDSDVWRYXV²HOHNWURQÐWDr-
SXVDYLRVYHLNSOXRãWHO\MHQHDtsiåYHONLWH 44 pav.
Toliau kildamas
43 pav. 1RULQWNDGSOXRãWHOLVMXG¡WÐLãLOJDLWRWRLGR
oras, kuriame vyks-
ta vanGHQV JDUÐ ODXNROLQLMÐUHiNLDVXGDU\WLHOHNWURQXVDWOHQNLDQW³YLHQDO\W³ B 1 srauto
NRQGHQVDFLMDRURPDV¡HVDQWLYLUãNLHNYLHQRSDYLršiaus kvadratinio
WDQNLR PDJQHWLQ³ ODXN $pVNDLþLXRNLWH B 1 elekWURQXL MXGDQþLDP
PHWUR O\JL NJ NDOQDJÌEULR YLUãÌQ
VWRW³ 02) pasiekia per
toroide apskrita R spindulio trajektorija.
1500 s. Šio proceso metu iš kiekvieno kilogramo krituliais (lietumi)
$SVNDLþLXRNLWHWRURLGRPDJQHWLQLRODXNRIRNXVXRMDQþLRHOHk-
iškrinta m = 2,45 g vandens.
WURQÐSOXRãWHO³NHWXULXRVHWDãNXRVHWDUSNXULÐNDPSLQLVDWVWXPDVOy-
.RNLD\UDGHEHVÐVOXRNVQLRDSDWLQ¡VULERVWHPSHUDWÌUD71?
gus πåUUXWXOLXNXVSDYVUDXWRWDQNLRPRGXO³%
2) Kokiame aukštyje h1 virš stoties M0\UDDSDWLQ¡GHEHVÐULED
Nurodymas: QDJULQ¡GDPL WUDMHNWRULMDV ³ PDJQHWLQLR ODXNR OLQLMÐ
MHL GDURPD SULHODLGD NDG RUR WDQNLV GLG¡MDQW DXNãþLXL PDå¡MD WHLVLš-
NUHLYXPQHDWVLåYHONLWH
kai?
3) Kokia yra tempHUDWÌUD72NDOQDJÌEULRYLUãÌQ¡MH" 1HVDQWDWOHQNLDQþLRODXNR B 1 HOHNWURQÐSOXRãWHOLVQHSDVLOLeka
.RNLRDXNãþLRYDQGHQVVWXOSHOLVVXVLGDURLãNULWXOLÐSHUYa- toroide, o išlekia iš jo dreifuodamas statmenai toroido plokštumai.
ODQGDV" *DUÐ NRQGHQVDFLMRV VO\JDV VULW\MH QXR 01 iki M2 tarkite ²URG\NLWHNDGUDGLDOLQLVHOHNWURQÐQXRNU\SLVQXR³O¡Nimo spindulio R
esant vienodas. \UDEDLJWLQLV1XVWDW\NLWHGUHLIRJUHLþLRNU\SW³
.RNLD \UD WHPSHUDWÌUD 73 Xå NDOQDJÌEULR HVDQþLRMH VWRW\MH Nurodymas: ³SOXRãWHOLRSUDVLVN\ULPRNDPSãLXRDWYHMXQHDWVi-
M3? PalyginkitHRUREÌVHQDVVWRW\VH03 ir M0. åYHONLWH3DVLQDXGRNLWHHQHUJLMRVLULPSXOVRWYHUP¡VG¡VQLDLV
Duomenys: e / m = 1,76⋅1011 C / kg, U0 = 3 kV, R = 50 mm.
54 55
81. SiQXVLQLDPV VURY¡V VWLSULR LU ³WDPSRV YLUSHVLDPV VNOLQGDQW (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
begaline L –&JUDQGLQHSDYGYLHMÐJUHWLPÐJUDQGåLÐNRQGHQVa-
WRULÐ³WDPSÐID]¡VVNLULDVLSDVWRYLXG\GåLXϕ.
1 82. 1XVWDW\NLWHSUL]P¡VLUVN\VþLROÌåLRURGLNOLXV
) L L 1DXGRGDPLWLNYLHQSUL]P
GYLHPVNLUWLQJDLVEÌGDLVQXVWDWy-
Nu- NLWHMRVOÌåLRURGLNO³Q11XSLHãNLWHGDUERVFKHPLUSDJDOMLãYHskite
sta- IRUPXOHVOÌåLRURGLNOLXLDSVNDLþLXRWL
ty- 3ULHPRQ¡V SUL]P¡ NXULRV NDPSDL 0, 600 ir 900, milimetrinis
kite C C C popieULXVOLQLXRW¡EDOWDVSRSLHULXV
ϕ 2) PanauGRGDPLGYLYLHQRGDVWRNLDVSUL]PHVQXVWDW\NLWHVN\VþLR
pri- OÌåLRURGLNO³Q2åLQRGDPLNDGQ2>n11XSLHãNLWHGDUERVFKHPLUSa-
l l JDOMLãYHVNLWHIRUPXOHVOÌåLRURGLNOLXLDSVNDLþLXRWL
kla
uso 3ULHPRQ¡VGYLSUL]P¡VNXULÐNDPSDL°, 60° ir 90°, milimetri-
my 45 pav. nis popieriusOLQLXRW¡EDOWDVSRSLHULXV3HWULLQGDVDSYDOXVSDG¡NODV
E
VN\VWLVIRUPXO¡
nuo ω, L ir C ( ω - kampinis virpeVLÐGDåQLV
2) NusWDW\NLWH EDQJÐ VNOLGLPR JUHLWÐ MHLJX NLHNYLHQRV JUDQGLHV sin(α ± β ) = sin α cos β ± cos α sin β
ilgis lygus l.
.RNLDLVO\JDLHVDQWYLUSHVLÐVNOLGLPRJUHLWLVVLOSQDLSULNODXVR
nuo ωLUNDPO\JLWRJUHLþLRYHUW¡WXRDWYHMX"
3DVLÌO\NLWH SDSUDVW PHFKDQLQ³ PRGHO³ DQDORJLãN DQNVþLDX XIXWDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP$XVWULMD
aprašyWDL HOHNWULQHL JUDQGLQHL LU LãYHVNLWH O\JWLV SDJULQGåLDQþLDV ãL
DQDORJLM 7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
3DJDOELQ¡VIRUPXO¡V
α + β α − β 83. *UHLþLR QXVWDW\PDV SDQDXGRMDQW 'ROHULR HIHkW )RWRQÐ
cos α − cos β = − 2 sin( ) sin( ), spinduliavimo ir sXJHUWLHPVSURFHVDL\UDJU³åWDPLHMLWRG¡OIRWRQVu-
2 2
J¡U
VDWRPDVQHWUXNXVJDOLM³Y¡OVDYDLPHLãVSLQGXOLXRWLIOXRUHVFHQFi-
ja). Šis reiškinys panaudojamas šiuolaikiniuose daleOLÐ UHJLVWUDYLPR
α+β α −β LU LGHQWLILNDYLPR PHWRGXRVH WDLS SDW DWRPLQLÐ GDOHOLÐ JUHLþLÐ VSHk-
sin α − sin β = 2 cos( ) sin( ).
2 2 troskopijoje.
,GHDOLDPH HNVSHULPHQWLQLDPH ³UHQJLQ\MH SDY GDOHO¡V YLeQ
NDUWMRQL]XRWLMRQDLJUHLþLXYMXGDSULHãNLQWDPREDQJRVLOJLROD]e-
ULRVSLQGXO³
1HMXGDQþLRV GDOHO¡V Y JDOL EÌWL VXåDGLQDPRV λ0 = 600 nm
bangos ilgio spinduliais. Pagal 'ROHULRSULQFLSMXGDQþLRPVGDOHO¡PV
56 57
VXåDGLQWL UHLNLD NLWRNLR EDQJRV LOJLR WRG¡O OD]HU³ UHLNLD VXGHULQWL Ni- VSHNWUXVLãVNLUWLSDJUHLWLQDQWMRQXVHOHNWULQLXODXNXHVDQW³WDPSDL8"
tam bangos ilgiui λY-RQÐJUHLþLÐVSHNWUDVLntervale nuo v1 = 0 iki -HLWDLSQXVWDW\NLWHPDåLDXVL³WDPSRVYHUW

v2 = 6000 m/s duotas 47 pav.
-RQÐ
Derinamo λ v
VNDLþLXV
lazeris
Fluorescencija
Detektorius
∆ν
46 pav.
0 5000 10000 15000 Greitis v, m/s
1) Pasinaudodami klasikiniu Doplerio efektu nustatykite, koks
WXULEÌWLOD]HULRVSLQGXOLÐEDQJRVLOJLÐLQWHUYDODVNDGEÌWÐVXåDGLQa-
PRVYLVRVGDOHO¡V.RN\ELãNDLSDYDL]GXRNLWHVXJHULDPÐIRWRQÐVNDi- 47 pav.
þLDXVSDVLVNLUVW\PRSULNODXVRP\E
QXROD]HULREDQJRVLOJLR 84. Maksvelio diskas. 9LHQDO\WLV FLOLQGULQLV GLVNDV PDV¡ 0
Norint tiksliau apskDLþLXRWLUHLNLDQDudotis reliatyvistine formule 0,40 kg, spindulys R = 0,060 m, storis d = 0,010 m) pakabintas ant
GYLHMÐSULHMRDãLHVVSLQGXO\VUSULWYLUWLQWÐYLHQRGRLOJLRVLÌOÐ²VLÌ
1+ v / c OÐPDV
LUVWRU³WDLSSDW³DãLHVPDV
JDOLPDQHDWVLåYHOJWL9\QLRMDQW
v' = v . VLÌOXV VXQNLR FHQWUDV SDNHOLDPDV ³ + P DXNãW³ SDVNXL GLVNDV
1− v / c
SDOHLGåLDPDVSDY3DVLHN
VåHPLDXVLSDG¡W³GLVNDVY¡OLPDNLl-
²YHUWLQNLWH NRNLD SDNODLGD GDURPD QDXGRMDQWLV NODVLNLQLX DUWXWi- WL0DQ\GDPLNDGWDãNDL$LU3YLVODLNLãOLHNDWRMHSDþLRMHYHUWLNa-
numu. O¡MHSDY), atsaN\NLWH³ãLXRVNODXVLPXV
7DUNLPHNDGMRQDLSULHãMXRVVXåDGLQDQWSDJUHLWLQDPLHOHNWUi- 1) .RN³ NDPSLQ³ JUHLW³ ³J\MD GLVNDV NDL MR VXQNLR FHQWUDV EÌQD
QLX ODXNX HVDQW ³WDPSDL 8 .RNV \UD NLHN\ELQLV VU\ãLV WDUS JUHLþLÐ nu¡M
VNHOLV"
VSHNWUR SORþLR ∆Y LU JUHLWLQDQþLRV ³WDPSRV 8" 3DGLG¡MD DU VXPDå¡MD 2) .RNL VOHQNDPRMR MXG¡MLPR NLQHWLQ
HQHUJLM WXUL GLVNDV NDL
daleOLÐJUHLþLÐVSHNWURSORWLVMDVJUHLWLQDQW" MRVXQNLRFHQWUDVEÌQDQX¡M
VV PNHOL".DLSãLHQHUJLMDVDn-
W\NLDXMDVXNLWÐUÌãLÐHQHUJLMRPLVMHLDãLHVVSLQGXO\VU P"
-RQDVNXULRNUÌYLRLUPDV¡VVDQW\NLVHP ⋅106 C/kg, gali
3) .RNLR G\GåLR ³WHPSLPR M¡JD YHLNLD NLHNYLHQ Lã GYLHMÐ VLÌOÐ
EÌWLVXåDGLQWDVGYLHMÐEDQJÐLOJLÐλ1 = 600 nm ir λ2 = λ1 + 10-3 nm
leiGåLDQWLVGLVNXL"
IRWRQDLV²URG\NLWHNDGGXOD]HULRVSHNWUREDQJÐLOJLÐLQWHUYDODLSHr-
4) .\ODQW GLVNXL QXVWDW\NLWH MR NDPSLQLR JUHLþLR SULNODXVRP\E

VLGHQJLD åDGLQDQW YLVXV MRQXV $U JDOLPD GYLHMÐ O\JPHQÐ åDGinimo
QXRSRVÌNLRNDPSRϕ (50 pav.). Nustatykite (bent kokybiškai) disko
58 59
VXQNLR FHQWUR SRVOLQNLR LU JUHLþLR GHGDPÐMÐ 'HNDUWR VLVWHPRMH SUi- $SVNDLþLXRNLWH$(Z-1)+ YLGLQ
HQHUJLMåLQRGDPLNDGSDJULQGi-
NODXVRP\E
QXRNDPSRϕ. Q¡MHEÌVHQRMHML\UDPDåLDXVLD6NDLþLXRGDPLSDGDU\NLWHãLDVSULHODi-
5) 0DåLDXVLD ³WHPSLPR M¡JD NXULDL HVDQW VLÌODV QXWUÌNVWD \UD GDV D HOHNWURQR SRWHQFLQ¡V HQHUJLMRV LãUDLãNRVH LPNLWH U U0 iš 1)
Tmin 1,ãNRNLRGLGåLDXVLRDXNãþLRJDOLPDOHLVWLGLVNNDGMDP NODXVLPR E NLQHWLQ¡V HQHUJLMRV LãUDLãNRVH LPSXOVR NYDGUDWR 302 vi-
N\ODQWVLÌODVGDUQHQXWUÌNWÐ" GXUN³VNDiþLXRNLWHLãDS\WLNVO¡VO\J\E¡V302)⋅(r02) = 2 .
3DQDãLX EÌGX DSVNDLþLXRNLWH $(Z-1)+ sistemos, atsiradusios
Y\NVWDQW UHNRPELQDFLMDL SDJULQGLQ¡V EÌVHQRV HQHUJLM 9LGXWLQLXV
elekWURQÐDWVWXPXVQXREUDQGXROLRSDå\P¡NLWHU1 ir r2 (analogiškai 3)
klausimo r0 *DOLWH WDUWL NDG DWVWXPDV WDUS HOHNWURQÐ O\JXV U1 + r2.
.LHNYLHQR LPSXOVR NYDGUDWR YLGXWLQ¡ YHUW¡ WHQNLQD QHDSLEU¡åtumo
VU\ã³312)⋅(r12) = (P22)⋅(r22) = 2 .
Nurodymas. 3DVLQDXGRNLWH WXR NDG DWRPR SDJULQGLQ¡V EÌVHQRV
HQHUJLMDHVWLPDåLDXVLDNDLU1 = r2.
50 pav. 5) Kokiai Z vertei esant rekombinacijos metu išspinduliuojamas
48 pav. IRWRQDV NXULR GDåQLVω0 = 2,5⋅1017 rad/V".RNLRVPHGåLDJRV\ra šis
jonas?
Pastaba. âLDPH SXQNWH QDJULQ¡NLWH WLN SDJULQGLQ¡MH EÌVHQRMH
HVDQþLRMRQRUHNRPELQDFLMVXQHMXGDQþLXHOHNWURQX
49 pav.
85. Rekombinacijos procesai dujiniame išlydyje. Dujinio išly- (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V

GåLR DXNãWRVLRV WHPSHUDWÌURV SOD]PRMH \UD = – NDUW MRQizuoti
DWRPDL NXULÐ EUDQGXRO\MH \UD = SURWRQÐ âLXRV DWRPXV åyP¡NLPH 86. Poliarizuotoji šviesa. 3ULHPRQ¡V kaitinamoji lempa su sto-
A(Z-1)+. YXPHGLQLDLU¡PHOLDLVXDQJDVWLNOLQ¡VSORNãWHO¡VVWDþLDNDPS¡
1DJULQ¡NLPHDWYHM³NDi vienintelis atomo A(Z-1)+ elektronas yra NYDGUDWLQ¡ SROLDUL]DFLQ¡ SO¡YHO¡ DSVNULWD UDXGRQRV SO¡YHO¡V Oa-
SDJULQGLQ¡MH EÌVHQRMH âLRMH EÌVHQRMH HOHNWURQR DWVWXPR QXR EUDn- SDV OLSQLRV MXRVWRV ULWLQ¡OLV FHORIDQR VNDLGUDXV ODSDV OLpdukai
duolio kvadrato r02YLGXUN³DSLEU¡ãLPHNDLSMRNRRUGLQDþLÐQHDSLEU¡å EDOWLMXRGRSRSLHULDXVODSDVPLOLPHWULQLRSRSLHULDXVODSDVEUDLåy-
WXPÐNYDGUDWÐ∆x)2, (∆y)2, (∆z)2VXP(OHNWURQRLmpulso kvadrato mo trikampis, flomasteris (labai plonas, juodas), 2 pieštukai (kietas ir
P02YLGXUN³DSLEU¡ãLPHNDLSLPSXOVRSURMHNFLMÐ³NRRUGLQDþLÐDãLVQe- YLGXWLQLRNLHWXPRGURåWXNDVWULQWXNDVåLrNO¡V
DSLEU¡åWXPÐNYDGUDWÐ∆Px)2(∆Py)2(∆Pz)2VXP.RNLQHO\J\E
WHn-
6WHE¡GDPLãYLHVRVDWVSLQG³QXRVWDþLDNDPS¡VVWLNOLQ¡VSORNãWe-
kina sandauga (P02)⋅(r02)?
O¡V SDYLUãLDXV QXVWDW\NLWH SROLDUL]DFLQ¡V SO¡YHO¡V SUDODLGåLM NU\SW³
2) A(Z-1)+ MRQDV JDOL SDJDXWL DQWU HOHNWURQ ãLR SURFHVR PHWX Lš-
SUDHLQDQþLRVãYLHVRVHOHNWULQLRYHNWRULDXVYLUSHVLÐNU\SW³7DNU\p-
VSLQGXOLXRGDPDVIRWRQ8åUDã\NLWHO\JWLVQXVDNDQþLDVãLÐVSLQGXOLÐ
WLPLDQWSO¡YHO¡VQXEU¡åNLWHWLHV
NDLSJDOLPDWLNVOLDX
GDåQ³'DåQLÐVNDLþLXRWLQHUHLNLD
60 61
$QW PLOLPHWULQLR SRSLHULDXV ODSRSDUXRãNLWHVWDþLDNDPS¡VSORNš-
WHO¡V OÌåLR URGLNOLR PDWDYLPR VFKHP äLQRPD NDG QHSROLDUL]XRWDL
šviesai atVLVSLQGLQW QXR VWLNOR SDYLUãLDXV GLGåLDXVLD DWVLVSLQG¡Musios
ãYLHVRVSROLDUL]DFLMDHVWLNDLWHQNLQDPDVO\JDWJL QþLDL– spindu- S
lio kritimo kampas, n – VWLNOR OÌåLR URGLNOLV 0LOLPHWULQLDPH SRSLe-
T
riuje nuEUDLå\NLWH YLVÐ QDXGRMDPÐ GHWDOLÐ VWDþLDNDPSHV Srojekcijas
MÐ NRnWÌUXV DSLEU¡åNLWH SLHãWXNX 3Då\P¡NLWH PDWXRMDQW QDXGRWXV
VYDUELDXVLXVWDãNXVLUWLHVHV1XVWDW\NLWHVWLNOROÌåLRUoGLNO³
6XVWDW\NLWHSROLDULVNRSSULHWDLVSROLDUL]DFLMDLVWHE¡WL3ROLa-
G G
ULVNRSX WXUL EÌWL JDOLPD WLHVLDL SROLDUL]XRWRje šviesoje, esant statme-
QDP MRV NULWLPXL VWHE¡WL PHGåLDJDV SDVLå\PLQþLDV GYHMRSX ãYLHVRV
ODXåiPXâYLHVRVVSLQGXO\VWRNLRVHPHGåLDJRVHVXVN\OD³GYLGDOLVVX
tarpusavyje statmena poliarizacija. Tie du spinduliai sklinda skirtin- 51 pav.
JDLV JUHLþLDLV 1XEUDLå\NLWH ³UHQJLQLR VFKHP LU SDDLãNLQNLWH MR YHi-
NLPRSULQFLS
²G¡NLWH EHVSDOYLR FHORIDQR ODS ³ SROLDULVNRS QXVWDW\NLWH SHU M³ 3ROLDULVNRSX LãWLUNLWH EUDLå\PR WULNDPSLR FHQWULQ
GDO³ $SUa-
SUD¡MXVLRVãYLHVRVSROLDUL]DFLMRVSORNãWXPÐSDG¡WLVLUMDVSDå\P¡kite. ã\NLWHSDþLXVVYDUELDXVLXVRSWLQLXVUHLãNLQLXV3DDLãNLQNLWHVWHE¡MLPÐ
3RSLHULDXV ODSH QXEUDLå\NLWH WLHVHV O\JLDJUHþLDL VX SROLDUL]acijos re]XOWDWXVSDGDU\NLWHLãMÐLãYDGDVDSLHPHGåLDJRVIL]LNLQ
EÌVHQLU
SORNãWXPRPLV7UXPSDLSDDLãNLQNLWHVDYRVWHE¡MLPÐUH]XOWatus (jums JDOLPDV WULNDPSLÐ JDP\ERV \SDW\EHV VO\JRMDQþLDV ãL EÌVHQ 1u-
JDO¡WÐ SDG¡WL SLHãLQ\V LU DSUDã\NLWH SROLDUL]DFLMRV SORNãWXPÐ QXVWa- EUDLå\NLWHVFKHPLQ³EU¡åLQ³
W\PREÌG 87. 7HUPRHOHNWURQLQ¡ HPi-
$QW VWLNOLQ¡V SORNãWHO¡V ODLSWXRWDL SULSLONLWH VOXRNVQLÐ OLp- sija. Išlaisvinimo darbo nusta- Energija
nios juostos, kaip parodyta 51 pav. (G –NYDGUDWLQ¡VWLNOLQ¡SORNãWHO¡ tymas. Metaluose elektronai esti
T –VOXRNVQLÐOLSQLRVMXRVWRV6– 3 –PPSORþLRODSHOLDLäLÌ ÄSRWHQFLDOR GXRE¡MH³ Lã NXULRV
U¡NLWHNDGYLVÐVOXRNVQLÐRULHQWDFLMDEÌWÐWDSDWL3DG¡NLWHã³EDQGLQ³ jie negali išeiti esant normalioms W
DQW SROLDULVNRSR $SUDã\NLWH NRNLRV WXUL EÌWL VO\JRV NDG PDW\WÐVL VO\JRPVSDYQHWJLMHLPe-
spalvos. KoNLX EÌGX MDV JDOLPD NHLVWL" 7UXPSDL SDDLãNLQNLWH VDYR talas prijungWDVSULH³WDPSRVãDl- e e
steb¡jimus. tinio (53 pav.). Vakuumas
Ä0RQRFKURPDWLQ
³ãYLHVSUDOHLVNLWHSURILOWUSDGDU\WLãGYLeMÐ 7DþLDX SDNDLWLQXV PHWDO
UDXGRQRV SO¡YHO¡ VOXRNVQLÐ 3Då\P¡NLWH OLSQLRV MXRVWRV VOXRNVQLXV HOHNWURQÐ ãLOXPLQLR MXG¡MLPR
ODLSWHOLXV6GXRGDQþLXVJDOLP\E
QXVWDW\WLGYLHMÐSunkte miQ¡WÐ JUHLWLV JDOL WLHN SDGLG¡Wi, kad jie Metalas
LãVNLUWÐ VSLQGXOLÐ HLJRV VNLUWXP ²YHUWLQNLWH YLHQR OLSQLRV MXRVWRV ³YHLNV HQHUJLMRV EDUMHU : LU Lš-
VOXRNVQLRVO\JRMDPRHLJRVVNLUWXPRUDXGRQDLãYLHVDLVNDiWLQ
YHUW
O¡NV Lã NDWRGR 3HU ODLNR YLHQHW
LãOHNLDQþLÐ HOHNWURQÐ VNDLþLXV 52 pav.
priklauso tik nuo katodo me-
62 63
GåLDJRV LU WHPSHUDWÌURV $U YLVL HOHNWURQDL SDVLHNV DQRG SULNODXVR YDUåDDSLHΩMLHVXQXPHUXRWLVUDLJWLQLÐVSDXVWXNÐMXQJLa-
QXR ³WDPSRV 8 SDY SDWHLNWD WDP WLNUR NDWRGR VRWLHV VURY¡V SUi- PLHML ODLGDL NXULÐ NLHNYLHQR LOJLV DSLH FP NLãWXNLQ¡V MXQJW\V
NODXVRP\E¡ QXR WHPSe- WLQNDQþLRV9EDWHULMRPVDWVXNWXYDVORJDULWPLQLVSRSLHULXVPLOi-
UDWÌURV 6RWLHV VURY¡ Energija metrinis popierius.
HOHNWURQÐ SHUQHãDPDV .DWRGRPHGåLDJRVYROIUDPRVDYLWRVLRVYDUåRVρSULNODXVRP\E¡
SHUODLNRYLHQHWNUÌYLV QXR WHPSHUDWÌURV JUDILNDV GXRWDV SDY .DPEDULR WHPSHUDWÌUD åi-
DSUDãRPDV 5LþDUGVRQR W noma.
formule: U
e ρ x 10-3, Ω⋅cm
I s = CT 2 exp(−W / kT ). e
Katodas
ýLD : – elektrono Vakuumas
išlaisvinimo darbas, C –
Anodas 0,04
konstanta, T – katodo
WHPSHUDWÌUD .Hlvino 0,03
VNDO¡MH N – Bolcmano Atstumas
0,02
konstanta.
$WOLHNDQWãLXåGXRW³ 53 pav. 0,01
reikia nustatyti elek- 0 250 500 750 1000 1250 7HPSHUDWÌUD0C
trono išlaisvinimo iš I
duoWRVLRV PHGåLDJRV
GDUE 55 pav.
3ULHPRQ¡V elek- Is(T3) 1XVWDW\NLWHVXQXPHUXRWÐMÐUH]LVWRULÐYDUåDV2PPHWURQHQDu-
WURQLQ¡ OHPSD $=
dokite.
GYLHMÐ DQRGÐ YDNXu- Is(T2) 1XVWDW\NLWHVRWLHVVURY
HVDQW³YDLULRPVNDWRGRWHPSHUDWÌURPV
minis lygintuvas, ku-
Is(T1) W \ HVDQW ³YDLULRPV NDLWLQLPR VURY¡PV .DLWLQLPR VURYHL QDudokite
ULR NDLWLQLPR ³WDPSD
9 EDWHULM VURYHL NHLVWL SDQDXGRNLWH VXQXPHUXRWXRVLXV UH]LVWo-
neviršija 4 V), univer-
ULXV6RWLHVVURYHPDQ\NLWHHVDQWVURY
NXULWHNDHVDQWSDVWRYLDL–
salusis elektros mata- 0 U 9³WDPSDLWDUSDQRGRLUNDWRGRâL³WDPSVXGDU\NLWHQXosekliai
vimo prietaisas (jo vi- 54 pav. sujungdami keturias 9 V baterijas. Trumpai paaiškinkite, kaip nusta-
GLQ¡ YDUåD PDWXRMDQW
W¡WHNDWRGRWHPSHUDWÌU
³WDPSDVO\JL0Ω), 1,5 V baterija, keturios 9 V baterijos (baterijas
3DVLQDXGRGDPL 5LþDUGVRQR IRUPXOH QXVWDW\NLWH LãODLVYLQLPR
galima jungti nuosekOLDLWU\VUH]LVWRULDLNXULÐYDUåDVJDOLPDVXåLQo-
darE:3DDLãNLQNLWHNDLSWDLSDGDU¡WH
ti pagal spalvoWDV MXRVWHOHV UH]LVWRULÐ YDUåRV O\JLRV
1000Ω ± 2%,100Ω ± 2%,47,5Ω ± 1% UH]LVWRULDL NXULÐ NLHNYLeno
64 65
XXWDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVRlimpiada, 1989 m. (Lenkija) E6N\VþLXV$LU%VXS\OXV³YLHQLQGMLHLãVLG¡VW¡VOXRNVQLDLV
WDLSNDLSSDURG\WDSDY9LUãVN\VþLR%³SLOWDVVOXRNVQLVQHJDUXo-
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V MDQþLRVN\VþLR&NXULVQHWLUSVWDVN\VþLXRVH$LU%LUQHOHLGåLDODLVYDL
JDUXRWL VN\VþLXL % Lã MR SDYLUãLDXV 'XMLQ¡MH EÌVHQRMH HVDQþLÐ Pe-
88. 6N\VþLDL$LU%QHWLUSVWDYLHQDVNLWDPH6RþLÐMÐJDUÐVO¡JLDLSi GåLDJÐ$LU%PROLRPDVLÐVDQW\NLVO\JXVγ = MA / MB 6N\VþLÐ
L $DUED%JDQDWLNVOLDLWHQNLQDG¡VQ³ p0
A ir B maV¡VLãSUDGåLÐEXYRYLHQRGRVLUO\JLRVP JNLHNYLHQD
6N\VþLÐVWXOSHOLÐLQGHDXNãþLDLEHLVN\VþLÐWDQNLDL\UDWRNLHNDGEHW
ln( pi / p 0 ) = ai / T + bi , NXULDPHLQGRWDãNHVO¡JLVQHVLVNLULDQXRQRUPDOLRMRDWPRVIHURVVO¡JLR
p0âLDLVN\VþLÐVLVWHPDLO¡WDLLUWRO\JLDLWLHNLDQWãLOXPSDVLURG¡NDG
þLDS0 –QRUPDOXVLVDWPRVIHURVVO¡JLV7–JDUÐDEVROLXWLQ¡WHPSe- VN\VþLÐWHPSHUDWÌURVWSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRODLNRτ grafikas yra toks,
UDWÌUa, ai ir bi – WDP WLNURV NRQVWDQWRV SULNODXVDQþLRV QXR VN\VþLR NDLS SDURG\WD SDY 1XVWDW\NLWH KRUL]RQWDOLVLDV JUDILNR GDOLV DWi-
VLPEROLVOQå\PLQDWÌULQ³ORJDULWPW\ORJDULWPNXULRSDJULndas WLQNDQþLDVWHPSHUDWÌUDVW1 ir t2 (vieno ODLSVQLRWLNVOXPXLUVN\VþLÐ$
H 7LNVOLRVVN\VþLÐ$LU%Si/p0YHUW¡VGXRWRVOHQWHO¡ ir B mases laiko momentu τ1.
je: Pastaba. 7DUNLWHNDGVN\VþLÐJDUDLJDQDWLNVOLDLWHQNLQD'Dl-
WRQRG¡VQ³SDJDONXU³GXMÐPLãLQLRVO¡JLVO\JXVPLãLQ³VXGDUDQþLÐGu-
t, 0C pi/p0 MÐGDOLQLÐVO¡JLÐVXPDLLNLVO¡JLÐO\JLÐVRþLÐMÐJDUÐVO¡giams, gali
i=A i=B EÌWLODLNRPLLGHDOLRVLRPLVGXMRPLV
40 0,284 0,07278
90 1,476 0,6918 89. 7U\VQHVDQW\VYLHQRMHWLHV¡MHPDWHULDOLHMLWDãNDL31, P2, P3, ku-
ULÐPDV¡VP1, m2, m3WDUSVDY
VVYHLNDXMDWLNJUDYLWDFLQ¡PLVM¡Jo-
D $SVNDLþLXRNLWH VN\VþLÐ $ LU % YLULPR WHPSHUDWÌUDV HVDQW VO¡ PLVLUQHVYHLNDXMDVXNLWDLVNÌQDLV3HUãLÐWDãNÐPDVLÐFHQWUVWDt-
giui p0. menai trikampio P1P2P3SORNãWXPDLHLQDQþLDã³SDå\P¡NLPHσ. Ko-
NLDV VO\JDV WXUL WHQNLQWL DWVWXPDL WDUS WDãNÐ 31P2 = a12, P2P3 = a23,
p0 P1P3 = a13LUWDãNÐVLVWHPRVVXNLPRVLNDPSLQLVJUHLWLVω, kad sukantis
p0 t
sistemai trikampio P1P2P3IRUPDQHVLNHLVWÐW\NDGVLsWHPDDSLHDã³
C σVXNWÐVLNDLSNLHWDVNÌQDV"
t2 90. ,ãQDJULQ¡NLWHNRNLRV\UDJDOLP\E¡VHOHNWURQLQ³PLNURVNRSVX
B
magnetiniu laukuYDOGRPX8 N9³WDPSDSDJUHLWLQWÐHOHNWUoQÐ
t1 SOXRãWXSDYHUVWLSURWRQLQLXPLNURVNRSXNXULDPHSURWRQDLEÌWÐJUHi-
tinami –8³WDPSD7DPWLNVOXLDWVDN\NLWH³GXNODXVLPXV
D ²WDPSD 8 SDJUHLWLQWDV HOHNWURQDV SDWHQND ³ VULW³ VX YLHQDO\þLX
A
0 τ1 τ magnetiniu lauku B NXU³VXNXULDQHMXGLQDPÐULþLÐ/1, L2,..., Ln sis-
57 pav. WHPD6URYLÐVWLSULDLULW¡VHDWLWLQNDPDLO\JÌVL1, i2,..., in. Šioje srityje
56 pav. HOHNWURQDV MXGD WDP WLNUD WUDMHNWRULMD 7 .RNLR VWLSULR VURY¡V L1’,
66 67
i2’,…, in¶WXULWHN¡WLULW¡PLV/1, L2,..., LnNDG³WDPSD– U pagreitintas (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
SURWRQDVVULW\MHVXPDJQHWLQLXODXNXMXG¡WÐWD³DþLDWUDMHNWRULMD7LU³
WSDþLSXV
NDLSLUHOHNWURQDV" 91. 3ULHPRQ¡Vdu 10 mm storio pjezoelektriniai diskai, ant kuULÐ
Nurodymas. ,ãVLDLãNLQNLWHNRNLDLVO\JDLHVDQWWUDMHNWRULMDSUa- JDOÐXåJDULQWLHOHNWURGDLVXVSDXVWLWDUSVODQNPDþLRåQ\SOLÐVXNDOLb-
šanti lygtis abiem atvejais yra ta pati. GDOLPDSDVLQDXGRWLVU\ãLX UXRWDVVLQXVLQLÐHOHNWULQLÐYLUSHVLÐJHQHUDWRULXVGYLNDQDOLVRVFLORJUa-
fas, duVDQGDULDLXåGDU\WLSROLHWLOHQLQLDLPDLãHOLDLVXVN\VþLDLV$LU%
dP 1 dP 2 1 dP 2 LQGDVVXJOLFHULQXGLVNÐSDYLUãLDPVVXGU¡NLQWLNDGEÌWÐJHUHVQLVPe-
P = = , FKDQLQLVNRQWDNWDVODLGDLLUVWRYDLVODQNPDþLXLLUPDLãHOLDPVVXVN\s-
dt 2 dt 2 dt
þLDLVSULWYLUWLQWL
þLD3–GDOHO¡VLPSXOVDV DäLQRGDPLNDGLãLOJLQLÐXOWUDJDUVREDQJÐJUHLWLVGLVNRPHGåLa-
goje apytikriai lygus 4⋅103 PV DS\WLNVOLDL ³YHUWLQNLWH DãLQLÐ PHFKa-
E.LHNNDUWÐSDGLG¡WÐDUVXPDå¡WÐPLQ¡WRMRPLNURVNRSRVNLULa- QLQLÐ GLVNR YLUSHVLÐ UH]RQDQVLQ³ GDåQ³ WDUGDPL NDG GLVNR SORNãWu-
PRMLJHEDW\PDåLDXVLDVDWVWXPDVWDUSGYLHMÐWDãNLQLÐNÌQÐNuULÐ PRVFHQWUDVQHMXGD3Då\P¡VLPHNDGGLVNXRVHJDOLSDVLUHLNãWLLUNi-
disko formos atvaizdai dar išsiskiria), jeigu HOHNWURQÐSOXRãWSDNHLs- WRV WLHN GLGHVQLÐ WLHN LU PDåHVQLÐ GDåQLÐ VDYÐMÐ YLUSHVLÐ KDUPRQi-
WXPH SURWRQÐ SOXRãWX" 7DUNLWH NDG PLNURVNRSR VNLULDPM JHE Oe- NRV ²YHUWLQNLWH ã³ GDåQ³ HNVSHULPHQWLãNDL QXVWDW\NLWH NRNLDP GDå
mia tikWDLGDOHOLÐEDQJLQ¡VVDY\E¡V7DLSSDWWDUNLWHNDGHOHNWURQÐLU niui esant pjezoelektriniai diskai labiausiai tinka ultragarso bangoms
protoQÐ JUHLþLDL SULHã MÐ JUHLWLQLP ³WDPSD EXYR O\JÌV QXOLXL .DG skystyje sukelti bei registruoti.
EÌWÐSDSUDVþLDXGDUPDQ\NLWHNDGHOHNWURQÐLUSURWRQÐVDYÐMÐPDg- E1HDWLGDU\GDPLPDLãHOLÐQXVWDW\NLWHXOWUDJDUVRJUHLW³DELHMXRVH
QHWLQLÐPRPHQWÐVYHLNRVVXLãRULQLXPDJQHWLQLXODXNXJDOLPDQHSDi- VN\VþLXRVHLU³YHUWLQNLWHSDNODLG
V\WLLUNDGPDJQHWLQLDPHODXNHMXG¡GDPRVãLRVGDOHO¡VQHVSLQGXOLXRMD F 1XVWDW\NLWH XOWUDJDUVR JUHLþLÐ DELHMXRVH VN\VþLXRVH VDQW\N³ LU
elekWURPDJQHWLQLÐEDQJÐ ³YHUWLQNLWHSDNODLG
Pastaba. )L]LNRMHGDåQDLQDXGRMDPDVHQHUJLMRVYLHQHWDVHOHNtron-
voltas (1 eV) ir išvestiniai vienetai 1 keV ir 1 MeV. 1eV lygus 1V
SRWHQFLDOÐ VNLUWXP SUDO¡NXVLR HOHNWURQR HQHUJLMRV SRN\þLXL 6NDi-
þLXRGDPLQDXGRNLW¡VWRNLRPLVYHUW¡PLVHOHNWURQRULPWLHVHQHUJLMD(e XX,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP2ODQGLMD
= mec2 = 511 keV, protono rimties energija Ep = mpc2 = 938 MeV.
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
92. 5HQWJHQR VSLQGXOLÐ GLIrakcija kristale. 1DJULQ¡VLPH 5HQt-

JHQR VSLQGXOLÐ GLIUDNFLM VWDþLDNDPS¡MH NULVWDOLQ¡MH JDUGHO¡MH 7DP
WLNVOXL SUDGåLRMH LãQDJULQ¡VLPH SORNãþLRVLRV PRQRFKURPDWLQ¡V EDn-
JRVVWDWPHQDLNULQWDQþLRV³GYLPDW
JDUGHO
NXULVXGDURWDUSVDY
V
VWDWPHQÐ SO\ãLÐ VLVWHPD GLIUDNFLM $WVWXPDL WDUS SO\ãLÐ O\JÌV
atitinkamai d1 ir d29LHQRVNU\SWLHVSO\ãLÐVNDLþLXVO\JXV11, kitos –
N2 'LIUDNFLQLV YDL]GDV JDXQDPDV O\JLDJUHþLDPH VX JDUGHOH HNUDQH
68 69
'LIUDNFLQLVYDL]GDVJDXQDPDVO\JLDJUHþLDPHVXJDUGHOHHNUDQHHVDn- 7LULDQW PLOWHOLÐ PHWRGX 5HQWJHQR VSLQGXOLÐ SOXRštas esti išsklai-
þLDPHDWVWXPX/QXRJDUGHO¡V/>> N1d1, N2d2). GRPDV GLGHOLR VNDLþLDXV PDåÐ PLOWHOLXV VXGDUDQþLÐ NULVWDOLXNÐ %H
D$SVNDLþLXRNLWHSDJULQGLQLÐPDNVLPXPÐHNUDQHSDG¡W³LUSORW³ DEHMR DWVNLUÐ NULVWDOLXNÐ PDWPHQ\V HVWL GLGHVQL QHJX JDUGHO¡V NRn-
0DNVLPXPR SORþLX YDGLQDPDV DWVWXPDV WDUS GYLHMÐ JUHWLPÐ PLQi- stanta a). 0,15 nm bangos ilgio Rentgeno spinduliai, išsklaidyti kalio
PXPÐHVDQþLÐDELHMRVHPDNVLPXPRSXV¡VH drusNRV.&OWXULQþLRVNXELQ
JDUGHO
åUSDYPLOWHOLÐ/
'DEDU SDQDJULQ¡NLWH PDWVWXPXHVDQþLRMHIRWRSORNãWHO¡MHGXRGDEHQGUDFHQWULÐWDPVLÐåLe-
SORQ NXELQLR NULVWDOR GÐVHULMSDY0DåLDXVLRåLHGRVSLQGXO\VO\JXVP.DOLRLU
SORNãWHO
NXULRV PDt- Y FKORURMRQÐPDWPHQ\VSUDNWLãNDLYLHQRGLWDGJDOLPDPDQ\WLMRJMLH
menys θ \UDO\JLDYHUþLDLVNODLGRVFHQWUDL
N 0 a × N 0 a × N 1 a. ýLD D
Rentgeno
– JDUGHO¡V konstanta, o spinduliai X
N1 << N0. Rentgeno N0a
VSLQGXOLÐ QXNUHLSWÐ =
ašies krypWLPL NULWLPR ³ Z
NULVWDO NDPSDV θ yra N0a
N1a
PDåDVSDY'LIUDk-
cinis vaizdas gaunamas
HNUDQH HVDQþLDPH 58 pav.
dideliame nuotolyje L
nuo kristalo.
E $SVNDLþLXRNLWH PDNVLPXPÐ SDG¡WLHV LU SORþLR SULNODXVRP\E
60 pav.
nuo kampo θ, kai θPDåDV.GXRGDVO\JD11 << N0?
G$SVNDLþLXRNLWHDWVWXPWDUSNULVWDORLUJUHWLPÐ.MRQÐ
'LIUDNFLQ³YDL]GJDOLPDSDDLãNLQWLLUUHPLDQWLV%UHJRWHRULMD-o-
je daroma prielaida, kad
93. (NVSHULPHQWDL äHP¡V PDJQHWRVIHURMH P JHJXå¡V
Rentgeno spinduliai atsi-
P¡QHV³DSOLQNäHP
EXVSDOHLVWDVNRVPLQLVODLYDVÄ$WODQWLV³-RDp-
VSLQGL QXR JDUGHO¡V SORNš-
skrita orbita bus pusiaujo plokštumoje. Tam tikru momentu kosminis
WXPÐ âLÐ DWVLVSLQG¡MXVLÐ
ODLYDVLãOHLV/LOJLRODEDLPDåRVPDV¡VVWDQGåLXVWU\SXSULULãWVDWHOLW
a VSLQGXOLÐ LQWHUIHUHQFLMD LU
S. trinties galima nepaisyti.
GXRGDGLIUDNFLQ³YDL]G
F ²URG\NLWH NDG Dt- Tegul α -NDPSDVWDUSVWU\SRLUWLHV¡VHLQDQþLRVSHUÄ$WODQW³³LU
VSLQGåLDL YDGLQDPL %UHJR äHP¡VFHQWUSDY6WDLSSDWEXVSXVLDXMRSORNãWXPRMH6DWelito
DWVSLQGåLDLV GXRGD WRNLXV PDV¡EXVJHURNDLPDåHVQ¡XåÄ$WODQþLR³PDV
R/NXUNDVPDåHVQLV
pat maksimumus, kaip ir XåRUELWRVVSLQGXO³
punkte b).
59 pav.
70 71
a1 $SVNDLþLXRNLWH NRNLDP NRNLHPV α HVDQW VLVWHPRV SDG¡WLV b2 .LHN LOJDL UHLN¡WÐ OHLVWL W VURY
QRULQW NDG RUELWRV DXNãWLV
äHP¡VDWåYLOJLXEXVSDVWRYLW\NRNLRPVαYHUW¡PVHVDQWãLVNDm- SDNLVWÐP"7DUNLWHNDGNDPSDVαGDEDUO\JXVQXOLXL²ODLGåLRMH
SDVODLNXLE¡JDQWQHVLNHLV magQHWRVIHURMH WHNDQþLDV VURYHV QHDWVLåYHONLWH 3DGLG¡V DU VXPDå¡V
a2,ãQDJULQ¡NLWHVLVWHPRVVWDELOXPãLRMHSDG¡W\MHYLVÐSXVLDXVYi- orbitos aukštis?
UÐMÐEÌVHQÐDWYHMDLV
TDUNLWH NDG WDP WLNUX ODLNR PRPHQWX VWU\SDV QHå\PLDL QXNUHi- 94. %HVLVXNDQWL QHXURQLQ¡ åYDLJåG¡ Milisekundinis pulsaras –
SLDPDV QXR SXVLDXVY\URV SDG¡WLHV EHW LãOLHND SXVLDXMR SORNãWXPoje. WDLVSLQGXOLXRW¡VãDOWLQLV9LVDWRMHVSLQGXOLXRMDQWLVODEDLWUXPSXVLm-
'¡OWRVLVWHPRMHDWVLUDQGDVY\UDYLPDL SXOVXVNXULÐSHULRGDVQXRYLHQRVLNLNHOLÐPLOLVHNXQGåLÐ-RVSLQGu-
EâLÐVY\UDYLPÐSHULRGLãUHLNãNLWHSHUYLHQRDSVLVXNLPRDplink OLXRW¡HVWLUDGLMRGDåQLÐVULW\MHLUJDOLEÌWLSULLPDPDEHLLPSXOVÐSe-
äHP
WUXNP
riodas išmatuojamas geru radijo imtuvu.
SDY äHP¡V PDJQHWi- 5DGLMR EDQJÐ LPSXOVXV VNOHLGåLD \SDWLQJÐ åYDLJåGåLÐ – neuroni-
A nis laukas yra statmenas QLÐåYDLJåGåLÐSDYLUãLXV7DLODEDLGLGHOLRPHGåLDJRVWDQNLRåYDLJå
v EU¡åLQLR SORNštumai ir nu- GHVJUHLWDLEHVLVXNDQþLRVDSLHVDYRDã³-ÐPDV¡HVWLPDådaug tokia,
L
NUHLSWDV ³ VNDLW\WRM '¡O NDLSLU6DXO¡VPDV¡EHWMÐVSLQGulys tesiekia tik kelias dešimtis kilo-
α strypo orbitinio jud¡jimo PHWUÐ'¡OJUHLWRVXNLPRVLåYDLJåG¡ãLHNWLHNVXVLSOoja. Tarkime, kad
WDUSMRJDO¡DWVLUDQGDSRWHn- rp – DWVWXPDV WDUS FHQWUR LU åYDLJåG¡V SDYLUãLDXV WLHV DãLJDOLX R Ue –
S
B FLDOÐ VNLUWXPDV $SOLQN atstumas tarp centro ir paviršiaus ties pusiauju. Susiplojimo koefi-
B
PDJQHWRVIHU VXGDUR SUa- r
retintosios jonizuotos dujos, cientas aSLEU¡åLDPDVWDLS e = e − 1.
rp
NXULÐ HOHNWULQLV ODLGXPDV
labai didelis. Panaudojant
NRQWDNWLQHV SORNãWHOHV ³WDi-
sytas strypo galuose A ir S,
61 pav. strypas elektrikai sujungia-
mas su jonizuotomis dujo-
PLVLUMXRLPDWHN¡WLHOHNWURVVUoY¡
b11XVWDW\NLWHãLRVVURY¡VNU\SW³
äLQRPD NDG DSVLVXNLPR DSOLQN äHP
SHULRGDV 7 ⋅103 s,
strypo ilgis L =
= 2,0⋅104 P äHP¡V PDJQHWLQLR ODXNR VUDXWR WDQNLV % ⋅10-5
7Ä$WODQþLR³PDV¡0 W 62 pav.
9¡OLDXSULHVWU\SRSULMXQJLDPDVVURY¡VãDOWLQLVHVDQWLVODLYHVu-
NXULDQWLVVURY
WHNDQþLSULHãLQJDNU\SWLPLQHJXDQNVþLDXDSUDã\WRML 3DQDJULQ¡NLWHQHXURQLQ
åYDLJåG
NXULRVPDV¡⋅1030 kg, vidu-
VURY¡. tinis spindulys 1,0⋅104 m ir apsisukimo periodas 2,0⋅10-2 s.
72 73
D $SVNDLþLXRNLWH VXVLSORMLPR NRHILFLHQW MHL JUDYLWDFLMRV NRn- GåLDJÐNDGJDOLPDQHDWViåYHOJWL³ãLÐNÌQÐGHIRUPDFLMDVVPÌJLRPe-
stanta G = 6,67⋅10-11 N⋅m2 / kg2. WXâOLDXåLPRWULQWLHVNRHILFLHQWDVWDUSUXWXOLRLUJULQGÐO\JXVµ, rutu-
'¡OHQHUJLMRVQXRVWROLÐåYDLJåG¡VVXNLPDVLVSRWUXSXW³O¡W¡MDWo- OLRPDV¡PWDUNLWHNDGUXWXO\V\UDRUHLUNDGVPÌJLR³JULQGLVWUXNP¡
G¡OVXVLSORMLPDVPDå¡MD7DþLDXåYDLJåG¡WXULNLHWSOXWSOÌGXULXo- ODEDLPDåDEHWQHO\JLQXOLXL5XWXOLRLQHUFiMRVPRPHQWSHUMRFHQWU
MDQþLVN\VWRMHPDV¡MHEUDQGXRO\MH5HWNDUþLDLVSOXWRMH³Y\NVWDGUe- 2
E¡MLPDLNXULÐPHWXåYDLJåG¡VIRUPDãLHNWLHNSDNLQWD3DVWHE¡WDNDG HLQDQþLRVDãLHVDWåYLOJLXVNDLþLXRNLWHSDJDOIRUPXO
I = mR 2 .
5
WRNLÐ GUHE¡MLPÐ PHWX EHL SR MÐ SOXWRV NDPSLQLV JUHLWLV SDNLQWD 7DL 1) 0DQ\GDPL NDG UXWXOLR VO\þLR VX JULQGLPLV PHWX MLV YLV W
SDYDL]GXRWDSDYNXULDPHKRUL]RQWDOLRMRMHDã\MHSDå\P¡WDVODLNDV ODLNVO\VWDQXVWDW\NLWHDDWãRNLPRNDPSRθWDQJHQWEKRUL]RQWa-
(paromis), o vertikaliojoje – plutos kampinis greitis (radianais per OÐM³UXWXOLRFHQWURSRVOLQN³
seNXQG
WDUSSLUPRMRLUDQWURMRMRVPÌJLÐ³JULQGLVFPaåLDXVLω0YHUW
ãLXR
b) PasinDXGRGDPLSDYDSVNDLþLXRNLWHVN\VWREUDQGXROLRVSLn- atveju.
GXO³ 0DQ\NLWH NDG SOXWRV LU EUDQGXROLR WDQNLDL \UD YLHQRGL ² EUDn- $WVDN\NLWH³DLUESXQNWÐNODXVLPXVWDUGDPLNDGUXWXO\VQu-
duoOLRIRUPRVNLWLPXVJDOLPDQHDWVLåYHOJWL VWRMDVO\VWLGDUQHSDVLEDLJXVVPÌJLR³JULQGLVWUXNPHL
1XEUDLå\NLWHWJθSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRω0 grafikus 1) ir 2) atve-
jais.
96. 1HODLGåLDNYDGUDWRIRUPRVVXXåDSYDOLQWDLVNDPSDLVYLMDNu-
XX,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP.XED ULRVNUDãWLQ¡/MXGDPDåÐ³HOHNWULQWÐUXWXOLXNÐSDY.LHNYLHQR
UXWXOLXNR JUHLWLV X NUÌYLV T DWVWXPDV WDUS UXWXOLXNÐ D 5XWuliukai
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
NDLS NDUROLDL VXYHUWL DQW YLM VXGDUDQþLÐ VWU\SÐ .UDãWLQ¡ / GDXJ Ll-
JHVQ¡XåDWVWXPD9LMVXGDUDQW\VQHODLGÌVVWU\SDL³HOHNWULQWLYLHno-
95. 63 pav. pavaizduotas
GR WDQNLR NUÌYLX NRPSHQVXRMDQþLX YLVÐ UXWXOLXNÐ NUÌY³ 9LVL GXo-
vienalytis R spindulio rutu-
menys pateikti su vija susietoje sistemoje.
lys. Iš praGåLÐ UXWXOLR PDVLÐ
1DJULQ¡VLPHDWYHM³NDLYLMDJUHLþLX v MXGDO\JLDJUHþLDLVXNUDãWLQH
FHQWUDVEXYRULPWLHVEÌVHQo-
ω0 $% HUGY¡MH VX YLHQDO\þLX E stiprio elektriniu lauku, statmenu vijos
MH WDþLDX SDWV UXWXO\V NDm- θ
SLQLX JUHLþLX ω0 sukosi apie JUHLþLXL-XG¡MLPRPHWXYLMDHVWLSORNãWXPRMHVXGDUDQþLRMHVXODXNR
SHU MR FHQWU HLQDQþL NU\SWLPLNDPSθ$WVLåYHOJGDPL³UHOLDW\YLVWLQLXVUHLãNLQLXVVXQHMu-
horizonWDOL Dã³ 3DWV h GDQþLXVWHE¡WRMXVXVLHWRMHVLVWHPRMHNXULRVDWåYLOJLXYLMDMXGDJUHLþLX
åHPLDXVLDV UXWXOLR WDãNDV αh v, nustatykiWHWRNLXVG\GåLX
buvo h aukštyMH YLUã JULQGÐ DWVWXPXVWDUSUXWXOLXNÐNLHNYLHQRMHYLMRVNUDãWLQ¡MH
Paleidus rutuO³ MLV VXQNLR VXPLQ³VWU\SDVUXWXOLXNDLNLHNYLHQRVYLMRVNUDãWLQ¡VNUÌY³
M¡JDL YHLNLDQW NULQWD HOHNWULQLÐM¡JÐYHLNLDQþLÐYLMNDUWXVXUXWXOLXNDLVPRPHQW
WUHQNLDVL ³ JULnGLV LU DWãRN
V YLMRVLUUXWXOLXNÐVYHLNRVVXHOHNWULQLXODXNXHQHUJLM
QXR MÐ SDN\OD ³ åiQRP 63 pav.
DXNãW³αh. Grindys ir rutulys
SDGDU\WL Lã WRNLÐ PeGåLDJÐ
74 75
u deOLDPHWÌU\MHLUEHYHLNQHMXG¡WÐ7DPWLNVOXLQHVHQLDLSUDG¡WDVQDu-
GRWL PHWRGDV SDYDGLQWDVDWRPÐOD]HULQLRDWãDOG\PRPHWRGX3DQDg-
A B ULQ¡NLPHMRHVP

23
Na atomai, gaunami garinant T = 103.WHPSHUDWÌURMHNROLma-
L E WRULXPLVXJODXGåLDPL³VLDXUSOXRãWLUQXNUHLSLDPL³YDNXXPLQ
Na-
PHUSDY9LVDVDWRPÐSOXRãWRVNHUVSMÌYLVDSãYLHþLDPDVJDOLn-
θ u
u v go lazerio šviesos priešpriešiniu pluoštu. Lazerio spinduliuoW¡VGDåQLV
SDUHQNDPDVWDLSNDGY\NWÐIRWRQÐUH]RQDQVLQ¡VXJertis atomais, ju-

u GDQþLDLV JUHLþLX v 0 LU HVDQþLDLV SDJULQGLQ¡MH EÌVHQRMH 6XJHUGDPDV
a ãYLHVDWRPDVSHUHLQD³SLUPM³VXåDGLQWO\JPHQ³NXULRHQHUJLMD(LU
D C plotis ΓSDYRMRJUHLWLVDNLQWDWDPWLNUXG\GåLX∆v1 = v1 – v0.
Paskui atomas savaime išVSLQGXOLXRMD IRWRQ LU JU³åWD ³ SDJULQGLQ

EÌVHQ -R JUHLWLV ãLR SURFeVR PHWX SDNLQWD G\GåLX ∆v’= v1’- v1, o
64 pav. DWRPDV QXR VDYR SLUP\NãW¡V MXG¡MLPR NU\SWLHV QXNU\SVWD NDPSX ϕ
(67 pav.).
Pastabos. (OHNWURVNUÌYLVQHSULNODXVRQXRDWVNDLWRVVLVWHPRV3a-
Tokie sugertiems
YHLNVOH SDURG\WRV WLN VDQW\NLQ¡V YHNWRULÐ NU\SW\V ² VSLQGXOLDYLP
ir spinduliavimo ak-
JDOLPDQHDWVLåYHOJWL
tai kartojasi daug
97. 1RULQW VPXONLDL LãWLUWL SDYLHQLÐ DWRPÐ VDY\EHV UHLNLD PRN¡ti v1 ’ NDUWÐ NRO DWRPR
VXNXUWL WRNLDV VO\JDV NDG DWRPDL WDP WLNU ODLN EÌWÐ VXWHONWL
greitis nepakinta dy-
nedideOLDPH WÌU\MH LU EHYHLN QHMXG¡WÐ 7DP WLNVOXL QHVHQLDL SUDG¡WDV ϕ
v1 GåLX ∆v ir rezonan-
VLQ¡ I GDåQLR IoWRQÐ
Na sugertis pasidaro ne-
begalima. Paskui
E + Γ/2
reikia keisti lazerio
VSLQGXOLXRW¡V GDåQ³
E - Γ/2 67 pav. NDG Y\NWÐ NLW JUHLW³
E WXULQþLÐ DWRPÐ UH]o-
QDQVLQ¡VXJHUWLVWoliau stabdanti atoPXVNRONDLNXULÐDWRPÐJUHLþLDL
nepasidarys gan¡WLQDLPDåL
Na
3UDGLQLDPH ãLR UHLãNLQLR QDJULQ¡MLPR HWDSH JDOLPD QHNUHLSWL G¡
PHVLR³MRNLXVNLWXVDWRPÐVYHLNRVSURFHVXVLãVN\UXVVXJHUW³LUVa-
66 pav. YDLPLQ³ ãYLHVRV VSLQGXOLDYLP 7DUVLPH NDG OD]HULR VSLQGXO\V \UD
65 pav.
toks intensyvus, kDG SDJULQGLQ¡MH EÌVHQRMH HVDQWLV DWRPDV Lã NDUWR
VXJHULDIRWRQ
76 77
äLQRGDPLNDG( ⋅10-19 J, Γ = 7,0⋅10-27 J, šviesos greitis c = $SVNDLþLXRNLWH, kokia j¡
B JDSULULãXVSULHNÌQRVLÌODVYHi-
3,0⋅108 PV SURWRQR PDV¡ P ⋅10-27 kg, Planko konstanta h =
6,62⋅10-34 J⋅s, Bolcmano konstanta k = 1,38⋅10-23 J/K, aWVDN\NLWH ³ B NLD W NÌQ ,ãQDJULQ¡NLWH DWYe-

šiuos klausimus: P jus, kai vektoriai R ir r esti ly-
.RNV WXUL EÌWL OD]HULR VSLQGXOLXRW¡V GDåQLV I NDG Y\NWÐ UH]o- B
r JLDJUHWÌV DQWiO\JLDJUHWÌV VWDt-
QDQVLQ¡VXJHUWLVDWRPDLVNXULÐHQHUJLMDO\JLYLGXWLQHLDWRPÐHQHUJLMDL B PHQL JDOEÌW NDL WLN ãLDLV DWYe-
RäHP¡V
LNLMLHPVSHUHLQDQWNROLPDWRULÐ".RNLXG\GåLX∆v1 pakis tokio atomo MDLV M¡JRV HVWL GLGåLDusios ar
greitis po pirmo fotono sugerties?
R PDåLDXVLRV
.RN³JUHLþLÐLQWHUYDO∆v0WXULQW\VDWRPDLJDOLVXJHUWLIRWRQ .LHNYLHQDPH NÌQH % \UD
kuULRGDåQLVWRNVNDLSDSVNDLþLXRWDSXQNWH" mechanizmas, gaunantis energi-
.RNLXGLGåLDXVLXNDPSXϕJDOLEÌWLLãVNODLG\WDVDWRPDVYLHQ MLãVDXO¡VEDWHULMÐâLVPHFKa-
NDUWLãVSLQGXOLDY
VIRWRQ" 68 pav. QL]PDVJUHLWDLLPDWUDXNWL³VDYH
.RNLX GLGåLDXVLX G\GåLX ∆v sumaå¡MXV DWRPR JUHLþLXL MLV GDU VLÌO WXR PRPHQWX NDL ³WHPSi-
JDOLVXJHUWLWRSDWLHVIGDåQLRIRWRQ" PRM¡JDGLGåLDXVLDLUM³DWOHiGåLDNDLWDM¡JDHVWLPDåLDXVLDVLÌORLl-
²YHUWLQNLWH SR NRNLR VXJHUWLHPV – LãVSLQGXOLDYLPR DNWÐ VNDi- JLRSRN\þLDLVXGDURMRLOJLRYLGXWLQLRDtstumo tarp B ir39LV
þLDXV DWRPR MXGDQþLR SOXRãWR DãLPL JUHLWLVQXRY0 praktiškai suma- NLWODLNVLÌORLlJLVQHNLQWD$SVNDLþLXRNLWHWokio mechanizmo „gry-
å¡VLNLQXOLR QM³YiGXWLQ
SHUYLHQRNÌQR%DSVLVuNLPRDSOLQNFHQWU3SHULRG
6) ²YHUWLQNLWH IRWRQR VXJHUWLHPV – išspinduliavimo proceso truk- JDOL JDOLD QXVDNRPD VXPLQLX ³WHPSLPR M¡JRV GDUEX DWVLåYHlJXV ³
P
.RN³DWVWXPQXO¡NVDWRPDVSHUWWUXNP
" åHQNOSDGDO\WXLãYLHQRDSVLVXNLPRSeriodo).
$SUDã\NLWHNRNLXVVDWHOLWRMXG¡MLPRSRN\þLXVVXNHOLDPLQ¡WÐMÐ
PHFKDQL]PÐDWOLHNDPDVGDUEDVW\NDLSNLQWDRUELWLQLVJUHLWLVRUEi-
WRVVSLQGXO\VNDPSLQLVJUHLWLVLUVDWHOLWRJUDYLWDFLQ¡SRWHQFLQ¡HQHr-
XX,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP6XRPLMD JLMD$UJDOLPDVDWHOLWSHUNHOWLD³DXNãWHVQ
RUELW"E³ODEDLGLGe-
OLRVSLQGXOLRRUELW"
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V Nurodymai. ,ãQDJULQ¡NLWHDELHMÐJDOLPÐNDPSLQLRJUHLþLRω kryp-
þLÐDWYHMXV²6DXO¡VLU0¡QXOLRWUDXNQHNUHLSNLWHG¡PHVLR– pakanka
98. $SOLQNäHP
DSVNULWDåLQRPRVSLQGXOLR5RUELWDHVDQþLDSu- LãQDJULQ¡WL WLN VDWHOLWR LU äHP¡V VYHLN 1HVLVWHQNLWH LHãNRWL ODEDL
VLDXMRSORNãWXPRMHMXGDLãNHOLÐNÌQÐVXGDUytas satelitas (68 pav.). tiksliÐ VSUHQGLQLÐ – SDNDNV WLNVOXP XåWLNULQDQþLÐ DS\WLNVOLÐ
&HQWULQLVNÌQDV3OHQJYDLVQHWDPSULDLVVLÌODLVVXMXQJWDVVXNHWu- VSUHQGLQLÐ
ULDLVVLPHWULãNDLLãVLG¡VþLuVLDLVNÌQDLV%NXULÐNLHNYLHQRPDV¡PâL
VLVWHPDYLVODLNHVWLRUELWRVSORNãWXPRMHLUåLQRPXNDPSLQLXJUHi-
þLXωQHMXGDQþLÐåYDLJåGåLÐDWåYLOJLXVXNDVLDSLHFHQWU3.DGNÌ
QÐ WDUSXVDYLR SDG¡WLV EH UHLNDOR QHVLNHLVWÐLU YLVDãLÐNÌQÐVLVWHPD
MXG¡WÐNDLSYLHQDVNÌQDVUDGLNDOLHMLVLÌODLWDUSVDY
V\UDVXMXQJWLNi-
WDLVSORQDLVVLÌODLVVXGaUDQþLDLVYLHQDVVXNLWX0 kampus.
78 79
99. ãLDPHXåGDYLQ\MHQDJULQ¡VLPHDãLQ³LãLOJLQ³WLHVLQ¡VPROHNu- k k k
O¡VMXG¡MLPLãLOJDLMRVDãLHVNDLYLVLMXGDQW\VDWRPDLLãOLHNDYLHQRMH
WLHV¡MH7DULDPDNDGPROHNXO¡VXVLGHGDLã1DWRPÐNXULÐPDV¡VP1, mA mB mA mB mA
m2, m3,..., mN ir kad kiekvienas atomas susietas su savo artimiausiais
kaimynais cheminiais ryšiais, kurie modeliuojami nesvariomis spy-
UXRNO¡PLV WHQNLQDQþLRPLV +XNR G¡VQ³ 6S\UXRNOLÐ WDPSUXPR NRHIi-
cientai k1, k2, k3,..., kN (69 pav.<UDåLQRPDNDGODLVYXRVLXVLãLOJi- xA xB x1 x2 x3
QLXV WLHVLQ¡V PROHNXO¡V YLUSHVLXV VXGDUR DWVNLUÐ DWRPÐ YLUSHVLÐ Vu-
perpozicija. Tokie virpesiai vadinami normaliaisiais virpesiais, arba 70 pav. 71 pav.
normaliosiomis modomis. Jiems vykstant visi atomai virpa vienodais
GDåQLDLVRVDYo pusiauVY\URVSDG¡WLVSUDHLQDWXRSDþLXPHWX ,ãQDJULQ¡NLWHWULWRP¡VPROHNXO¡V$5%$SDYJDOLPXVMu-
1) Tegul xi – i –RMRDWRPRSRVOLQNLRLãMRSXVLDXVY\URVSDG¡WLHV GHVLXV .LHNYLHQ DWRP YHLNLDQþLDV M¡JDV LãUHLNãNLWH SHU SRVOLnkius
x1, x2, x3 1XVWDW\NLWH PROHNXO¡V QRUPDOLVLas modas ir atitinkamus
daånius.
k1 k2 kN - 1
4) CO2 PROHNXO¡V LãLOJLQLÐ YLUSHVLÐ GYLHMÐ PRGÐ GDåQLDL O\JÌV
m1 m2 mi 3,998⋅1013 ir
mN
7,042⋅1013+]$SVNDLþLXRNLWH&–2U\ãLRWDPSUXPRNRHILFLHQW
²YHUWLQNLWHNLHNWLNVOLDLQDXGRMDPDVDUWXWLQXPDVWDPSULÐMÐM¡J¡Ge-
rinasi su patHLNWRPLVVNDLWLQ¡PLVYHUW¡PLV$QJOLHVDWRPRPDV¡O\JL
69 pav. DPYGHJXRQLHVDWRPRPDV¡– 16 a.m.v.
(1 a.m.v. = 1,660⋅10-27 kg).
NRRUGLQDW¡ â³ DWRP YHLNLDQþL M¡J )i išreikškite per momentinius 100. âLDPHXåGDYLQ\MHSDO\GRYDV–WDLYLHQRGDL³ãLO
V5 P
(akimirkinius) poslinkius x1, x2, x3,..., xN ir tamprumo koeficientus spindulio rutulys. Visas palydovo paviršius yra vienodas. Palydovas
k1, k2, k3,..., kN-1.RNVVU\ãLVWDUSM¡JÐ)1, F2, F3,..., FN? Pasinaudo- \UDQHWROLQXRäHP¡VEHWQHMRVãHã¡O\MH7DUNLPHNDG6DXO¡\UDDb-
GDPL ãLXR VU\ãLX QXVWDW\NLWH SULNODXVRP\E
WDUS SRVOLQNLÐ [1, x2, VROLXþLDL MXRGDV NÌQDV NXULR SDYLUãLDXV WHPSHUDWÌUD 70 = 6000 K,
x3,..., xN ir paWHLNLWHMRVIL]LNLQ
LQWHUSUHWDFLM
spindulys R0 = 6,96⋅108P$WVWXPDVWDUS6DXO¡VLUäHP¡V
,ãQDJULQ¡NLWH GYLWRP¡V PROHNXO¡V $% MXG¡MLP SDY
L = 1,5⋅1011 P 3DO\GRYDV ³ã\OD QXR 6DXO¡V VSLQGXOLÐ LNL WRNLos
AtomXV$LU%YHLNLDQþLM¡JLãUHLNãNLWHSHUSRVOLQNLXV[A ir xB bei
WHPSHUDWÌURVNXULRMHSDO\GRYRLãVSLQGXOLXRMDPDJDOLDWDPSDO\JLMR
koeILFLHQWN$SUDã\NLWHJDOLPXVDWRPÐMXG¡MLPRPROHNXO¡MHWLSXVLU
VXJHULDPDMDL JDOLDL äLQRPD NDG DEVROLXþLDL MXRGR NÌQR SDYLUãLDXV
QXVWDW\NLWHMÐYLUSHVLÐGDåQLXV3DDLãNLQNLWHJDXWXRVLXVUH]XOWDWXVDt-
vieQHWRVSLQGXOLDYLPRJDOLQXVDNR6WHIDQRLU%ROFPDQRG¡VQLV
NUHLSGDPL G¡PHV³ ³ W IDNW NDG DWRPDL JDOL YLUS¡Wi vienodais daå
QLDLVQRUVMÐPDV¡VLUVNLUWLQJRVWDLLU\UDQRUPDOLRMLPRGD P = σ T4,
þLDσ = 5,67⋅10-8 W⋅m-2⋅K-4.
Pirmu artutinumXJDOLPDPDQ\WLNDG6DXO¡LUVDWHOLWDVVXJHULDYi-
V³MXRVNULQWDQþLVSLQGXOLDYLPRJDOL
80 81
,ãYHVNLWH LãUDLãN VDWHOLWR WHPSHUDWÌUDL DSVNDLþLXRWL LU DSVNDi- WDVULELQLVGDåQLVWHQNLQDVU\ã³KIN .²YHUWLQNLWHNRNLDãLXR
þLXRNLWHMRVVNDLWLQ
YHUW
DWYHMXEXVSDO\GRYRWHPSHUDWÌUD
$EVROLXþLDLMXRGRNÌQRVSLQGXOLDYLPRVSHNWUDSLEÌGLQDVSHk- '¡PHVLR Nesistenkite ieškoti labai tikslaus atsakymo. Pasinau-
WULQ¡IXQNFLMDX7IWXULQWLWRN³SDYLGDO dokite apyWLNVOLDIRUPXOHWLQNDPDHVDQWPDåRPVxYHUW¡PV
8πk 4T 4 η 3 dη e x = exp( x) ≈ 1 + x.
u (T , f )df = 3 3 η ,
c h e −1 Integralas
þLD X7IGI – HOHNWURPDJQHWLQLÐ VSLQGXOLÐ NXULÐ GDåQLDL \UD Ln- ∞
η 3 dη π 4
tervale [ f , f + df ], energijos tankis, h = 6,62⋅10-34 J⋅s Planko kon- ∫0 eη − 1 = 15 ,
stanta, k = 1,4⋅10-23 J⋅K-1 – Bolcmano konstanta, c = 3⋅108 m/s – švie-
funkcija η 3 /(eη − 1) WXULPDNVLPXPNDLη = 2,82.
sos greitis, η KIN7 6XLQWHJUDY
IXQNFLM X7I YLVDPH GDåQLÐ
intervale ir visomis galimomis kryptimis gautume Stefano ir Bolc- 3DO\GRYH SDSUDVWDL HVWL VDXO¡V EDWHULMRPLV PDLWLQDPD HOHNWUo-
PDQRG¡VQ³DSLEÌGLQDQW³SDYLUãLDXVYLHQHWRVSLQGXOLDYLPRJDOL QLQ¡DSDUDWÌUD7DUNLPHNDGDSDUDWÌURVVXQDXGRMDPDN:JDOLDSa-
pav. duotas vadinamasis normalusis spektras, aprašomas funkcija lydovo viduje virsta šiluma. Kokia šiuo atveju bus palydovo pavir-
ãLDXVWHPSHUDWÌUD"
c 3 h 3 u (T , f ) 9LHQDILUPDWDLSUHNODPXRMDVDYRVSHFLDOLXVGDåXVÄâLHGDåDL
.
8πk 4 T 4 DWVSLQG¡V GDXJLDX NDLS % NULQWDQþLRV VSLQGXOLXRW¡V UHJLPRMRMHir
LQIUDUDXGRQRMRMHVULW\VHEHWRMLHVSLQGXOLXRVYLVÐGDåQLÐUHJLPo-
MRMH LU LQIUDUDXGRQRMRMH VULW\VH VSLQGXOLXV NDLS DEVROLXþLDL MXRGDV
NÌQDVWXRDSVDXJRGDPLSDO\GRYQXRSHUNDLWLPR7DLJLGDåDLVXGa-
U\VVO\JDVSDO\GRYXLDWY¡VWLLNLSDþLRVåHPLDXVLRVWHPSHUDWÌURV³$U
JDOLPLWRNLHGDåDL"$WVDN\PSDJU³VNLWH
.RNLRPLVVDY\E¡PLVWXULSDVLå\P¡WLGDQJDNDGVIHULQLRNÌQR
SDQDãDXV ³ QDJULQ¡W SDO\GRY WHPSHUDWÌUD SDNLOWÐ DXNãþLDX QHJX
DSVNDLþLDYRWHSXQNWH"
XX,9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGD93 m. (JAV)
72 pav. 7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
3UDNWLãNDL VWHQJLDPDVL SDODLN\WL NLHN JDOLPD PDåHVQ

SDO\GRYR 101. (OHNWURVWDWLNRVSRåLÌULXäHP¡VSDYLUãLÐJDOLPDODLN\WLJe-
temSHUDWÌU 7DP WLNVOXL SDO\GRYR SDYLUãLXV SDGHQJLDPDV WDP WLNUD UXODLGLQLQNX-LVWXULNUÌY³40LUYLGXWLQ³SDYLUãLQLRNUÌYLRWDQN³σ0.
GDQJDDWVSLQGLQþLDYLVÐGDåQLÐYLUãLMDQþLÐWDPWLNUULEVSinduliuo-
W
EHWYLVLãNDLVXJHULDQþLDPDåHVQLÐGDåQLÐVSLQGXOLXV7DUNLPHNDG
82 83
(VDQWSDODQNLRPVRURVO\JRPVQXNUHLSWDVåHP\Q³äHP¡VSa- konstrukcija). Kiekvieno apsisukimo metu izoliuoti kvadrantai du
YLUãLÐHOHNWULQLVODXNDV(0 apytikriai lygus 150 V/m. Nustatykite pa- NDUWXVSDWHQND³HOHNWULQ³ODXNRSDVNXLNDVóSHULRGRHVWLYLVLãNDL
YLUãLQLRNUÌYLRWDQN³LUYLVäHP¡VSDYLUãLDXVNUÌY³ ekranuojami.
äHP\Q QXNUHLSWDV HOHNWULQLV ODXNDV N\ODQW DXNãW\Q PDå¡MD LU Tegul T – apsisukimo periodas, o r1
PDXNãW\MHMLVDS\WLNULDLO\JXV9P$SVNDLþLXRNLWHYLGuWLQ³ ir r2 – vidinis ir išorinis izoOLXRWÐNYDd-
1 m3 NUÌY³ DWPRVIHURV VOXRNVQ\MH WDUS äHP¡V SDYLUãLDXV LU P UDQWÐVSLQGXOLDLåUSDY r2 900
aukšþLR Tegul t=0 – laiko momentas, kai
SXQNWHQXVWDW\WDVNUÌYLRWDQNLVLãWLNUÐMÐ\UDEHYHLNYLHQodo izoliuoti kvadrantai yra visiškai ekra- r1
NLHNLR WHLJLDPÐ LU QHLJLDPÐ YLHQDNUÌYLÐ MRQÐ HVDQþLÐ WÌULR YLHQete nuoti. NuVWDW\NLWH YLVR NUÌYLR TW Ln-
(n+ ir n-UH]XOWDWDV$UWLäHP¡VSDYLUãLDXVHVDQWSDODQNLRPVRURV GXNXRWR L]ROLXRWÐ NYDGUDQWÐ YLUãXWi-
lygoms, n+ ≈ n- ≈ 6⋅108 m-3. Šie jonai juda veikiami vertikalaus elek- QLDPH SDYLUãLXMH LãUDLãN NDLS ODXNR
WULQLR ODXNR -Ð JUHLWLV SURSRUFLQJDV HOHNWULQLR ODuko stipriui, v ≈ IXQNFLMQXRW LNLW 71XEUDLå\Ni-
1,5⋅10-4 E, kur v išreiškiamas m/s, o E – V/m. WHãLRVSULNODXVRP\E¡VJUDILN$WPRs- 74 pav.
.LHN ODLNR SULUHLNWÐ NDG SXV¡ äHP¡V SDYLUãLDXV NUÌYLR EÌWÐ G¡O IHURVMRQÐVUDXWRHIHNWRãLXRDWYHMXJa-
atmosferos jonÐ MXG¡MLPR QHXWUDOL]XRWD MHLJX QH³Y\NWÐ NLWÐ ãLR NUÌ lima nepaisyti.
YLRG\G³SDODLNDQþLÐSURFHVÐSY]åDLEDV" 5) Sistema, aprašyta 4) punk-
$WPRVIHURVHOHNWULQ³ODXNWDLSSDWLUWDQN³σ0, galima išmatuo- WH O\JLDJUHþLDL VXMXQJWD VX VWLp-
ti sistema, kuri rintuYX NXULR ³¡MLPR WDOSD & LU
E0 M YDUåD 5 åU SDY 7DUNLPH
pavaizduota 73
Besisukantis SDY 0HWDOLQLÐ NYDGUDQWÐ VLsWHPRV ODEDL PDåD
R
diskas NYDGUDQWÐ SRUD V(t) talpa palyginti su C).
izoliuota nuo C 1XEUDLå\NLWH SRWHQFLDOÐ VNLr-
äHP¡V EHW Vu- WXPR9WDUSWDãNÐ0LU1SULNODu-
jungta tarp sa- VRP\E¡VQXRODLNRWJUDILNDSVi-
N
Nejudantys Y
V SDG¡WD SR sukanW GLVNXL YLHQ NDUW MDP WLN
kvadrantai ³åHPLQWX EHVi- SUDG¡MXVVXNWLVSHULRGX7NDL
75 pav.
suNDQþLX GLVNX a) T = Ta << CR,
Stiprintuvas
su dviem kvad- b) T = Tb >> CR.
UDQWÐ ILUPRV 7DUNLWHNDG&LU5YHUW¡V\UDSDVWRYLRVWLNDLUEDWYHMDLVVNi-
išpjovomis (73 riasi periodai T).
pav. atstumas 1XVWDW\NLWHDS\WLNVO
VDQW\NLR9a / VbLãUDLãNHVDQWGLGåLDXVLRPV
WDUS NYDGUDWÐ LU V(t) veUW¡PVDLUEDWYHMDLV
disko padidin- 6) Tarkime, kad E0 = 150 V/m, r1 = 1 cm, r2 = 7 cm, C = 0,01 µF,
73 pav. WDV NDG EÌWÐ R = 20 MΩ.RNLDEXVGLGåLDXVLD9YHUW¡YLHQRDSVLVXNLPRPHWX"
aiški prietaiso
84 85
102. /D]HULQ¡VM¡JRVYHLNLDQþLRVVNDLGULSUL]P
/ÌåGDPDV 1XEUDLå\NLWH YHUWLNDOLRVLRVLUKRUL]RQWDOLRVLRVGHGDPÐMÐSULNODu-
JDOLQJDV OD]HULR VSLQGXO\V QHPDåD M¡JD JDOL YHLNWL PDåXV VNDLGULXV VRP\E¡VQXR\0 grafikus. x
REMHNWXV 3DQDJULQ¡NLPH QHGLGHO
VWLNOLQ
SUL]P
NXULRV YLUãÌQ¡V 3) Tarkime, lazerio spindulio plotis z ašies kryptimi yra 1 mm, o
kampas A = π - 2αSDJULQGRLOJLVKSORWLVZ3UL]P¡VVWLNOROÌåLR y ašies kryptimi – 80 µPSUL]P¡Vα = 300, h = 10 µm, n = 1,5, ρ =
rodiklis n, tankis ρ. 2,5 g/cm3.RNLDOD]HULRJDOLDUHLNDOLQJDLãODLN\WLSUL]P
SXVLDuVY\U
² SUL]P
QXNUHLSWDV KRUL]RQWDOXV OD]HULR VSLQGXO\V $ãLV [ Qu- VXQNLRM¡JRV\DãLHVNU\SWLHVODXNHNDLSUL]P¡VYLUãÌQ¡SDVLVOLQNXVL
z
kreipta pradLQLR VSLQGXOLR NU\SWLPL SUL]P¡V YLUãÌQ¡ QXNUHLSWD SULHã åHP\QQXROD]HULRVSLQGXOLRDãLHV\0 = - h/2 = - 5 µm atstumu?
VSLQGXOLRNU\SW³SUL]P¡VSDJULQGDVO\JLDJUHWXVVX\]SORNãWXPDWUi- $QDORJLãNDLXåGXRþLDLEDQG\PDVDWOLHNDPDVQHVYDUXPRV
NDPSLRSDYLUãLDLO\JLDJUHWÌVVX[\SORNãWXPDSDY7DUNLPHNDG lygomis, esant I0 = =108 W/m23UL]P¡SDWUDXNLDPDQXROD]HULRDãLHV
RUR OÌåLR URGLNOLV O\JXV R SUL]P¡V SDYLUãLXV DSGRURWDV WDLS, kad \ KDWVWXPXLUEHSUDGLQLRJUHLþLRSDOHLGåLDPD.RNLXGDåQLXML
šviesa nuo jo neatsispindi. svyruos?
y 103. (OHNWURQÐSOXRãWDV9LHQDO\WLVGLGHO¡VHQHUJLMRVO\JLDJUe-
y WXVHOHNWURQÐSOXRãWDVVuNXUWDVSDQDXGRMXVJUHLWLQDQþL³WDPS90.
(OHNWURQDLMXGDSURLOJSORQWHLJLDPDL³HOHNWULQWYDULQ
YLHO
θ NXUL \UD ³WHPSWD statmenai pra-
y0 GLQLRSOXRãWRNU\SþLDLWDLSNDLS
paroG\WD SDY ýLD E \UD Dt- Ekranas
2h VWXPDVNXULXRSURYLHOSUDO¡k-
A
Lazerio x WÐ HOHNWURQDV MHL YLHOD QHEÌWÐ
spindulys α ³HOHNWULQWD 9¡OLDX HOHNWURQDL b
SDWDLNR³HNUDQ$WVWumas nuo
w vielos iki ekrano L >> b. Iš pra-
GåLÐ SOXRãWDV XåLPD SORW³
76 pav. 77 pav. ± bmaxDWåYLOJLXDãLHVHLQDQþLRV L
Lazerio spindulio intensyvumas z ašies kryptimi yra pastovus, o SHU YLHO 3OXRãWR SORW³ VWDWPe-
WROGDPDV QXR [ DãLHV \ DãLHV NU\SWLPL ³ DEL SXVHV WHLVLãNDL PDå¡MD na 78 pav. kryptimi ir vielos
VSLQGXOLRLQWHQV\YXPDV\UDGLGåLDXVLDVLUO\JXV,0, kai y = 0, ir lygus LOJ³ JDOLPD WDUWL HVDQW EHJDOi- 78 pav.
0, kai y = ± 4h. (Intensyvumas yra ploto vienetui tenkanti galia ir ma- QLXV ²HOHNWULQWD YLHOD \UD VWDt-
tuojamas W/m2). PHQD EU¡åLQLR SORNãWXPDL %U¡åLQ\V QXEUDLå\WDV QHVilaikant maste-
lio).
3DUDã\NLWHO\JWLVLãNXULÐNDPSDVθJDOLEÌWLLãUHLNãWDVGyGåLDLV
Vielos spindulys r0 = 10-6 P 'LGåLDXVLD YHUW¡ E Emax=10-4 m.
αLUQNDLOD]HULRVSLQGXO\VNULQWD³YLUãXWLQ³SUL]P¡VãRQSDY
9LHORVHOHNWURVNUÌYLRLOJLQLVWDQNLVτ = 4,4⋅10-11 C/m. GreitinanþLRML
,ãUHLNãNLWHM¡JRVNXULDOD]HULVYHLNLDSUL]P
[LU\GHGDPsias
³WDPSD90 = 2⋅104 V. Atstumas tarp vielos ir ekrano L = 0,3 m.
G\GåLDLV ,0, θ, h, w ir y0NDLSUL]P¡VYLUãÌQ¡G\GåLX\0 pasislinkusi
nuo x ašies, kol y 0 ≤ 3h åUSDY
86 87
Pastaba: DWVDN\GDPL³–NODXVLPXVSULLPNLWHSDJU³VWDVSUie- ULR LNL VN\VWR D]RWR WHPSHUDWÌURV NXUL HVDQW QRUPDOLDP DWPRVIHURV
ODLGDV OHLGåLDQþLDV VXSDSUDVWLQWL VNDLþLDYLPXV LU WXR EÌGX JDXWL VO¡JLXL\UD. SDYSDWHLNWDVFSULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRWHPSHUDWÌ
analizinius ir skaitinius sprendinius. URV JUDILNDV .DPEDULR WHPSHUDWÌUD \UD ± 20C. Skaitmeniškai nu-
1XVWDW\NLWHYLHORVVXNXUWRHOHNWULQLRODXNRVWLSU³(1XEUDLåy- statyNLWHJDXWRUH]XOWDWRSDNODLG
NLWH(SULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRDWVWXPRLNLYLHORVDãLHVJUDILN 0DWXRMDQWDQWUXRMXEÌGXLãPDWXRNLWHVSDUWNXULDJDUXRMDD]RWDV
2) remdamiesi klasikine IL]LND DSVNDLþLXRNLWH HOHNWURQÐ DWVLOHn- WHNDQW VURYHL ³ M³ SDQDUGLQWX UH]LVWRULXPL LU UH]XOWDWXV SDQDXGRNLWH
NLPRNDPS$WOLNLWHWDLWRNLRPVSDUDPHWUREYHUW¡PVNXULRPVHVDQW azoto savitajai garavimo šilumai nustatyti. Skaitmeniškai nustatykite
HOHNWURQDLQHVXVLGXULDVXYLHOD3Då\P¡NLWHQHGLGHO³NDPSWDUSSUa- JDXWRUH]XOWDWRSDNODLG
GLQ¡VHOHNWURQÐJUHLþLRNU\SWLHVLUMÐJUHLþLRSULHHNUDQRθgal. Apskai-
þLXRNiWHM³.
$SVNDLþLXRNLWHLUSDYDL]GXRNLWHHOHNWURQÐSDVLVNLUVW\PRGLDg-
UDPW\LQWHQV\YXPRSDVLVNLUVW\PHNUDQHSDJDONODVLNLQ
IL]iN
1XVWDW\NLWHWSDVLVNLUVW\PDSLEÌGLQDQþLÐG\GåLÐYHUWHV
.YDQWLQ¡VIL]LNRVSDO\JLQWLVXNODVLNLQH\UDLãHVP¡VVNLUWin-
JRV SDVLVNLUVW\PR GLDJUDPRV VDY\E¡V 3DYDL]GXRNLWH NYDQWLQ³
rezultaWLUQXVWDW\NLWHMRNLHN\ELQHVFKDUDNWHULVWLNDV
104. Azoto savitoji garavimo šiluma. Eksperimento tikslas yra 79 pav.

LãPDWXRWLD]RWRVDYLWMJDUDYLPRãLOXPGYLHPskirtingais bÌdais.
3LUPXRMX EÌGX PDWXRMDPDV ³ VN\VW D]RW QDUGLQDPDV DOLXPLQLR 105. Magnetiniai momentai ir laukai.
JDEDO¡OLVLUQXVWDWRPDVLãJDUDYXVLRD]RWRNLHNLVNRODOLXPLQLVYLVLš- 1) Nustatykite nedidelio cilindro formos nuolatinio magneto X
NDLDWãOD DEVROLXWLQ
PDJQHWLQLRPRPHQWRµxYHUW

$QWUXRMX EÌGX PDWXRMDQW D]RWDV ãLOGRPDV LU PDWXRMDPD MR JDUa- 1XVWDW\NLWH DãLQ¡V VLPHWULMRV PDJQHWÐ VLVWHPRV % PDJQHWLQLR
vimo sparta. sUDXWRWDQN³%
Skystas azotas laikomDVUH]HUYXDUH-RGDOLVJDOLEÌWL³SLOWD³LQG Nurodymai. 1DXGRNLW¡VãLDLVIDNWDLV
LUVYHULDPD$]RWXLJDUXRMDQWVYDUVW\NOLÐSDURG\PDLPDå¡MD7DLSHVWL %LSROLR PDJQHWLQLR VUDXWR WDQNLV % WDãNH HVDQþLDPH ELSROLR
WRG¡ONDGNRQWHLQHULVQ¡UDDEVROLXþLDLQHODLGXVãLOXPDLãLOXP ašyje ir nutolusiame x atstumu nuo bipolio centro, yra lygiagretus su
D]RWXL SHUGXRGD Y¡VWDQWLV DOLXPLQLR JDEDO¡OLV SLUPDV EÌGDV ãi- bipolio ašimi ir išreiškiamas formule:
OXPDVXWHLNLDPDWHNDQWVURYHLUH]LVWRULXPLSDQDUGLQWX³D]RWDQWUDV 2 µK
EÌGDVDuota: PXOWLPHWUDV³WDPSDLVURY¡VVWLSULXLLUYDUåDLPDWXRWL B= 3
,
VHNXQGRPHWUDVQXRODWLQ¡VVURY¡VãDOWLQLV x
0DWXRMDQW SLUPXRMX EÌGX UHLNLD DWVLåYHOJWL ³ WDL NDG DOLXPLQLR þLD % PDtuojama teslomis (T = N/(A⋅m)), K = 10-7 T⋅m/A, x
savitoMLãLOXPDFSDVWHELPDLNLQWDNHLþLDQWLVWHPSHUDWÌUDLQXRNDPEa- matuojama metrais, µ - A⋅m2.
88 89
1XVWDW\NLWHPDJQHWÐSRURVXPDJQHWLQ³PRPHQW0DJQHWÐSRURV WX PDJQHWX JDOL EÌWL SDGHGDPD YDULQ¡ SORNãWHO¡ VORSLQDQWL PDJQHWR
LQHUFLMRVPRPHQWDV\UDåLQRPDV0DJQHWÐSRUD$DQDORJLãNDX , tik MXG¡MLP <UD GDU GX PHGLQLDL VWRYDL YLHQDPH JDOL EÌWL ³WYLUWLQWL
gali skirtis magnetiniai momentai. Magnetai pakabLQWL DQW VLÌOR SUi- magnetai A arba X, kitame –%$WVWXPDLJDOLEÌWLPDWXRMDPLOLQLXo-
JODXGåLDQWMXRVLãGYLHMÐSXVLÐSULHYDULQLRGLVNRSULWYLUWLQWRSULHVLÌ te, tvirtinama prieYLHQRLãVWRYÐ
OR0HGLQLDPHVWRYH³WYLUWLQWDPDJQHWÐSRUDQDXGRMDPDDQWVLÌORSa-
kabintam „kompasui“ paveikti. Tiriant „kompaso“ atsilenkimo kam-
S WLNVOLQJD SR ÄNRPSDVX³ NHOLÐ PLOLPHWUÐ DWVWXPX SDG¡WL YDULQ

SORNãWHO
NXULVXNHOLDHOHNWURPDJQHWLQLRVWDEG\PRHIHNW$SDWLQ¡MH
SORNãWHO¡MH HVDQWL YDULQ¡V YLHORV DWUDP¡O¡ QHOHLGåLD NLOWL ãY\WXRNOi-
niams „kompaso“ svyravimams, kuULH VXVLG¡GDPL VX VXNDPDLVLDLV
VY\UDYLPDLVJDO¡WÐSDNHLVWLSDVWDUÐMÐDPSOLWXG
LUSHULRG6XNDPLe-
VLHPVVY\UDYLPDPVVXåDGLQWLQDXGRWLQDYLQLV
0DJQHWÐ SRUD YHLNLDPD äHP¡V PDJQHWLQLR ODXNR NDER QH YLVDL
horizontaliai. Šio reiškinio galima nepaisyti.
2) Horizontalaus magneto, laisvai pakabinto išoriniame magneti-
80 pav.
QLDPH ODXNH NDLS NRPSDVR URG\NO¡ äHP¡V PDJQHWLQLDPH ODXNH
PDåÐVY\UDYLPÐSHULRGDVQXVDNRPDVIRUPXOH
I XX9WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP.LQLMD
T = 2π ,
µB h
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
þLD%h – išorinio magnetinio lauko srauto tankio horizontalioji de-
damoji tame taške, kur yra magnetas, I – magneto inercijos momen- 106. 5HOLDW\YLVWLQ¡ GDOHO¡ Specialiojoje reliatyvumo teorijoje
WDVYHUWLNDOLRVLRVVY\UDYLPÐDãLHVDWåYLOJLX rimWLHV PDV¡V P0 ODLVYRVLRV GDOHO¡V HQHUJLMDL ( LU MXGHVLR NLHNLXL S
$OLXYLQLDPH YDP]GHO\MH³G¡WD DãLQ¡V VLPHWULMRV PDJQHWÐ VLVWHPD galioMDVU\ãLV
B. Šios sistemos magnetinio srauto tankis Bx išilgai sistemos ašies
kaip atstumo x funkcija išreiškiama taip: E= p 2 c 2 + m02 c 4 = mc 2 .
Bx(x) = C xp. .DLWRNLGDOHO

YHLNLDNRQVHUYDW\YLM¡JDYLVDMRVHQHUJLMDLãUHLš-
kiama mc2LUSRWHQFLQ¡VHQHUJLMRVVXPD\UDSDVWRYL-HLGDOHO¡VHQHr-
Nustatykite laipVQLR URGLNOLR S YHUW
LU MR SDNODLG /DXN UHLNLD JLMDODEDLGLGHO¡ULPWLHVHQHUJLMRVJDOLPDQHSDLV\WLWRNLDGDOHO¡Ya-
WLUWLLãMXRGXWDãNXSDå\P¡WRJDOR dinama ultrareliatyvistine).
$SDUDWÌUD$SDUDWÌUDSDYDL]GXRWDSDY7DUSGYLHMÐKRUL]RQWa- 1DJULQ¡VLPH XOWUDUHOLDW\YLVWLQ¡V GDOHO¡V YLHQPDW³ MXG¡MLP
liÐMÐSORNãþLÐSULWYLUWLQWÐSULHPHGLQLRVWRYRSDNDELQWDVVLÌODVSULH ULPWLHVHQHUJLMRVQHSDLV\VLPHYHLNLDQWSDVWRYDXVG\GåLRM¡JDLIQu-
DSDWLQLRVLÌORJDORJDOLEÌWLSULkabinti magnetai (A ir X). Po pakabin-
90 91
NUHLSWDL ³ NRRUGLQDþLÐ SUDGåL 3UDGLQLX ODLNR PRPHQWX W GaOHO¡ WÌUDL ODLGDLV WHNDQWL VURY¡QHLãVNLULD'åDXOLRãLOXPRVQHVJUDQGLQ¡V
\UDNRRUGLQDþLÐSUDGåLRMHRMRVMXGHVLRNLHNLV\UDS0. aprašykite dale- YDUåDO\JLQXOLXL
O¡VMXG¡MLPYLHQRVY\UDYLPRPHWXSDYDL]GXRGDPLJUDILãNDLNRRUGi- -XQJLNOLR YDUåD Jungiklis
QDW¡V[SULNODXVRP\E
QXRODLNRWLUMXGHVLRNLHNLRSSULNODXVRP\E
JDOLEÌWLNHLþLDPDU J
QXR NRRUGLQDW¡V [ ,ãUHLNãNLWH SRVÌNLR WDãNÐ NRRUGLQDWHV SHU S0 ir f. VXSHUODLGåLRV EÌVHQRV
I0
SURFHVRNU\SW³S[JUDILNHQXURG\NLWHURG\NO¡PLV ir r=rnQRUPDOLRVEÌVe-
2) Mezonas –WDLGDOHO¡VXGDU\WDLãGYLHMÐNYDUNÐ-RULPWLHVPa- nos. Kai magnetas ir
I0/2
V¡O\JLM³VXGDUDQþLÐNYDUNÐHQHUJLMÐVXPDLSDGDO\WDLLãF2. Nagrin¡ jungiklis esti superlai-
MDPHYLHQPDW³PH]RQRPRGHO³NDLNYDUNDLMXGDLãLOJDL[DãLHVWUukia GÌV VURY¡ MDLV WHND
YLHQDV NLW SDVWRYDXV G\GåLR M¡JD I LU ODLVYDL SUDVLOHQNLD ² NYDUNÐ QHDSLEU¡åWDL LOJDL 7o-
ULPWLHVPDV
QHDWVLåYHOJLDPH/DLNRPRPHQWXW NYDUNDL\UDNo- G¡O LãMXQJXV LãRULQ³ I1 I2
ordiQDþLÐSUDGåLRMHW\[1 = x2 1XEUDLå\NLWHDELHMÐNYDUNÐ[W VURY¡V ãDOWLQ³ PDJQHWi-
LUSWJUDILNXVSRVÌNLRWDãNXVSDYDL]GXRNLWHSHU0LWIGLDJUDPRVH nis laukas lieka pasto- Magnetas
diagramose nurod\NLWHSURFHVÐNU\SWLV1XVWDW\NLWHGLGåLDXVLDWVWu- YXV 3DãLOGåLXVMXQJLk- R
PWDUSNYDUNÐ O³ MR YDUåD WDPSD Un, I
$QWURMRMHGDO\MHSDQDXGRWDWVNDLWRVVLVWHPSDå\PLPH66Ls- PÌVÐ DWYHMX Ω. So-
tema S’ MXGD SULHãLQJD [ DãLDL NU\SWLPL SDVWRYLX JUHLþLX Y F lenoido induktyvumas
Laiko momentu t = t’ NRRUGLQDW¡V[LU[’ sutampa. Grafiškai pa- \UDO\JXV+6URY¡V 81 pav.
vaizGXRNLWHDELHMÐNYDUNÐMXG¡MLPGLDJUDPRMH[¶W¶3RVÌNLRWDãNÐ stipris I reguliuojamas
NRRUGLQDWHV SDYDL]GXRNLWH SHU 0 I F $SVNDLþLXRNLWH GLGåLDXVL Dt- SDUHQNDQWNLQWDPYDUå5JUDQGLQ¡VVFKHPDGXRWDSDY8åGDYi-
VWXPWDUSNYDUNÐVLVWHPRMH6¶.RRUGLQDW¡VVLVWHPRVH6LU6’ susiju- Q\VVSUHQGåLamas naudojant grafikus.
sios Lorenco transformacija: 6URY¡VVWLSULV,LUMXQJLNOLRYDUåDWRO\GåLDLNHLþLDPLWDLSNDLS
paURG\WDSDYJUDILNXRVH,ãSUDGåLÐ,1 = I2 = I01XEUDLå\NLWH,1
x' = γ ( x + βct ), t ' = γ (t + βx / c), ir I2SULNODXVRP\E¡VQXRODLNRJUDILNXVNDLW1, t2 < t4.
r
þLD β = v/c, γ = 1 / 1 − β 2 , o v – sistemos S greitis sistemos S’ I
DWåYLOJLX
4) Mezonas, kurio rimties energija Mc2 = 140 MeV, juda 0,6c rn
JUHLþLXODERUDWRULQ¡MHDWVNDLWRVVLVWHPRMH6’DSVNDLþLXRNLWHMRHQHUJi-
MWRMHVLVWHPRMH
107. Superlaidus magnetas. Superlaidus magnetas paprastai t1 t2 t3 t4 t t1 t2 t3 t4 t

HVWLVXGDU\WDVLãVXSHUODLGåLRVPHGåLDJRVYLHORVVROHQRLGRLUVXSHUODi-
GDXVMXQJLNOLR²G¡MXVPDJQHW³VN\VWKHO³W\HVDQW.WHPSHUa- 82 pav.
92 93
/DLNRPRPHQWXW ³MXQJLDPDVMXQJLNOLV-7XRPRPHQWXU (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
0, I1 = 0, R = 7,5Ω , $ (VDQW ³MXQJWDP MXQJLNOLXL - YDUåD U
kinWD WDLS NDLS SDURG\WD SDY JUDILNH 1XEUDLå\NLWH , ,1, I2 pri- 109. âYLHVRVDWVSLQGåLRQXRGLHOHNWULQ¡VSORNãWHO¡VW\Uimas.
NODXVRP\E¡VQXRODLNRJUDILNXV 3ULHPRQ¡VHe – Ne lazeris, du šviesos poliarizatoriai, du šviesos
3) Kai superlaidus jungiklis VWLSUXPRLQGLNDWRULDLVWLNOLQ¡SORNãWHO¡VSLQGuliui suskaldyti, skaidri
r \UDQRUPDOLRVEÌVHQRVMXRJDOL GLHOHNWULNR SORNãWHO¡ ODLNLNOLV VX NDPSDPDþLX VPHLJWXNDL HNUDQDV
WHN¡WL QH VWLSUHVQ¡ NDLS $ HNUDQDV VX PDåD VN\OXWH SDVWD HOHPHQWDPV ³WYLUWLQWL PHGLQ¡ OHQWD
sroY¡ QHV WHNDQW VWLSUHVQHL SRSLHULXVJUDILNDPVEUDLå\WL
rn srovei jungiklis esti sudegina- 1XVWDW\NLWH OD]HULR ãYLHVRV S NRPSRQHQW¡V DWVSLQGåLR NRHIi-
mas. Superlaidus magnetas iki ciHQWRSULNODXVRP\E
QXRNULWLPRNDPSRSNRPSRQHQW¡– tai lygiag-
laiko momento t = 3 min dirba UHWLVXDWVSLQGåLRSORNãWXPDãYLHVRVHOHNWULQLRODXNRGHGDPRML
1 2 3 t, min VWDELOLXUHåLPX, ,1 = - I2 = D /D]HULR ãYLHVRV SROLDUL]DWRULÐ SDVXNLWH WDLS NDG ³ WLULDPM
$ .DLS JDOLPD VXPDåLQWL SORNãW
NULVWÐWLNSNRPSRQHQW¡LUQXVWDW\NLWHJDXWRMRNDPSRYHUW

VURY¡V VWLSU³ LNL QXOLR NHOLDLV EPDWXRGDPLãYLHVRVLQGLNDWRULXPL³VLWLNLQNLWHNDGMRURGPenys
83 pav. etapais) nesugadinant jungik- WLHVLDLSURSRUFLQJLãYLHVRVLQWHQV\YXPXL1XEUDLå\NLWHRSWLQ
HNVSe-
lio? Pavaizduokite grafiškai I, ULPHQWR VFKHP 3DUDã\NLWH VNDLþLDYLPR IRUPXO
PDWDYLPÐ LU VNDi-
I1, I2 ir r pakitimus. þLDYLPÐUH]XOWDWXVVXUDã\NLWH³OHQWHO
*DXWSULNODXVRP\E
SDYDLz-
4) Superlaidus magnetas iki laiko momento t = 3 min dirba stabi- duokite grafiškai.
OLXUHåLPXMXRWHNDQW$VWLSULRVURYHL.DLSSHUHLWL³VWDELOÐUeåLP F QXVWDW\NLWH S NRPSRQHQW¡V DWVSLQGåLR NRHILFLHQWR SULNODXVo-
HVDQW$VURY¡VVWLSULXLQHSDåHLGåLDQWDQNVWHVQ¡MHXåGXRW\MHQXUo- P\E
QXR NULWLPR NDPSR θ 1XEUDLå\NLWH EDQG\PR RSWLQ
VFKHP
G\WÐDSULERMLPÐMXQJLNOLXL" 3DUDã\NLWH VNDLþLDYLPR IRUPXO
PDWDYLPR LU VNDLþLDYLPR UH]XOWDWXV
108. 'LVNÐVXVLGÌULPDVVienalytis mA y VXUDã\NLWH ³ OHQWHO
1XEUDLå\NLWH DWVSLQGåLR NRHILFLHQWR SULNODXVo-
PDV¡V 5A VSLQGXOLR GLVNDV JUHLþLX Y EH WULn- P\E¡VQXRNDPSRθJUDILN
ties slysta horizontalia plokštuma xy lygiag- .XRWLNVOLDXQXVWDW\NLWHWLULDPRVLRVSORNãW¡VOÌåLRURGLNO³
reþLDL VX [ DãLPL DWVWXPX E QXR WRV DãLHV LU A v Nurodymas. $WVSLQG¡WDãYLHVDHVWLWLHVLDLSROLDUL]XRWDNDLWJθB=n
susiduria su to paties storio mB PDV¡V 5B (n –DWVSLQGLQþLRVPHGåLDJRVOÌåLRURGLNOLV
spindulio disku, kurio centras sutampa su b
NRRUGLQDþLÐ VLVWHPRV SUDGåLD SDY'Ls- 110. Ä-XRGRML G¡å¡³ 'XRWD ÄMXRGRML G¡å¡³ VX GYLHP JQ\EWDLV
B x
NÐ VXVLGÌULPR WDãNR JUHLþLR GHGDPosios, -RMH \UD QH GDXJLDX NDLS WU\V SDV\YÌV HOHPHQWDL 1XVWDW\NLWH O\JLa-
VWDWPHQRV MÐ FHQWUXV MXQJLDQþLDL WLHVHL VXVi- YHUW
VFKHPLUHOHPHQWXV
GÌULPRPRPHnWXWDUSVDY
V\UDO\JLRV 3ULHPRQ¡VGYLHMÐVSLQGXOLÐRVFLORJUDIDVJDUVLQLÐGDåQLÐHOHNWUi-
1XVWDW\NLWHGLVNÐJUHLþLÐSURMHNFLMDV³ 84 pav. QLÐ YLUSHVLÐ JHQHUDWRULXV Ω YDUåRV UH]LVWRULXV Mungiamieji lai-
[LU\DãLVVXVLGÌULPRPHWX GDLSRSLHULXVJUDILNDPVEUDLå\WL
2) 1XVWDW\NLWHGLVNÐNLQHWLQHVHQHUJLMDVSRVXVLGÌrimo.
94 95
XX9,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP$XVWUDOLMD c) Šio eksperimento metu, nustatant R ir M vertes, paprastai atsi-
åYHOJLDPD³IRWRQRGDåQLRSRN\W³G¡OVSLQGXOLXRMDQþLRDWRPRDWDWUDn-
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V NRV âLOXPLQLV MXG¡MLPDV SUDSOHþLD VSLQGXOLXRW¡V MXRVW WDþLDX Qe-
NHLþLD PDNVLPXPR SDG¡WLHV WRG¡O WDULDPH NDG ³ YLVXV ãLOXPLQLXV
111. 5DXGRQDVLV JUDYLWDFLQLV SRVOLQNLV LU åYDLJåG¡V PaV¡V HIHNWXVDWVLåYHOJWD
nustatymas. i) Tegul ∆(\UDGYLHMÐDWRPRHQHUJLMRVO\JPHQÐHQHUJLMÐVNLUWu-
D,ãåYDLJåG¡VSDYLUãLDXVLãVSLQGXOLXRMDPDVIRWRQDVNXULo daånis PDV NDL DWRPDL QHMXGD 7HJXO DWRPDV HVDQWLV UDP\E¡V EÌVHQRV Lš-
ILUGHIHNWLQ¡PDV¡P²URG\NLWHNDGIRWRQRGDåQLRSRN\WLV∆f, foto- VSLQGXOLXRMD IRWRQ LU SDWV LãMXGD ,ãYHVNLWH LãVSLQGXOLXRWR DWRPR
QXLLãO¡NXVLãåYDLJåG¡VJUDYLWDFLQLRODXNRNDL∆f << f, išreiškiamas HQHUJLMRV KI UHOLDW\YLVWLQ
SULNODXVRP\E
QXR ∆E ir atomo rimties
formule PDV¡VP0.
ii) gaukite skaitLQ³UHOLDW\YLVWLQLRGDåQLRSRVOLQNLR∆II³YHUWLQi-
∆f GM P +H+ MRQDPV 5H]XOWDWDV WXU¡WÐ EÌWL GDJX PDåHVQLV Xå UDXGRQM³
=− 2 ,
f Rc SRVOLQN³ESXQNWH
Duomenys: šviesos greitis c = 3,0⋅108PV+HULPWLHVPDV¡P0c2
þLD*– gravitacijos konstanta, M –åYDLJåG¡VPDV¡5–åYDLJå = 4× 938 MeV, Boro energija En = - 13,6 Z2 / n2 eV, gravitacijos kon-
G¡VVSLQGXO\s, c –ãYLHVRVJUHLWLV5DXGRQDVLVVSHNWUROLQLMÐSRVOLQNLV stanta G = 6,7⋅10-11 N⋅m2⋅kg-2.
JDOLEÌWLSDQDXGRWDVVDQW\NLXL0UQXVWDW\WLäLQDQW5JDOLPDQXVWa- 112. Garso greitis vandenyje priklauso nuo gylio, vandens tem-
tyti M. SHUDWÌURVGUXVNRVNRQFHQWUDFLMRV
E 9LHQRV PÌVÐ JDODNWLNRV åYDLJåG¡V OLQN SDOHLVWD DXWRPDWLQ¡
kosmiQ¡VWRWLVLãPDWXRWLåYDLJåG¡VPDV
0LUVSLQGXO³5äYDLJåG¡V ϑ
z
paviršiuje He+MRQÐLãVSLQGXOLXRWLIRWRQDLUHJLVWUXRMDPLUH]RQDQVLQ¡V
VXJHUWLHPV PHWRGX VXåDGLQDQW +H+ jonus stoties kameroje formuo- zs ϑ0
jamame pluoštelyje. Sugertis galima tik tada, kai He+ jonai tam tikru
JUHLþLX MXGD åYDLJåG¡V OLQN LU WXR NRPSHQVXRMD UDXGRQM³ SRVOLQN³ 0
He+MRQÐJUHLWLVåYDLJåG¡VDWåYLOJLXY βc matuojamas kaip atstumo c0 c
S H x
LNL DUWLPLDXVLR åYDLJåG¡V WDãNR IXQNFLMD (NVSHULPHQWR GXRPHQ\V zb
SDWHLNWL OHQWHO¡MH 3DQDXGRGDPL YLVXV HNVSHULPHQWR GXRPHQLV JUDIi- a) b)
QLXEÌGXQXVWDW\NLWHåYDLJåG¡VPDV
0LUVSLQGXO³5$WVDN\PRSa-
klaidos nevertinkite.
85 pav.
*UHLþLRSDUDPHWUDVβ = v/c (10-5)
3,352 3,279 3,195 3,077 2,955 SDY D SDURG\WD JDUVR JUHLþLR F SULNODXVRP\E¡ QXR J\OLR ]
$WVWXPDVLNLåYDLJåG¡VSDYLUãLDXVG8 m) NDL PDåLDXVLDV JUHLWLV F0 esti viduryje tarp vandenyno paviršiaus ir
38,90 19,98 13,32 8,99 6,67 GXJQR,PDPH] NXUJUHLWLVPDåLDXVLDV]s yra vandenyno pavir-
šius, zb – dugnas. Kai z > 0, greitis išreiškiamas formule c=c0+bz, kai
z < 0, c = c0 –E]ýLDE _GFG]_\UDSDVWRYXVJDUVRJUDGLHQWRPo-
96 97
dulis. 85 SDYESDURG\WDVYDQGHQ\QRSMÌYLV[]SORNãWXPD[– hori- 113. 3OÌG
VXGDUR D VSLQGXOLR O LOJLR SDVWRYDXV G WDQNLR FLOLn-
]RQWDO¡7RMHSORNãWXPRMHJDUVRJUHLWLVLãUHLãNLDPDVSDYDSDUo- dras ir kietas vienalytis strypas, pritvirtintas cilindro viduryje statme-
G\WDSULNODXVRP\EH*DUVRãDOWLQLV\UDWDãNHNXULRNRRUGLQDW¡V[ nai cilindro ašiai (86 pav.).
] JDUVVNOLQGDQW³NXULDQRUVNU\SWLPLSavaizduojame spinduliu, 6WU\SR PDV¡ O\JL FLOLn-
LãHLQDQþLXLããDOWLQLRNDPSXϑ0SDYE'¡OJDUVRJUHLþLRSULNODu- dro masei, jo ilgis lygus ci-
VRP\E¡VQXR]VSLQGXO\VLãOLQNVWDNDPSDVϑ išilgai trajektorijos kin- lindro skersmeniui, tankis
ta. GLGHVQLV Xå MÌURV YDQGHQV
D²URG\NLWHNDGSUDGLQ¡WUDMHNWRULMRVGDOLV\UDODQNDVNXULRVSLn- WDQN³ 3OÌG¡ SOÌGXULXRMD ρ
dulys R=c0/(bsinϑ0), kai 0 ≤ 900 ≤ π / 2. α tankio jÌros vandenyje.
E ,ãYHVNLWH IRUPXO
VLHMDQþL ]s, c0 LU E DWLWLQNDQþL PDåLDXVL D *DXNLWH LãUDLãN VLe-
kampo ϑ0 YHUW
VSLQGXOLDPV QHDWVLVSLQGLQWLHPV QXR YDQGHQ\QR Sa- MDQþL SOÌGXULDYLPR NDPS
viršiaus. α su santykiu d / ρ²VWU\SR
FSDYESDYDL]GXRWDVLPWXYDVNXULRNRRUGLQDW¡V] , x = WÌU³QHDWVLåYHONLWH
;*DXNLWHLãUDLãNVLHMDQþLE;LUF0LUDWLWLQNDQþLVHULMNDPSRϑ0 E3DQDUGLQWD³PDåDJy-
YHUþLÐOHLGåLDQþLÐJDUVXLSDVLHNWLLPWXY+7DPNDGQHEÌWÐJDUVR O³]LUSDOHLVWDSOÌG¡SUDGHGD
DWVSLQGåLRWDUNLWHNDG]s ir zb yra gana dideli. 86 pav.
vertikaliai svyruoti apie pu-
G $SVNDLþLXRNLWH NHWXULDV PDåLDXVLDV ϑ0 vertes, kai X = 10000 VLDXVY\URV SDG¡W³ 1XVWDWy-
m, c0 = 1500 m / s, b= 0,02000 s-1. kite, kaip to svyravimo daå
H,ãYHVNLWHIRUPXO
ODLNXLUHLNDOLQJDPJDUVXLQXVNOLVWLQXR6LNL nis priklauso nuo α, a ir laisvojo kritimo paJUHLþLR J WDrkite, kad
+HVDQWPDåLDXVLDPNDPSXLϑ0DSVNDLþLXRWL$SVNDLþLXRNLWHWODLN YDQGHQVMXG¡MiPR³WDNDJDOLEÌWL³YHUWLQWDWUHþGDOLXSDGLGLQDQWSOÌG¡V
QDXGRGDPLGSXQNWRGXRPHQLV*DOLEÌWLQDXGLQJDIRUPXO¡ GHIHNWLQ
PDV
7DUNLWHNDGNDPSDVαQ¡UDPDåDV
FUDVNLWHVY\UDYLPRGDåQLRSULNODXVRP\E
QXRDLUJSOÌGHLVXNi-
dx Q¡MDQWLVDSLHFLOLQGURDã³6WU\SRQXRNU\SLRQXRYHUWLNDO¡VNDPSWDr-
∫ sin x = ln tg ( x / 2). NLWHHVDQWPDå³YDQGHQVGLQDPLNLUNODPSQHDWVLåYHONLWH
G3OÌG¡MH³WDLV\WDVDNVHOHURPHWUDVOHLGåLDQWLVWLUWLYHUWLNDOLXRVLXV
LU VXNDPXRVLXV VY\UDYLPXV 1XVWDW\WD NDG YHUWLNDOLÐMÐ VY\UDYLPÐ
1XVWDW\NLWHODLNSHUNXU³WLHVXVVSLQGXO\VQusklinda nuo S iki H.
periRGDVVVXNDPÐMÐV3DQDXGRGDPLWLQIRUPDFLMSDURG\NLWH
Kuris spindulys – tiesus ar atitinNDQWLV PDåLDXVL NDPS ϑ0, nusklis
NDGSOÌGXULDYLPRNDPSDVDUWLPDV0³YHUWLQNLWHFLOLQGURVSLQGXO³LU
JUHLþLDX"
PDV
åLQRGDPL NDG FLOLQGUR LOJLV \UD O\JXV MR VSLQGXOLXL 9DQGHQV
tankis ρ = 1000 kg / m3, laisvojo kritimo pagreitis g = 9,8 m/s2.
114. 6N\VW\MHNULQWDQWLVNÌQDVSHUWDPWLNUODLN³J\MDSaVWRYÐ
JUHLW³ YDGLQDP QXRVWRYLXRMX JUHLþLX (NVSHULPHQWR WLNVODV – krin-
98 99
WDQþLÐJOLFHULQHNÌQÐQXRVWRYLRMRJUHLþLRPDWDYLPDV6SLQGXOLRUUu- 3DG¡NLWH PHWDOLQ
OLQLXRW
WDLS NDG OD]HULR VSLQGXOLDL NULVWÐ
WXOLXN MXGDQW³ VN\VW\MH JUHLþLX Y YHLNLD SDVLSULHãLQLPR M¡JD F = statmenai apšviesdami kelias jos padalas. Baltame ekrane gaukite ke-
6πηUYþLDη -NODPSRVNRHILFLHQWDV(NVSHULPHQWRXåGXRWLV– išma- OLDV GLIUDNFLQHV MXRVWHOHV ,ãPDWXRNLWH WÐ MXRVWHOLÐ SDG¡W³ LU DWVWXPXV
WXRWL PHWDOLQLÐ FLOLQGUÐ QXRVWRYÐM³ JUHLW³ .LHNYLHQR FLOLQGUR VNHr- WDUSMÐHNUDQXLHVDQWDSLHPQXROLQLXRW¡VLUQXEUDLå\NLWHJHRPHt-
VPXR O\JXV MR DXNãþLXL 7DUNLPH NDG FLOLQGU YHLNLD SDVLSULHãLQLPR ULQ³ HNVSHULPHQWR YDL]G 3DQDXGRGDPLVU\ã³ Nλ = ± h sin β , þLD1
M¡JD) NπηrmYþLDNLUP– konstantos (rutuliuNXLN P ²Uo- –GLIUDNFLMRVHLO¡λ - šviesos bangos ilgis, h –JDUGHO¡VNRQVWDQWDβ -
dykite, kad nuostovusis cilindro greitis skystyje išreiškiamas formule difrakcijos kampas), pagal matavimo duomenis nustatykite lazerio
v = Cr3-m(ρ - ρ’), jei ρ -FLOLQGURPHGåLDJRVWDQNLVρ’ –VN\VþLRWDn- ãYLHVRVEDQJRVLOJ³LUJDXWRUH]XOWDWRSDNODLG
kis, C –NRQVWDQWDNXULRVLãUDLãNLUJLUHLNLDQXVWDW\WL 3DVWDW\NLWH WXãþL RUJDQLQLR VWLNOR LQG WDUS OD]HULR LU HNUDQR
8åGXRW\Vnustatykite laipsnio rodikO³PLUJOLFHULQRWDQN³ WDLSNDGãYLHVD³MXRVNULVWÐVWDWPHQDL
3ULHPRQ¡VPOPHQ]ÌUDVXJOLFHULQXLQGDVVXJOLFHULQXOy- L (NUDQR DSãYLHWLPR VXPDå¡MLPR ODLSVQ³ ³YHUWLQNLWH SURFHQWDLV
JLXL SDODLN\WL HOHNWURQLQLV VHNXQGRPHWUDV OLQLXRW¡ VX SDGDORPLV 7DP JDOLPD SDQDXGRWL åLQRPR SUDODLGXPR ILOWUXV $WPLQNLWH NDG
samtis, pincetas, 6 cilindrai: aliuminiai 10,00, 8,00, 5,00 ir 4,00 mm, åPRJDXV UHJRV MDXWUXPXL EÌGLQJD ORJDULWPLQ¡ SULNODXVRP\E¡ $p-
titaniQLDL PP QHUÌGLMDQþio plieno 4,00 mm, variniai 4,00 mm šYLHVWXPR VXPDå¡MLP GDXJLDXVLD OHPLD ãYLHVRV DWVSLQG\V RUR LU Rr-
skersmens, milimetrinis popierius ir popierius su logaritminiu – loga- JDQLQLR VWLNORULERVHNXULÐãLXRDWYHMX\UDNHWXULRV6WDWPHQDLNULn-
ritminiu tinkleliu. WDQW ãYLHVDL MRV DWVSLQGåLR NRHILFLHQWDV GYLHMÐ DSOLQNÐ ULERMH LãUHLš-
Nurodymai. Norint gauti pastovius rezultatus, reikia siekti, kad ci- kiamas taip:
OLQGUDL NULVWÐ LãODLN\GDPL KRUL]RQWDOL SDG¡W³ &LOLQGUÐ VNHUVPHQÐ LU
LOJLÐ SDNODLGD O\JL PP 3DNDUWRWLQLDPV EDQG\PDPV FLOLQGUDL Lã R = ((n1 – n2)/(n1 + n2))2,
PHQ]ÌURVLãLPDPLVDPþLXNXU³EÌWLQD³OHLVWL³PHQ]ÌUSULHãPHWDQW
FLOLQGU*OLFHULQDVVXJHULDLãRURYDQGHQVJDUXV7DLNHLþLDMRNODm- ýLDQ1 ir n2\UDSLUPRVLRVLUDQWURVLRVDSOLQNÐOÌåLRURGLNOLDL3Ua-
S 7RG¡O NDL PHQ]ÌUD 7RG¡O NDL PHQ]ÌUD QHQDXGRMDPD ML WXUL EÌWL laidumo koeficientas T = 1 – R.
XåGDU\WDSODVWLNLQHSORNãWHOH LL ,PGDPL RUJDQLQLR VWLNOR OÌåLR URGLNO³ Q LUQHDWVLåYHOg-
0HGåLDJÐ WDQNLDL WRNLH DOLXPLQLR ⋅103 kg/m3 QHUÌGLMDQþLR GDPL ³ GDXJNDUWLQ³ DWVSLQG³ LU ãYLHVRV NRKHUHQWLãNXPR HIHNWXV Dp-
plieno 7,87⋅103 kg/m3, titano 4,54⋅103 kg/m3, vario 8,98⋅103 kg/m3. VNDLþLXoNLWH WXãþLR RUJDQLQLR VWLNOR ãYLHVRV SUDODLGXPR NRHILFLHQW
PalyginNLWHUH]XOWDWVXJDXWXLSXQNWH
115. Eksperimento tikslas –³YHUWLQWLNDLNXULXRVãYLHVRVDWVSLn- 1HNHLVGDPLRUJDQLQLRVWLNORSDG¡WLHV³LQG³SLONLWHPOYDn-
GåLRGLIUDNFLMRVLUVNODLGRVUHLãNLQLXVQDXGRMDQWOD]HULRVSLQGXOLXRW
GHQV LU SDNDUWRNLWH RXQNWH QXURG\WXV PDWDYLPXV LU VNDLþLDYLPXV
3ULHPRQ¡VOD]HULVPHWDOLQ¡VOLQLXRW¡NDLSGLIUDNFLQ¡JDUGHO¡Rr- 9DQGHQVOÌåLRURGLNOLV
ganinio stiklo indas vandeniui ir pieno mišiniui sklaidos ir atspinGåLR L²SLONLWH³RUJDQLQLRVWLNORLQGPOYDQGHQVLUPO
W\ULPDPV WLHVO¡ EDOWDV SRSLHULQLV HNUDQDV VNODLGRPDVLV O
ãLV VNLr- ODãÐSLHQRVNODLGDQþLRMLPHGåLDJDLUJHUDLLãPDLã\NLWH,ãPDWXRNLWH
WLQJR SUDODLGXPR ILOWUDL PHQ]ÌUD VX ODãHOLQH OD]GHO¡ PDLã\PXL Pi- NDPSNXULXRLãVLVNODLGROD]HULRVSLQGXOLDLLULãHLQDQþLRSURXåSDNa-
limetrinis popierius ir popierius su tiesiniu – logaritminiu tinkleliu. OLQ
LQGRGLHQHO
VSLQGXOLÐSOXRãWHOLRVNHUVPHQ³QHSDLV\GDPLNDGGX
9LVÐSULHPRQLÐSDQDXGRWLQHEÌWLQD G\GåLDL WDUS VDY
V \UD VXVLM
1XVWDW\NLWH SUDODLGXPR NRHILFLHQW
NDLSWDLEXYRGDURPDDQNVþLDX
100 101
LL²SLONLWH³LQGGDUPOSLHQRLUSDNDUWRNLWHPDWDYLPXV b) SlidiniQNDVEHSUDGLQLRJUHLþLRVWDUWXo- A
LLL.DUWRNLWHEDQG\PWRONROJDOLWHVWHE¡WLSUD¡MXVLSURLQGOa- MD Lã WDãNR $ LU þLXRåLD ãODLWX QHGDU\GDPDV
]HULRãYLHV SRVÌNLÐ LU QHVWDEG\GDPDV SDY 7ULQWLHV
iv) NustatykLWHSULNODXVRP\E
WDUSVNODLGRVNDPSRLUSLHQRNRn- koeficientas lygus µ. Jam sustojus taške B, B
centracijos. horizontalusis jo poslinkis buvo lygus s. koks
Y3DQDXGRGDPLJDXWXVUH]XOWDWXVLUIRUPXO
DXNãþLÐ VNLUWXPDV WDUS WDãNÐ $ LU % " 6OLGi-
ninko greitis nebuvo didelis, tad galima ne-
I = I0 exp(- µz) = Tpien I0, SDLV\WL SDSLOGRPRMR VO¡JLR ³ VQLHJ DWVLUDn- s
GDQþLR G¡O WUDMHNWRULMRV NUHLYXPR 7DLS SDW
Nustatykite sklaidos koeficiento µYHUW
HVDQW% pieno koncen- JDOLPDQHDWVLåYHOJWL³RURSDVLSULHãLQLPLUµ 88 pav.
WUDFLMDLýLD,0 – krintantis šviesos stipris, I –SUD¡jusios šviesos stip- priNODXVRP\E
QXRJUHLþLR
ris, z –VN\VþLRVOXRNVQLRVWRULVµ - sklaidos koeficientas, lygus kon- c) termiškai izoliuotas metalo gabalas kaitinamas elektros srove
VWDQWRVLUVNODLGDQþLRVLRVPHGåLDJRVNRQFHQWUDFLMRVVDQGDXJDL7pien – esant pastoviai galiai P ir atmosferos sl¡JLXL 0HWDOR WHPSHUDWÌUD 7
pieno sluoksnio pralaidumo koeficientas. ODLNXLWHLQDQWGLG¡MDSDJDOG¡VQ³
T (t ) = T0 [1 + a (t − t 0 )]1 / 4 .
þLD D W0 ir T0 – SDVWRYÌV G\GåLDL 1XVWaW\NLWH PHWDOR ãLOXPLQ¡V

XX9,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP1RUYHgija) talpos Cp7SULNODXVRP\E
QXRWHPSHUDWÌURVHNVperimento tempera-
WÌUÐLQWHUYDOH
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V d) -XRGDV SORNãþLDV SDYLr-
ãLXVNXULRWHPSHUDWÌUDSDVWRYL
116. 3HQNLRVãLRXåGDYLQLRGDO\VWDUSVDY
VQHVXVLMXVLRV ir lygi T1, yra lygiagretus su
D3HQNLUH]LVWRULDLNXULÐNLHNYLHQRYDUåDΩ, sujungti taip, kaip T1 T2 NLWXMXRGXSORNãþLXSDYLUãLXPL
SDURG\WDSDY-XQJLDPÐMÐODLGÐYDUåDODEDLPDåD1XVWDW\NLWHYDr- kurio temperaWÌUD LUJL SDVWRYL
åWDUSWDãNÐ$LU% EHW åHPHVQ¡ LU O\JL 72. Tarp
SDYLUãLÐ \UD YDNXXPDV 1RULQW
VXPDåLQWL ãLOXPLQ¡V VSLQGu-
89 pav. OLXRW¡V VUDXW WDUS ãLÐ SDYLUãLÐ
³Gedamas šiluminis ekranas,
VXGDU\WDV Lã GYLHMÐ SORQÐ MXRGÐ SORNãþLÐ O\JLDJUHþLÐ VX SORNšt¡mis
SDY3HUWDPWLNUODLNQXVLVWRYLSuVLDXVY\UD.LHNNDUWÐHNUa-
QDV VXPDåLQD ãLOXPRV VUDXW" ² EDLJWLQLÐ SORNãþLÐ PDWPHQÐ Vlygo-
jaPXVSDNUDãþLRHIHNWXVQHDtVLåYHONite.
87 pav.
102 103
e) Dviem tiesiais labai ilgais PDJQHWLQLVODXNDVYLUãLMDWDPWLNUYHUW
%0, elektronas niekada nepa-
nemagnetiniais vienas nuo kito C+
Y C_ VLHNV DQRGR 6FKHPLãNDL SDYDL]GXRNLWH HOHNWURQR WUDMHNWRULM MHL %
izoliuotais laidininkais C+ ir C_, WUXSXW³YLUãLMD%0. Nustatykite B0.
O\JLDJUHþLDLVVX=DãLPLWHNDYLe- Nurodymas. Tolimesniuose punktuose yra ir potencialas U, ir
QRGR G\GåLR EHW SULHãLQJÐ NU\p- vienalytis magnetinis laukas B.
þLÐVURY¡V,/DLGLQLQNÐVNHUVSMÌ X F0DJQHWLQLVODXNDVVXWHLNLDHOHNWURQXLMXGHVLRNLHNLRPRPHQW
YLV SDY XåEUÌNãQLXRWL OHPLD /FLOLQGUÐDãLHVDWåYLOJLX3DUDã\NLWHMXGHVLRNLHNLRPRPHQWRNLWLPR
D skersmens skrituliai, esantys VSDUWRVG/GWLãUDLãN²URG\NLWHNad iš jos galima gauti, kad dydis L
XY plokštumoje, atstumas tarp 90 pav. – keBr2 þLD N – bematis koeficientas, o r – atstumas iki cilindro
NXULÐ FHQWUÐ O\JXV ' 7DLJL ašies) lieka pastovus judant elektronui. Nustatykite k.
kiekvieno laidiQLQNR VNHUVSMÌYLR G 3DQDJULQ¡NLPH ODEDL PDåX JUHLþLX Lã YLGLQLR FLOLQGUR LãO¡NXV³
plotas lygus (π / 12 + 3 / 8) D 2 ). VURY¡VYLHQRGDLSDVLVNLUVþLXVLRVYi- HOHNWURQ 7RNV HOHNWURQDV QHSDVLHNLD DQRGR LU QXWROVWD QXR FLOLQGUÐ
VDPH VNHUVSMÌYLR SORWH ApskaiþLXRNLWH PDJQHWLQLR VUDXWR WDQN³ DãLHV GLGåLDXVLX DWVWXPX Um $SVNDLþLXRNLWH HOHNWURQR JUHLþLR Gi-
B(x,y) erdv¡MHWDUSODLGLQLQNÐ GåLDXVLRMRQXRWROLRWDãNHSULNODXVRP\E
QXRUm.
H0DJQHWLQ³ODXNQRULPHSDQDXGRWLDQRGRVURYHLUHJXOLXRWL.DL
117. (UGY¡MH WDUS GYLHMÐ EHQGUDDãLÐ FLOLQGULQLÐ ODLGLQLQNÐ \UD B > B0ODEDLPDåXJUHLþLXLãO¡N
VHOHNWUonas nepasieks anodo. Nusta-
vakuumas (91 pav.). tykite B0.
Vidinio cilindro spindulys lygus a, o vidi- f) Jei elektronai iš vidinio cilindro paviršiaus išlaisvinami kaiti-
QDQWWFLOLQGUWDLEHQGUXDWYHMXHOHNWURQRJUHLWLVSULHYLGLQLRFLOLn-
nis išorinio cilindro spindulys lygus b. Išori-
niam cilindrui (vadinama anodu) galima su- GURSDYLUãLDXVHVWLQHO\JXVQXOLXL7DUNLPHNDGO\JLDJUHþLRMLVX B
b a WHLNWLWHLJLDPYLGLQLRFLOLQGURDWåYLOJLXSRWHn- MR SUDGLQLR JUHLþLR GHGDPRML \UD YB, o statmenosios – vr (spindulio
FLDO 8 6LVWHPD \UD YLHQDO\þLDPH QXRODWLQLa- kryptimi) ir vϕ (statmena spinduliui kryptimi). Nustatykite šiuo atveju

me magnetiniame lauke B O\JLDJUHþLDPH VX PDJQHWLQ³ODXN%0, kuriam esant elektronas nepasieks anodo.
B FLOLQGUÐ DãLPL LU QXNUHLSWDPH ³ PXV åU
pav.). Vidinis cilindras emituoja elektronus, 118. 3DQDJULQ¡NLPH NDL NXULDV EHQGUVLDV MÌUÐ SRWY\QLÐ LU DWo-
91 pav. NXULÐNLHkYLHQRPDV¡PLUNUÌYLV–e. VOÌJLÐ äHP¡MH VDY\EHV .DG EÌWÐ SDSUDVþLDX SDGDU\VLPH ãLDV SULe-
a) Tarkime, kad išorinio cilindro potencia- ODLGDV äHP¡ LU 0¡QXOLV VXGDUR L]ROLXRW VLVWHP DWVWXPDV WDUS äe-
ODV O\JXV 8 WDþLDX % (OHNWURQDV Lã Yidinio cilindro paviršiaus P¡VLU0¡QXOLR\UDSDVWRYXVäHP¡\UDYLVLãNDLSDGHQJWDYDQGHQ\QR
LãOHNLDODEDLPDåXJUHLþLX$SVNDLþLXRNLWHMRJUHLW³WXRPRPHQWXNDL nepaiV\VLPHGLQDPLQLÐHIHNWÐVO\JRMDPÐäHP¡VVXNLPRVLDSLHVDYR
jis pasieks anod $WVDN\P SDWHLNLWH GYLHP DWYejais: nereliatyvisti- Dã³äHP¡VJUDYLWDFLQ¡WUDXND\UDWRNLDNRNLDMLEÌWÐMHLYLVDMRVPa-
niu ir reliatyvistiniu artutinumais. V¡EÌWÐVXWHONWDäeP¡VFHQWUH'XRWLWRNLHG\GåLDLäHP¡VPDV¡0
Nurodymas. 7ROHVQLXRVHãLRXåGDYLQLRSXQNWXRVHQDXGRNLWHQHUe- 5,98⋅1024NJ0¡QXOLRPDV¡0M = 7,3⋅1022NJäHP¡VVSLQGXO\V5
liaW\YLVWLQ³DUWXWLQXP 6,37⋅106 m, atstumas tarp äHP¡V LU 0¡QuOLR FHQWUÐ / ⋅108 m,

b) Dabar tarkime, kad U = 0, bet vienalytis magnetinis laukas B . gravitacijos konstanta G = 6,67⋅10-11 m3⋅kg-1⋅s-2.
(OHNWURQDVLãOHNLDVSLQGXOLRNU\SWLPLWXU¡GDPDVSUDGLQ³JUHLW³Y0. Jei
104 105
D0¡QXOLVLUäHP¡VVXNDVLDSLHEHQGUPDVLÐFHQWU&NDPSLQLX XX9,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP.DQDGD
JUHLþLXω.RNVDWVWXPDVWDUS&LUäHP¡VFHQWUR"1XVWDW\NLWHω skai-
WLQ
YHUW
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
'DEDUQDXGRVLP¡VDSLHWDãN&EHVLVXNDQþLDNRRUGLQDþLÐVLVWHPD
NXULRVYLHQDLãDãLÐVXWDmSDVXOLQLMDHLQDQþLDSHUäHP¡VLU0¡QXOLR 119. PalygiQLPR XåGDYLQLDL a) Prie nesvarios idealios
FHQWUXVâLRMHNRRUGLQDþLÐVLVWHPRMHäHP¡VSDYLUãLÐJDXELDQW\VYDn- spyruokO¡V SULNDELQWDV QHGLGHOLV NÌQDV VY\UXRMD DXNãW\Q LU åHP\Q
GHQ\V\UDVWDWLãNL3ORNãWXPRMH3HLQDQþLRMHSHU&VWDWPHQDLVXNLPo- GDåQLX I 6S\UXRNO¡ SHUNHUSDPD SXVLDX LU NÌQDV SULNDELQDPDV SULH
si ašiai NLHNYLHQR PDWHULDODXV WDãNR HVDQþLR DQW VN\VWR SDYLUãLDXV YLHQRV Lã VS\UXRNO¡V GDOLÐ JDOR .RNV EXV ãLRV QDXMRV VY\UXRNO¡V
SDG¡WLV JDOL EÌWL DSLEÌGi- GDåQLVI
b) nHVXåDGLQWR
1? YDQGHQLOLR DWRPR VSLQGXO\V D0 = 0,0529 nm (tai
QDPD SROLQ¡PLV NRRUGLQa- %RURUDGLXVDV.RNVEXVÄPLXRQLQLRYDQGHQLOLR³NXULDPHHOHNWURQ
W¡PLV U LU ϕ, kaip tai paro- ²0¡QXO³ SDNHLþLD WR SDWLHV NUÌYLR EHW NDUWXV GLGHVQ¡V PDV¡V PLXRQDV
G\WD SDY þLD U \UD Dt- spindulys a1" 7DUNLWH NDG SURWRQR PDV¡ åHQNOLDL GLGHVQ¡ WLHN Xå
VWXPDV QXR äHP¡V FHQWUR PLXRQRWLHNXåHOHNWURQRPDV

1DJULQ¡VLPH VN\VWR äHP¡V F9LGXWLQ¡äHP¡VWHPSHUDWÌUD7 ..DPEÌWÐO\JLYLGXWi-
ϕ
SDYLUãLDXV IRUP SORNãWu- r Q¡ äHP¡V WHPSHUDWÌUD MHLJX % VXPDå¡WÐ DWVWXPDV WDUS äHP¡V LU
PRMH3XåUDã
WRpaviršiaus SauO¡V"
O\JW³WDLS G9LHQGLHQRUDV\UDVDXVDVLUMRWDQNLVρ = 1,2500 kg/m3.LW
äHP¡ GLHQ RUR GU¡JP¡ SDGLG¡Ma tiek, kad 2 %RURPDV¡VVXGDURYDQGHQV
r(ϕ) = R + h(ϕ). JDUDL 6O¡JLV LU WHPSHUDWÌUD LãOLHND QHSDNLW
.RNV WR GU¡JQRMR RUR
tankis ρ1" 9LGXWLQ¡ VDXVR RUR PROLR PDV¡ O\JL JPRO YDQGHQV
E SDQDJULQ¡NLPH P PROLRPDV¡JPRO7DLN\NLWHLGHDOLÐMÐGXMÐPRGHO³
92 pav.
PDV¡V PDWHULDOÐM³ WDãN e) Sraigtasparnis gali kybotLRUHMHLMRYDULNOLVLãY\VWRPHFKDQLQ

HVDQW³ DQW äHP¡V VN\sto JDOL3.RNLPHFKDQLQ
JDOL31WXU¡WÐLãY\VW\WLLãWÐSDþLÐPHGåLa-
SDYLUãLDXVSORNãWXPRMH30ÌVÐDWVNDLWRVVLVWHPRMHM³YHLNLDLãFHn- JÐ SDJDPLQWDV VUDLJWDVSDUQLV NXULR YLVL WLHVLQLDL PDWPHQ\V EÌWÐ Vu-
WULQ¡ M¡JD LU 0¡QXOLR EHL äHP¡V WUDXNRV M¡JRV $WVLåYHOJGDPL ³ ãLDV PDåLQWLGXNDUWXVNDGMLVLUJLN\ERWÐRUH"
WULVM¡JDVXåUDã\NLWHSRWHnFLQ¡VHQHUJLMRVLãUDLãN
Nurodymas: EHW NRNLD M¡JD ) QXNUHLSWD UDGLDOLDL NRNLRV QRUV 120. %UDQGXROLÐPDV¡LUMÐVWDELOXmas. âLDPHXåGDYLQ\MHYi-
NRRUGLQDþLÐ VLVWHPRV DWåYLOJLX \UD O\JL VIHULQ
VLPHWULM WXULQþLRV sos energijos matuojamos megaelektronvoltais (MeV). 1 MeV =
poWHQFLQ¡VHQHUJLMRV8LãYHVWLQHLSDLPWDLVXPLQXVRåHQNOX)U 1,6⋅10-13 J.
- U’(r). $WRPREUDQGXROLRVXVLGHGDQþLRLã=SURWRQÐLU1QHXWURQÐWokio
c) Apytiksliai išreikškite potvynio bangos h(ϕIRUPSHU00M EUDQGXROLRDWRPLQ¡PDV¡$ 1=PDV¡0O\JLODLVYÐWEUDQGXo-
LUNLWXVG\GåLXV.RNVãLRPRGHOLRGXRGDPDVVNLUWXPDVPHWUDLVWDUS O³VXGDUDQþLÐQXNORQÐSURWRQÐLUQHXWURQÐPDVLÐVXPDLPLQXVEUDn-
SRWY\QLRLUDWRVOÌJLRYDQGHQVDXNãþLÐ" GXROLRU\ãLRHQHUJLMDSDGDO\WDLããYLHVRVJUHLþLRNYDGUDWR%F2). Tai-
gi
Mc2 = Zmpc2 + Nmnc2 – B.
106 107
SDYJUDILNHSDURG\WDNDLSGLGåLDXVLD%$YHUW¡GXRWDL$YHr- L,ãYHVNLWHIRUPXO
SURWRQÐVNDLþLXL=maxDWLWLQNDQþLDPGLGåLDu-
tei) priklauso nuo A. VGXRWRVLRVDWRPLQ¡VPDV¡V$EUDQGXROLRW\ãLRHQHUJLMDSVNDLþLXo-
WLâLXRVHVNDLþLDYLPXRVHSDUDPHWUδ atmeskite.
LL .DP O\JXV GLGåLDXVL %$ YHUW
WXULQþLR EUDQGXROLR NXULR
DWRPLQ¡PDV¡$ SURWRQÐVNDLþLXV="â³NDUW³SDUDPHWUδ atsi-
åYHONLWH
iii) IšnDJULQ¡NLWHãLXRVWULVEUDQGXROLXVNXULÐDWRPLQ¡PDV¡$
128: 12853 J , 54 Xe, 55 Cs. 1XVWDW\NLWHNXULHLãMÐHQHUJLMRVSRåLÌULX\UD
128 128
VWDELOÌV LU NXULH WXUL SDNDQNDPDL HQHUJLMRV NDG JDO¡WÐ Y\NWL WROLDX
išvardyti skilimo procesai: 1) β- skilimas (iš branduolio išlekia elek-
tronas), 2) β+ skilimas (iš branduolio išlekia pozitronas), 3) β- β- ski-
93 pav. limas (iš branduolio vienu metu išlekia du elektronai), 4) elektrono
SDJDYLPDVEUDQGXROLDLSDVLLPDDWRPRHOHNWURQ
D.DLDWRPLQ¡PDV¡YLUãLMDWDPWLNUYHUW
$α, branduolio ryšio (OHNWURQR LU SR]LWURQR ULPWLHV PDV¡V HQHUJLMD mec2=0,51 MeV,
HQHUJLMDYLVXRPHWHVWLJDQ¡WLQDLPDåDWRG¡OJDOLEÌWLHPLWXRMDPDDOID protono mpc2=938,27 MeV, neutrono mnc2=939,57 MeV.
GDOHO¡DOIDGDOHO¡–WDLKHOLRDWRPREUDQGXRO\VMR$ ²YHUWLQNLWH
Aα WHLVLãNDL DSURNVLPXRGDPL W SDY NUHLY¡V GDO³ NXULRMH $ > 121. 6DXO¡V HQHUJLM QDXGRMDQWLV O¡NWXYDV Jums reikia su-
100. NRQVWUXRWLO¡NWXYNXULVJDO¡WÐLãVLODLN\WLRUHWLN6DXO¡VHQHUJLMRVG¡
7DUNLPHNDGãLDPHPRGHO\MHEUDQGXROLDLSULHãDOIDVNLOLPWDLS ND(IHNW\YLDXVLDNRQVWUXNFLMDWXULVSDUQXVNXULÐYLVDVYLUšutinis pa-
SDW LU SR MR VXVLGDU
EUDQGXROLDL WXUL U\ãLR HQHUJLM DWYDL]GXRW YLUãLXV SDGHQJWDV VDXO¡V HOementais. Tie elementai tiekia elektros
SDYNUHLYHLUNDGYLVDDOIDGDOHO¡VU\ãLRHQHUJLMD%α = 25,0 MeV (iš HQHUJLM SURSHOHU³ VXNDQþLDP YDULNOLXL 7DUNime, kad sparnas yra
grafiko to nenustatysite!). staþLakampio, kurio ilgis l ir plotis c, formos. Sparno plotas S = cl, o
E,ã=SURWRQÐLU1QHXWURQÐVXVLGHGDQþLREUDQGXROLR$ = ilJLR LU SORþLR VDQW\N³ SDå\P¡NLPH $ Oc. Nor¡dami apytiksliai
1 U\ãLR HQHUJLMD JDOL EÌWL DSVNDLþLXRWD SDJDO ãL SXVLDX HPSLULQ
apraã\WL VSDUQR YHLNLP JDOLPH QDgULQ¡WL ³ VSDUQ NULQWDQW³ RUR
formuO
VOXRNVQ³ NXULR DXNãWLV [ LlJLV O LU SDVNXL QXNU\SVWDQW³ QXR VSDUQR
åHP\QNDmpu ε2URJUHLþLRPRGXOLRSRN\WLVODEDLQHGLGHOLV*DOLPD
B = av A − an A 2 / 3 − ac Z 2 A _ 1 / 3 − aa ( N − Z ) / A − δ . parinkti optimaOL ε YHUW
Šis paprastas modelis esti artimas
tikrovei, jei x = π WDUNLPH NDG PÌVÐ DWYHMX WDLS LU \UD 9LV
Parametras δ lygus: + apA-3/4EUDQGXROLDPVNXULÐ1LU=QHO\Ji- O¡NWXYRPDV
SDå\P¡kime M ir tarkime, kad jis skrenda horizontalia
QLDLVNDLþLDLEUDQGXROLDPVNXULÐ1O\JLQLVR=QHO\JLQLVVNDLþLXV NU\SWLPL JUHLþLX Y M³ VXSDnþLR RUR DWåYLOJLX 7ROHVQLXRVH
DUEDDWYLUNãþLDL- apA-3/4EUDQGXROLDPVNXULÐ1LU=O\JLQLDLVNDLþLDL VNDLþLDYLPXRVHQDJULQ¡NLWHWLN apteNDQW³VSDUQRU3URSHOHULR³WDNRV
KoeILFLHQWÐ YHUW¡V Dv=15,8 MeV, an=16,8 MeV, ac=0,72 MeV, RURVUDXWXLQHSDLV\NLWHSDYSDURG\WDVO¡NWXYRYDL]GDVLãYLUãDXV
aa=23,5 MeV, ap=33,5 MeV. VX O¡NWXYX VXVLHWRV DWVNDiWRV VLVWHPRV DWåYLOJLX R SDY VSDUQR
YDL]GDVLããRQRMXGDQþLRVNDUWXVXO¡NWXYXDWVNDLWRVVLVWHPRVDWåYLl-
giu).
108 109
Oro srautas D ,ã SUDGåLÐ QDJULQ¡NLWH
RUR LPSXOVR SRN\W³ QHDWVi- L
åYHOJGDPL ³ RUR JUHLþLR Po-
x
GXOLR NLWLP ,ãYHVNLWH Ne-
OLDPRVLRVM¡JRV/LUKRUL]Rn- c
talioVLRVSDVLSULHãLQLPRM¡JRV Krintantis oras
D1 SULNODXVRP\ELÐ QXR JUHi- 2UDVXå
Sparno pjÌvis
þLR Y NDmpo ε ir oro tankio sparno 9HUWLNDO¡
ρ išraiškas. 95 pav.
E7ROLDXQDJULQ¡MDQWUHi- F 1XEUDLå\NLWH JUDILN SDYDL]GXRMDQW³ NDLS JDOLD 3 SULNODXVR
kLD DWVLåYHOJWL ³ RUR WULQW³ VX QXRJUHLþLRYPRGXOLR7DPHSDþLDPHEU¡åLQ\MHGYLHPNUHLY¡PLVSa-
aptekamu sparno paviršiumi. rodykite, kDLSJDOLDSULNODXV\WÐQXRJUHLþLRMHLNLHNYLHQDSDVLSULHãi-
'¡O WR DWVLUDQGD SDSLldoma QLPR M¡JD YHLNWÐ DWVNLUDL 5DVNLWH PDåLDXVLRV JDOLRV 3min priklauso-
horizontali pasipriešinimo P\E¡VQXR0I$6ρLUJLãUDLãN
M¡JD'22UDVVXO¡W¡MDQHåHn- G$SVNDLþLXRNLWHVSDUQRDSNURY0J61P2LUVNULGLPRJUHLW³
NOLDL -R JUHLþLR PRGXOLR So- v0 (m/s) tuo atveju, kai saXO¡VHOHPHQWÐWLHNLDPDHQHUJLMDSDNDQNDPD
l
kytis ∆v, kai ∆v/v << 0,01, NDGSURSHOHULRYDULNOLDLLãY\VW\WÐ, :PHFKDQLQ
JDOLWHQNDn-
JDOLEÌWLLãUHLNãWDVIRrmule þLYLHQDPVSDUQRSDYLUãLDXVNYDGUDWLQLDPPHWUXLρ = 1,25 kg/m3, f
94 pav.
= 0,004, A = 10.
∆v f
= .
v A (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V
Dydis f nepriklauso nuo ε. 122. Bimorfo tyrimas. %LPRUI VXGDro du stipriai sutvirtinti
,ãYHVNLWHVNULGLPRJUHLþLRY0SULNODXVRP\E¡VQXR0I$6ρ ir SMH]RHOHNWULQ¡V PHGåLDJRV VOXRNVQLDL $QW GYLHMÐ LãRULQLÐ SDYLUãLÐ
J ODLVYRMR NULWLPR SDJUHLþLR LãUDLãNDV HVDQW PDåLDXVLDL JDOLDL NXUL XåJaULQWLHOHNWURGDLNDGEÌWÐJDOLPDMRYLGXMHVXNXUWLHOHNWULQ³ODXN
reiNDOLQJDNDGO¡NWXYDVVNULVWÐSDVWRYLDPHDXNãW\MHSDVWRYLXJUHLþLX åUSDY
Atmeskite ε2f bei aukštHVQLÐHLOLÐG\GåLXV 6OXRNVQLDLSDULQNWLWDLSNDGVXNÌUXVVWDWPHQSDYLUãLDPVHOHNWUi-
6NDLþLXRMDQWMXPVJDOLEÌWLQDXGLQJDPDåLHPVNDPSDPVWLQNDQWL Q³NDXOYLHQDVLãVOXRNVQLÐLOJ¡MD/NU\SWLPLRNLWDVWUXPS¡MDWD
IRUPXO¡ SDþLD NU\SWLPL 3DNHLWXV HOHNWULQLR ODXNR NU\SW³ SULHãLQJD WDV
sin 2 ε VOXRNVQLVNXULVDQNVþLDXWUDXN¡VLGDEDUSOHþLDVLLUDWYLUNãþLDL7DUNi-
1 − cos ε ≈ . WHNDGVXGDULXVHOHNWULQ³ODXNELPRUIDVLãVLOHQNLDDSVNritimo lanku.
2
Pastaba. 9HLNLDQWHOHNWULQLDPODXNXLSMH]RHOHNWULQ¡VPHGåLDJRV
NHLþLD VDYR PDWPHQLV R YHLNLDQW PHFKDQLQLDP ³WHPSLPXL MRVH DWVi-
UDQGD HOHNWULQLV ODXNDV 6DQW\NLQLV PDWPHQÐ SRN\WLV HOHNWULQLDPH
lauke pirmuoju artutinumu apytikriai proporcingas elektriniam lau-
110 111
NXL 7DþLDX DQDOL]XRMDQW WLNVOLDX SDVWHELPD QHGLGHO¡ KLVWHUH]¡ W\ E 1XEUDLå\NLWH VFKHPLQ³ HNVSHULPHQWR EU¡åLQ³ SDURGDQW³ JHo-
VXGDULXVHOHNWULQ³ODXNLUSDVNXLVXPDåLQXVM³LNLQXOLRSMH]RHOHNWUi- PHWULQ³ GDOLÐ LãVLG¡VW\P 3Då\P¡NLWH GDOLV LU VYDUELDXVLXV MÐ SDUa-
Q¡V PHGåLDJRV PDWPHQ\V WLNVOLDL QHEHDWJDXQD VDYR SLUP\NãþLÐ YHr- metrus.
ãLÐ 1RULQW MDV DWJDXWL EÌWLQD VXNXUWL SULHãLQJRV NU\SWLHV QHGLGHO³ F8åUDã\NLWHIRUPXO
VLHMDQþLELPRUIRODLVYRMRJDORSRVOLQN³VX
HOHNWULQ³ ODXN 3OHþLDQWL DU WUDXNLDQWL SMH]RHOHNWULQ
PHGåLDJ M¡JD NLWDLVLãPDWXRWDLVG\GåLDLV3DVLQDXGRGDPLVDYREU¡åLQLXLãESXQk-
pirmuoju artutinumu yra proporcinga elektriniam laukui. to, paaiškinkitHYLVÐG\GåLÐIL]LNLQ
SUDVP

'¡PHVLR 1HåLÌU¡NLWH WLHVLDL ³ OD]HULR VSLQGXO³ DU ³ MR DWVSLQG³ G$QWPLOLPHWULQLRSRSLHULDXVQXEUDLå\NLWHJUDILNYDL]GXRMDQW³
veidrodyje – tai gali pakenkti MÌVÐUHJ¡MLPXL ODLVYRMRELPRUIRJDORSRVOLQNLRSULNODXVRP\E
QXR³WDPSRV6NLUWLn-
JDL SDå\P¡NLWH WDãNXV JDXWXV GLGLQDQW LU PDåLQDQW ³WDPS 1HSa-
PLUãNLWHSDå\P¡WLDãLÐSDGDOÐYHUþLÐLUYLHQHWÐ
laikiklis H*UDILNHQXURG\NLWHG\G³SURSRUFLQJSDþLDPHELPRUIHSUDUDn-
damos energijos kiekiui.
L
I 3DWHLNLWH G\GåLR NXULDP SURSRUFLQJDV SUDUDQGDPDV ELPRUIH
elektrodas bimorfas enerJLMRVNLHNLVVNDLWLQ
YHUW
LUPDWDYLPRYLHQHWXV
elektrodas
1HDWVLåYHOJLDQW³KLVWHUH]
ãLo bimorfo laisvojo galo poslinkis
l išreiškiamas formule d = AVm lnýLD9–³WDPSDO– bimorfo laisvojo
JDORLOJLVPDWXRMDPDVQXRNRQWDNWÐSULVSDXGLPRODLNLNO\MHYLHWRVR
m, n ir A – NRQVWDQWRV $WOLN
EÌWLQXV PDWDYLPXV LU VNDLþLDYLPXV
YHLGURG¡OLV nustatykite konstDQWÐPQLU$YHUWHV
,ãPDWXRNLWHHOHNWULQ
ELPRUIRWDOS
96 pav. D1XEUDLå\NLWHJUDQGLQ¡VNXULQDXGRMRWHELPRUIRWDOSDLPDWXo-
1XVWDW\NLWHODLVYRMRELPRUIRJDORSRVOLQNLRSULNODXVRP\E
QXR WLHOHNWULQ
VFKHP
³WDPSRVMNHLVGDPLQXR9LNL–9LUY¡OLNL9âLÐPa- E8åUDã\NLWHLãPDWXRWXVG\GåLXVLUIRUPXO
NXULDQDXGRMRW¡VQu-
WDYLPÐ PHWX ³WDPS NHLVNLWH WLN YLHQD NU\SWLPL SDY\]GåLXL PDWXo- VWDW\GDPLELPRUIRHOHNWULQ
WDOS
dami intervale nuo –9LNL9³WDPSWik didinkite ir jokiu bÌ c) PateikLWHQXVWDW\WRVHOHNWULQ¡VWDOSRVVNDLWLQ
YHUW
QXURG\Ga-
GXQHPDåLQNLWH–QHWMHLNXU³QRUVWDãNSUDOHLVLWHSULHMRQHJU³åNite). PLPDWDYLPRYLHQHWXVLUSDNODLG
3DYDL]GXRNLWHãLSULNODXVRP\E
JUDILãNDL 3ULHPRQ¡V /DLNLNO\MHVNDOELQLÐVHJWXNH³VSUDXVWDV/ ± 1
9LHQRFLNORPHWXNDL³WDPSPDåLQDWHQXR9LNL-9LUY¡O mm ilgio bimorfas su kontaktais ir laidais, turintis viename gale pri-
didinate iki +36 V, tam tikras energijos kiekis prDUDQGDPDVSDþLDPH WYLUWLQWPDåYHLGURG¡O³%LPRUIRODLVYRVLRVGDOLHVLOJ³OJDOite keisti
ELPRUIH 1XURG\NLWH LU DSVNDLþLXRNLWH G\G³ NXULV \UD SURSRUFLQJDV ³VWXPGDPLM³³ODLNLNO³DULãWUDXNGDPLLãMR%ÌNLWHDWVDUJÌVVXELPRr-
šiam energijos kiekiui. IXQHVMLVWUDSXVOD]HULVVXJXPLQLXåLHGXODLNDQþLX³MXQJWOD]HU³
D 1XEUDLå\NLWH HOHNWULQ
VFKHP NXUL QDXGRMRWH PDWXRGDPL darbo metu, 3) juodas plastilinas bimorfo laikikliui ir lazeriui pritvir-
ELPRUIRODLVYRMRJDORSRVOLQNLRSULNODXVRP\E
QXR³WDPSRV WLQWLSULHVWDORHNUDQDVPXOWLPHWUDVVXODLGDLVMR³¡MLPRYDUåD
MΩ ³WDPSRV PDWDYLPR WLNVOXPDV ± 0,1 V), 6) 2,5 MΩ kintamoji
YDUåDSRWHQFLRPHWUDVVNLUWDELPRUIR³WDPSDLNHLVWL9EDWHULMÐ
112 113
sXODLGDLVNRPSOHNWDVVXQXRVHNOLDL³MXQJWDNΩYDUåDVURY¡VVWLSULXL neprarasdama kontakto su
JUDQGLQ¡MH DSULERWL ± 0,05 GΩ YDUåRV UH]LVWRULXV VHNXn- plokšWXPDQHWRO\JLDLMXG¡WLMD
GRPHWUDVOLQLXRW¡ åHP\Q .aGDQJL SUL]P¡V Mu-
Pastaba. 1,00 GΩUH]LVWRULDXVYDUåJDOLSDVLNHLVWLG¡OVO\þLRVX G¡jimas netolygus, jos kampi-
GU¡JQDDUULHEDOXRWDUDQNDWRG¡OQHOLHVNLWHMRUDQNRPLVRLPNLWHWLN QLDL JUHLþLDL NXULDL QRUV θ
XåSULMXQJWÐSULHMRPHWDOLQLÐODLGÐ EULDXQLDL SULHã SDW SDOLHþLDQW
SORNãWXP ωi ir tuoj pat po
VO\þLR ωf \UD VNLUWLQJL ²Uo-
G\NLWH NDG WDUS MÐ HVWL WRNV
XXIXWDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP,VODQGLMD VU\ãLV 98 pav.
ωf = s ωi
7HRULQ¡VXåGXRW\V
LUQXVWDW\NLWHNRHILFLHQWRVYHUW

123. âHãLDNDPS¡V SUL]P¡V ULHG¡MLPDV Yra ilga kieta neside- E 7DUNLPH NDG SUL]P¡V NinHWLQ¡V HQHUJLMRV SULHã SDW VPÌJ³
formuojanti šešiakDPS¡ YLHQDO\W¡ SUL]P¡ SDQDãL ³ SLHãWXN NXULRV EULDXQD³SORNãWXPLUWXRMSDWSRMR\UDO\JLRVDWLWLQNDPDL.i ir Kf.
PDV¡ 0 R VNHUVSMÌYLV – taisyklingasis šešiakampis, kurio briauna ²URG\NLWHNDG
O\JLDSDY7RNLRVSUL]P¡VLQHUFLMRVPRPHQWDVFHQWULQ¡VDãLHV
DWåYLOJLX\UD Kf = r Ki
5
I = Ma 2 , ,UQXVWDW\NLWHNRHILFLHQWRUYHUW

12
F .DG SUL]P¡ GDU NDUW DWVLWUHQNWÐ EULDXQD ³ SORNãWXP .i turi
o jos inercijos momentas kurios nors EÌWL GLGHVQ¡ Xå WDP WLNUD PDåLDXVL VDYR YHUW
.i min NXUL JDOLPD
EULDXQRVDWåYLOJLX išreikšti taip:
17 Ki min = δMga.
I'= Ma 2 .
12 ýLDJ PV2 – laisvojo kritimo pagreitis.
.RHILFLHQW δ LãUHLNãNLWH SHU QXRåXOQLRVLRV SORNãWXPRV SROLQNLR
D3UL]P¡SDGHGDPDDQWQXRåXOQLRVLRV
SORNãWXPRV VXGDUDQþLRV VX KRUL]RQWX NDPSθLUNRHILFLHQWU
a G-HLFSXQNWRVO\JDSDWHQNLQDPDSUL]P¡VMXG¡MLPDVQXRåXOQLD
NDPSθWDLSNDGMRVVLPHWULMRVDãLVEÌWÐ
SORNãWXPD QXVLVWRYL LU NLQHWLQ¡ HQHUJLMD .i MDX ULHGDQW WXUL SDVWRYL
horizontali (98 pav.). Tarkime, kad priz-
97 pav. P¡VVLHQRV\UDãLHNWLHN³OHQNWRV³YLGÐLU YHUW
.iθ²URG\NLWHNDG
rieGDQWL QXRåXOQLMD SORNšWXPD SUL]P¡ M
OLHþLDWLNEULDXQRPLVâLR³OHQNLPR³WDNRVSUL]P¡VLQHUFLMRVPRPHn- Kiθ = kMga
tams nepaisykiWH 3UL]P¡ WUXSXW³ SDMXGLQDPD LU LPD Qeslysdama ir
114 115
Ir k išreikškite per θ ir r. ,ãYHVNLWH LãUDLãN VLHMDQþL
y VO¡J³OHG\QLQ¡VNHSXU¡VDSDþLRMH
e) 0,10ODLSVQLRWLNVOXPXDSVNDLþLXRNLWHPDåLDXVLQXRåXOQLRVLRV P
SORNãWXPRV SROLQNLR NDPS θ0 NXULDP HVDQW YLHQ NDUW SUDVLG¡M
V SVXKRUL]RQWDOLMDNRRUGLQDWH[
MXG¡MLPDVJDOLW
VWLVLUWROLDX 1XVWDW\NLWH PDWHPDWLQ³ V
β L U\ã³WDUSNDPSÐα ir β tuo atve-
y=h0
124. Vanduo po ledynine kepure. /HG\QLQ¡ NHSXU¡ – tai ant MX NDL YDQGXR WDUS OHG\QLQ¡V
åHP¡VHVDQWLVVWRUDVOHGRVOXRNVQLV-RVWRULVJDOLVLHNWLNHOLVNLORPHt- NHSXU¡V LU åHP¡V QHWHND MRNLD
UXV R KRUL]RQWDOLD NU\SWLPL ãLV VOXRNVQLV W
VLDVL ãLPWXV NLORPHWUÐ α NU\SWLPL ²URGykite, kad šis s
8åGDYLQ\MHQDJULQ¡MDPDVOHGRWLUSLPDVLUYDQGXRSRWLUSVWDQþLROHGR y=0 U\ãLVJDOLEÌWLXåUDã\WDVWDLS
VOXRNVQLXW\OHGRO\G\PRVLWDãNHâLRPLVVO\JRPLVJDOLPDSDGDU\WL x
SULHODLG NDG VO¡JLR VNLUWXPXV OHGDV VO\JRMD NDLS NODPSXV VN\VWLV x=0 tgβ = s tgα
bet jis deformuojasi (daugiausiaLG¡OYHUWLNDODXVMXG¡MLPRNDLSWUDSL
PHGåLDJD6SU
VGDPLXåGDYLQ³QDXGRNLW¡VãLDLVGXRPHQimis: vandens 99 pav. ir nustatykite (analizine forma)
tankis ρv = 1,0⋅103 kg/m3, ledo tankis NRHILFLHQWV
ρl = 0,917⋅103 kg/m3, ledo savitoji lydymosi šiluma Ll = 3,4⋅105 SDYWLHV¡\ [DSUa-
J/kg, ledo savitoji šiluma cl = 2,1⋅103 J/(kg⋅. XROLHQÐ LU PDJPRV ãR åHP¡V SDYLUãLÐ SR OHG\QLQH
tankis ρr = 2,9⋅103 kg/m3XROLHQÐLUPDJPRVVDYLWRMLãLOXPDFr = 700 kepure. Vertikalus storis h0 taške y
J/(kg⋅. XROLHQÐ LU PDJPRV VDYLWRML O\G\PRVL ãLOXPD /r = 4,2⋅105 x = 0 yra 2 km. Tarkime, kad
-NJYLGXWLQLVãLOXPRVVUDXWDVVNOLQGDQWLV³LãRU
SHUåHP¡VSDYLUãLÐ DSDþLRMH HVDQWLV YDQGXR \UD Su- y=0,8 x
Jq=0,06 W/m2, ledo lydymosi taškas T0 = 00C. VLDXVY\UDV *UDILNH QXEU¡åNLWH
DSDQDJULQ¡NLWHVWRUOHG\QLQ
NHSXU
WRMHYLHWRMHNXULãåHP¡V³ WLHV
\1 ir priG¡NLWH WLHV
\2,
LãRU
VNOLQGD YLGXWLQLV ãLOXPRV VUDXWDV 3DVLQDXGRGDPL GXRWDLV GXo- YDL]GXRMDQþL YLUãXWLQ³ OHGR Sa- L
YLUãLÐ y=h0
PHQLPLV DSVNDLþLXRNLWH SHU PHWXV LãVLO\GåLXVLR OHGR VOXRNVQLR VWRU³ ä
d. F $QW KRUL]RQWDOLRV åHP¡V
E'DEDUSDQDJULQ¡NLWHYLUãXWLQ
OHG\QLQ¡VNHSXU¡VGDO³7DUNLWH HVDQþLR VWRUR OHGR VOXRNVQLR y=0
NDGSRNHSXUHHVDQWLVåHP¡VSDYLUãLXVSDVYLU
VNDPSXα, o viršutinis pradinis stori D = 2,0 km. Jo vi- x=0 x
duje staiga ištirpus daliai ledo
OHG\QLQ¡VNHSXU¡VSDYLUãLXV– kampu βNXULVJDOLEÌWLLUGidesnis, ir
DWVLUDGR NÌJLR IRUPRV YDQGHQV
PDåHVQLVXåα, ir neigiamas (99 pav.). (Šiame ir tolesniuose paveiks- 100 pav.
WÌULV 7R NÌJLR DXNãWLV +
luose P – leG\QLQ¡VNHSXU¡VSDYLUãLXVä–åHP¡/– ledas). Vertika-
km, spindulys r = 1,0 km (101
lus ledo storis taške x = 0 lygus h0. Tada viršutinio ir apatinio ledyni-
pav., kuriame V – vanduo). TarNLPHNDGOLN
VOHGDVG¡OãLRVSULHåDs-
Q¡VNHSXU¡VSDYLUãLÐO\JW\VEXVWokios:
WLHV SDMXGD WLN YHUWLNDOLD NU\SWLPL $QDOLWLãNDL DSUDã\NLWH OHG\QLQ¡V
NHSXU¡VIRUPSRWRNDLVXVLIRUPDYRYDQGHQVNÌJLVLUEXYRSDVLHNWD
y1 = x tgα, KLGURVWDWLQ¡ SXVLDXVY\UD âLRV OHG\QLQ¡V NHSXU¡V IRUP WDLS SDW Sa-
y2 = h0 + x tgβ. vaizduokite grafiškai.
116 117
G .DVPHWLQ¡V HNVSHGLFLMRV PHWX WDUSWDXWLQ¡ PRNVOLQLQNÐ JUXS¡ ãLOXPRV PDLQÐ SURFHVR WUXNPH 7DLS SDW WDUNLPH NDG ãLOXPD VNOLGR
W\ULQ¡MD ã\ODnþL OHG\QLQ
NHSXU
$QWDUNWLGRMH 3DSUDVWDL ML DWURGR YHUWLNDOLD NU\SWLPL R YDQGXR YLV ODLN WXU¡MR NÌJLR HVDQþLR virš
y NDLS QHPDåDV SORNš- magmos išsiYHUåLPRFHQWURIRUP
y=D P þLDV SDYLUãLXV WDþLDX $WVLåYHOJXV ³ ãLDV SULHODLGDV UHLNLD PDQ\WL NDG OHGR O\G\PDVLV
NDUWWHQEXYRDSWLNWD Y\NVWD GYLHP HWDSDLV ,ã SUDGåLÐ PDJPRV SDYLUãLXMH DWVLUDQGDQWLV
y=H kraterio pavidalo vanduo nesti pusiausviras ir teka tolyn. Galima tarti, kad šio vandens
L ³GXED WXULQWL DSYHUs- tempeUDWÌUDHVWLlygi 00&9¡OLDXSDVLHNLDPDKLGURVWDWLQ¡SXVLDXVYLUD
tR NÌJLR IRUP -RV LUYDQGXRVXVLWHONLDYLUã³VLYHUåXVLRVPDJPRVQHEHWHN¡GDPDVWRO\Q
V gylis h = 100 m, -XPVUHLNLDQXVWDW\WLãLXRVSDUDPHWUXVQXVLVWRY¡MXVãLOXPLQHLSu-
x=r
spindulys r = 500 m siausvyrai:
G x (102 pav., kuriame M 3ROHG\QLQHNHSXUHDWVLUDGXVLRYDQGHQVNÌJLRDXNãW³+Gugno
– ³VLYHUåXVL XROLHQD SURFHVRSUDGåLRMHDWåYLOJLX
(magma)). Ledo sto- ²VLYHUåLPRDXNãW³K1.
X=0 ULV W\ULQ¡MiPÐ UDMRQH 9LVRVXVLGDULXVLRYDQGHQVPDV
PvisoLUWRO\QQXWHN¡MXVLRYDn-
2000 m. GHQVPDV
P’.
101 pav. 1DXGRGDPLHVL SDY NRRUGLQDþLÐ VLVWHPD DWVLåYHOJGDPL ³
y masWHO³QXEUDLå\NLWHXROLHQRV³VLYHUåLPRLUOLNXVLRYDQGHQV formas.
3DVLWDU
PRNVOiQLQNDL QXVSUHQG¡ P 125. *UHLþLDXXåãYLHV"âLVXåGDYLQ\VVNLUWDVPDWOLNWÐ
NDGODELDXVLDLWLN¡WLQD³Y\NXVQHGLGe- h suG¡WLQJRUDGLMREDQJÐãDOWLQLRHVDQþLRPÌVÐJDODNWLNRMHVWHE¡MLPR
OLDPYXONDQRLãVLYHUåLPXLSROHG\Qi- UH]XOWDWÐDQDOL]HL
ne kHSXUH 1HGLGHOLV LãVLO\GåLusios SDYSDYDL]GXRWDVHULMDVWHE¡MLPÐDWOLNWÐUDGLRWHOHVNRSX³YDi-
uolienos (magPRV NLHNLV SDWHNR ³ L
riais laiko momentais centimHWULQLÐEDQJÐGLDSD]RQX.RQWÌUDLYDLz-
DSDWLQ
OHG\QLQ¡VNeSXU¡VGDO³VXNLe- V GXRMDSDVWRYLÐVSLQGXOLDYLPRVWLSULÐOLQLMDVSDQDãLDLNDLSSDYLršiaus
W¡MR LU DWY¡VR LãO\G\GaPDV WDP WLNU H
x=r DXNãþLDL HVWL YDL]GXRMDPL WRSRJUDILQLXRVH åHP¡ODSLXRVH 'X PDWRPL
OHGR NLHN³ 0RNVOLQLQNDL VWHQJLDVL h1 M
PDNVLPXPDL DWLWLQND GX REMHNWXV MXGDQþLXV Lã EHQGUR FHQWUR Sa-
³YHUWLQWLWoNLRÄ³VLYHUåLPR³PDJPRV G x YHLNVOH å\PLPR NU\åLXNX âLV FHQWUDV LUJL \UD VWLSUXV UDGLMR EDQJÐ
SDWHNLPR SR OHG\QLQH NHSXUH WÌU³ LU ãDOWLQLVWDþLDXNLWDPHEDQJÐGLDSD]RQHWRG¡OSDYHLNVOH\UDQHPDWo-
x=0
suvoktL NDV DWVLWLNR WRNLX EÌGX LãVi- PDV7DUNLPHMRSDG¡WLV\UDSDVWRYLRPDWDYLPDLDWOLNWLVNLUWLQJRPLV
O\GåLXVOHGXL GLHQRPLVWXRSDþLXSDURVPHWX3DYHLNVORPDVWHO³URGRDSDþLRMHHVDn-
102 pav.
7DUNLPHNDGMXG¡MRWLNYHUWLNDOLD tiDWNDUSDDWLWLQNDQWLYLHQNDPSRVHNXQG
’’=1/36000).
NU\SWLPL Lã SUDGåLÐ PDJPD EXYR
skysta ir buvo 12000& WHPSHUDWÌURV 3DSUDVWXPR G¡OHL GDU WDUNime,
NDG LãVLYHUåXVL PDJPD WXU¡MR NÌJLR Nurio pagrindas skritulys, o jo
centras yUDWRMHSDþLRMHYHUWLNDO¡MHNDLSLUSDYLUãLDXV³GXERVFHQWUDV
IRUP 0DJPRV NLOLPR WUXNP
PDQ\NLWH HVDQW WUXPS SDO\JLQWL VX
118 119
$WVWXPDVLNLãLRVGDQJDXVNÌQÐVLVWHPRVFHQWUR\UDDSLH5≈ 12,5
kpc (kiloparVHNÐNSF ⋅1019 m.) Šviesos greitis c = 3,00⋅108
PV6SU
VGDPLã³XåGDYLQ³SDNODLGÐQHVNDLþLXRNLWe.
D 3Då\P¡NLWH NDPSXV θ1(t) ir θ2W NXULDLV NU\åLXNX SDå\P¡WR
FHQWURDWåYLOJLXPDWRPLãLHUDGLMRVSLQGXOLÐãDOWLQLDLýLDLQGHNVDLLU
å\PLDWLWLQNDPDLNDLU³LUGHãLQ³ãDOWLQLXVRW\UDMÐVWHE¡MLPRODLNDV
âDOWLQLÐNDPSLQLDLJUHLþLDLVWHELQWLãäHP¡VO\JÌVω1 ir ω2, o juos ati-
WLQNDQW\VVNHUVLQLDLJUHLþLDLJDOLEÌWLSDå\P¡WL v1' ⊥ ir v 2' ⊥ .
Pagal 103 pav. nustatykite ω1 ir ω2 skaitines vertes ir pateikite jas
LãUHLNãWDVNDPSRPLOLVHNXQG¡PLVSHUGLHQ‘’/d). Taip pat nustatyki-
te v1' ⊥ ir v 2' ⊥ VNDLWLQHVYHUWHV.DLNDVþLDJDOLMXVLUQXVWHELQWL
E$WVLUDGXVLSUREOHPSDEDQG\NLWHLãVSU
VWLSDQDJULQ¡GDPLVWe-

E¡MLPãYLHVRVãDOWLQLRJUHLþLX v MXGDQþLRWLHVHVXGDUDQþLDNDPSφ
VXNU\SWLPL³WROLPVWHE¡WRM2104 pav.).
*UHLW³ JDOLPD SDWHLNWL Y βF SDYLGDOX 6WHE¡WRMR PDWXRMDPDV Dt-
stumas iki spinduliavimo
šaltinio lygus R, o stebimas
v kampinis jo greitis yra ω.
6WDWPHQD VWHE¡MLPR WLHVHL
O φ kryptimi registruojamas
R A
greitis yra v ⊥ . Išreikškite ω
'
ir v ⊥' per β, R ir φ.
104 pav.
c) tarkite, kad du atsi-
VN\U
LU YLHQDV QXR NLWR Wo-
lyn judantys a) punkte aprašyti objektai juda priešingomis kryptimis
YLHQRGDLVJUHLþLDLVY βc. Pasinaudodami b) punkte gautais rezulta-
tais, išreikškite β ir φ per NDPSLQLXVJUHLþLXVω1 ir ω2EHLDWVWXP5
ýLD φ \UD NDPSDV DSWDUWDV E SXQNWH NDLULDMDP REMHNWXL å\Pimam
indeksu 1. Išreikškite β ir φ åLQRPDLV G\GåLDLV LU DpVNDLþLXRNLWH MÐ
skaitines vertes pasinaudodami a) punkte gautais rezultatais.
d) Vieno šaltiniRDWYHMXLãQDJULQ¡WXSXQNWHEQXVWDW\NLWHNRNLDL
VO\JDLHVDQWJUHLWLVVWDWPHQDNU\SWLPL v ⊥' JDOLEÌWLGLGHVQLVXåãYLe-
103 pav. VRVJUHLW³FâLVO\JSDWHLNLWH
120 121
β = f(φSDYLGDOXLUXåUDã\NLWHIXQNFLMRVIDQDOL]LQ
LãUDLãN*Ua- EksperimentiQ¡VXåGXRW\V
fiškai pavaizduokite plokštumos (β,φ IL]LNLQ
SUDVP
WXULQþL VULW³
8åãWUiFKXRNLWHWVULHWLHVGDO³NXULRMH v ⊥' > c. 126. 3ULHPRQ¡V SORNãW¡ VX JQ\EWDLV SORNãW¡MH ³WDLV\WD PDWDYi-
PRULW¡SDVDJRVIRUPRVQHULWLQ¡ãHUGLVVXGYLHPULW¡PLVSDå\P¡Wo-
H7
VGDPLESXQNWHSUDG¡WYLHQRãDOWLQLRQDJULQ¡MLPVXUDskite
PLVÄ$³LUÄ%³SDVDJRVIRUPRVQHULWLQ¡ãHUGLVEHULþLÐ³YDLULÐVWoULÐ
LãUDLãNPDNVLPDOLDL v ⊥' vertei ( v ⊥' )maxDSVNDLþLXRWLNDLGXRWDβ → 1.
(25 µm, 50 µm ir 100 µP DOLXPLQLQ¡V IROLMRV JDEDO¡OLDL IXQNFinis
I ²åDQJRMH SDWHLNWD 5 YHUW¡ Q¡UD ODEDL WLNVOL WRG¡O PRNVOLQLQNDL ³YDLULÐ VLJQDOÐ IRUPÐJHQHUDWRULXVVXLã¡MLPRODLGDLVGXPXOWLPHt-
LHãNRJDOLP\ELÐWLNVOLDXMLãPDWXRWL9LHQDLãLG¡MÐ\UDWRNLD7DUNi- UDLãHãLODLGDLVXDQWJDOLDLVGYLJXPHO¡VLUGXPDåLL]ROLDFLQLRSRSLe-
PHJDOLPDLãPDWXRWLG¡O'RSOHULRHIHNWRSDNLWXVLXVMXGDQþLÐãDOWLQLÐ riaus gabaliukai.
VSLQGXOLXRW¡V EDQJÐ LOJLXV λ1 ir λ2 R QHMXGDQþLRMH VLVWHPRMH DELHMÐ
ãDOWLQLÐ VSLQGXOLXRW¡ \UD YLHQRGD LU MRV EDQJRV LOJLV O\JXV λ0. Pasi- Multimetrai –WDLGYLHMÐ³YDGRJQ\EWÐSULHWDLVDLNXULHãLDPHGDr-
QDXGRM
UHOLDW\YLVWLQLR'RSOHULRHIHNWRLãUDLãND be naudRMDPLNLQWDPRVLRVVURY¡VVWLSULXL³WDPSDLGDåQLXLEHLYDUåDL
PDWXRWL9LVDLVDWYHMDLVYLHQDVLãJQ\EWÐSDå\P¡WDVCOM) yra ben-
1 − β cos φ GUDV5DXGRQDVJQ\EWDVSDå\P¡WDVV - ΩQDXGRMDPDV³WDPSDLGDå
λ = λ0
1− β 2 QLXL LU YDUåDL PDWXRWL 6URYHL PDWXRWL QDXGRMDPDV JHOWRQDV JQ\EWas,
SDå\P¡WDV mA &HQWULQLX UHåLPÐ MXQJLNOLX SDUHQNDPD Patavimo
ir manydami, kad abu objektai juda toNLX SDW JUHLþLX Y JDOLPH funkcija (V –NLQWDPRML³WDPSD$–NLQWDPRMLVURY¡+]–GDåQLVΩ -
nustatyti, kad ieškomasis dydis β YFJDOLEÌWLLãUHLNãWDVSHUλ0, λ1 ir YDUåD LU PDWDYLPR ULERV GLDSD]RQDV (VDQW NLQWDPDMDL VURYHL LU
λ2 taip: ³WDPSDLSDNODLGDO\JL ± (4% rodmens + 10 paskutinio skaitmens vie-
QHWÐ 3Y] URGPHQV SDNODLGD \UD
± (0,04 × 5,02+0,01 × 10=0,30). Siekiant didesnio tikslumo patartina
aλ20
β = 1− . pakeisti prietaiVRVNDO
MHLULHGPXRWDPSDPDåHVQLVQHJX 10% visos
(λ1 + λ 2 ) 2 VNDO¡VYHUW¡V3ULHWDLVDVLãVLMXQJLDDXWRPDWLãNDLMHLPDWDYLPRUHåLPDV
ar diapazonas ilgiau kaip 50 min neperjungiami.
1XVWDW\NLWHNRHILFLHQWRDVNDLWLQ
YHUW

7DLJLPDWXRMDQWEDQJÐLOJLXVJDOLPD³YHUWLQWLGLGHOLXVDWVWXPXV Funkcinis generatorius. 1RU¡GDPL³MXQJWLJHQHUDWRULÐQXVSDXVNi-
WH UDXGRQ P\JWXN SDå\P¡W PWR 1XVSDXG
P\JWXN 10k pasi-
riQNLWH N+] GLDSD]RQ 6LQXVLQ¡V IRUPRV VLJQDO SDVLULQNLWH Qu-
VSDXG
DQWUM³ Lã GHãLQ¡V P\JWXN SDå\P¡W EDQJRV VLPEROLX .LWÐ
P\JWXNÐ QHUHLNLD OLHVWL $PSOLWXG¡V UHJXOLDWRULÐ JDOLWH VXNWL SDJDO
ODLNURGåLRURG\NO
LNLSDWJDOR'DåQLVSDUHQNDPDVQDXGRMDQWGLGHO

VNDO
HVDQþL NDLU¡MH SULHWDLVR SXV¡MH ,ã¡MLPR GDåQLV O\JXV VNDO¡V
URGPHQLXLSDGDXJLQWDPLãSDVLULQNWRGLDSD]RQR%HWNDGDGDåQ³Ja-
lima paWLNULQWL PXOWLPHWUX 7DP WLNVOXL QDXGRNLWH SULHWDLVR LãYDG
SDå\P¡WMAINLUWXULQW³ΩYLGLQ
YDUå
122 123
FHULWLQ¡VãHUG\V6XQHULWLQ¡PLVãHUGLPLVHONLW¡VDWVDUJLDLQHVMRV foOLMRVVWRULRJUDILNXVWDPNDGWLHV¡VSROLQNLVGXRWÐVORSLQLPRNRHIi-
esti trapios! Feritas –WDLNHUDPLNLQ¡PDJQHWLQ¡PHGåLDJDWXULQWLPa- FLHQW )oOLMDV G¡NLWH ³ SDå\P¡WR VWDþLDNDPSLR YLGÐ YLUã PDWDYLPR
å HOHNWULQ³ ODLGXP 7RG¡O ãLRVH ãHUG\VH HVWL PDåL VÌNXULQLÐ VURYLÐ ULW¡VLUWDUSULW¡V$JQ\EWÐVXGDU\NLWHVLQXVLQ
³WDPS
VO\JRWLQXRVWROLDL 3) Grafiškai pavaizduokite αSULNODXVRP\E
QXRGDåQLR
Gnybtai. 1RU¡GDPL SULH JQ\EWR SULMXQJWL ODLG DWVXNLWH VSDOYRW II dalis 0DJQHWLQLÐ VUDXWÐ VYHLND 7LULDPDV GYLHMÐ ULþLÐ Xå
SODVWPDVLQ
YHUåO
³VWDW\NLWH SDUXRãW ODLGR JDEDO WDUS PHWDOLQ¡V LU Y\QLRWÐDQWIHULWLQ¡VãHUGLHVDWVDNDV³VLQXVLQLÐYLUSHVLÐJHQHUDWRULDXV
SODVWPDVLQ¡VYHUåOLÐLUY¡OSULYHUåNLWHYHUåO
NLQWDPM³WDPS9g1DXGRMDPLSULHWDLVDLOHLGåLDLãYHQJWLEHWNRNLÐ
³VRWLQLPR UHLãNLQLÐ 3ULHODLGD NDG PDJQHWLQ¡ VNYDUED µ yra pastovi,
, GDOLV 6ÌNXULQLÐ VURYLÐ PDJQHWLQLV HNUDQDYLPDV Laike kin- feritui galioja gana tiksliai.
tantys magnetiniai laukai laidininkuose LQGXNXRWD VÌNXULQHV VURYHV
SÌNXULQ¡VVURY¡VVDYRUXRåWXVXNXULDSULHãLQJÐNU\SþLÐPDJQHWLQLXV Teorija.ýLDSDWHLNLDPDVWHRULQLVVDPSURWDYLPDVLUHNVSHULPHQWR
ODXNXVWDþLDXG¡OPHWDOLQLÐODLGLQLQNÐEDLJWLQLRHOHNWULQLRODLGXPRMLH UH]XOWDWÐDQDOL]HGDURPRVSULHODLGRVNDGDELHMÐULþLÐDNW\YLRVLRVYDr-
nelabai efektingai ekranuoja magnetinius laukus. åRVLUEHWNRNLHKLVWHUH]¡VHIHNWDLãHUG\MH\UDQHGLGHOLLUQHJDOLWXU¡WL
$OLXPLQ¡V IROLMRV HNUDQDYLPR VDY\E¡PV Dprašyti taikysime ³WDNRVPDWXRMDPRPVVURY¡PVEHL³WDPSRPV7DþLDXG¡OãLÐSULHåDVþLÐ
fenomeQRORJLQ³PRGHO³ JDOLDWVLUDVWLWDPWLNUÐVNLUWXPÐWDUSLãPDWXRWÐLUDSVNDLþLXRWÐYHUþLÐ
B = B0 e-αd. 9LHQDULW¡,ãSUDGåLÐQDJULQ¡VLPHãHUG³VXYLHQDULWHNXULDWHND,
Magnetinis srautas ΦNXU³VXNXULDULWHWHNDQWLVURY¡\UDSURSRUFLn-
ýLD%0 – magnetinio srauto tankis nesant folijos, B – magnetinio JDV VURY¡V VWLSULXL , LU YLMÐ VNDLþLXL 1 7DLS SDW PDJQHWLQLV VUDXWDV
srauWRWDQNLVXåIROLMRVα - slopinimo koeficientas, d – folijos storis. SULNODXVRQXRãHUGLHVIRUPRVLUG\GåLREHLPDJQHWLQ¡VVNYDUERVµ =
µr µ0 âL SULNODXVRP\E
JDOLPH LãUHLNãWL JHRPHWULQLX IDNWRULXPL J
Eksperimentas. 3DG¡NLWH IHULWLQ
ãHUG³ VX ULW¡PLV ÄNRMRPLV åe- ýLD µr – þHUGLHV PHGåLDJRV VDQW\NLQ¡ PDJQHWLQ¡ VNYDUED R µ0 –
P\Q³ DQW LãNLOR SDG¡NOR WDLS NDG ULW¡ $ EÌWÐ WLHVLDL SULHã SORNãW¡MH PDJQHWLQ¡NRQVWDQWD7DGDPDJQHWLQLVVUDXWDVΦ lygus
³WDLV\W PDWDYLPR ULW
âHUG³ SULWYLUWLQNLWH DQW LãNLOR SDG¡NOLXNR Lš-
WHPSGDPL JXPHO
YLUã ãHUGLHV LU HUWP¡MH SR SDG¡NOLXNX 0DQ\NLWH Φ = µgNI = cNI.
NDGIROLMRVVWRULRLUSDVLULQNWRMRGDåQLRSDNODLGRV\UDQHGLGHO¡V
3ULMXQNLWHODLGXVSULHULþLÐ$LU%JQ\EWÐ,ãPDWXRNLWHYLVÐUi-
ýLD³YHVWDVSDå\P¡MLPDVF µJ3DJDO)DUDG¡MDXVHOHNWURPDJQe-
þLÐ YDUåDV WDP NDG ³VLWLNLQWXP¡WH DU JHUL VXMXQJLPDL 5LþLÐ YDUåRV
WLQ¡VLQGXNFLMRVGÐVQ³LQGXNXRWRML³WDPSD
WXU¡WÐQHYLUã\WLΩ.
1RU¡GDPL SDWLNULQWL IHQRPHQRORJLQ³ PRGHO³ LU ³YHUWLQWL VORSi- dΦ (t ) dI (t )
QLPR NRHILFLHQW α LãEDQG\NLWH ³YDLULDV DOLXPLQLR IROLMDV MÐ VWRULDL ε (t ) = − N = −cN 2 .
dt dt
nuo 25 µm iki 175 µPHVDQWNHOLHPVSY]ãHãLHPVGDåQLDPVSDVi-
6U\ãLVWDUSVURY¡VVWLSULRLU³WDPSRVLãUHLãNLDPDVMRVLQGXNW\Yu-
ULQNGDPLMXRVLãLQWHUYDORQXRN+]LNLN+]3DWRJXPRG¡OHLJDOi-
mu L:
te nubraiå\WL PDWDYLPR ULW¡V VLJQDOR ORJDULWPR SULNODXVRP\E¡V QXR
124 125
dI (t ) Vg = εA = ωcNA2 IA - ωkcNANBIB.
ε (t ) = − L .
dt
6LQXVLQLÐVLJQDOÐJHQHUDWRULXVVXMXQJWDVVXULWHVXNHOVMRMHVUoY
7DLJLDQWULQHULWHWHNDQWLVURY¡SLUPLQ¡MHULW¡MHLQGXNXRWDSULHãLn-
I(t) = I0 sinωt. JRåHQNOR³WDPSLUWXRVO\JRMD,ASDGLG¡MLP
ýLD ω \UD NDPSLQLV GDåQLV ,0 – VURY¡V DPSOLWXG¡ ,ã ãLÐ O\JþLÐ $QDORJLãNIRUPXO
JDOLPDSDUDã\WLLU³WDPSDLεB. Eksperimentiš-
nustaWRPHNDGãLNLQWDPRMLVURY¡ULW¡MHVXNXUV³WDPS NDLSDWLNULQWDNDGNYHUW¡QHSULNODXVRQXRWRNXULULW¡SDYDGLQWDSLr-
ε (t ) = −ωcN 2 I 0 cos ωt. mine.
Eksperimentas. Sujunkite dvi pa-
6URY¡ EXV WRNLD NDG LQGXNXRWRML ³WDPSD EÌWÐ O\JL JHQHUDWRULDXV sagos formos šerdis taip, kaip parody-
³WDPSDL9gNDLSåLQRPDWDUSVURY¡VLU³WDPSRV\UD0ID]LÐVNLUWu- WD SDY LU VXYHUåNLWH MDV JXPHO¡
PDV$WVLåYHOJ
³WDLLãVLDLãNLQDPHNDGNLQWDPRVLRV³WDPSRVLUVUo- mis. Sureguliuokite generaWRULÐ WDLS
Y¡VDPSOLWXG¡V susijusios taip: kad jis geQHUXRWÐ N+] VLQXVLQ

ε0 = ωcN2I0. ³WDPS 1HSDPLUãNLWH NLHNYLHQR EDn-
7ROLDXWHNVWHLQGHNVRÄ³SULHDWLWLQNDPÐG\GåLÐQHUDã\VLPH G\PR PHWX WDLS QXVWDW\WL PXOWLPHWUÐ
NDGMÐMDXWUXPDVEÌWÐGLGåLDXVLDV$LU
'YLULW¡V7DUNLPHDQWãHUGLHVXåY\QLRWRVGYLULW¡V7RNLXDWYHMX %ULþLÐYLMÐVNDLþLDL1A = 150 ir NB =
QHULWLQ¡ ãHUGLV VXMXQJLD MÐ PDJQHWLQLXV VUDXWXV ,GHDOLRMRMH ãHUG\MH 100 ( ± 1 vija kiekvienoje).
srautas yra vienodas visuRVHMRVVNHUVSMÌYLXRVHRUHDOLRMRMHG¡OPDg- ²URG\NLWH NDG ULþLÐ LQGXNW\Yu-
QHWLQLRVUDXWRVNODLGRVDQWULQ
DSYLMNLUVPDåHVQLVVUDXWDVQHLSLUPi- PDLLUNRHILFLHQWDVNJDOLEÌWLLšreikšti
Q
-HLSLUPLQ¡ULW¡\UD$RDQWULQ¡%VU\ãLVWDUSVUDXWÐMRVHΦA ir per išmatuojamus ir duotus dyGåLXV
ΦB bus toks: 105 pav. LA=εA/(ωIA), kai IB=0, LB=εB/(ωIB),
ΦB = k ΦA. kai IA=0, ir k=(NBIB)/(NAIA), kai
% ULW¡MH WHNDQWL VURY¡ VDYR UXRåWX NXULD VUDXW $ ULW¡MH ΦA = k εB 1XEU¡åNLWH VFKHPDV JUDQGLQLÐ QDXGRWÐ PDWXRMDQW NLHNYLHQ
ΦBGDXJLNOLVYDGLQDPDVU\ãLRNRHILFLHQWX\UDPDåHVQLVXåYLHQHW ãLÐGyGåLÐ$SVNDLþLXRNLWHVNDLWines LA, LB ir k vertes.
1DJULQ¡VLPHDWYHM³NDLDQWIHULWLQ¡VãHUGLHV\UDXåG¡WRVGYLULW¡V 7UXPSDLVXMXQJXVDQWULQ
ULW
VURY¡SLUPLQ¡MHULW¡MHSDGLG¡MDLU
$ LU % SDQDãLDL NDLS WDL HVWL WUDQVIRUPDWRULXMH 5LW
$ GHUD YDGLQWL tampa lygi It. Pasinaudodami pateiktomis lygtimis, It išreikškite per
pirmine, nes ji prijungta prie JHQHUDWRULDXV -HL DQWULQH ULWH % VURY¡ SLUPLQ¡MH ULW¡MH LQGXNXRMDP ³WDPS WRV ULW¡V LQGXNW\YXP LU U\ãLR
neteka (IB VURY¡V,ALQGXNXRWRML³WDPSDεA yra lygi Vg, bet turi NRHILFLHQW,ãPDWXRNLWH,t.
priešinJåHQNO7XRDWYHMX%ULW¡MHLQGXNXRWRML³WDPSD 3) A ir % ULWHV JDOLPD VXMXQJWL WDLS NDG MÐ VUDXWDL VXVLG¡WÐ DUED
atsiLPWÐ
εB = ωkcNANBIA. D 1XVWDW\NLWH QXRVHNOLDL VXMXQJWÐ ULþLÐ LQGXNW\YXP /A+B pasi-
QDXGRGDPLG\GåLDLVLãPDWXRMDPDLVWXRDWYHMXNDLULþLÐVUDXWDLVWLp-
-HL%ULWHWHNDVURY¡,BWDLMLVDYRUXRåWX$ULW¡MHLQGXNXRWD³WDm- ULQDYLHQDVNLWVXVLGHGD
pLãUHLãNLDPYLVLãNDLDQDORJLãNDL7RG¡OVXPLQ¡$ULW¡V³WDPSD\UD
126 127
E ,ãPDWXRNLWH³WDPSDV 9A ir VB WXR DWYHMX NDL ULþLÐ VUDXWDL \UD
SULHãLQJÐ NU\SþLÐ DWVLLPD 3DWHLNLWH ãLÐ ³WDPSÐ VDQW\N³ â³ VDQW\N³
LãUHLNãNLWHULþLÐVNDLþLXPLLUU\ãLRNRHILFLHQWX
3DVLQDXGRGDPL JDXWDLV UH]XOWDWDLV SDWLNULQNLWH DU ULW¡V LQGXk-
W\YXPDVSURSRUFLQJDVYLMÐVNDLþLaus kvadratui.
3DWLNULQNLWHSULHODLGDUSDJU³VWDLJDOLPDQHSDLV\WLSLUPLQ¡VUi-
W¡VDNW\YLRVLRVYDUåRV
WDUS ãHUGåLÐ ³G¡WL SORQL L]ROLDFi-
nio popieriaus lapeliai (106 pav.). Atsi-
åYHOJGDPL³WDLLUQDXGRGDPLHVL$PSe-
UR G¡VQLX LU PDJQetinio srauto tankio

vektoriaus B WRO\GXPX SHUHLQDQW ULE
tarp ferito ir izoliacinio popieriaus, nu-
VWDW\NLWH IHULWR VDQW\NLQ
PDJQHWLQ

VNYDUE µr. manykite, kad izoliacinio
SRSLHULDXVODSHOLÐVWRULV\UDµm, po-
pieriaus µ = µ0 = 4π⋅10-7 N⋅s2/C2. geo-
meWULQLV IDNWRULXV DSLEU¡åLDPDV $PSe-
URG¡VQLX
1 106 pav.
∫ µ Bdl = I sum .
ýLD,sum\UDVXPLQ¡VURY¡NHUWDQWLLQWHJUDYLPRNRQWÌURULERMDP
SORW3DWHLNLWHµrDOJHEULQ
LãUDLãNLUDSVNDLþLXRNLWHMRVVNDLWLQ
YHr-
W

Pastaba: ši informacija interneto svetain¡MHwww.olimpas.lt skelbiama nuo 2004 03 10.

Pataisyta, papildyta: 2004 03 25.
128
www.olimpas.lt

30 Fizikos Tarp. Olimpiadu Uzduotys

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

30 Fizikos Tarp. Olimpiadu Uzduotys

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRISDEŠIMT

1. $QWK PDXNãþLRDWUDPRVJXOL0 JPDV¡VUXWXO\VY

6. $QWQXRåXOQLRVSORNãWXPRVNXULRVSROLQNLR³KRUL]RQWNDPSDVα ,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDPýHNRVORYDNLMD

25. 7U\VYLHQRGÐPDVLÐLOJLÐLULãRULQLÐVSLQGXOLÐFLOLQGUDLSDG¡ti 3UDGLQLX PRPHQWX FLOLQGUR $ VWÌPRNOLV EXYR SULWYLUWLQWDV R Fi-

6WDWPHQDL SORNãþLDMDP Sa-

3 74. 3ORNãþLRML PRQRFKURPDWLQ¡

85. Rekombinacijos procesai dujiniame išlydyje. Dujinio išly- (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V

92. 5HQWJHQR VSLQGXOLÐ GLIrakcija kristale. 1DJULQ¡VLPH 5HQt-

3UDNWLãNDL VWHQJLDPDVL SDODLN\WL NLHN JDOLPD PDåHVQ

104. Azoto savitoji garavimo šiluma. Eksperimento tikslas yra 79 pav.

Bx(x) = C xp. .DLWRNLGDOHO

107. Superlaidus magnetas. Superlaidus magnetas paprastai t1 t2 t3 t4 t t1 t2 t3 t4 t

þLD D W0 ir T0 – SDVWRYÌV G\GåLDL 1XVWaW\NLWH PHWDOR ãLOXPLQ¡V

Pastaba: ši informacija interneto svetain¡MHwww.olimpas.lt skelbiama nuo 2004 03 10.

You might also like

30 Fizikos Tarp. Olimpiadu Uzduotys

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

30 Fizikos Tarp. Olimpiadu Uzduotys

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TRISDEŠIMT

1. $QWK PDXNãþLRDWUDPRVJXOL0 JPDV¡VUXWXO\VY

6. $QWQXRåXOQLRVSORNãWXPRVNXULRVSROLQNLR³KRUL]RQWNDPSDVα ,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDP ýHNRVORYDNLMD

25. 7U\VYLHQRGÐPDVLÐLOJLÐLULãRULQLÐVSLQGXOLÐFLOLQGUDLSDG¡ti 3UDGLQLX PRPHQWX FLOLQGUR $ VWÌPRNOLV EXYR SULWYLUWLQWDV R Fi-

 6WDWPHQDL SORNãþLDMDP Sa-

3 74. 3ORNãþLRML PRQRFKURPDWLQ¡

85. Rekombinacijos procesai dujiniame išlydyje. Dujinio išly- (NVSHULPHQWLQ¡VXåGXRW\V

92. 5HQWJHQR VSLQGXOLÐ GLIrakcija kristale. 1DJULQ¡VLPH 5HQt-

3UDNWLãNDL VWHQJLDPDVL SDODLN\WL NLHN JDOLPD PDåHVQ

104. Azoto savitoji garavimo šiluma. Eksperimento tikslas yra 79 pav.

Bx(x) = C xp. .DLWRNLGDOHO

107. Superlaidus magnetas. Superlaidus magnetas paprastai t1 t2 t3 t4 t t1 t2 t3 t4 t

þLD D W0 ir T0 – SDVWRYÌV G\GåLDL 1XVWaW\NLWH PHWDOR ãLOXPLQ¡V

Pastaba: ši informacija interneto svetain¡MHwww.olimpas.lt skelbiama nuo 2004 03 10.

You might also like

1. $QWK PDXNãþLRDWUDPRVJXOL0 JPDV¡VUXWXO\VY

6. $QWQXRåXOQLRVSORNãWXPRVNXULRVSROLQNLR³KRUL]RQWNDPSDVα ,,,WDUSWDXWLQ¡IL]LNRVROLPSLDGDPýHNRVORYDNLMD

25. 7U\VYLHQRGÐPDVLÐLOJLÐLULãRULQLÐVSLQGXOLÐFLOLQGUDLSDG¡ti 3UDGLQLX PRPHQWX FLOLQGUR $ VWÌPRNOLV EXYR SULWYLUWLQWDV R Fi-

6WDWPHQDL SORNãþLDMDP Sa-

Bx(x) = C xp. .DLWRNLGDOHO

þLD D W0 ir T0 – SDVWRYÌV G\GåLDL 1XVWaW\NLWH PHWDOR ãLOXPLQ¡V