Hole's Essentials Of: Human Anatomy and Physiology

Instructor’s Manual
for the
Laboratory Manual
to Accompany
Hole’s Essentials of
Human Anatomy and
Physiology
Eighth Edition
Terry R. Martin
Kishwaukee College
i
Instructor’s Manual for the Laboratory Manual to Accompany
HOLE’S ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY, EIGHTH EDITION
DAVID SHIER, JACKIE BUTLER, AND RICKI LEWIS
Published by McGraw-Hill Higher Education, an imprint of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 1221 Avenue of the Americas,
New York, NY 10020. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc, 2003, 2000, 1998. All rights reserved.
The contents, or parts thereof, may be reproduced in print form solely for classroom use with HOLE’S ESSENTIALS OF HUMAN ANATOMY
AND PHYSIOLOGY, EIGHTH EDITION, provided such reproductions bear copyright notice, but may not be reproduced in any other form or
for any other purpose without the prior written consent of The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., including, but not limited to, in any network or
other electronic storage or transmission, or broadcast for distance learning.
www.mhhe.com
ii
CONTENTS
Preface v
An Overview vi
Instructional Approaches viii
Correlation of Textbook Chapters and Laboratory Exercises ix
Suggested Time Schedule xi
Fundamentals of Human Anatomy and Physiology
Exercise 1 Scientific Method and Measurements 1
Exercise 2 Body Organization and Terminology 2
Exercise 3 Care and Use of the Compound Microscope 5
Cells
Exercise 4 Cell Structure and Function 6
Exercise 5 Movements Through Cell Membranes 8
Exercise 6 The Cell Cycle 10
Tissues
Exercise 7 Epithelial Tissues 11
Exercise 8 Connective Tissues 12
Exercise 9 Muscle and Nervous Tissues 13
Integumentary System
Exercise 10 Integumentary System 14
Skeletal System
Exercise 11 Structure of Bone 16
Exercise 12 Organization of the Skeleton 17
Exercise 13 The Skull 18
Exercise 14 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage 20
Exercise 15 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 22
Exercise 16 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 24
Exercise 17 The Joints 26
Muscular System
Exercise 18 Skeletal Muscle Structure 27
Exercise 19 Muscles of the Face, Head, and Neck 28
Exercise 20 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb 29
Exercise 21 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Pelvic Outlet 31
Exercise 22 Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb 32
Nervous System
Exercise 23 Nervous Tissue and Nerves 34
Exercise 24 The Reflex Arc and Reflexes 35
Exercise 25 The Meninges and Spinal Cord 36
Exercise 26 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 37
Exercise 27 Dissection of the Sheep Brain 38
Special Senses
Exercise 28 The Ear and Hearing 39
Exercise 29 The Eye 40
Exercise 30 Visual Tests and Demonstrations 41
Endocrine System
Exercise 31 Endocrine System 42
Cardiovascular System
Exercise 32 Blood Cells 44
Exercise 33 Blood TestingA Demonstration 45
iii
Exercise 34 Blood Typing 46
Exercise 35 Structure of the Heart 47
Exercise 36 The Cardiac Cycle 49
Exercise 37 Blood Vessels 50
Exercise 38 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure 51
Exercise 39 Major Arteries and Veins 52
Lymphatic System
Exercise 40 Lymphatic System 54
Digestive System
Exercise 41 Organs of the Digestive System 55
Exercise 42 Action of a Digestive Enzyme 58
Respiratory System
Exercise 43 Organs of the Respiratory System 59
Exercise 44 Breathing and Respiratory Volumes and Capacities 60
Urinary System
Exercise 45 Structure of the Kidney 61
Exercise 46 Urinalysis 62
Reproductive Systems
Exercise 47 Male Reproductive System 63
Exercise 48 Female Reproductive System 64
Appendix 1 Materials Needed 65
Appendix 2 Laboratory Suppliers 68
iv
PREFACE
This instructor's manual is designed to assist those who are using the Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole's
Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, eighth edition by Terry R. Martin. It describes the purpose of the
laboratory manual and its special features, and provides suggestions for presenting the laboratory exercises to
students. The instructor's manual also parallels the laboratory manual, exercise by exercise, providing labels for
unlabeled diagrams and answers to questions that appear in the laboratory reports. For some exercises, special
instructional suggestions that propose alternative procedures, laboratory equipment, or laboratory techniques are
provided.
Most of the illustrations and labels parallel the textbook very closely, as requested by many of the users of
the laboratory manual. Many of the leader lines are arranged differently than the textbook, and several illustrations
are different than the textbook. This has been requested also by many of the users of the laboratory manual. I have
attempted to reach a balance that will be beneficial for all students and instructors.
v
AN OVERVIEW
The Laboratory Manual to Accompany Hole's Human Anatomy and Physiology, eighth edition, was written to
accompany the textbook Hole's Essentials of Human Anatomy and Physiology, eighth edition, by Shier, Butler, and
Lewis. As in the case of the textbook, the laboratory manual is planned for students pursuing careers in allied health
fields who have minimal backgrounds in the physical and biological sciences.
The manual contains forty-eight laboratory exercises that are integrated closely with the content of the
textbook. The exercises are designed to review and illustrate various anatomical and physiological facts and
principles presented in the textbook and to help students investigate some of these ideas in more detail. Four
computerized supplemental labs are available, which are physiological labs on humans.
The laboratory exercises include a variety of special features that are designed to stimulate student interest
in the subject matter, to involve students in the learning process, and to guide them through the planned experiences.
These features include the following:
Materials needed. The laboratory materials listed are those that students require to complete the exercise and to
perform the demonstrations and optional activities.
Safety. If the laboratory exercise requires special safety guidelines, this section is included. General safety guidelines
also appear inside the front cover.
Introduction. The introduction briefly describes the subject of the exercise or the ideas that will be investigated.
Purpose of the exercise. The purpose provides a statement concerning the intent of the exercise–that is, what will be
accomplished.
Learning objectives. The learning objectives list in general terms what a student should be able to do after
completing the exercise.
Procedure. The procedure provides a set of detailed instructions for accomplishing the planned laboratory activities.
Usually these instructions are presented in outline form so that a student can proceed through the exercise in
stepwise fashion. Frequently, the student is referred to particular sections of the textbook for necessary background
information or for review of subject matter presented in some previous part of the course.
The procedures include a wide variety of laboratory activities and, from time to time, direct the student to
complete various tasks in the laboratory reports.
Demonstrations. Demonstrations appear in separate boxes. They describe specimens, specialized laboratory
equipment, or other materials of interest that the instructor may want to display to enrich the student's laboratory
experience.
Optional activities. Optional activities also appear in separate boxes. They are planned to encourage students to
extend their laboratory experiences. Some of these activities are open-ended in that they suggest how a student can
plan an investigation or experiment and carry it out after receiving approval from the laboratory instructor.
vi
Illustrations. Diagrams from the textbook are often used as aids for reviewing subject matter. Other illustrations
provide visual instructions for performing steps in procedures or are used to identify parts of instruments or
specimens. Micrographs are often included to help students identify microscopic structures or to evaluate student
understanding of tissues
Some figures, such those involving the skull, are presented so that they are suitable for coloring. You may
want to have your students use colored pencils to highlight various parts of these illustrations. This activity should
enhance their ability to observe the figures more carefully and help them locate and identify important anatomical
features.
Laboratory reports. Immediately following each exercise, there is a laboratory report to be completed by the
student. These reports include various types of review activities, spaces for sketches of microscopic objects, tables
for recording observations and experimental results, and questions dealing with the analysis of such data.
As a result of these laboratory exercises, students should develop a better understanding of the structural
and functional characteristics of their bodies. In addition, their skills in gathering information by observation and
experimentation should increase.
vii
INSTRUCTIONAL APPROACHES
Exercise Selection
Although the laboratory manual contains forty-eight separate exercises, it may not be possible to include all of them
in any one program. However, since many of the exercises are relatively short and because the procedures of others
are divided into sections, an instructor can easily select those exercises or parts of exercises that best meet the needs
of a particular class.
These exercises also vary in the quantities of equipment needed to complete them; if necessary, an
instructor can make some selection based upon the amount of laboratory equipment available for use by a class.
Animal Dissection
In the laboratory manual, detailed instructions for dissecting certain organs, such as the sheep brain, sheep heart,
mammalian eye, and pig kidney are included.
If an instructor prefers to have students dissect some animal, appropriate sections of a specialized
dissection manual may be added.
A laboratory option is to obtain a cadaver as a demonstration specimen. If this is not possible, consider a
field trip to a location that has a prosected cadaver. A minimum of two viewings is recommendedone during
muscle study and the other near the end of the course.
The Use of Animals in Biology Education*
The National Association of Biology Teachers (NABT) believes that the study of organisms, including nonhuman
animals, is essential to the understanding of life on Earth. NABT recommends the prudent and responsible use of
animals in the life science classroom. NABT believes that biology teachers should foster a respect for life. Biology
teachers also should teach about the interrelationship and interdependency of all things.
Classroom experiences that involve nonhuman animals range from observation to dissection. NABT
supports these experiences so long as they are conducted within the long-established guidelines of proper care and
use of animals, as developed by the scientific and educational community.
As with any instructional activity, the use of nonhuman animals in the biology classroom must have sound
educational objectives. Any use of animals, whether for observation or dissection, must convey substantive
knowledge of biology. NABT believes that biology teachers are in the best position to make this determination for
their students.
NABT acknowledges that no alternative can substitute for the actual experience of dissection or other use
of animals and urges teachers to be aware of the limitations of alternatives. When the teacher determines that the
most effective means to meet the objectives of the class do not require dissection, NABT accepts the use of
alternatives to dissection including models and the various forms of multimedia. The Association encourages
teachers to be sensitive to substantive student objections to dissection and to consider providing appropriate lessons
for those students when necessary.
To implement this policy, NABT endorses and adopts the “Principle and Guidelines for the Use of Animals
in Precollege Education” of the Institute of Laboratory Animals Resources (National Research Council). Copies of
the “Principle and Guidelines” may be obtained from the ILAR (2101 Constitution Avenue, NW, Washington, DC
20418; 202-334-2590).
*Adopted by the Board of Directors in October 1995. This policy supersedes and replaces all previous NABT
statements regarding animals in biology education.
Background Information
The procedures of many exercises begin by suggesting that students review specific sections of the textbook. If the
subject matter involved in a particular exercise has been covered recently in lecture, the students may be able to
accomplish such a review rather quickly. On the other hand, if the material has not been presented previously, this
part of a procedure may be used as a means of introducing information needed to understand the ideas presented in
the exercise.
When the procedure is used to introduce new material, an instructor may ask students to complete the first
section before coming to the laboratory. Following this, some portion of the laboratory time may be needed for class
discussion of the new material.
viii
CORRELATION OF TEXTBOOK CHAPTERS AND
LABORATORY EXERCISES
Textbook Chapters Related Laboratory Exercises
Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy Exercise 1 Scientific Method and
and Physiology Measurements
Exercise 2 Body Organization and
Terminology
Chapter 2 Chemical Basis of Life
Chapter 3 Cells Exercise 3 Care and Use of the Compound
Microscope
Exercise 4 Cell Structure and Function
Exercise 5 Movements Through Cell
Membranes
Exercise 6 The Cell Cycle
Chapter 4 Cellular Metabolism
Chapter 5 Tissues Exercise 7 Epithelial Tissues
Exercise 8 Connective Tissues
Exercise 9 Muscle and Nervous Tissues
Chapter 6 Skin and the Integumentary System Exercise 10 Integumentary System
Chapter 7 Skeletal System Exercise 11 Structure of Bone
Exercise 12 Organization of the Skeleton
Exercise 13 The Skull
Exercise 14 Vertebral Column and Thoracic
Cage
Exercise 15 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb
Exercise 16 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb
Exercise 17 The Joints
Chapter 8 Muscular System Exercise 18 Skeletal Muscle Structure
Exercise 19 Muscles of the Face, Head, and
Neck
Exercise 20 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder,
and Upper Limb
Exercise 21 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall
and Pelvic Outlet
Exercise 22 Muscles of the Hip and Lower
Limb
Chapter 9 Nervous System Exercise 23 Nervous Tissue and Nerves
Exercise 24 The Reflex Arc and Reflexes
Exercise 25 The Meninges and Spinal Cord
Exercise 26 The Brain and Cranial Nerves
Exercise 27 Dissection of the Sheep Brain
Chapter 10 Somatic and Special Senses Exercise 28 The Ear and Hearing
Exercise 29 The Eye
Exercise 30 Visual Tests and
Demonstrations
Chapter 11 Endocrine System Exercise 31 Endocrine System
Chapter 12 Blood Exercise 32 Blood Cells
Exercise 33 Blood TestingA Demonstration
Exercise 34 Blood Typing
ix
Chapter 13 Cardiovascular System Exercise 35 Structure of the Heart
Exercise 36 The Cardiac Cycle
Exercise 37 Blood Vessels
Exercise 38 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure
Exercise 39 Major Arteries and Veins
Chapter 14 Lymphatic System and Immunity Exercise 40 Lymphatic System
Chapter 15 Digestion and Nutrition Exercise 41 Organs of the Digestive System
Exercise 42 Action of a Digestive Enzyme
Chapter 16 Respiratory System Exercise 43 Organs of the Respiratory System
Exercise 44 Breathing and Respiratory Volumes
and Capacities
Chapter 17 Urinary System Exercise 45 Structure of the Kidney
Exercise 46 Urinalysis
Chapter 18 Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance
Chapter 19 Reproductive Systems Exercise 47 Male Reproductive System
Exercise 48 Female Reproductive System
Chapter 20 Pregnancy, Growth, and Development
x
SUGGESTED TIME SCHEDULE
Different instructional programs provide different lengths of time for laboratory preparations, work activities, and
follow-up discussions. Other factors that influence the time required for each exercise are the availability and variety
of laboratory equipment and materials. Consequently, it is difficult to make precise suggestions for the amounts of
time that should be set aside for particular laboratory exercises.
The suggested time schedule was prepared with these limitations in mind. The hours listed for each
exercise indicate the minimal time that probably will be needed for students who are acquainted with the subject
matter of the exercise to complete the laboratory work. Students who lack background information and who have to
read various sections of the textbook before beginning an exercise probably will require additional time. Similarly,
students who are expected to complete the laboratory reports in class may need more time.
Laboratory Exercise Minimal Time
Exercise 1 Scientific Method and Measurements 2 hours
Exercise 2 Body Organization and Terminology 3 hours
Exercise 3 Care and Use of the Compound Microscope 2 hours
Exercise 4 Cell Structure and Function 2 hours
Exercise 5 Movements Through Cell Membranes 3 hours
Exercise 6 The Cell Cycle 1 hour
Exercise 7 Epithelial Tissues 2 hours
Exercise 8 Connective Tissues 2 hours
Exercise 9 Muscle and Nervous Tissues 1 hour
Exercise 10 Integumentary System 1 hour
Exercise 11 Structure of Bone 1 hour
Exercise 12 Organization of the Skeleton 1 hour
Exercise 13 The Skull 3 hours
Exercise 14 Vertebral Column and Thoracic Cage 2 hours
Exercise 15 Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb 2 hours
Exercise 16 Pelvic Girdle and Lower Limb 2 hours
Exercise 17 The Joints 2 hours
Exercise 18 Skeletal Muscle Structure 1 hour
Exercise 19 Muscles of the Face, Head, and Neck 1 hour
Exercise 20 Muscles of the Chest, Shoulder, and Upper Limb 2 hours
Exercise 21 Muscles of the Abdominal Wall and Pelvic Outlet 1 hour
Exercise 22 Muscles of the Hip and Lower Limb 2 hours
Exercise 23 Nervous Tissue and Nerves 2 hours
Exercise 24 The Reflex Arc and Reflexes 1 hour
Exercise 25 The Meninges and Spinal Cord 1 hour
Exercise 26 The Brain and Cranial Nerves 2 hours
Exercise 27 Dissection of the Sheep Brain 2 hours
Exercise 28 The Ear and Hearing 2 hours
Exercise 29 The Eye 3 hours
Exercise 30 Visual Tests and Demonstrations 2 hours
Exercise 31 Endocrine System 2 hours
Exercise 32 Blood Cells 2 hours
Exercise 33 Blood TestingA Demonstration 2 hours
Exercise 34 Blood Typing 1 hour
Exercise 35 Structure of the Heart 2 hours
Exercise 36 The Cardiac Cycle 3 hours
Exercise 37 Blood Vessels 1 hour
Exercise 38 Pulse Rate and Blood Pressure 2 hours
Exercise 39 Major Arteries and Veins 2 hours
Exercise 40 Lymphatic System 1 hour
xi
Exercise 41 Organs of the Digestive System 3 hours
Exercise 42 Action of a Digestive Enzyme 2 hours
Exercise 43 Organs of the Respiratory System 2 hours
Exercise 44 Breathing and Respiratory Volumes and Capacities 1 hour
Exercise 45 Structure of the Kidney 2 hours
Exercise 46 Urinalysis 3 hours
Exercise 47 Male Reproductive System 2 hours
Exercise 48 Female Reproductive System 2 hours
xii
xiii
LABORATORY EXERCISE 1
SCIENTIFIC METHOD AND MEASUREMENTS
CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION ANSWER

Answers and data will vary
Laboratory Report Answers
Part A
1. (experimental results)
3. Answers will vary, however many students will conclude that the data will support the original hypothesis
Part B
1—6. Answers will vary.
1
BODY ORGANIZATION AND TERMINOLOGY
INSTRUCTIONAL SUGGESTION
If a dissectible torso is not available, you might want to have the students consult the figures in various sections of
the textbook, particularly the reference plates following chapter 1, to gain some understanding of the organizational
pattern of the human body.
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 2.1
1. Thoracic 4. Pelvic
2. Abdominal 5. Cranial
3. Abdominopelvic 6. Vertebral
Figure 2.2
1. Frontal sinuses 4. Oral cavity
2. Orbital cavities 5. Sphenoidal sinus
3. Nasal cavity 6. Middle ear cavity
Figure 2.3a Figure 2.3b
1. Visceral pleura 7. Visceral peritoneum
2. Pleural cavity 8. Peritoneal cavity
3. Parietal pleura 9. Parietal peritoneum
4. Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
5. Pericardial cavity
6. Parietal pericardium
Figure 2.4
1. Coronal plane
2. Sagittal plane
3. Transverse plane
Figure 2.5a
1. Epigastric region 6. Left hypochondriac
2. Right hypochondriac region 7. Left lumbar region
3. Right lumbar region 8. Left iliac region
4. Umbilical region 9. Hypogastric region
5. Right iliac region
Figure 2.6a
1. Nasal 11. Carpal 21. Mental
2. Oral 12. Palmar 22. Sternal
3. Cervical 13. Digital 23. Pectoral
4. Acromial 14. Genital 24. Umbilical
5. Axillary 15. Crural 25. Inguinal
6. Mammary 16. Tarsal 26. Coxal
7. Brachial 17. Cephalic 27. Patellar
8. Antecubital 18. Frontal 28. Pedal
9. Abdominal 19. Orbital
10. Antebrachial 20. Buccal
2
Figure 2.6b
29. Otic 34. Dorsal 39. Perineal
30. Occipital 35. Cubital 40. Femoral
31. Acromial 36. Lumbar 41. Popliteal
32. Vertebral 37. Sacral 42. Crural
33. Brachial 38. Gluteal 43. Plantar
LABORATORY REPORT ANSWERS
Part A
1. a 6. d 11. d
2. d 7. a 12. c
3. a 8. c 13. d
4. a 9. a 14. d
5. b 10. e
Part B
1. visceral pleura 4. visceral peritoneum
2. visceral pericardium 5. mediastinum
3. parietal peritoneum 6. diaphragm
Part C
1. c 7. e
2. d 8. f
3. h 9. k
4. g 10. b
5. j 11. a
6. i
Part D
1. inferior 7. distal
2. (correct) 8. (correct)
3. (correct) 9. superficial
4. anterior 10. (correct)
5. (correct) 11. deep
6. (correct)
Part E (figure 2.7)
1. Cross section
2. Oblique section
3. Longitudinal section
Part F
1. f 6. m 11. d
2. i 7. o 12. e
3. n 8. a 13. j
4. c 9. l 14. g
5. k 10. h 15. b
Part G
1. j 9. d
2. c 10. m
3. f 11. i
4. k 12. e
5. l 13. a
6. n 14. b
7. h 15. g
8. o
3
Critical Thinking Application Answers
Part H
1. LUQ 4. RUQ
2. RLQ 5. LUQ or LLQ
3. any or all quadrants 6. LUQ
4
CARE AND USE OF THE COMPOUND MICROSCOPE
INSTRUCTIONAL SUGGESTIONS
1. To stimulate student interest in the use of the microscope, you may want to have the students prepare wet
mounts of pond water and observe the various forms of life present. A plankton net is a helpful device to
concentrate pond organisms. Students can be encouraged to bring samples of pond water to class in
preparation for this experiment.
2. You may want to provide students with prepared slides of the major human organs to examine as a way of
increasing their experience with using the microscope.
3. If oil-immersion objectives are available, you may want to provide students with prepared slides of various
forms of bacteria to observe using these objectives.
Critical Thinking Application Answer

Answers will vary depending upon the order of the three colored threads. However, the colored thread on the top
will be in focus first, the middle one second, and the bottom one last as the student continues to turn the fine
adjustment the same direction.
Part A
1. 100
2. 1,000
Part B
1. (sketch)
2. About 4.5 mm for scanning power (using 4 objective)
3. About 4,500 micrometers
4. About 2.2 mm
5. About 2,200 micrometers
Part C
1. (sketch)
2. About 1.7 mm (using a 10 objective)
3. The diameter of the scanning-power field of view is about 2.6 times greater than that of the low-power field
of view.
4. Student is unable to see two adjacent mm lines on the scale in the high-power field of view.
5. Light intensity is decreased when high-power objective is used.
6. (sketch)
7. Upside down and reversed from right to left
8. Left
9. Toward the observer
Part D
1. f 6. j
2. i 7. d
3. c 8. b
4. a 9. g
5. h 10. e
Part E
(sketches)
5
CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION
1. Instead of preparing cheek cell slides, you may want to have students prepare slides of plant cells using
Elodea leaves or onion skin.
2. If live frogs are available, you may want to pith the frogs and have students prepare wet mounts using small
samples of the ciliated epithelium that lines the oral cavity. They also can prepare smears of frog blood and
stain the cells with methylene blue, and prepare wet mounts of sperm cells from the testes of the male
frogs. You then might provide students with prepared slides of human ciliated epithelium, blood, and sperm
cells and have the students compare the frog cells with the human cells.
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 4.1
1. Flagellum 5. Nucleus 9. Cell membrane
2. Centrioles 6. Nuclear envelope 10. Cilia
3. Golgi apparatus 7. Mitochondrion
4. Smooth endoplasmic 8. Ribosomes
reticulum
Figure 4.2
1. Globular protein
2. Carbohydrate
3. Fibrous protein
4. Cholesterol molecules

The outer body surface is the same tissue as inside the cheek, however, outer surface cells are dead from dryng out.
Light scraping of the inside of the cheek does not hurt or bleed as stratified squamous epithelial tissue is many cells
thick. Epithelial cells lack nerve endings and blood vessels between the cells that make the tissue ideal for
coverings and protection.
Part A
1. b 7. j 12. i
2. k 8. e 13. h
3. a 9. d 14. l
4. o 10. g 15. n
5. p 11. c 16. f
6. m
Part B
1. lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates
2. a double layer of phospholipids
3. water soluble
4. protein
5. protein
Part C
1. (sketch)
2. The stained cells made the nucleus more clearly visible.
6
3. Yes. Cells with similar structure would have a similar function.
Part D
1. (sketches)
2. They should always notice cytoplasm, nucleus, nuclear envelope, and cell membrane
3. Answers will vary.
7
MOVEMENTS THROUGH CELL MEMBRANES
Instead of using human blood for Procedure C, you may want to substitute some other type of animal blood obtained
from a meatpacking house, a veterinarian, or a biological supply house.

Part A
4. Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration as a result of molecular motion.

1. yes
2. yes
3. no
4. no
5. yes
Part B
3. Water entered the thistle tube through the membrane, thus increasing the volume of liquid in the tube.
4. Osmosis is the movement of water molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower
concentration through a selectively permeable membrane

1. yes
2. yes
3. no
4. yes
5. yes
Part C
1. (sketches)
2. Tube 3. There was a net movement of water out of the cells.
3. Tube 1. There was a net movement of water into the cells.
4. Tube 2. There was no net movement of water into or out of the cells.
Part D
1. Water, glucose, and starch
2. The tests for glucose and starch were positive.
3. Gravity
4. Charcoal
8
5. Pores in the filter paper were too small.
6. Filtration is the movement of substances through a membrane as a result of hydrostatic pressure that is
greater on one side of the membrane than on the other side.
1. no
2. yes
3. no
4. no
5. yes
9
THE CELL CYCLE
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 6.2
1. Chromosome (chromatid)
2. Centromere
3. Centriole
4. Spindle fiber (microtubules)

Interphase. Even in rapidly dividing cells interphase is the most prevalent because it requires the longest period of
time for growth and duplication of cell structures.
Part A
Table:
Stage Major Events Occurring
Interphase Growth, duplication of cell structures, and normal metabolism take place.
Prophase Nuclear envelope disappears; chromatin fibers condense forming chromosomes (paired
chromatids); centrioles move to opposite sides of the cell.
Metaphase Chromosomes align midway between centrioles.
Anaphase Microtubules pull chromosomes toward centrioles.
Telophase Chromosomes elongate and become chromatin fibers; nuclear envelopes reappear.
Cytoplasmic Cell membrane constricts, dividing cell into new cells (daughter cells).
division
Part B
(sketches)
Part C
1. Each new cell (daughter cell) contains identical chromosomes.
2. They may be slightly different in size and number of organelles.
3. Mitosis involves the division of the nuclear contents and the distribution of identical sets of chromosomes
to the new cells; cytokinesis involves the division of the cytoplasm and cytoplasmic organelles.
Part D (figure 6.5a-d)
a. Metaphase
b. Telophase
c. Prophase
d. Anaphase
Part E (figure 6.5a-d)
1. Chromosome (chromatid)
2. Cytokinesis (cleavage furrow)
3. Cell membrane
4. Nuclear envelope
5. Centrioles/centrosome
6. Spindle fibers/microtubules
10
EPITHELIAL TISSUES

Part A
1. f 7. e
2. d 8. f
3. c 9. b
4. d 10. a
5. c 11. a
6. d 12. e
Part B
(sketches)
Stratified squamous epithelium would have excellent protection as it is several cells thick. Pseudostratified
columnar epithelium with cilia would provide good movement of mucus and trapped particles away from the
lungs.
11
CONNECTIVE TISSUES

Part A
1. e 8. g
2. a 9. f
3. b 10. g
4. c 11. a
5. h 12. h
6. d 13. c
7. a
Part B
(sketches)
12
MUSCLE AND NERVOUS TISSUES

Part A
1. b
2. a
3. d
4. a
5. c
6. b
7. c
8. a
9. d
10. b
Part B
(sketches)
13
INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 10.1
1. Epidermis 7. Sebaceous gland
2. Dermis 8. Arrector pili muscle
3. Subcutaneous layer 9. Hair follicle
4. Hair shaft 10. Sweat gland (eccrine gland)
5. Stratum corneum 11. Blood vessels
6. Stratum basale
Figure 10.2
1. Arrector pili muscle
2. Region of cell division
3. Hair shaft
4. Sebaceous glands
5. Hair follicle
6. Sweat gland (eccrine gland)

Melanin granules are concentrated within some of the most superficial living cells of the body. Because melanin
absorbs the ultraviolet radiation of sunlight, minimal damaging wavelengths reach the living cells of the dermis.
(Most of the melanin granules are oriented on the superficial side of the nucleus that serve as a protective shield of
the nucleus of the epidermal cells.)
Part A
1. k 6. d 11. n
2. m 7. i 12. l
3. a 8. e 13. f
4. h 9. j 14. b
5. c 10. g
Part B
3. Epidermal cells at the base of the hair follicle divide and grow, pushing older cells outward; as these cells
die they become the keratinized parts of the hair.
4. Pigment is produced by melanocytes.
Part C
1. Epidermis is the outer layer of the skin while the dermis is the inner layer; the subcutaneous layer binds the
dermis to the underlying organs.
2. Cells of the stratum basale are living and reproduce actively; cells of the stratum corneum are dead and
keratinized and form the surface layer of the skin.
3. It contains both elastic and collagenous fibers that give the dermis the qualities of elasticity and strength.
Part D
1. Dermis
2. Sebaceous glands are usually connected to hair follicles and secrete sebum into the follicles.
3. Dermis
14
Part E
(sketch)
15
STRUCTURE OF BONE
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 11.1
1. Articular cartilage 6. Periosteum
2. Spongy bone (red marrow) 7. Proximal epiphysis
3. Compact bone 8. Diaphysis
4. Medullary cavity 9. Distal epiphysis
5. Yellow marrow
Figure 11.2
1. Spongy bone 6. Perforating canal
2. Compact bone 7. Blood vessel
3. Osteon 8. Nerve
4. Periosteum 9. Canaliculus
5. Central canal 10. Osteocyte

The closest blood supply to an osteocyte is located in the central canal of an osteon unit. Nutrients and wastes can
move from one cell to another via small cellular processes located in minute tubes in the matrix called canaliculi.
In this way, all of the osteocytes of one osteon are tied to a blood source.
Part A
1. Long bones occur in the upper and lower limbs.
2. An epiphysis is the expanded end of a long bone, and a diaphysis is the shaft of a long bone.
3. Cartilage forms a coating on the outer face of an epiphysis of a long bone.
4. Except for its articular portions, a bone is enclosed by a covering of fibrous connective tissue called the
periosteum.
5. Bony processes provide attachments for ligaments and tendons.
6. The periosteum forms an outer covering, and the endosteum lines the spaces and cavities within a bone.
7. Compact bone has osteons closely packed together, but spongy bone has large spaces between thin bony
plates.
8. Compact bone provides strength in the shaft and along the borders of the bone. Spongy bone reduces the
weight of the bone and provides spaces occupied by marrow.
9. The marrow in the medullary cavity of an adult is yellow, but marrow in the spaces of spongy bone is red.
Part B (figure 11.3 a and b)
1. Epiphysis (distal)
2. Diaphysis
3. Epiphysis (proximal)
4. Medullary cavity
5. Compact bone
6. Spongy bone
16
ORGANIZATION OF THE SKELETON
FIGURE LABELS
1. Cranial bones (cranium) 16. Scapula
2. Facial bones (face) 17. Humerus
3. Skull 18. Ulna
4. Clavicle 19. Radius
5. Sternum 20. Femur
6. Ribs 21. Tibia
7. Vertebral column (vertebra) 22. Fibula
8. Coxa (hipbone; innominate) 23. Vertebral column (vertebra)
9. Carpals 24. Sacrum
10. Metacarpals 25. Coccyx
11. Phalanx (distal)
12. Patella
13. Tarsal
14. Metatarsal
15. Phalanx

The largest foramen in the skull is the foramen magnum in the occipital bone. The largest foramen in the human
body is the obturator foramen in the coxa.
Part A
1. axial 8. carpals
2. hyoid 9. sacrum
3. coccyx 10. pelvis
4. thoracic vertebrae 11. patella
5. twelve 12. tarsals
6. pectoral girdle 13. phalanges
7. ulna
Part B
1. c 5. g
2. f 6. b
3. a 7. d
4. e
Part C
1. c 5. d
2. a 6. f
3. g 7. e
4. b
17
THE SKULL
You might want to have the students use colored pencils to color the bones in figures 13.1 through 13.5. They
should use a different color for each of the individual bones in the series. This activity should cause the students to
observe the figures more carefully and help them to locate the various bones that are shown from different views in
the figures. The students can check their work by referring to the corresponding full-color figures in the textbook.
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 13.1
1. Parietal bone 7. Vomer bone 13. Middle nasal concha
2. Frontal bone 8. Mandible (of ethmoid bone)
3. Coronal suture 9. Supraorbital foramen 14. Inferior nasal concha
4. Temporal bone 10. Nasal bone 15. Maxilla
5. Perpendicular plate (of 11. Sphenoid bone 16. Mental foramen
ethmoid bone) 12. Zygomatic bone
6. Infraorbital foramen
Figure 13.2
1. Parietal bone 8. Mastoid process 15. Lacrimal bone
2. Squamosal suture 9. Styloid process 16. Nasal bone
3. Lambdoidal suture 10. Mandibular condyle 17. Zygomatic bone
4. Temporal bone 11. Zygomatic process (of 18. Maxilla
5. Occipital bone temporal bone) 19. Mandible
6. Temporal process (of 12. Coronal suture 20. Coronoid process
zygomatic bone) 13. Frontal bone
7. External auditory 14. Sphenoid bone
meatus
Figure 13.3
1. Zygomatic bone 7. External auditory 12. Palatine bone
2. Sphenoid bone meatus 13. Foramen magnum
3. Vomer 8. Mastoid process 14. Lambdoidal suture
4. Zygomatic arch 9. Occipital condyle 15. Occipital bone
5. Temporal bone 10. Maxilla
6. Styloid process 11. Palatine process of
maxilla
Figure 13.4
1. Ethmoid bone 5. Frontal bone 8. Sella turcica
2. Foramen magnum 6. Sphenoid bone 9. Parietal bone
3. Crista galli 7. Temporal bone 10. Occipital bone
4. Cribriform plate
18
Figure 13.5
1. Coronal suture 7. Maxilla 13. Occipital bone
2. Frontal bone 8. Mandible 14. Sella turcica
3. Frontal sinus 9. Temporal bone 15. Styloid process
4. Ethmoid bone 10. Parietal bone 16. Sphenoidal sinus
5. Nasal bone 11. Squamosal suture 17. Vomer bone
6. Perpendicular plate 12. Lambdoidal suture
Part A
1. d 5. c 9. c
2. a 6. f 10. e
3. a 7. f 11. f
4. f 8. a 12. b
Part B
1. coronal
2. sagittal
3. lambdoidal
4. squamosal
5. The three cranial bones containing sinuses are the frontal, ethmoid, and sphenoid bones.
6. the maxilla
Part C
1. e 7. h
2. c 8. a
3. c 9. d
4. h 10. f
5. d 11. b
6. g
Part D
Figure 13.7 Figure 13.8
1. Frontal bone 1. Frontal bone
2. Nasal 2. Temporal bone
3. Zygomatic 3. Parietal bone
4. Infraorbital foramen 4. Occipital bone
5. Maxilla 5. Ethmoid bone
6. Mandible 6. Sphenoid bone
7. Middle nasal concha 7. Sella turcica
8. Inferior nasal concha 8. Foramen magnum
9. Mental foramen
Figure 13.9
1. Maxilla 6. Palatine process of maxilla
2. Zygomatic bone 7. Palatine bone
3. Sphenoid bone 8. Vomer bone
4. Temporal bone 9. Occipital condyle
5. Occipital bone 10. Foramen magnum
Figure 13.10
1. Parietal bone 4. Zygomatic bone 6. Frontal bone
2. Sphenoid bone 5. Maxilla 7. Mandible
3. Temporal bone
19
VERTEBRAL COLUMN AND THORACIC CAGE
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 14.1
1. Cervical 5. Intervertebral foramina
2. Thoracic 6. Sacrum
3. Lumbar 7. Coccyx
4. Intervertebral discs
1. Facet for dens (odontoid process) 5. Dens (odontoid process)
2. Facet for occipital condyle 6. Superior articular facet
3. Transverse foramen 7. Transverse foramen
4. Transverse process 8. Body
9. Vertebral foramen
10. Spinous process
Figure 14.3
1. Lamina 10. Superior articular facet
2. Body 11. Transverse foramen
3. Lamina 12. Spinous process
4. Pedicle 13. Transverse process
5. Body 14. Facet for rib articulation
6. Lamina 15. Transverse process
7. Superior articular process 16. Pedicle
8. Vertebral foramen 17. Body
9. Spinous process (bifid)
Figure 14.4
1. Superior articular process 5. Superior articular process
2. Pelvic sacral foramen 6. Tubercle
3. Coccyx 7. Dorsal sacral foramen
4. Sacral canal 8. Sacral hiatus

The four curvatures allow more resiliency and flexibility, which will enable the vertebral column to function more
like a spring instead of a rigid rod.
Figure 14.5
1. True ribs 5. Body
2. False ribs 6. Xiphoid process
3. Thoracic vertebra 7. Sternum
4. Manubrium 8. Costal cartilage
9. Floating ribs
20
Part A
1. spinal cord 7. atlas
2. bodies 8. dens (odontoid process)
3. intervertebral discs 9. lumbar
4. vertebral arch 10. five
5. spinal nerves 11. sacral hiatus
6. arteries
Part B
Vertebra Number Size Body Spinous Transverse
Process Foramina
Cervical 7 smallest smallest C2 through C5 present

are forked
Thoracic 12 intermediate intermediate pointed and absent

angled downward
Lumbar 5 largest largest short, blunt, and absent

nearly horizontal
Part C
1. 206
2. floating
3. transverse
4. clavicles
5. a. It supports the shoulder girdle and arms.
b. It protects the visceral organs in the thoracic and upper abdominal cavities.
c. It aids breathing.
Part D (figure 14.6)
1. Spinous process
2. Atlas
3. Axis
4. Transverse process
5. Intervertebral disc
6. Body (of sixth cervical vertebra)
21
PECTORAL GIRDLE AND UPPER LIMB
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 15.1
1. Clavicle 5. Scapula 9. Acromion process
2. Rib 6. Humerus 10. Head of humerus
3. Sternum 7. Ulna 11. Coracoid process
4. Costal cartilage 8. Radius
1. Acromion process 5. Acromion process
2. Coracoid process 6. Coracoid process
3. Spine 7. Glenoid cavity
4. Glenoid cavity (fossa)

The clavicles brace the freely movable scapulae, helping to hold the shoulders in place. If an excessive lengthwise
force occurs on this structurally weak bone, as when a person breaks a fall with an outstretched rigid upper limb, it
is likely to fracture.
Figure 15.3
1. Head 7. Capitulum 12. Coronoid fossa
2. Greater tubercle 8. Greater tubercle 13. Capitulum
3. Anatomical neck 9. Lesser tubercle 14. Trochlea
4. Surgical neck 10. Intertubercular groove 15. Medial epicondyle
5. Olecranon fossa 11. Deltoid tuberosity 16. Trochlea
6. Lateral epicondyle
Figure 15.4
1. Trochlear notch 4. Radial tuberosity 7. Head of ulna
2. Coronoid process 5. Styloid process 8. Styloid process
3. Head radius 6. Olecranon process
Figure 15.5
1. Distal phalanx 6. Pisiform 11. Trapezoid
2. Middle phalanx 7. Triquetrum 12. Scaphoid
3. Proximal phalanx 8. Hamate 13. Capitate
4. Metacarpals 9. Phalanges 14. Lunate
5. Carpals 10. Trapezium
Part A
1. scapulae 4. spine 6. coracoid process
2. manubrium 5. acromion process 7. head
3. acromion process
22
Part B
1. a 6. a 10. a
2. b 7. b 11. a
3. b 8. c 12. f
4. b 9. e 13. d
5. b
Part C (figures 15.6, 15.7, and 15.8)

1. Ulna 7. Head of humerus 13. Metacarpals
2. Humerus 8. Humerus 14. Carpals
3. Olecranon process 9. Clavicle 15. Distal phalanx
4. Head of radius 10. Scapula 16. Proximal phalanx
5. Radius 11. Rib
6. Acromion process 12. Phalanges
23
PELVIC GIRDLE AND LOWER LIMB
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 16.1
1. Coxa (hipbone; innominate)
2. Sacrum
3. Coccyx
Figure 16.2
1. Iliac crest 4. Obturator foramen 7. Ischial spine
2. Anterior superior iliac 5. Pubis 8. Ischium
spine 6. Ilium 9. Ischial tuberosity
3. Acetabulum

All of the features examined are wider in the female pelvis which will result in a larger pelvic cavity and must also
serve as a birth canal for a vaginal delivery.
Figure 16.3
1. Head 5. Lateral epicondyle 8. Medial condyle
2. Fovea capitis 6. Lesser trochanter 9. Medial epicondyle
3. Greater trochanter 7. Lateral condyle
4. Neck
Figure 16.4
1. Lateral condyle 4. Lateral malleolus 7. Tibia
2. Head of fibula 5. Medial condyle 8. Medial malleolus
3. Fibula 6. Tibial tuberosity
Figure 16.5
1. Tarsals 6. Navicular 10. Medial cuneiform
2. Metatarsals 7. Cuboid 11. Proximal phalanx
3. Phalanges 8. Lateral cuneiform 12. Middle phalanx
4. Calcaneus 9. Intermediate cuneiform 13. Distal phalanx
5. Talus
Part A
1. coxae (hipbones) 4. symphysis pubis 7. pubic arch
2. acetabulum 5. iliac crest 8. Obturator foramen
3. ilium 6. tuberosity 9. sacroiliac
Part B
1. e 5. f 9. f
2. a 6. f 10. b
3. g 7. g 11. d
4. a 8. f 12. c
24
Part C (figures 16.6, 16.7, and 16.8)
1. Obturator foramen 7. Femur 13. Tibia
2. Symphysis pubis 8. Tibia 14. Talus
3. Ilium 9. Lateral epicondyle 15. Calcaneus
4. Sacrum 10. Lateral condyle 16. Metatarsal
5. Head of femur 11. Head of fibula 17. Proximal phalanx
6. Pubis 12. Fibula 18. Distal phalanx
25
THE JOINTS

Maximum flexion of body parts can occur when in fetal position or performing a cannon ball into
a swimming pool.
Part A
1. suture 6. Synovial fluid
2. cartilaginous 7. menisci
3. fibrous 8. bursae
4. fibrocartilage 9. cartilaginous
5. Synovial joints 10. hyaline cartilage
Part B
1. a 6. a
2. b 7. c
3. e 8. f
4. d 9. c
5. d
Part C (figure 17.2)
1. Rotation 11. Adduction 21. Flexion
2. Elevation 12. Circumduction 22. Extension
3. Depression 13. Protraction 23. Flexion
4. Supination 14. Retraction 24. Extension
5. Pronation 15. Extension 25. Flexion
6. Abduction 16. Flexion 26. Extension
7. Adduction 17. Extension 27. Dorsiflexion
8. Flexion 18. Flexion 28. Plantar flexion
9. Extension 19. Flexion
10. Abduction 20. Extension
26
SKELETAL MUSCLE STRUCTURE
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 18.2
1. Fascicle 7. Perimysium
2. Muscle fibers (cells) 8. Endomysium
3. Sarcolemma (cell membrane) 9. Nucleus
4. Tendon 10. Sarcoplasmic reticulum
5. Fascia 11. Myofibrils
6. Epimysium 12. Filaments
Figure 18.3
1. Myofibrils 6. Mitochondria
2. Cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum 7. Myofilaments (filaments)
3. Sarcoplasmic reticulum 8. Sarcoplasm
4. Transverse tubules 9. Sarcolemma
5. Openings into transverse tubules 10. Nucleus
Part A
1. n 8. d
2. k 9. j
3. e 10. c
4. h 11. l
5. b 12. m
6. a 13. g
7. i 14. f
Part B (figure 18.4)
1. Z line
2. I band
3. A band
4. Sarcomere
Part C
1. origin 5. prime mover
2. insertion 6. synergists
3. two heads 7. prime movers
4. biceps brachii
27
MUSCLES OF THE FACE, HEAD, AND NECK
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 19.1
1. Frontalis 6. Orbicularis oculi
2. Occipitalis 7. Zygomaticus
3. Masseter 8. Buccinator
4. Sternocleidomastoid 9. Orbicularis oris
5. Temporalis 10. Platysma
Figure 19.2
1. Semispinalis capitis
2. Splenius capitis
Part A
1. zygomaticus 5. orbicularis oculi
2. buccinator 6. sternocleidomastoid
3. orbicularis oris 7. platysma
4. close the lower jaw (as in biting)
Part B
1. epicranius 6. platysma
2. zygomaticus 7. temporalis
3. masseter 8. splenius capitis
4. sternocleidomastoid 9. semispinalis capitis
5. buccinator

1. Epicranius (frontalis) 4. Orbicularis oris
2. Zygomaticus 5. Platysma
3. Orbicularis oculi
28
MUSCLES OF THE CHEST, SHOULDER, AND UPPER LIMB
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 20.1
1. Trapezius 4. Levator scapulae 7. Teres minor
2. Deltoid 5. Supraspinatus 8. Teres major
3. Latissimus dorsi 6. Infraspinatus 9. Rhomboideus major
Figure 20.2
1. Pectoralis minor 3. Serratus anterior 5. Deltoid
2. Internal intercostal 4. Trapezius 6. Pectoralis major
Figure 20.3a
1. Levator scapulae 4. Infraspinatus 6. Teres major
2. Supraspinatus 5. Teres minor 7. Triceps brachii
3. Deltoid
Figure 20.3b
1. Deltoid 4. Coracobrachialis
2. Biceps brachii 5. Brachialis
3. Subscapularis
Figure 20.4a
1. Biceps brachii 5. Brachioradialis 8. Palmaris longus
2. Brachialis 6. Extensor carpi radialis 9. Flexor carpi ulnaris
3. Supinator longus 10. Pronator quadratus
4. Pronator teres 7. Flexor carpi radialis
Figure 20.4b
1. Triceps brachii 4. Brachioradialis 6. Extensor carpi radialis
2. Flexor carpi ulnaris 5. Extensor carpi radialis brevis
3. Extensor carpi ulnaris longus 7. Extensor digitorum

Part A
1. c 6. i 11. o
2. h 7. m 12. n
3. e 8. l 13. d
4. k 9. a 14. g
5. j 10. b 15. f
Part B
1. rhomboideus major 7. teres minor 12. flexor carpi radialis
2. serratus anterior 8. brachialis 13. palmaris longus
3. pectoralis minor 9. pronator teres 14. extensor carpi radialis
4. coracobrachialis 10. pronator quadratus longus
5. teres major 11. brachioradialis 15. extensor carpi ulnaris
6. subscapularis
29

1. Trapezius
2. Deltoid
3. Pectoralis major
4. Rectus abdominis
5. Sternocleidomastoid
6. Biceps brachii
7. Serratus anterior
8. External oblique
9. Deltoid
10. Trapezius
11. Infraspinatus
12. Biceps brachii
13. Triceps brachii
14. Latissimus dorsi
15. Pectoralis major
16. Serratus anterior
17. Biceps brachii
18. Trapezius
19. Deltoid
20. Triceps brachii
21. Brachioradialis
30
MUSCLES OF THE ABDOMINAL WALL AND PELVIC OUTLET
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 21.1
1. Rectus abdominis
2. Internal oblique
3. Transversus abdominis
4. External oblique
Figure 21.2
1. Ischiocavernosus 4. Levator ani
2. Bulbospongiosus 5. Gluteus maximus
3. Superficial transversus perinei 6. External anal sphincter
Figure 21.3
1. Ischiocavernosus 4. Levator ani
2. Bulbospongiosus 5. Gluteus maximus
3. Superficial transversus perinei 6. External anal sphincter

An appendectomy incision would involve the external oblique, internal oblique, and transversus abdominis
muscles from superficial to deep.
Part A
1. linea alba
2. rectus abdominis
3. transversus abdominis
4. tense the abdominal wall and compress the contents of the abdominal cavity
5. tense the abdominal wall and flex the vertebral column
Part B
1. pelvic
2. anal canal and vagina
3. support the pelvic viscera
4. bulbospongiosus
5. constrict the vagina
6. ischial tuberosity
31
MUSCLES OF THE HIP AND LOWER LIMB
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 22.1
1. Psoas major 4. Sartorius 7. Adductor longus
2. Iliacus 5. Rectus femoris 8. Gracilis
3. Tensor fasciae latae 6. Vastus lateralis 9. Vastus medialis
Figure 22.2
1. Gluteus medius 5. Sartorius
2. Gluteus maximus 6. Rectus femoris
3. Biceps femoris 7. Vastus lateralis
4. Tensor fasciae latae
Figure 22.3
1. Adductor magnus 5. Gastrocnemius
2. Gracilis 6. Gluteus medius
3. Semitendinosus 7. Gluteus maximus
4. Semimembranosus 8. Biceps femoris
Figure 22.4
1. Tibialis anterior
2. Peroneus (fibularis) longus
3. Extensor digitorum longus
Figure 22.5
1. Gastrocnemius 4. Tibialis anterior
2. Soleus 5. Extensor digitorum longus
Figure 22.6
1. Gastrocnemius
2. Soleus
3. Flexor digitorum longus
Part A
1. c 5. b
2. d 6. a
3. e 7. f
4. g 8. h
Part B
1. gluteus medius and 4. gastrocnemius 8. vastus medialis
gluteus minimus 5. tensor fasciae latae 9. flexor digitorum longus
2. adductor magnus 6. vastus lateralis 10. tibialis anterior
3. sartorius 7. semitendinosus
32
1. Rectus femoris 5. Vastus medialis

2. Vastus medialis 6. Tibialis anterior
3. Vastus lateralis 7. Gastrocnemius
4. Sartorius 8. Soleus
33
NERVOUS TISSUE AND NERVES
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 23.1
1. Chromatophilic substance (Nissl bodies) 6. Axon (nerve fiber)
2. Dendrites 7. Schwann cell
3. Nucleus 8. Cell body
4. Nucleolus 9. Neurofibrils
5. Nodes of Ranvier
Figure 23.2
1. Schwann cell nucleus
2. Myelin (myelin sheath)
3. Axon (nerve fiber)
4. Neurilemmal sheath (neurilemma)

Part A
1. h 7. d
2. i 8. f
3. g 9. k
4. c 10. j
5. a 11. e
6. b
Part B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
4. (sketch)
5. (sketch)
34
THE REFLEX ARC AND REFLEXES
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 24.1
5
3
4
1
2
Part A
1. Nerve pathways 6. quadriceps femoris
2. central nervous system (spinal cord) 7. quadriceps femoris
3. Reflexes 8. upright posture
4. muscles 9. skin
5. sensory 10. Flexor
Part B
1. Table:
Response Observed Effector Involved
Extension of leg Quadriceps femoris
Plantar flexion Gastrocnemius and soleus
Flexion of forearm or slight biceps twitch Biceps brachii
Extension of forearm or slight triceps twitch Triceps brachii
Plantar flexion of foot and flexion of toes Gastrocnemius, soleus, and flexor digitorum longus
2. The quadriceps femoris is stretched, stimulating stretch receptors within the muscle. As a result, impulses
pass along sensory neurons into the spinal cord and synapse with a motor neuron. Motor impulses travel
out of the cord on nerve fibers that lead to the quadriceps femoris. Muscle fibers contract, and the leg is
extended.

All of these reflexes are rapid, subconscious responses to physical stimuli.
35
THE MENINGES AND SPINAL CORD
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 25.1
1. Spinal nerve 6. Ventral root of spinal nerve
2. Dorsal root ganglion 7. Dorsal root of spinal nerve
3. Gray matter 8. White matter
4. Body of vertebra 9. Subarachnoid space
5. Epidural space
Figure 25.2
1. Posterior horn 6. Lateral horn
2. Lateral funiculus 7. Central canal
3. Anterior horn 8. Gray commissure
4. Posterior funiculus 9. Anterior median fissure
5. Posterior median sulcus 10. Anterior funiculus
Part A
1. b 4. a
2. d 5. c
3. e
Part B
1. spinal nerves 7. gray commissure
2. cervical enlargement 8. central canal
3. lumbar enlargement 9. funiculi
4. posterior median sulcus 10. nerve tracts (ascending and descending)
5. horns 11. meninges
6. anterior
1. Dorsal root of spinal nerve 4. Gray matter
2. White matter 5. Dorsal root ganglion
3. Ventral root of spinal nerve 6. Central canal
36
THE BRAIN AND CRANIAL NERVES
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 26.1
12 6
1 11
8 5
10 7
4 9
3 2
Figure 26.2
1. Frontal lobe
2. Temporal lobe
3. Parietal lobe
4. Occipital lobe
Figure 26.3
1. Motor area for voluntary 4. Cutaneous sensory area
muscle control 5. General interpretative area
2. Motor speech area (Broca's area) 6. Visual area
3. Auditory area
Figure 26.4
1. (I) Olfactory nerve 6. (VI) Abducens nerve 10. (X) Vagus nerve
2. (II) Optic nerve 7. (VII) Facial nerve 11. (XI) Accessory nerve
3. (III) Oculomotor nerve 8. (VIII) Vestibulocochlear 12. (XII) Hypoglossal
4. (IV) Trochlear nerve nerve nerve
5. (V) Trigeminal nerve 9. (IX) Glossopharyngeal
nerve
Part A
1. h 6. i
2. d 7. f
3. c 8. j
4. a 9. e
5. g 10. b
1. Corpus callosum 5. Midbrain 8. Brain stem
2. Thalamus 6. Pons 9. Cerebrum
3. Hypothalamus 7. Medulla oblongata 10. Cerebellum
4. Diencephalon
Part C
1. vestibulocochlear 7. trigeminal 12. facial,
2. facial, 8. oculomotor glossopharyngeal
glossopharyngeal 9. oculomotor 13. accessory
3. optic 10. oculomotor 14. vagus, accessory,
4. olfactory 11. oculomotor, trochlear, hypoglossal
5. vestibulocochlear abducens 15. glossopharyngeal,
6. trigeminal vagus, accessory,
hypoglossal
37
DISSECTION OF THE SHEEP BRAIN
Rather than have the students dissect sheep brains, you might want to provide the class with samples of whole sheep
brains and sectioned brains for examination. This should extend the use of the available specimens.
Part A
1. The human cerebral hemispheres are relatively larger than those of the sheep.
2. There are more convolutions and sulci in the human cerebrum.
3. The human cerebrum with its large size and greater number of convolutions is more complex and thus able
to carry on more complex functions.
4. The human cerebellum is divided in the midline into two hemispheres, but the sheep cerebellum is not
divided.
5. The olfactory bulbs of the sheep brain are larger than those of the human brain.
6. The olfactory, optic, and trigeminal nerves seem to be the most highly developed in the sheep brain.
7. The senses of smell and sight and the sensory functions associated with the trigeminal nerve are highly
developed.
Part B
1—5. Answers will vary. The sheep brain and the human brain features are more similar than different.
Therefore a complete list of similar features would be very long. Among similar features include two
cerebral hemispheres, medulla oblongata, pineal gland, midbrain, thalamus, hypothalamus, pons, olfactory
bulb, four ventricles, and others. (Note only 5 answers are needed.)
38
THE EAR AND HEARING
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 28.1
1. Auricle 8. Oval window
2. Malleus 9. Tympanic membrane (eardrum)
3. Incus 10. Auditory tube
4. Semicircular canals 11. External auditory meatus
5. Stapes
6. Cochlea
7. Vestibulocochlear nerve
Figure 28.2
4 5 1
6 3 2
Figure 28.3
1. Tectorial membrane
2. Hair cells (outer)
3. Cochlear nerve (branch)
4. Hair cell (inner)
5. Basilar membrane

The largest ear structure is the auricle which is able to trap and funnel a minute sound wave into the middle and
inner ear structures. This will allow a concentration of the vibrations making the sound detection more likely to
occur.
Part A
1. c 7. h
2. j 8. d
3. i 9. e
4. g 10. a
5. b 11. f
6. k
1. Scala media (cochlear duct)
2. Tectorial membrane
3. Hair cells
4. Basilar membrane
5. Scala tympani
Part C
39
THE EYE
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 29.1
1. Lacrimal gland 3. Lacrimal sac
2. Canaliculi (superior and inferior) 4. Nasolacrimal duct
Figure 29.2
1. Superior oblique 5. Lateral rectus
2. Superior rectus 6. Inferior rectus
3. Medial rectus 7. Inferior oblique
4. Levator palpebrae superioris
Figure 29.3
1. Ciliary body 9. Retina
2. Suspensory ligaments 10. Choroid coat
3. Iris 11. Sclera
4. Lens 12. Vitreous humor
5. Pupil 13. Fovea centralis
6. Cornea 14. Optic nerve
7. Aqueous humor 15. Optic disc
8. Anterior 16. Posterior

The delicate retina is only located next to the choroid coat by the pressure maintained by the vitreous humor.
Any alteration of this pressure could allow the retina to detach as was easily observed during the dissection.
No connective tissue was observed between the inner and middle tunics of the eye.
Part A
1. b 10. a
2. l 11. k
3. e 12. m
4. d 13. c
5. g 14. h
6. i 15. cornea, aqueous humor, pupil of iris, lens,
7. n vitreous humor, retina
8. j 16. Answers will vary.
9. f
Part B
1. The outer tunic (sclera) is toughest.
2. Dense (fibrous) connective tissue is responsible.
3. The pupil of the dissected eye was probably elliptical in shape, and the human pupil is round.
4. Aqueous humor occurs between the cornea and the lens.
5. The dark pigment absorbs excess light and keeps the eye dark inside.
6. The lens is biconvex and transparent (a preserved lens becomes cloudy).
7. The vitreous humor is a transparent, jellylike fluid.
40
VISUAL TESTS AND DEMONSTRATIONS

When using both eyes for observations, if the image of a small object falls on the optic disc of one eye, the object is
still seen by the other eye. This can be confirmed because the blind-spot demonstration will not work with both eyes
open.

Part A
5. a. A person with 20/70 vision can see from 20 feet what the normal eye sees from 70 feet. This person
has less than normal vision.
b. A person with 20/10 vision can see from 20 feet what the normal eye sees from 10 feet. This person
has better than normal vision.
c. Astigmatism results in blurred vision because some parts of the image on the retina are in focus, while
other parts are not.
d. The elastic quality of the lens tends to decrease with age.
e. The retina is lacking cones that are sensitive to red or green wavelengths (an X-linked/sex-linked trait).
Part B
2. The optic disc lacks receptors (rods and cones) and thus creates a blind spot in the retina.
3. The photopupillary reflex involves the constriction of the pupil in response to exposure to bright light.
4. The photopupillary reflex occurs in both eyes even when one eye is shielded from the light; however, the
shielded eye may not show as much change as the exposed one.
5. When an eye is focused on a close object, the pupil constricts.
6. When the eyes are focused on a close object, they converge toward the midline.
41
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 31.1
1. Hypothalamus 6. Thyroid gland
2. Pituitary gland 7. Thymus
3. Parathyroid gland 8. Adrenal gland
4. Testis (male) 9. Pancreas
5. Pineal gland 10. Ovary (female)
Figure 31.2
1. Anterior lobe of pituitary gland 4. Pituitary stalk
2. Sphenoid bone 5. Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
3. Hypothalamus 6. Sella turcica
Figure 31.3
1. Thyroid gland 4. Colloid
2. Larynx 5. Follicular cell
3. Isthmus 6. Extrafollicular cell
Figure 31.4
1. Pharynx
2. Thyroid gland
3. Parathyroid glands
4. Esophagus
5. Trachea
Figure 31.5
1. Adrenal cortex 4. Zona fasciculata
2. Adrenal medulla 5. Zona reticularis
3. Zona glomerulosa
Figure 31.6
1. Gallbladder 5. Pancreatic duct
2. Small intestine 6. Pancreas
3. Common bile duct 7. Duct (of exocrine cells)
4. Digestive enzyme-secreting cells 8. Islet of Langerhans (endocrine)
(exocrine)
Part A
1. Growth hormone, thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic hormone, follicle-stimulating
hormone, luteinizing hormone, prolactin
2. Antidiuretic hormone, oxytocin
3. a. antidiuretic hormone
b. growth hormone
c. thyroid-stimulating hormone
d. oxytocin
e. adrenocorticotropic hormone
f. prolactin
4. Thyroxine, triiodothyronine
5. Calcitonin
6. Parathyroid hormone
7. Bones, intestine, kidneys
42
8. Epinephrine, norepinephrine
9. Increased heart rate, increased blood pressure, rise in blood sugar concentration, increased metabolic rate,
increased breathing rate, dilation of airways, decreased activity in the digestive tract (These are seven
possible responses for five requested.)
10. Aldosterone
11. Kidneys conserve sodium ions, kidneys increase excretion of potassium ions, kidneys conserve water
(reduce urine volume) (These are three possible responses for two requested.)
12. Cortisol
13. Decreases protein synthesis, increased release and use of fatty acids, stimulates liver to produce glucose
from noncarbohydrates
14. Insulin, glucagon

Glucagon stimulates change of glycogen to glucose, causing an increase in the blood glucose concentration. Insulin
causes a decrease in the blood glucose concentration by promoting the transport of glucose into cells.
Part B
(sketches)
43
BLOOD CELLS
WARNING
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood slides are
prepared in the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood slides be used in this exercise. The
instructor, however, may wish to demonstrate the procedure for preparing such a slide.

Part A
1. erythrocytes 9. agranulocytes
2. biconcave 10. neutrophils
3. transporting and exchanging gases 11. eosinophils
4. Hemoglobin 12. Basophils
5. oxyhemoglobin 13. Monocytes
6. nuclei 14. Lymphocytes
7. leukocytes 15. megakaryocytes
8. granulocytes 16. nucleus
Part B
(sketches)
Part C

A total white blood cell count provides the number of white blood cells in a given volume of blood; a differential
white blood cell count gives the relative percentages of types of white blood cells in a blood sample.
44
BLOOD TESTING−A DEMONSTRATION
WARNING
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another during blood-
testing procedures, it is suggested that the following demonstrations be performed by the instructor.

Part A
(demonstration results)
Part B
2. Various forms of anemia will produce a decreased red blood cell percentage.
3. Polycythemia, due to dehydration or an excessive production of red blood cells, will produce an increased
percentage of red blood cells.
Part C
2. Iron-deficiency anemia, lack of certain amino acids or vitamin B 12, pregnancy, severe hemorrhage,
excessive menstrual flow, or excessive fluid intake may cause a decreased hemoglobin content.
3. Polycythemia, obstructive pulmonary diseases, congestive heart failure, and living at high altitudes may
cause an increased hemoglobin content.
Part D
2. Anemia, leukemia, and severe hemorrhage may cause a decreased red blood cell count.
3. Severe dehydration, diarrhea, exercise, living at high altitudes, rise in temperature, or polycythemia may
cause an increased red blood cell count.
Part E
2. Aplastic anemia and adverse drug reactions may cause a decreased white blood cell count.
3. Acute infections, leukemia, infectious mononucleosis, and menstruation may cause an increased white
blood cell count.

RBC percentage (hematocrit), hemoglobin, and RBC count are all blood tests that could indicate anemia.
45
BLOOD TYPING
WARNING
Because of the possibility of blood-borne infections being transmitted from one student to another if blood testing is
performed in the classroom, it is suggested that commercially prepared blood-typing kits, containing virus-free
human blood, be used for ABO blood typing. The instructor may wish to demonstrate Rh blood typing.

The anti-A serum would contain anti-A antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type A blood. The
anti-B serum would contain anti-B antibodies if clumping was observed for a person with type B blood.

Part A
1. red blood cell membranes
2. four
3. A
4. B
5. anti-B
6. anti-A
7. AB
8. O
9. two to eight months
Part B
Part C
1. rhesus monkey
2. antigen D
3. Rh-negative
4. Rh-negative
5. agglutinate
6. Rh-positive
Part D
1. (demonstration results)
46
STRUCTURE OF THE HEART
1. You may want to have the students use colored pencils to color the features of the heart and blood vessels
in figure 35.3. This activity should help them observe the illustrations more carefully and locate the
various features shown from different views in the figures. They can check their work by referring to the
corresponding figures in the textbook, which are presented in full color.
2. Instead of using preserved sheep hearts, you might want to provide fresh pig hearts for dissection.
3. To reduce the cost of the specimens used, you might provide predissected, preserved sheep hearts for
observation and save the specimens for use with other classes.
4. Fresh beef hearts are sometimes available from meat-packing houses. You might want to demonstrate the
dissection of this large heart. Try to make sure that the atria and large blood vessels are left attached for
this purpose.
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 35.1
1. Aorta 8. Left atrium
2. Superior vena cava 9. Left coronary artery
3. Right atrium 10. Cardiac vein
4. Right coronary artery 11. Left ventricle
5. Right ventricle
6. Inferior vena cava
7. Pulmonary trunk (artery)
Figure 35.2
1. Aorta 6. Apex of the heart
2. Left pulmonary artery 7. Superior vena cava
3. Left pulmonary veins 8. Right atrium
4. Left atrium 9. Inferior vena cava
5. Left ventricle 10. Right ventricle
Figure 35.3
1. Aorta 10. Left pulmonary veins
2. Superior vena cava 11. Left atrium
3. Aortic valve 12. Pulmonary valve
4. Right atrium 13. Bicuspid valve
5. Tricuspid valve 14. Papillary muscle
6. Chordae tendineae 15. Interventricular septum
7. Inferior vena cava 16. Left ventricle
8. Left pulmonary artery 17. Right ventricle
9. Pulmonary trunk
Part A
1. b 8. g
2. i 9. h
3. m 10. j
4. k 11. d
5. c 12. e
6. l 13. a
7. f
47
Part B
1. The tricuspid valve is composed of three relatively large flaps, or cusps; the pulmonary valve is made up of
three smaller pocketlike cusps.
2. The cusps of the tricuspid valve moved upward into a horizontal position and closed the opening between
the right atrium and the right ventricle.
3. The chordae tendineae prevent the cusps of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves from everting into the atria
when the ventricles contract. The papillary muscles pull on the chordae tendineae and help to open the
cusps when the ventricles are relaxing and filling with blood.
4. The thicker wall of the aorta allows it to withstand the higher pressure of the blood pumped out from the
left ventricle. The thinner wall of the pulmonary trunk (artery) is related to the lower pressure of the blood
that leaves the right ventricle.
5. Vena cava, right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, pulmonary valve, pulmonary trunk, pulmonary
artery, capillary of lungs, pulmonary vein, left atrium, bicuspid valve, left ventricle, aortic valve, aorta

The thicker wall of the left ventricle allows it to contract with greater force and create the high pressure needed to
move blood to all parts of the body (systemic circuit) except the lungs. The thinner wall of the right ventricle
creates the lower pressure needed to move blood a relatively short distance to the lungs (pulmonary circuit).
48
THE CARDIAC CYCLE

Part A
1. systole
2. diastole
3. closed
4. open
5. vibrations
6. A-V (tricuspid and bicuspid)
7. pulmonary and aortic
Part B
Part C
1. cardiac muscle 6. cardiac cycle
2. sinoatrial (S-A) 7. polarized
3. atrioventricular (A-V) 8. atria
4. A-V bundle 9. ventricles
5. Purkinje fibers 10. ventricles
Part D
1. (labeled ECG recordings)
3. Normal is 0.12–0.20 sec.
4. The P-Q (P-R) interval indicates the time it takes for the atria to depolarize and the cardiac impulse to reach
the atrioventricular node.
5. Since each QRS wave in the pattern indicates a ventricular contraction, the heart rate can be determined by
counting the QRS waves that occur in a minute.
5 (experimental results)

36
49
BLOOD VESSELS
If live frogs are not available for the microscopic observation of blood vessels, you might want to provide small
goldfish. The head of a fish can be wrapped loosely in wet cotton to keep its gills moist, and the fish can be placed
on a glass plate on the stage of a microscope. If its tail is spread out beneath a microscope slide, the blood vessels
can be observed with low- and high-power magnification. However, if the fish is not returned to water within a few
minutes, it is likely to die.
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 37.1
1. Tunica interna
2. Tunica media
3. Tunica externa
Figure 37.2
1
4
3
2
Part A
1. endothelium 8. Precapillary sphincters
2. middle layer (tunica media) 9. diffusion
3. outer layer (tunica externa) 10. hydrostatic
4. vasoconstriction 11. osmotic
5. vasodilation 12. lymphatic
6. capillaries 13. Valves
7. greater 14. Veins
Part B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. The inner and outer layers are similar in the artery and vein. The middle layer of the artery contains
relatively greater amounts of smooth muscle and elastic tissue than that of the vein.

Because arteries are under higher pressure than veins, the thicker arterial walls help to maintain the strength and
elasticity necessary against their walls.
Part C
1. The blood in an arteriole moves with a pulsating rapid flow, but blood in a venule moves with a steady,
slower flow.
2. A capillary could be identified by its small diameter and the presence of blood cells moving in single file.
3. Blood moves fastest in arterioles, somewhat slower in venules, and slowest in capillaries.
50
PULSE RATE AND BLOOD PRESSURE
The following suggestions should be considered when trying to obtain an accurate blood pressure:
1. The room environment should have a moderate temperature and be quiet (no talking).
2. The client needs to be relaxed and comfortable. A temporary increase in blood pressure could exist from
smoking, pain, anxiety, or a full urinary bladder.
3. Palpate the pulse first so that you are certain to pump the cuff high enough to not miss the first tapping
sound. It also assures that you do not pump the cuff so high that we alter the blood pressure when releasing
air.

Part A
1. inner walls of blood vessels
2. arterial
3. systolic
4. diastolic
5. cardiac cycle
6. alternate expanding and recoiling of an arterial wall
7. brachial
Part B
1. (test results)
Part C
1. (test results)
2. (test results)

A palpated pulse would be characteristic of the systolic pressure as the arterial wall is expanding at that moment
under the higher pressure.
51
MAJOR ARTERIES AND VEINS
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 39.1
1. Superior vena cava 4. Pulmonary veins
2. Pulmonary trunk 5. Pulmonary artery
3. Inferior vena cava 6. Aorta

The left ventricle wall is thicker which provides a more powerful contraction to force the blood through the longer
distance of the systemic circuit.
Figure 39.2
1. Right common carotid artery 7. Right common iliac artery
2. Right subclavian artery 8. Left common carotid artery
3. Brachiocephalic artery 9. Left subclavian artery
4. Aortic arch 10. Coronary artery (left)
5. Ascending aorta 11. Abdominal aorta
6. Right renal artery
Figure 39.3
1. Superficial temporal artery 6. Thyrocervical artery
2. Occipital artery 7. Subclavian artery
3. Internal carotid artery 8. Facial artery
4. External carotid artery 9. Common carotid artery
5. Vertebral artery 10. Brachiocephalic artery
Figure 39.4
1. Subclavian artery 4. Brachial artery
2. Axillary artery 5. Radial artery
3. Deep brachial artery 6. Ulnar artery
Figure 39.5
1. Common iliac artery 6. Internal iliac artery
2. External iliac artery 7. Femoral artery
3. Deep femoral artery 8. Anterior tibial artery
4. Popliteal artery 9. Dorsalis pedis artery (dorsal pedis artery)
5. Abdominal aorta
Figure 39.6
1. External jugular vein 4. Vertebral vein
2. Subclavian vein 5. Brachiocephalic vein
3. Internal jugular vein
Figure 39.7
1. Internal jugular vein 5. Brachiocephalic veins
2. Axillary vein 6. Subclavian vein
3. Cephalic vein 7. Superior vena cava
4. External jugular vein 8. Azygos vein
52
Figure 39.8
1. Subclavian vein 6. Basilic vein
2. Brachiocephalic vein 7. Medial cubital vein
3. Axillary vein 8. Radial vein
4. Brachial vein 9. Ulnar vein
5. Cephalic vein
Figure 39.9
1. Hepatic portal vein 4. Splenic vein
2. Superior mesenteric vein 5. Inferior mesenteric vein
3. Gastric vein (right)
Figure 39.10
1. Common iliac vein 5. Femoral vein
2. External iliac vein 6. Great saphenous vein
3. Inferior vena cava 7. Popliteal vein
4. Internal iliac vein 8. Anterior tibial vein
Part A
1. d 7. h
2. i 8. j
3. c 9. g
4. a 10. e
5. f 11. k
6. b
Part B
1. right subclavian artery 5. left common carotid artery
2. aortic arch 6. brachial artery
3. phrenic artery 7. external iliac artery
4. gonadal artery
Part C
1. a 5. h
2. b 6. c
3. d 7. g
4. e 8. f
Part D
1. brachiocephalic vein 5. renal vein
2. popliteal vein 6. external iliac vein
3. common iliac vein 7. hepatic vein
4. basilic vein
Part E (figure 39.11)
1. Common carotid artery 9. Subclavian vein
2. Brachiocephalic vein 10. Pulmonary vein
3. Superior vena cava 11. Inferior vena cava
4. Femoral vein 12. Aorta
5. Great saphenous vein 13. Common iliac vein
6. Internal jugular vein 14. Common iliac artery
7. External jugular vein 15. Femoral artery
8. Subclavian artery
53
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 40.1
6
3
2
4
8
1
5
7
Figure 40.2
1
4
6
5
2
3
Part A
1. lymphatic capillaries 5. valves
2. squamous epithelial 6. lymph nodes
3. lymph 7. thoracic
4. veins
Part B
1. lymphocytes 5. afferent
2. hilum 6. tonsils
3. Nodules 7. Peyer's patches
4. lymph sinuses
Part C
1. thymus 6. blood
2. lobules 7. white pulp
3. immunity 8. red pulp
4. thymosins 9. macrophages
5. spleen
Part D
(sketches)
54
ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 41.1
1. Lip 5. Palatine tonsils
2. Hard palate 6. Tongue
3. Soft palate 7. Vestibule
4. Uvula
Figure 41.2
1. Parotid gland 4. Tongue
2. Masseter muscle 5. Sublingual gland
3. Submandibular gland
Figure 41.3
1. Enamel 4. Crown
2. Dentin 5. Gingiva
3. Root 6. Root canal
Figure 41.5
1. Pharyngeal tonsils (adenoids) 6. Oropharynx
2. Opening of auditory tube 7. Lingual tonsils
(eustachian tube) 8. Epiglottis
3. Nasopharynx 9. Laryngopharynx
4. Oral cavity 10. Esophagus
5. Palatine tonsils 11. Trachea
Figure 41.6
1. Esophagus 6. Pyloric region
2. Cardiac region 7. Lower esophageal sphincter (cardiac sphincter)
3. Pyloric sphincter (valve) 8. Fundic region
4. Duodenum 9. Body region
5. Pyloric canal 10. Rugae
Figure 41.7
4 1
2 3
5 7
6
Figure 41.9
1. Cystic duct 5. Common bile duct
2. Gallbladder 6. Pancreatic duct
3. Duodenum 7. Hepatopancreatic sphincter (sphincter of Oddi)
4. Hepatic duct (common)
55
Figure 41.10
10 6
1 9
3 8
7 5
2 4

The small intestine, which is much longer than the large intestine and contains villi, provides more surface area for
absorption than the large intestine.
Part A
1. d 9. f
2. m 10. i
3. g 11. o
4. h 12. e
5. j 13. a
6. n 14. c
7. l 15. b
8. k
Part B
1. nasopharynx
2. oropharynx
3. laryngopharynx
4. The soft palate is raised; the hyoid bone and larynx are elevated; the tongue is pressed against the soft
palate; the longitudinal muscles of pharyngeal wall contract, pulling the pharynx upward; muscles in the
inferior pharynx relax, opening the esophagus; a peristaltic wave forces food into the esophagus.
5. Mucus
6. 25
7. The esophagus provides a passageway for food from the pharynx to the stomach.
Part C
1. cardiac, fundic, body, and pyloric regions 6. pepsin
2. pyloric sphincter (valve) 7. intrinsic factor
3. mucous, chief, and parietal cells 8. gastrin
4. chief cells 9. The stomach receives food from the esophagus,
5. parietal cells mixes it with gastric juice, initiates the
digestion of protein, does limited amount of
absorption, and moves food (chyme) into
the small intestine.
Part D
1. d 6. f
2. b 7. i
3. e 8. c
4. g 9. h
5. a
56
Part E
1. duodenum, jejunum, and ileum
2. A mesentery supports and suspends organs. It contains blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves that
supply the organs.
3. lacteal
4. intestinal glands
5. peptidases, sucrase, maltase, lactase, and intestinal lipase
6. ileocecal sphincter (valve)
7. vermiform appendix
8. The small intestine receives secretions from the pancreas and liver, completes digestion of nutrients,
absorbs the products of digestion, and transports the residues to the large intestine.
9. The large intestine absorbs water and electrolytes, and forms and stores feces.
57
ACTION OF A DIGESTIVE ENZYME
For this experiment to work, it is very important to obtain amylase that is free of any sugar. Most of the amylase
sold by laboratory suppliers in 2002 contained sugar, as can be determined by the control in tube 1 of this
experiment. Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Inc., does handle amylase (alpha amylase from Bacillus subtilis;
catalog #39 W 0058) that is free of sugar and several other companies plan to add this product to their catalogs. If in
doubt, call the supply company and consult with the person in technical support. Keep any of the unused amylase
frozen.

Part A
1. Expected experimental results:
Tube Starch Sugar
1 0 0
2 + 0
3 (varies) +
2. a. Testing the amylase solution for the presence of starch and sugar demonstrates the negative results of
the tests.
b. Tube 2 demonstrates that starch will not change to sugar when warmed to 37C (98.6F).
c. The change of starch to sugar is a result of the action of the amylase in tube 3.
Part B
1. Expected experimental results:
Tube Starch Sugar
4 + varies
5 (varies) +
6 + 0
2. a. Amylase is slow to act or inactive at either a low temperature or a high temperature. Its optimum
temperature is near 37C (98.6F).
b. The tubes in which digestion failed to occur could be placed in the 37C (98.6F) water bath. If
digestion occurred at this temperature, the enzyme was not destroyed by the previous treatment.

The test would show a positive result for sugar. The experiment would not be valid as it would not show a change
from starch to sugar when sugar is already present. (Note: some amylase sold is contaminated with sugar.)
58
ORGANS OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 43.1
1. Nostril 7. Frontal sinus
2. Oral cavity 8. Nasal cavity
3. Epiglottis 9. Pharynx
4. Larynx 10. Trachea
5. Bronchus (right) 11. Left lung
6. Right lung
Figure 43.2
1. Epiglottic cartilage 4. Epiglottic cartilage
2. Thyroid cartilage 5. Thyroid cartilage
3. Cricoid cartilage 6. Cricoid cartilage
Part A
1. h 6. d
2. b 7. j
3. i 8. f
4. a 9. g
5. e 10. c
Part B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
Part C
1. The sticky mucus is secreted into the upper and lower respiratory tract, which will trap particles of dust and
microorganisms.
2. The cilia create a current of mucus toward the pharynx. The mucus contains entrapped particles that are
usually swallowed.
3. If the smooth muscle of the bronchial tree relaxes, the air passages dilate, which allows a greater volume
of air movement.

The simple squamous epithelial cells allow for rapid diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the blood and
the alveolar air.
59
BREATHING AND RESPIRATORY VOLUMES
AND CAPACITIES

Aging results in some natural loss of elasticity of the lungs as well as the muscles (diaphragm and intercostal
muscles) used in breathing. This can be measured by a vital capacity test.

Part A
1. ventilation 7. external intercostal
2. atmospheric 8. visceral pleura
3. 760 9. surfactant
4. atmospheric pressure 10. elastic recoil
5. phrenic 11. internal intercostal muscles
6. increases 12. abdominal wall
Part B
1. a 5. d
2. g 6. h
3. e 7. c
4. f 8. b
Part C
2. a. Answers will vary.
b. Answers will vary.
c. A measurement of the residual volume is needed.
60
STRUCTURE OF THE KIDNEY
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 45.1
1. Minor calyx 6. Renal pyramid
2. Major calyx 7. Renal column
3. Renal pelvis 8. Renal capsule
4. Renal papilla 9. Renal medulla
5. Ureter 10. Renal cortex
Figure 45.3
1. Glomerular capsule 7. Interlobular vein
2. Proximal convoluted tubule 8. Afferent arteriole
3. Glomerulus 9. Distal convoluted tubule
4. Efferent arteriole 10. Peritubular capillary
5. Descending limb of the nephron loop 11. Collecting duct
6. Ascending limb of the nephron loop
Part A
1. e 6. i
2. a 7. c
3. h 8. d
4. f 9. g
5. b
Part B
1. A renal corpuscle is the cluster of capillaries (glomerulus) and the saclike structure (glomerular capsule)
that surrounds it; a renal tubule is the coiled tube that leads away from the glomerular capsule and empties
into a collecting duct.
2. 3
5
2
4
1
6
3. Blood enters the glomerulus through the afferent arteriole and leaves through the efferent arteriole. Since
the afferent vessel has a somewhat greater diameter than the efferent one, blood pressure is increased in the
glomerulus.
4. The juxtaglomerular apparatus is a structure located where the distal convoluted tubule contacts the afferent
and efferent arterioles. It is composed of epithelial and smooth muscle cells and plays a role in regulating
blood flow through renal vessels.
Part C
(sketch)
Part D
(sketch)
61
URINALYSIS
WARNING
While performing the urinalysis, students should wear disposable latex gloves so that skin contact with urine is
avoided.
Since most student urine will produce negative results for glucose, protein, ketones, bilirubin, and hemoglobin, you
may want to provide samples of “artificial urine'' (distilled water that contains weak concentrations of some of these
substances). By performing the urinalysis tests on such samples, the students will be able to obtain some positive
results.

Part A
1. (test results)

If urine is not refrigerated, substances within it will begin to change as a result of bacterial action, and the
composition of the urine will be altered.
Part B
1. (sketch)
62
MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 47.1
1. Vas deferens 7. Ejaculatory duct
2. Urethra 8. Prostate gland
3. Penis 9. Bulbourethral gland
4. Glans penis 10. Epididymis
5. Prepuce 11. Testis
6. Seminal vesicle 12. Scrotum
Figure 47.2
1
5
4
3
7
2
6
Part A
1. seminiferous tubules 7. acrosome
2. epididymis 8. epididymis
3. spermatogenic 9. fructose
4. spermatogonia 10. alkaline
5. Spermatogenesis (meiosis) 11. bulbourethral
6. 23 12. glans penis
Part B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
4. a. The supporting cells support, nourish, and regulate the spermatogenic cells.
b. Spermatogenic cells give rise to sperm cells by meiosis (spermatogenesis).
c. Interstitial cells produce and secrete male sex hormones.
d. The epididymis stores sperm cells while they mature and propels them into the vas deferens.
e. The corpora cavernosa and corpus spongiosum form three columns of erectile tissue that contain
vascular spaces that become engorged with blood during an erection.
63
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM
FIGURE LABELS
Figure 48.1
1. Uterine tube 6. Labium majus
2. Ovary 7. Vaginal orifice
3. Uterus 8. Fimbriae
4. Clitoris 9. Cervix
5. Labium minus 10. Vagina
Figure 48.2
5 8
10 1
9 2
4 7
3 6
Figure 48.3
1. Areola
2. Nipple
3. Lactiferous duct
4. Alveolar glands (mammary glands)
5. Adipose tissue
Part A
1. pelvic 9. cervix
2. ovarian follicles 10. endometrium
3. follicular 11. smooth muscle
4. first polar body 12. hymen
5. FSH 13. vulva
6. Ovulation 14. mons pubis
7. fallopian tubes or oviducts 15. clitoris
8. infundibulum 16. vestibular glands
Part B
1. (sketch)
2. (sketch)
3. (sketch)
4. (sketch)
5. a. A mature follicle swells and ruptures under the influence of certain hormones. As this happens, the
oocyte and follicular fluid escape from the ovary.
b. The cilia that line the uterine tube beat toward the uterus and help to draw the oocyte into the
infundibulum of the tube.
c. The glandular endometrium thickens throughout the menstrual cycle until it culminates in menstrual
bleeding (menses).
64
APPENDIX 1 MATERIALS NEEDED
This is a composite list of materials needed for the entire lab manual. The amount or number of each item will
depend upon the laboratory size and the number of students working as a group. The laboratory manual has the
materials needed listed at the beginning of each lab, as some of these materials might not be needed if certain labs,
demonstrations, or optional activities are not attempted. Items indicated with an (*) are either demonstration or
optional materials.
PREPARED MICROSCOPE SLIDES

Three colored threads Pituitary gland
Mitosis (whitefish blastula) Thyroid gland
Human chromosomes from leukocytes in mitosis* Parathyroid gland
Simple squamous epithelium (lung) Adrenal gland
Simple cuboidal epithelium (kidney) Pancreas
Simple columnar epithelium (small intestine) Pathological blood, such as eosinophilia,
Pseudostratified (ciliated) columnar epithelium leukocytosis, leukopenia, and
(trachea) lymphocytosis*
Stratified squamous epithelium (esophagus) Artery cross section
Transitional epithelium (urinary bladder) Vein cross section
Loose (areolar) connective tissue Lymph node section
Dense connective tissue Human thymus section
Adipose tissue Human spleen section
Elastic connective tissue Parotid gland (salivary gland)
Hyaline cartilage Esophagus
Elastic cartilage Stomach (fundus)
Fibrocartilage Small intestine (jejunum)
Bone tissue Large intestine
Blood smear (Wright's stain) Trachea (cross section)
Skeletal muscle tissue (cross section and Lung, human (normal)
longitudinal section) Lung tissue (smoker)*
Smooth muscle tissue Lung tissue (emphysema)*
Cardiac muscle tissue Kidney section
Nervous tissue (spinal cord smear and cerebellum) Testis section
Human scalp or axilla Epididymis, cross section
Heavily pigmented human skin* Penis, cross section
Dorsal root ganglion (section) Ovary section with maturing follicles
Neuroglial cells (astrocytes) Uterine tube, cross section
Peripheral nerve (cross section and longitudinal Uterine wall section
section) Uterine wall, early proliferative phase*
Spinal cord cross section with spinal nerve roots Uterine wall, secretory phase*
Cochlea (section)* Uterine wall, early menstrual phase*
65
APPARATUS/SUPPLIES/EQUIPMENT
Safety equipment (first aid kit, disposable latex Sterile disposable blood lancets*
gloves, safety glasses, laboratory coats, and Slide staining rack and tray*
disinfectant solution) Heparinized microhematocrit capillary tube*
Compound microscopes Sealing clay (or Critocaps)*
Micrometer scale on compound microscope* Microhematocrit centrifuge*
Stereomicroscopes (dissecting microscopes) Microhematocrit reader*
Oil immersion objective on compound microscope* Hemoglobinometer*
Lens paper Hemolysis applicator*
Microscope slides Hemocytometer*
Coverslips Unopette system (Becton Dickinson) for counting red
Transparent plastic millimeter ruler blood cells* (see Appendix 2 for a supplier
Medicine dropper of Unopette systems)
Dissecting needle (needle probe) Unopette system (Becton Dickinson) for counting
Toothpicks (flat) white blood cells* (see Appendix 2 for a
Single-edged razor blade* supplier of Unopette systems)
Petri dish Hand counter (tally)*
Forceps ABO blood-typing kit
Thistle tube Anti-D serum*
Molasses (or Karo dark corn syrup) Slide warming box (Rh blood-typing box or view
Dialysis tubing of 1 5/16 inch diameter or greater box)*
Ring stand and clamp Stethoscope
Beakers (assorted sizes) Electrocardiograph (or other instrument for
Rubber bands recording an ECG)
Test tubes Cot or table
Marking pen Electrode cream (paste)
Test-tube rack Plate electrodes and cables
Graduated cylinder (10 mL) Lead selector switch
Glass funnel Paper towels
Filter paper Frog board
Hand magnifier Dissecting pins
Radiographs (X-ray films) of skeletal structures and Thread
joints* Masking tape
Rubber percussion hammer Ice
Anatomic charts of various systems Hot plate
Dissection instruments (scalpel, probe, scissors, and Clock with second hand
forceps) Sphygmomanometer
Dissecting trays Pulse pickup transducer or plethysmogram*
Long knife Physiological recording apparatus*
Watch that ticks Test-tube clamps
Tuning fork (128 or 256 cps) Wax marker
Sterile cotton Porcelain test plate
Meterstick Pipets (1 mL and 10 mL)
Audiometer* Pipet rubber bulbs
Ophthalmoscope* Spirometer, handheld (dry portable)
Snellen eye chart Disposable mouthpieces for the spirometer
3" x 5" cards Disposable urine-collecting container
Astigmatism chart Urinometer cylinder
Pen flashlight Urinometer hydrometer
Ichikawa's color plates or other color-blindness test pH test paper
Water bath with temperature control
Laboratory thermometer
66
Reagent strips (individual or combination) to test for Centrifuge
the presence of glucose, protein, ketones, Centrifuge tubes
bilirubin, and hemoglobin/occult blood in Normal and abnormal simulated urine specimens*
the urine Paper cups
MODELS/SKELETONS
Dissectible torso (manikin) with musculature Muscular models of the male and female pelves
Animal cell Neuron
Animal mitosis Spinal cord
Human long bone, sectioned longitudinally Dissectible human brain
Articulated human skeleton Dissectible ear
Disarticulated human skull (Beauchene) Dissectible eye
Human skull, sagittal section Dissectible human heart
Fetal skull* Teeth, sectioned
Disarticulated human skeleton Tooth model, sectioned
Vertebrae (cervical, thoracic, and lumbar examples) Larynx model
Male and female pelves* Thoracic organs model
Synovial joints (shoulder, elbow, hip, and knee) Kidney model
Skeletal muscle fiber model Model of male reproductive system
Muscular model of the upper limb Model of female reproductive system
Muscular model of the lower limb Mechanical model of the respiratory system*
PRESERVED MATERIALS
Spinal cord with meninges intact* Sheep or other mammalian hearts
Human brain Pig or sheep kidneys
Sheep brains Animal lung with trachea*
Beef or sheep eyes
LIVING SPECIMENS/FRESH MATERIAL
Amoeba culture* Fresh animal bones, sectioned longitudinally and
Paramecium culture* transversely
Plant materials such as leaves, soft stems, fruits, and Fresh round beefsteak*
vegetables* Fresh animal joint (knee joint preferred)*
Uncoagulated animal blood Frog
Fresh chicken bones (radius and ulna from wings)*
CHEMICALS, REAGENTS, AND BIOLOGICALS
(This includes any ingredients needed to mix solutions described in Appendix 1 of the laboratory manual).
Distilled water 0.5% starch solution
Methylene blue (dilute) Sedi-stain
Iodine-potassium-iodide (IKI) stain Bacterial amylase powder (store in a freezer) (see
Potassium permanganate crystals Appendix 2 for a supplier of amylase that is
0.9% NaCl (aqueous solution) free of any sugar)
3% NaCl (aqueous solution) Glucose
Powdered charcoal Sodium chloride
1% glucose solution Cornstarch
1% starch solution Potassium iodide
Benedict's solution Iodine
Vinegar* 95% ethyl alcohol
Wright's stain* Potassium hydroxide
70% alcohol Sodium bicarbonate
Frog Ringer's solution Potassium chloride
0.5% amylase solution (must be free of any sugar) Calcium chloride
67
APPENDIX 2 LABORATORY SUPPLIERS
This list is not complete, but it does contain well-established names recognized by most anatomy and physiology
instructors. Additional suppliers often advertise in scientific journals or have booths at scientific association
meetings. Some of these companies also have regional offices.
Bio Corporation
3911 Nevada Street Intelitool/Phipps & Bird
Alexandria, MN 56308 P.O. Box 7475
http://www.biologyproducts.com Richmond, VA 23221
http://www.intelitool.com
Carolina Biological Supply Company
2700 York Road Nasco, Inc.
Burlington, NC 27215 901 Janesville Ave.
http://www.carolina.com Fort Atkinson, WI 53538
http://www.nascofa.com
Central Scientific Company (CENCO)
3300 CENCO Parkway Nebraska Scientific
Franklin Park, IL 60131 3823 Leavenworth St.
http://www.cenconet.com Omaha, NE 68105
http://www.nebraskascientific.com
Connecticut Valley Biological Supply Co.
82 Valley Road, P.O. Box 326 Sargent-Welch Scientific Company
Southampton, MA 01073 P.O. Box 5229
http://www.ctvalleybio.com Buffalo Grove, IL 60089
http://www.sargentwelch.com
Cynmar Corporation
21709 Route 4 North Science Kit & Boreal Laboratories
P.O. Box 530 777 East Park Drive
Carlinville, IL 62626 P.O. Box 5003
http://www.cynmar.com Tonawanda, NY 14151
http://www.sciencekit.com
Fisher Scientific
U.S. Headquarters Southern Scientific
2000 Park Lane P.O. Box 368
Pittsburgh, PA 15275 McKenzie, TN 38201
http://www.fisheredu.com http://www.southernscientific.com
(Fisher Scientific is a supplier of Becton Dickinson The Scope Shoppe

Unopette blood counting systems. For cases of 200, 113 Read St., P.O. Box 1208
the RBC Unopette system catalog number is 13-680- Elburn, IL 60119
23, and the WCB Unopette system catalog number is http://www.scopeshoppe.com
13-680-1.)
Ward’s Natural Science Establishment, Inc.
Flinn Scientific 5100 West Henrietta Road
P.O. Box 219 P.O. Box 92912
Batavia, IL 60510 Rochester, NY 14692
http://www.flinnsci.com http://www.wardsci.com
Frey Scientific (Ward’s Natural Science Establishment is a supplier

P.O. Box 8101 of the enzyme amylase that is free of sugar. The
Mansfield, OH 44901 catalog number is 39W0058.)
http://www.freyscientific.com
68
69
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Instructor’s Manual

CRITICAL THINKING APPLICATION ANSWER

Laboratory Report Answers

2. RLQ 5. LUQ or LLQ

3. any or all quadrants 6. LUQ

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Cervical 7 smallest smallest C2 through C5 present

Thoracic 12 intermediate intermediate pointed and absent

Lumbar 5 largest largest short, blunt, and absent

Critical Thinking Application Answer

Part C (figures 15.6, 15.7, and 15.8)

Critical Thinking Application Answer

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Part C (figure 19.3)

LABORATORY REPORT ANSWERS

Part C (figure 20.5)

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1. Rectus femoris 5. Vastus medialis

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PREPARED MICROSCOPE SLIDES