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Applied Reservoir Engineering

Instructor: Dr. Maghsood Abbaszadeh

Duration: 5 days
Level: Basic-Intermediate

Course Description
This course covers a wide range of topics of interest to those who practice reservoir engineering or
those who want to gain a deeper understanding of practical aspects of reservoir engineering. The
first chapter of the course reviews fundamentals of reservoir engineering concepts and helps
solidify the background of participants in reservoir types, fluid analysis/PVT, petrophysics, core
analysis and reservoir heterogeneity. Subsequently, various deterministic and probabilistic
methods of industry-established reserve estimation and reserve classification are described. Next,
the physics of fluid flow in porous media along with well testing practices of oil and gas wells are
described. Primary drive mechanisms, well and reservoir performance techniques under various
well completion and well geometry conditions are addressed, and production forecasting is covered.
Numerous number of examples, exercises and hands on problem solving sessions in the form of
workshop are included throughput the course in various sections and are aimed at exposing the
participants to applied topics in reservoir engineering and in strengthening their understanding
level. Hand-picked case studies from reservoirs throughout the world further enhance the course.
Participants are encouraged to bring in their own case studies and problems for classroom
discussions and cross-transfer of knowledge.

Course Learning
Upon completion of this course, participants will have built competence in their ability to assess
applied reservoir engineering methods to:
 Perform reserve estimates using volumetric methods, decline curve analysis, material balance
applications, modern production analysis and probabilistic methods
 Assess and classify reserves using industry standard definitions
 Estimate hydrocarbon-in-place (OIP, GIP) by deterministic and stochastic methods along with
associated uncertainty and risk analysis
 Apply principles of flow through porous media to a variety of reservoir engineering applications
 Estimate well performance for volumetric, gas cap and water drive reservoirs
 Select appropriate well completion configurations fr improved well production
 Apply inflow/outflow relationships for well deliverability
 Participate in multidisciplinary efforts to propose well workover and development planning

Target Audience
This course is targeted to reservoir engineers, geologists, geophysicists, production engineers and
drilling engineers at beginning or intermediate level of 1-5 years experiences. Those with more
industry experience who also wish to expand their knowledge base will also benefit from this
course.
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Course Content
1. FUNDAMENTALS AND OVERVIEW
1.1 Reservoirs and Classification
o Conventional reservoir types
o Effective reservoirs and examples
o Reservoir static pressure
o Exercise: RFT and PLT for pressure gradient analysis
o Data requirements
1.2 Petroleum Fluid Properties and Analysis
o Oil and gas physical properties, Formation volume factors
o Exercise: determination of a reservoir fluid type
o PVT and PVT experiments
o Fluid sampling and Separator test
o Example: PVT adjustment to separator condition
o Exercise: fluid-in-place calculation
o Phase behavior, Phase equilibrium and flash calculations
o Examples
o Workshop: abandonment pressure for a gas field
1.3 Petrophysics
o Porosity and permeability
o Permeability prediction methods, Hydraulic flow units
o Examples of permeability predictions, worldwide reservoirs
o Exercise: building k- relationship from core data
o Pore volume compressibility: effect of consolidation
o Capillary pressure and Leverett J-function
o Static reservoir fluid distributions
o Workshop: calculating saturation profile in a reservoir
o Relative permeability and examples
1.4 Core Analysis
o Coring methods and acquisition: sidewall, whole core, handling, preservation
o Routine core analysis methods, CCAL
o Special core analysis methods, SCAL
o Illustrative examples
1.5 Heterogeneity Measures
o Dykstra-Parson method
o Lorenz method
o Examples
o Exercise: calculating Dykstra-Parson coefficient, VDP

2. RESERVE ESTIMATES
2.1 Volumetric Methods
o Net pay setting, Cutoff criteria
o Example of net pay: turbidite deposits in GoM
o Workshop: net pay determination
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o Volume calculations
o Planimeter data integration
o Example of volume calculation with planimeter data
o Exercise: calculating OIP and GIP in a compartmentalized reservoir
2.2 Decline Curve Analysis
o Basics, definitions and models
o Arps empirical method
- Formulation
- Example
- Exercise 1: calculation of well’s life and cumulative recovery
- Exercise 2: impact of acidization on decline curve and reserves
o Fetkovitch models
- Dimensionless solution
- Type curve
- Examples
- Workshop: 8-year gas field production history analysis
- Field case 1: production data analysis of Clear Fork-Texas with
water
injection (decline curve reinitialization)
- Field case 2: Impact of recompletions on decline curve in Field E
o Modern decline curve analysis
- Variable rate production
- Blasingame type curve
- IPI type curve
- Examples
- Example/Exercise: Tight gas well in North Mexico
o Well performance indicators other than flow rate
- Solution gas drive, Rs
- WOR
- Example
2.3 Material Balance
o Gas reservoirs
 Material balance formulation
 P/Z plot analysis
 Water influx effect
 Workshop: Reserve calculation by P/Z and comparing with volumetric
 Special consideration in tight gas sands
 Example
o Oil reservoirs
 General material balance formulation
 Gas cap effect
 Water influx effect
 Examples
 Exercise: calculating OOIP in solution gas drive reservoir
 Case study: OIP in layered sandstone field in Edmonton-Canada
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 Workshop: determining drive mechanism and OOIP

2.4 Reserve Classifications
o Definitions: Reserve vs. Resource
o Analogy technique
o Deterministic technique
- Volumetric
- Primary recovery efficiency
- Example: Jay field
- Workshop: calculation of deterministic reserves
- Simulation method
o Probabilistic technique
- Definition of pdf and cdf statistical functions
- Proved, probable, possible reserves
- Examples
o Uncertainty
- Sources of uncertainty
- Oil-in-place and reserves uncertainty calculations
- Tornado chart and ranking of OIP reserves
- Monte Carlo simulation
- Example: impact of uncertainty in WOC on reserves
o Exercise: Estimating gas-water contact for reserve calculation

3. FLUID FLOW IN POROUS MEDIA

3.1 Basic Concepts and Equations
o Darcy law and flow potential
o Permeability anisotropy and heterogeneity
o Exercise: average permeability in a heterogenous whole core
o Flow in complex geometries
o Workshop: driving flow solution in direct line drive pattern
3.2 Potential, Streamline and Steady-State Flow
o Diffusivity equation
o Potential and streamline functions
o Anisotropy
o Well patterns
o Examples
o Exercise: developing potential function for a well near an aquifer
3.3 Pressure Transients and Well Testing
o Line source solution
o Wellbore storage and skin
o Drawdown and reservoir limit tests
o Example: limit test calculations
o Exercise: analyze a pressure transient drawdown test
o Superposition in time and space
o Pressure buildup tests
o Average reservoir pressure
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o Example: calculations of average reservoir pressure

o Exercise: analyze pressure buildup test by Horner plot
o DST: Drill stem test
o Examples of DST: field cases
o Interference and vertical permeability testing
o Example: Interference test analysis and calculations
3.4 Well/Reservoir Geometries
o Fractured well
o Horizontal well
o Layered reservoir
o Examples
o Exercise: Fractured well test calculations
o Workshop: Horizontal well test calculations
3.5 Gas Well Flow
o Pseudo-pressure, m(p)
o Non-Darcy flow effect
o Example: analysis of field tests for non-Darcy flow
o Gas well deliverability
o Isochronal tests
o Workshop: modified isochronal test analysis
3.6 Coning and Cusping
o Models (vertical and horizontal wells)
o Examples
o Fluid contact encroachment
- Field case study 1: Haft-kel, Iran
- Field case study 2: Akal field, Mexico

4. RESERVOIR DYNAMICS AND PRIMARY DRIVE MECHANSMS

4.1 Solution Gas Drive
4.2 Gas Caps
o Types: segregating and non-segregating
o Gravity drainage mechanism
o Example
4.3 Water Drive (Influx)
o Gas reservoirs
o Oil reservoirs
o Aquifer influx models
o Recovery efficiency
o Examples
o Exercise: Calculating water influx by Van Everdingen and Hurst method

5. WELL PERFORMANCE
5.1 Productivity Index (PI) or J-function
o Single phase undersaturated oil reservoirs
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o Two-phase oil and gas reservoirs

o Gas condensates
5.2 Inflow Performance (IPR)
o Single- and multi-phase flow
o Vogel empirical model
o Exercise: IPR and flow calculations
o IPR and production forecasting
o Example of forecasting IPR
o Fetkovitch back-pressure model for oil wells
o Examples of back-pressure IPR from a field
o Comparative examples of different IPR models
5.3 Well Completions
o Open hole and cased hole
o Gravel pack
o Perforations
o Example
o Exercise: construct IPR curve, calculate skin factor for a gravel packed well
5.4 Wellbore Damage and Skin Factors
o Filtration and plugging damage
o Partial penetration effective skin
o Gravel pack skin
o Perforation skin
o Exercise: calculate perforation skin factor
5.5 Horizontal (Multilateral) Wells
o Productivity relationships
o Exercise: HW performance calculations
o Effective skin factors
o Example: pressure transient test for skin factor
5.6 Hydraulically Fractured Wells
o Fractured well models
o Effective skin factor
o Productivity/injectivity
o Example: Productivity of finite-conductivity fractured well
o Exercise: calculation of effective skin factor and increase in productivity
o Fractured horizontal wells
o Example: multi-lateral fractured wells
5.7 Pressure Drop in Tubulars
o Single phase flow
o Gas well bottomhole pressure calculations
o Exercise: calculate bottomhole pressure of a gas well from surface pressure
o Multiphase flow
 Flow regimes
 Holdup models and calculations
 Pressure traverse calculations
 Example: tubing intakes
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5.8 Gas Lift Engineering

o Principles
o Balance point and wellbore unloading
o Example: vertical pressure gradient calculation
o Gas lift injection rate
o Gas lift performance, impact of IPR

6. EXTENDED FIELD CASES

6.1 Reservoir Description and Reserve Estimates: Deltaic Deposits, Louisiana, USA
o Initial volumetric reserve estimates
o Material balance to improve reserve estimates
o Pressure transient tests and long-term flow test to finalize reserve estimates
6.2 Reservoir Engineering and Analysis of Tight Channel Sands: Chicontepec, Mexico
o Probabilistic reserve calculations
o Fractured well performances and monitoring
6.3 Well Performance Prediction: Kuparuk Field, Alaska
o Decline curve analysis and use of WOR for well performance
6.4 Reservoir Engineering and Field Development: Shaybah Field, Saudi Arabia
o Use of multilaterals and horizontal wells
o Well performance and productivity indicators/controls

7. CLASSROOM FINAL DISCUSIONS

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