The entire process of mitosis takes between 16-24 hours.

PMAT takes the shortest amount of time being completed in 1 hour

There are 6 billion nucleotides in the body (which is about ​6 feet worth​). Each nucleotide
weighs 110 Da on average.

Histones are slightly positively charged, they are composed of arginine and lysine and bind
about 30 million nucleotides per nucleosome.

There are 5 histone subunits: H1, H2A, H2B, HC HD

Histones are always present even when they are very uncondensed in the beginning of
prophase (meiosis) or in interphase (mitosis)

RNA polymerase on other hand is negatively charged on outside positively charged on inside to
correctly guide nucleotides

Chromosomes are best visualized at metaphase (most condensed)

DNA: phosphodiester bonds are when 3 prime OH attacks 5’ phosphate creating alternating
phosphate and ribosome backbone that is ​-1 charged due to the phosphate​.

The nucleotide bases can be found on the 1 prime sugar facing away

Rate of division ​varies from organ to organ. Cells that do NOT divide are neurons and
skeletal muscles!!

Telosome is when centromere is at tip top. Acrosome is when it is slightly lower. Meta is when it
is at middle and ​submetacentric​ also looks middlelish.

Homopolysaccharides are all made of the same type of saccharide. Heteropolysaccharides are
all made up of different saccharides

Fructose is a ketose that is 6 ringed. Ribose is an aldose that is 5 ringed. Arabinose is 5 ringed
aldose.

Ide bonds are non-reducing sugars (not reducing agents) because there are in a bond and thus
will not respond to Tollens (Ag reaction to form Ag complex) nor to Tollens (CuSo4 reaction) that
goes from ​non-reactive blue to brick red. Must be a reducing sugar to react with them.

Interphase:
G1: Cellular arrest (halt in progression thru cell cycle), RNA-->protein synthesis
S: Duplication
G2: chromatin condense/protein synthesis
Interphase is in fact not technically part of meiosis

Sucrose is glucose + fructose (1->2 alpha)

Maltose is glucose +glucose (1-->4 alpha)

Sphingolipid is a molecule that is derived from amino acids and doesn’t have a glycerol
backbone. If bound to saccharide it’s a sphingoglycolipid. If bound to nucleotide, it’s a
sphingomyelin

CH2OH: If it’s outside of the usual spot check if it’s facing the same side as the anomeric OH. If
it is, you have beta if it’s not you have alpha (on opposites)

Chromosomes in nucleolus are the ones that produce rRNA. So cells with larger nucleolus are
producing the most rRNA. They prod