Testing and Analysis of the loam Soils Thermal

Conductivity of an agriculture land (Ayoub research center

in Faisalabad).
Name Hammad Ghaffar

Roll no. 152506 or 37158

B.s physics (eve8th semester)

Government Postgraduate College Samanabad Faisalabad

Content:
No. Title Page
1 Abstract
2 Introduction
3 Objective
4 Sample preparation
5 Formula
6 Material and method
7 Soil sample
8 Dry soil
9 Wet soil
10 DDS-22C
11 Feature
12 Method
13 Test instrument
14 Observation
15 dry soil and calculation
16 Wet soil and calculation
17 Graph
18 Discussion
19 Result and conclusion
20 Reference
Abstract:
Thermal conductivity is the ability of the material to allow heat transfer to it. The
thermal conductivity is defined as the quantity of heat that flows through a unit area
in a unit time under a unit temperature gradient. Soil thermal conductivity is very
much important to environmentally sensitive applications in agricultural and
constructional fields or areas. As a general rule, the thermal conductivity of soil
increases with increasing moisture (1). The thermal conductivity is measured and
analyzed.
Experiment results showed that the thermal conductivity increases with the increases
of the density, moisture content. The calculated results by the proposed model are in
good agreement with the experimental data. Therefore it is important to find out the
thermal conductivity of soil for better result in agricultural field as well as in
constructional areas. This paper introduces the testing principle, method and results
of soil thermal conductivity for an agricultural. Soil management is an essential part
of farming. The soil type helps farmers decide what crops will grow best because
some crops do better with particular types of soil.

Introduction:
Thermal conductivity is the ability of the material to allow heat transfer to it. The
thermal conductivity is defined as the quantity of heat that flows through a unit area
in a unit time under a unit temperature gradient.

The purpose of study is to presents an evaluation of method for the calculation of the
thermal conductivity of soil on the basis of comparison of the thermal conductivity of
sand, clay, sandy loam, clay loam, silty loam, silty clay loam and peat, measured and
calculated from the statistical-physical model, and numerical method.

For loam, the evaluation is performed on the basis of comparison of results obtained
experimentally, model and the method of null-alignment, with and without taking into
account the thermal conductivity resulting from water vapour movement due to
temperature gradient in the soil.(2)

This paper introduces the testing principle, method and results of soil thermal
conductivity for a agriculture land, which consists tropical area of Ayoub research
center in Faisalabad. Also, based on all the initial testing data, the distribution of the
soil thermal conductivity crossing different topographic areas is discussed. Soil
properties play an important role on crop growth.
 The use of machinery in agricultural production systems disturbs the soil structure
and often may generate soil compacted layers that affect soil layers. Different soil
management systems produce different levels of soil compaction, depending on
water content, type of soil, and agricultural machinery operations. Farmers consider
the soil as uniform for its management, but soil properties are variable in space and
time. As a result of these variations, the use of the average value of a soil property
could lead to wrong management decisions. That’s way it is very key to measure the
properties of the soil such as thermal conductivity as well as other properties of soil
to obtain a good production of crop.

With the help of apparatus DDS-22C (digital conductivity meter), find out that, the
thermal conductivity of wet soil or sample is greater than the dry sample.

Unit: In the International System of Units, thermal conductivity is measured in watts

per meter-degree-centigrade = (W/ (m∙℃).or (w) / (m.k)) (3)

Dimension: The dimension of thermal conductivity is M1L1T−3. (4)

Objective/purpose
The purpose of this paper was to see the difference between the thermal
conductivity of wet soil and dry soil and knowing the physical properties of soil.

Sample preparation:
To measure the conductivity of soil selected an agriculture area, and took a
sample of soil. The depth of the soil simple is 19.05 to 21.60cm. After this soil was
divided into two equal parts then one wet sample and other one dry sample were
prepared at room temperature for few days, but to make a wet sample there are
many method but here used the process of diffusion for three to five days.

Formula used:
Formula to find the thermal conductivity of the soil is

K = q/ 4 ᴨa

Here q is the initial temperature of the rod at the room temperature. ᴨ is a constant
factor and its value is (3.14).

And the last factor (a) is represents the slope, and calculate as

a = (t2-t1)/ (q2-q1).
 The difference b/w time t1 and t2 are very important, and it maybe be more than or
equal to 30 minutes for batter results, otherwise your graph is so rough and difficult
to calculate the slope.

Materials and method:

Soil sample

Electricity

DDS-22C (digital conductivity meter).

Soil sample:
There are many types of soil and therefore our sample depends upon our needs,
such that why we are measuring the conductivity of soil and which type of soil
required for this purpose location and the depth of soil are some important factors for
each measurement. To measure the conductivity of soil, samples were taken from an
agriculture area, and took a simple of soil.

The depth of the soil simple is 19.05 to 21.60cm.

The most important factors is how to prepare the dry and wet soil sample.

(5)

Dry soil sample:

Soils normally contain a finite amount of water, which can be expressed as
the “soil moisture content.” This moisture exists within the pore spaces in between
soil aggregates and within soil aggregates. Normally this pore space is occupied by
air and/or water. If all the pores are occupied by air, the soil is completely dry.
If all the pores are filled with water, the soil is said to be saturated. To make a soil
completely dry, the soil must be fine in powder and then the soil spread over a cloth
for few days at the room temperature.

Dry soil sample:

(6)

Wet soil sample:

The soil sample was taken in plate and covered with a cloth. This plate containing
sample is then placed upon another plate filled with water, in such a way that
covered face of plate touched to the water o the other plate. The water is absorbed
in the soil sample through the cloth slowly. with the help process diffusion.

With the help of process the wet soil sample was prepared and it is generally

Require three or four days to make a good wet soil sample.

(7)
DDS-22C (digital conductivity meter).
Specifications:
Digital conductivity meter for drinking water plant and laboratory (DDS-22C)
Feature:
1. Using high speed microprocessor chip, stable performance.

2. Backlit screen.

3 .Automatic calibration

4.1408μs/cm electric conductivity standard calibration plug, fast and convenient.

5. Bended metal electrode racks, can be placed at right or left side.

6. High accurate electrode and automatic temperature compensation, test result be

more precise.

Method:
This method is carried out by inserting a needle probe into the ground which takes
the measurements as the probe heats up. The probe is not required to obtain a
constant temperature value because the signal is tracked as a function of time.
Although the mathematical analysis of the data is more difficult than steady-state
methods, this testing method has the advantage of faster measurement, and it is
easier for the needle probes to get to the test depth through a small diameter hole.
As a laboratory testing method, the process of samples preparation is relatively
complex, the moisture content and the compactness of the soil may be quite
different. As a result, the transient test method is more suitable than the steady-state
test method in pipeline route testing.

Test instrument:
The instrument we use for our study is the field thermal needle. This system is
a transient thermal conductivity testing method based on the principle of line heat
source theory. The important component of the field thermal needle system includes
three parts, the non-steady-state probe, mounted at the tip of the lance and the user
control.
 The apparatus is start with the help of electricity and the soil thermal conductivity is
calculated from the observed temperature changes at the sensor.

(8)

Observation:
Wet soil sample:
In the beginning the needle temperature at the room temperature is,

Q=30c°

And,

No. Time in minutes Temperature in c°

1 30 30.9
2 60 31.2

Calculation:
The formula to calculate the thermal conductivity of soil is

K=q/4 ᴨa

Where

ꭤ = (t2-t1)/ (q2-q1)

So

a = (60-30)/ (31.2-30.90) = 30/ .3

 a = 100

Then

The above equation shows that the thermal conductivity of wet soil is
0.02388(W/ (m∙℃).

K = 30/ 4(3.14= 30/1256

K = 0.02388(W/ (m∙℃)

Dry soil sample:

In the beginning the needle temperature at the room temperature is,

q=35c°

And,

No. Time in minutes Temperature in c°

1 30 33.3
2 60 33.5

Calculation:
a = (60-30) / (33.5-33.3) = 30/.2

a = 150

Then

K= 35/ 4(3.14)150 = 35/ 1884

K= .01857(W/ (m∙℃)

The above equation shows the thermal conductivity of dry soil is .01857(W/ (m.c°)).
Graph:

Discussion:
It is clear that wet soil was passed out less heat as compared to the dry soil sample
because wet soil was showed less temperature than dry soil sample.

Thermal conductivity is inversely proportional to the heat flow through the soil.so in
This way, thermal conductivity of wet soil must be greater than dry soil.

In this paper it is clear that experimental observation and calculate values agree with
theoretical value.
Result and conclusion:
Result:
It is clear that the thermal conductivity of dry soil is approximately equal to .
01857(W / (m∙℃) wet soil has .02388(W/ (m∙℃).

According to another sample the thermal conductivity of dry soil is .0557(W/ (m∙℃).
while wet soil has thermal conductivity .0757(W/ (m∙℃)

Conclusion:
The testing process proves that the soil thermal conductivity is more
sensitive to the influence of moisture content.

So in this way we also says that, the thermal conductivity of typical desert soil is
generally lower than other areas, and the difference of the soil thermal conductivity in
rainy and dry season is not as obvious as other areas.

Reference:
thermtest.com/.../soil-thermal-conductivity.(1).
Yang Xiaoheng, Pipeline Design and Management: Petroleum University Press, May 2006,
pp.76-79 (2)

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_con...(3)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermal_conductivity..(4)
ylt=Awr4xJNpkAld4hUAE69XNyoA;_ylc=X1MDMjc2NjY3OQRfc(5,6,7).
`www.sinotester.com(8)