Memorize the following molecules

Biology & Biochemistry

- 20 Amino Acids
- 5 Nucleic Acids (G, T, C, A, U)
o Nucleo​tide​ vs Nucleo​side
o ATP – Adenosine TriPhosphate
- B-DNA
- Chromosome structure
o How to identify distances
- Common monosaccharides
o Hexoses: Glucose, Galactose, Fructose
o Pentoses: Ribose, Arabinose
- Common disaccharides
o Sucrose (Glc-​α​-1,2-Fru), Lactose (Gal-​β​-1,4-Glc), Maltose (Glc-​α​-1,4-Glc)
- Common polysaccharides
o Amylose (Starch) and Glycogen (​α​-1,4 and ​α​-1,6), Cellulose (​β​-1,4)
- Glycolysis
o Glucose & Glucose-6-phosphate (Step 1)
o Fructose 6-phosphate & Fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate (Step 3)
o Dihydroxyacetone phosphate & Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate (Step 5)
o 1, 3-bisphosphoglycerate & 3-phosphogylcerate (Step 7)
o Phosphoenolpyruvate & Pyruvate (Step 10)
- Acetyl-CoA and CoA
▪ Pyruvate loses 1 carbon as CO​2​ in this process
- Fermentation
o Acetaldehyde & Ethanol
- TCA Cycle
o Citrate, cis-Aconitate, ​Isocitrate​, ​α​-Ketoglutarate​, Succinyl-CoA, Succinate,
Fumarate, Malate, Oxaloacetate
▪ Isocitrate and AKG lose 1 carbon as CO​2​ ; net gain of 0 carbons if
pyruvate enters TCA
- Pentose Phosphate Pathway
o Ribose-5-Phosphate & Ribulose-5-Phosphate
- Urea
- Fa^y Acid Synthesis
o Malonyl-CoA
o Acetoacetate and Acetone
o Hydroxybutyrate
- Vitamins
o Riboflavin (Vitamin B​2​)
▪ FAD/FMN
o Niacin (Vitamin B​3​)
▪ NAD/NADP
 o Biotin (Vitamin B​7​)
o Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B​5​)
o Retinol (Vitamin A)
- Lipids
o Steroids
▪ Terpenes and terpenoids
▪ Hormones: Cholesterol, Vitamin D, Aldosterone, Cortisol,
Estrogen, Testosterone
o Triacyl glycerols
o Free fa^y acids
o Phospholipids & Phosphatids
o Sphingolipids
o Prostaglandins
- Messengers:
o Acetycholine
o cAMP
o Epinephrine/Norepinephrine
o IP​3​ (Inositol Triphosphate) & DAG (Diacylglycerol)
o Nitric Oxide (NO) and Carbon Monoxide (CO)
- Hemoglobin
- Antigen / Antibody

Chemistry & Organic Chemistry

- Atom model
- Common polyatomic ions
o Phosphate, Ammonium, Sulfate, Acetate, etc.
- Molecular structures involving the following:
o H, C, N, O, F, S, P, Si, Cl
o R vs S, E vs Z
o Isomers
▪ Structural
▪ Conformational
▪ Stereoisomers
● Diastereomers, Enantiomers, Cis/Trans isomers
- Keto & Enol forms
- Function Groups:
o Hydroxyl
o Aldehyde & Ketone
o Nitrile
o Cyanohydrin
o Acetal & Hemiacetal
o Imine & Enamine
o Carboxylic acid
o Amides & Lactams
o Esters & Lactone
 o Anhydride
o Phenyl & Phenol
▪ Hydroquinone, ubiquinone
- Biological Aromatic Heterocycles
o β​–lactam, Furan, Imidazole, Pyridine, Pyrimidine, Indole