Professional Documents
Culture Documents
- 20 Amino Acids
- 5 Nucleic Acids (G, T, C, A, U)
o Nucleotide vs Nucleoside
o ATP – Adenosine TriPhosphate
- B-DNA
- Chromosome structure
o How to identify distances
- Common monosaccharides
o Hexoses: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
o Pentoses: Ribose, Arabinose
- Common disaccharides
o Sucrose (Glc-α-1,2-Fru), Lactose (Gal-β-1,4-Glc), Maltose (Glc-α-1,4-Glc)
- Common polysaccharides
o Amylose (Starch) and Glycogen (α-1,4 and α-1,6), Cellulose (β-1,4)
- Glycolysis
o Glucose & Glucose-6-phosphate (Step 1)
o Fructose 6-phosphate & Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate (Step 3)
o Dihydroxyacetone phosphate & Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (Step 5)
o 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate & 3-phosphogylcerate (Step 7)
o Phosphoenolpyruvate & Pyruvate (Step 10)
- Acetyl-CoA and CoA
▪ Pyruvate loses 1 carbon as CO2 in this process
- Fermentation
o Acetaldehyde & Ethanol
- TCA Cycle
o Citrate, cis-Aconitate, Isocitrate, α-Ketoglutarate, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate,
Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate
▪ Isocitrate and AKG lose 1 carbon as CO2 ; net gain of 0 carbons if
pyruvate enters TCA
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
o Ribose-5-Phosphate & Ribulose-5-Phosphate
- Urea
- Fa^y Acid Synthesis
o Malonyl-CoA
o Acetoacetate and Acetone
o Hydroxybutyrate
- Vitamins
o Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
▪ FAD/FMN
o Niacin (Vitamin B3)
▪ NAD/NADP
o Biotin (Vitamin B7)
o Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
o Retinol (Vitamin A)
- Lipids
o Steroids
▪ Terpenes and terpenoids
▪ Hormones: Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Aldosterone, Cortisol,
Estrogen, Testosterone
o Triacyl glycerols
o Free fa^y acids
o Phospholipids & Phosphatids
o Sphingolipids
o Prostaglandins
- Messengers:
o Acetycholine
o cAMP
o Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
o IP3 (Inositol Triphosphate) & DAG (Diacylglycerol)
o Nitric Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Hemoglobin
- Antigen / Antibody