Multi-Media

Edition
We shall study
three Himself

basic themes
of the
Quranic Relationship
with His

verses
Creation

Relationship
with His
Messengers
 LETS BEGIN THE
QURANIC PASSAGES
Multi-Media
Edition
 Key Features of Allah’s
relationship with His creation
1. He is most Gracious 8. He grants Guidance
& Merciful. 9. Those who follow
2. All Praise is due to guidance get Grace
Allah 10. Those who don’t,
3. He is the Lord of the earn His anger
Worlds, 11. He is the Creator of
4. Master of the Day of all, us & all around
Judgment us; of Good & Evil
5. Will reward / punish 12. We Should not set
as per deeds up rivals with Him
6. Only He is to be 13. He gave us
worshipped knowledge
7. He is to be feared 14. His refuge should be
sought from evil
 Surah Al-Fatiha 1:1-7
In the name of Allah,
most Gracious, most
Merciful.
Praise be to Allah, the
Lord of the Worlds,
Most Gracious, most
Merciful,
Master of the Day of
Judgment.
You alone we worship,
and Your aid we seek.
Show us the straight
way,
The way of those on
whom You have
bestowed Your Grace,
those whose portion is
not wrath, and who go
not astray.
Surah Al-Fatiha 1:1-7
In the name of Allah, most R
Gracious, most Merciful. E
Praise be to Allah, the Lord of the L
Worlds,
A
Most Gracious, most Merciful,
Master of the Day of Judgment. T
You alone we worship, and Your I
aid we seek. O
Show us the straight way, N
The way of those on whom You S
have bestowed Your Grace, H
those whose portion is not wrath, I
and who go not astray. P
 The Main Theme(s)
1. This is the opening Surah of the Quran and it covers
a variety of themes in its text
2. It begins by introducing Allah and His Powers by
glorifying His praise, announcing that He sustains
everything, declaring His colossal mercy, and the
belief in Hereafter
3. It further highlights the two basic features of
Tauheed.
4. Firstly, that the focus of all forms of worship shall
only be for Allah and Him alone. Secondly, that we
should only ask Allah for help
5. Failing these two would mean committing an
unforgiveable sin, Shirk.
6. The Surah ends by teaching a Dua for guidance
from Allah of the „straight path‟ which is the path of
the Prophets and all pious people.
7. It also asks us to invoke Him to protect us from
going astray.
The Presentation of the Theme
1. The Surah Fatiha presents a multitude of themes in
a very distinctive manner from most other passages
of the Holy Quran because it in covers so many
subjects in just seven short sentences.
2. Unlike many other Surahs that present different
arguments, it simply presents the outlines of all
basic Quranic themes
3. These include the attributes of Allah, Tauheed,
Allah‟s relationship with mankind, articles of faith
and following the path of Guidance
4. Many scholars call Surah Fatiha the preface or
introduction of the Holy Quran
5. It is also called „the seven oft repeated verses‟ in
the Quran as it is recited in every rakah of Salah by
all Muslims.
6. Repeated recital ensures that Quranic principles
become deeply ingrained in a Muslims‟ mind
 Comparison Between (i) & (ii)
PART (I) MAIN PART (II) PRESENTATION
OF THEME
THEME
 How themes have
 Themes been presented
 Meanings by Allah to make
 Content people
 Teachings understand them
 How this passage
is different from
other similar
passages
 Surah Baqara 2: 21-22

21. O people! Adore your Guardian-Lord, who created you

and those who came before you, so that you may have
the chance to learn righteousness
22. Who has made the earth your couch, and the heavens
your canopy; and sent down rain from the heavens; and
by it brought forth fruits for your sustenance; then do
not set up rivals to Allah, when you know.
21. O people! Adore your
Guardian-Lord, who
created you and those R
who came before you, so E
that you may have the L
chance to learn A
righteousness T
22. Who has made the earth I
your couch, and the O
heavens your canopy; and N
sent down rain from the S
heavens; and by it brought H
forth fruits for your I
sustenance; then do not P
set up rivals to Allah,
when you know.
 The Main Theme(s)
1. The main theme of these verses is to help a
person understand the relationship of Allah
with humans.
2. It stresses that Allah is the Creator of all
peoples, past and present.
3. Also it is He who had created the heavens
and the earth, it is He who sends down the
rain that produces fruit; all these He has
done for mankind
4. Hence, it directs us that keeping these
bounties of Allah in mind, we should
worship Him alone, and that is the path to
piety.
The Presentation of the Theme
1. The distinctive theme of this passage is that it
encourages us to recognize Allah through His
bounties.
2. The Quran says, “No vision can grasp Him, but His
grasp is over all visions” (Surah Al Anaam: 103).
3. As we cannot see Him, therefore it is through His
bounties that we may recognize Allah and see His
Hand in all matters
4. We are repeatedly reminded by the Quran to
worship Allah alone and not to commit Shirk with
Him, but in this particular passage it explains this by
reminding us of His unlimited bounties and blessings
that He sends down upon us
5. This appreciation and gratitude leads us to the path
of righteousness.
 Surah Al Alaq 96; 1-5

1. Read! in the name of your Lord, who created

2. Created man out of a clot of congealed blood
3.Proclaim! And your Lord is most bountiful
4. He who taught by the pen
5. Taught man what he did not know.
1. Read! in the name
of your Lord, who
created R
2. Created man out E
L
of a clot of A
congealed blood T
3.Proclaim! And I
O
your Lord is most N
bountiful S
4. He who taught by H
the pen I
P
5. Taught man what
he did not know.
 The Main The Presentation
Theme(s) of the Theme
(II)
(I)

 Teachings  How does the Quran

 Lessons explain it
 Beliefs  What examples etc it uses
 Theme  How similar themes are
mentioned in the HQ
 Example from the Quran
or the Ahadith
 The Main Theme(s)
1. This is part of the first ever revelation sent
to the Prophet
2. It mentions two of Allah's most important
attributes and these are
i. His creating man
ii. bestowing knowledge upon him
3. Man has been asked by Allah to
acknowledge His great favours that make
man superior to all other creations
4. Allah perfected man through various
stages of development
5. and enabled him to read and write with the
help of pen.
 The Presentation of the Theme
 These verses present the nature of
the relationship of man with Allah
by teaching him that He created,
shaped, and taught him
Knowledge
 While these verses do not directly
ask man to worship Allah as in
Surah Baqara where after
reminding of Allah‟s favours, man
is ordered to worship Him only.
 It presents the above facts before
man with the purpose of making
him recognize Him.
 Surah ZilZal 99; 1-8

1. When the earth is shaken to her utmost convulsion,

2. And the earth throws up her burdens
3. And man cries out: 'What is the matter with her?
4. On that day will she declare her tidings
5. For that your Lord will have given her inspiration
6. On that day will men proceed in companies sorted out, to
be shown their deeds
7. Then shall anyone who has done an atom's weight of good
see it
8. And anyone who has done an atom's weight of evil shall
see it.
1. When the earth is shaken to
her utmost convulsion,
2. And the earth throws up her
burdens R
3. And man cries out: 'What is E
the matter with her?
4. On that day will she declare L
her tidings A
5. For that your Lord will have T
given her inspiration I
6. On that day will men proceed O
in companies sorted out, to be N
shown their deeds S
7. Then shall anyone who has H
done an atom's weight of good
see it I
8. And anyone who has done an P
atom's weight of evil shall see
it.
 The Main Theme(s)
 The main theme contained in
this Surah are four
1. The fact that Allah is Master
of the Day of Judgment
2. Allah records all deeds
3. Allah will evaluate every
individual based on their
actions
4. Allah will reward or punish
even the smallest of deeds.
 The Presentation of the Theme
1. While describing the relationship with the
mankind, Allah tells them that this life is a
temporary and it will end with the
unimaginable earthquake
2. The surah distinctly highlights the relationship
of Allah with mankind by making it clear that
Day of Judgment will be a day of justice for
everyone.
3. Other Surahs of the Quran also tell us
regarding the Day of Judgment, but this Surah
is different as it is one of the shortest Surah on
this Subject
4. E.g., Surah Waqiah has a similar theme but
presents lengthy details about the same
theme.
 The 7 in Allah’s Shade
The Prophet said, "Seven (people) will be shaded by Allah by
His Shade on the Day of Resurrection when there will be no
shade except His Shade.(They will be),
1) A just ruler,
2) A young man who has been brought up in the worship of
Allah,
3) A man who remembers Allah in seclusion and his eyes are
then flooded with tears,
4) A man whose heart is attached to mosques,
5) Two Muslims who love each other only for Allah's Sake,
6) A man who is called by a charming lady of noble birth to
commit sin with her, and he refuses, saying, 'I am afraid of
Allah,'
7) And (finally), a man who gives in charity so secretly that
his left hand does not know what his right hand has given.“
“Allahhumma Rabbana Ja’alna Min Hum” May Allah include us
amongst them
Multi-Media
Edition
 Key Features of Allah’s
relationship with His creation
1. He is most Gracious 8. He grants Guidance
& Merciful. 9. Those who follow
2. All Praise is due to guidance get Grace
Allah 10. Those who don’t,
3. He is the Lord of the earn His anger
Worlds, 11. He is the Creator of
4. Master of the Day of all, us & all around
Judgment us; of Good & Evil
5. Will reward / punish 12. We Should not set
as per deeds up rivals with Him
6. Only He is to be 13. He gave us
worshipped knowledge
7. He is to be feared 14. His refuge should be
sought from evil
 Surah Al-Nas 114: 1-6

In the name of Allah, most Gracious ,most Merciful.

1. Say: I seek refuge with the Lord of Mankind,
2. the King of Mankind,
3. the Allah of Mankind,
4. from the evil of the whisperer who withdraws,
5. who whispers in the hearts of Mankind,
6. from Among Jinn and Mankind.
Say: I seek refuge with
the Lord of Mankind,
the King of Mankind, R
the God of Mankind, E
L
from the evil of the A
whisperer who T
withdraws, I
O
who whispers in the N
hearts of Mankind, S
from Among Jinn and H
I
Mankind. P
 Comparison Between (i) & (ii)
PART (II)
PART (I) MAIN
PRESENTATION OF
THEME THEME
 How themes have
 Themes been presented
 Meanings by Allah to make
 Content people
 Teachings understand them
 How this passage
is different from
other similar
passages
 The Main Theme(s)
 This is the last Surah of the Quran and is partner to
the preceding Surah (Al-Falaq)
 The Surah was revealed to cure the Prophet when
a spell was cast on him
 It also teaches us to seek protection of Allah
Almighty against the evil effects of the whispering
of Satan that are aimed at distracting man from
the Right Path
 This Surah focuses on three important themes of
man's relation with Allah:
1. Allah alone is the sole Sustainer and Supreme
over all humans
2. Therefore, He is only to be worshipped
3. Allah is the One who can protect us from all evil,
may that be hidden or visible
 The Presentation of the Theme
 The themes of this Surah, overall Lordship of
Allah and the seeking of His protection against all
evil, have been presented differently from other
similar passages in the Quran.
 Firstly, the concept of „whisperings‟ has been
identified as a method used by both Jinn and Man
to divert a believer from the Right Path.
 Secondly, it declares Allah in three short
sentences the relationship that Allah has with
Man, namely being their Sustainer, King and God.
 In other similar passages, such as Surah Falaq,
such reminders of God-Man relationship are not
used, rather the powers of Allah as the creator of
all good as well as evil are presented.
 It is as if Allah is reminding us that as He is our
Sustainer, King and God, it is He who shall
protect us from all evil.
©2008 Mawlawi Jahangir Mahmud
www.ser.com.pk
jahangir@wol.net.pk
Multi-Media
Edition
We shall study
three Himself

basic themes
of the
Quranic Relationship
with His

verses
Creation

Relationship
with His
Messengers
 ALLAH
&
HIS MESSENGERS
WE SHALL STUDY ABOUT 4 MESSENGERS

 Adam
 Ibraheem

 Jesus

 Muhammad (2 passages)
KEY FEATURES OF ALLAH’S RELATIONSHIP WITH
HIS MESSENGERS
1. They are Allah‟s vicegerents on 8. They don‟t do Shirk
earth 9. Allah has favored them
2. They have been granted special 10. He gave them miracles
and great knowledge by Allah 11. He never forsakes them
3. They are much higher in status 12. He is never displeased with
than the angels them
4. They must follow His 13. They have His Shelter
instructions
14. He grants them guidance
5. They are very intelligent
15. He grants them abundance
6. They recognize Allah very well
through His Signs 16. His deals with their enemies
7. Their focus is towards Allah 17. They have special missions
only
What do we
learn from
these
passages
regarding:
 SURAH BAQARA 2: 30 TO
37
30. Behold, your Lord said to the angels: 'I will create a
vicegerent on earth.' They said: 'Will You place there
one who will make mischief there and shed blood?-
whilst we celebrate your praises and glorify your holy
(name)?' He said: 'I know what you do not know.' 31.
And He taught Adam the names of all things; then He
placed them before the angels, and said: 'Tell me the
names of these if you are right.' 32. They said: 'Glory
to You, of knowledge we have none, save what You
have taught us: In truth it is You who are perfect in
knowledge and wisdom.' 33. He said: 'Adam! Tell
them their names.' When he had told them, Allah
said: 'Did I not tell you that I know the secrets of
heavens and earth, and I know what you reveal and
what you conceal?'34. And behold, We said to the
angels: 'Bow down to Adam'. And they bowed down.
Not so Iblis: he refused and was haughty: he was of
those who reject faith. 35. We said: 'Adam! You and
your wife dwell in the Garden; and eat of the bountiful
things in it as You wish. But do not approach this tree,
or you will run into harm and transgression.' 36. Then
Satan made them slip from there, and got them out of
what they had been in. We said: 'Go down, with
enmity between yourselves. On earth will be your
dwelling-place and your means of livelihood, for a
time.' 37. Then Adam learnt from his Lord words of
inspiration, and his Lord turned towards him; for He is
Often-returning, most Merciful
30. Behold, your Lord said to the angels: 'I will create a vicegerent on earth.' They
said: 'Will You place there one who will make mischief there and shed blood?-
whilst we celebrate your praises and glorify your holy (name)?' He said: 'I know
what you do not know.‟
31. And He taught Adam the names of all things; then He placed them before the
angels, and said: 'Tell me the names of these if you are right.'
32. They said: 'Glory to You, of knowledge we have none, save what You have
taught us: In truth it is You who are perfect in knowledge and wisdom.„
33. He said: 'Adam! Tell them their names.' When he had told them, Allah said:
'Did I not tell you that I know the secrets of heavens and earth, and I know
what you reveal and what you conceal?„
34. And behold, We said to the angels: 'Bow down to Adam'. And they bowed
down. Not so Iblis: he refused and was haughty: he was of those who reject
faith
35. We said: 'Adam! You and your wife dwell in the Garden; and eat of the
bountiful things in it as You wish. But do not approach this tree, or you will run
into harm and transgression.'
36. Then Satan made them slip from there, and got them out of what they had
been in. We said: 'Go down, with enmity between yourselves. On earth will be
your dwelling-place and your means of livelihood, for a time.'
37. Then Adam learnt from his Lord words of inspiration, and his Lord turned
towards him; for He is Often-returning, most Merciful
What do we
learn from
this
passage
regarding:
 COMPARISON BETWEEN (I) & (II)
PART (II) PRESENTATION
PART (I) MAIN THEME OF THEME

 How themes have

 Themes
been presented by
 Meanings Allah to make
 Content people understand
 Teachings
them
 How this passage is
different from other
similar passages
THE MAIN THEME(S)
 These verses describe the divine scheme of
1. creation of Adam
2. prostration of angels before him
3. defiance of Iblis
4. Adam's stay in and eventual exile from Paradise
5. Adam being forgiven by Allah after his disobedience
 Iblis proved to be disobedient to Allah and was cursed forever
 We learn here that Allah puts all humans through test, including
His Messengers
 Another teaching is that if a person accepts his mistake after
committing any wrong he can be forgiven
 The example of Adam can be cited who prayed to His Lord which is
mentioned in the Quran: “Our Lord, we have wronged ourselves
and if you do not forgive us and have mercy upon us we will surely
be among losers.”(7:23).
When something, anything goes
wrong
Blame yourself, and no one else

Think of what you could have

done to avert it, or can do so in
the future
THE PRESENTATION OF THE THEME(S)
 This passage explains the relationship of Allah with
the Prophet Adam.
 The theme of this passage is that it relates a
historical event so we learn lessons from it.
 Adam was created by Allah and he was given
importance over angles as Angels were asked to bow
down before him.
 The verses also inform us the nature of Satan who
refused to bow down before Adam, due to pride
 The passage thus makes it clear that Allah‟s support
always remains with the Prophets
 The distinctive manner of these verses is that they
are teaching the theme by giving the example of the
1st Man and Prophet Adam, thus making it clear that
every human has certain built in traits.
 SURAH AL ANAAM (6: 75-79)
 75. So also did We show Abraham the
power and the laws of the heavens and
the earth, so that he might have
certainty. 76. When the night covered
him over, he saw a star: He said: 'This
is my Lord.' But when it set, he said: 'I
do not love things that set.' 77. When
he saw the moon rising in splendour,
he said: 'This is my Lord.' But when the
moon set, he said: 'Unless my Lord
guides me, I will surely be among those
who go astray.' 78. When he saw the
sun rising in splendour, he said: 'This is
my Lord; this is the greatest.' But when
the sun set, he said: 'O my people! I am
indeed free from your giving partners to
Allah.' 79. 'For me, I have set my face
firmly and truly towards Him who
created the heavens and the earth,
and never shall I give partners to Allah.'
 SURAH AL ANAAM (6: 75-79)
 75. So also did We show Abraham the power and the
laws of the heavens and the earth, so that he might have
certainty. 76. When the night covered him over, he saw a
star: He said: 'This is my Lord.' But when it set, he said: 'I
do not love things that set.' 77. When he saw the moon
rising in splendour, he said: 'This is my Lord.' But when
the moon set, he said: 'Unless my Lord guides me, I will
surely be among those who go astray.' 78. When he saw
the sun rising in splendour, he said: 'This is my Lord; this
is the greatest.' But when the sun set, he said: 'O my
people! I am indeed free from your giving partners to
Allah.' 79. 'For me, I have set my face firmly and truly
towards Him who created the heavens and the earth, and
never shall I give partners to Allah.'
What do we
learn from
this
passage
regarding:
75. So also did We show Abraham the power and the laws
of the heavens and the earth, so that he might have
certainty.
76. When the night covered him over, he saw a star: He
said: 'This is my Lord.' But when it set, he said: 'I do not
love things that set.'
77. When he saw the moon rising in splendour, he said:
'This is my Lord.' But when the moon set, he said: 'Unless
my Lord guides me, I will surely be among those who go
astray.'
78. When he saw the sun rising in splendour, he said: 'This
is my Lord; this is the greatest.' But when the sun set, he
said: 'O my people! I am indeed free from your giving
partners to Allah.'
79. 'For me, I have set my face firmly and truly towards Him
who created the heavens and the earth, and never shall I
give partners to Allah.'
 COMPARISON BETWEEN (I) & (II)
PART (II) PRESENTATION
PART (I) MAIN THEME OF THEME

 How themes have

 Themes
been presented by
 Meanings Allah to make
 Content people understand
 Teachings
them
 How this passage is
different from other
similar passages
THE MAIN THEME(S)
 These verses describe Prophet Ibraheem's attempt to
recognise Allah by way of some of the marvels of nature
 Ibraheem observed the rise and the setting in of stars, the
moon and the sun in order to identify his Lord, the Creator
of all.
 He was convinced that the Lord Almighty is ever-living and is
free from any decline
 Finally, he reached his goal of realizing the Oneness and
supremacy of Allah
 Once he did that, he began to preach to his people about
Tawhid and tried to dissuade them from Shirk or associating
partners with Allah.
THE PRESENTATION OF THE THEME
 Like other messengers of Allah, Ibraheem was also
nurtured spiritually for the formal awarding of Prophethood
 Unlike Musa who witnessed a Holy Fire (28:30) to receive
Prophethood or Jesus who began to show prophetic signs
while in his cradle (5:110), Ibraheem reached the ultimate
goal of prophethood after observation and being tested
 He firmly professed Tawhid
 Shunned shirk before starting his prophetic mission
 Allah thus strengthened the faith of His chosen servant by
showing him the contrast between the temporary shine of
the creation and the eternal glow of the Creator
 The Creator Lord is the source of all light and brightness.
KEY FEATURES OF ALLAH’S RELATIONSHIP WITH
HIS MESSENGERS
1. They are Allah‟s vicegerents on 8. They don‟t do Shirk
earth 9. Allah has favored them
2. They have been granted special 10. He gave them miracles
and great knowledge by Allah 11. He never forsakes them
3. They are much higher in status 12. He is never displeased with
than the angels them
4. They must follow His 13. They have His Shelter
instructions
14. He grants them guidance
5. They are very intelligent
15. He grants them abundance
6. They recognize Allah very well
through His Signs 16. His deals with their enemies
7. Their focus is towards Allah 17. They have special missions
only
 SURAH AL MAIDA 5: 110
Then will Allah say: 'Jesus son of Mary!
Recount my favour to you and to
your mother. Behold! strengthened
you with the holy spirit, so that you
spoke to the people in childhood
and in maturity.
Behold! I taught you the Book and
Wisdom, the Law and the Gospel.
And behold! You make out clay, as it
were, the figure of a bird, by my
leave, and you breathe into it and it
becomes a bird by my leave, and you
heal those born blind, and the
lepers, by my leave. And behold! You
bring forth the dead by my leave.
And behold! I restrained the Children
of Israel from you when you showed
them the clear signs, and the
unbelievers among them said: 'This
is nothing but evident magic.'
Then will Allah say: 'Jesus son of Mary! Recount my
favour to you and to your mother. Behold!
strengthened you with the holy spirit, so that you
spoke to the people in childhood and in maturity.
Behold! I taught you the Book and Wisdom, the Law
and the Gospel. And behold! You make out clay,
as it were, the figure of a bird, by my leave, and
you breathe into it and it becomes a bird by my
leave, and you heal those born blind, and the
lepers, by my leave. And behold! You bring forth
the dead by my leave. And behold! I restrained the
Children of Israel from you when you showed
them the clear signs, and the unbelievers among
them said: 'This is nothing but evident magic.'
 COMPARISON BETWEEN (I) & (II)

PART (II) PRESENTATION

PART (I) MAIN THEME OF THEME

 How themes have

 Themes
been presented by
 Meanings Allah to make
 Content people understand
 Teachings
them
 How this passage is
different from other
similar passages
 THE MAIN THEME(S)
 This verse describes Allah's address to Jesus,
one of His messengers.
 Like other prophetic messengers, Jesus was
also granted certain prophetic signs that
distinguished him from ordinary mortals. (such
as of his miraculous birth, his ability to speak in
infancy, treat the leper and the blind and give
life to the non-living, Torah and Gospel)
 The objective of granting such unusual powers
to Allah's chosen people is to strengthen them
internally and prepare them to face opposition
by their people
 It also describes the fact that Allah protects His
messengers from their enemies.
 THE PRESENTATION OF THE THEME
 While showing His relationship with the Prophet
Jesus, Allah tells how Jesus was supported by Allah
(SWT) through Jibraeel, Ruhulqudus, and was given
miracles.
 These favors show how much Allah loved His
messenger
 The passage distinctly explains how Allah supports
his messengers.
 Many other verses contain the same theme, but
this one is distinctive because here Allah reminds
His messenger face to face about His favours. In
other similar passages, such as those about
Ibraheem, Allah addresses us, not the Messenger
 SURAH AL-DUHA 93: 1-11
1. By the Glorious Morning Light,
2. And by the Night when it is still
3. Your Lord has not forsaken you, nor is
He displeased.
4. And indeed, the Hereafter will be better
for you, than the present
5. and soon your Lord will give to you, and
you will be well pleased.
6. Did He not find you an orphan and gave
you shelter?
7. And He found you wandering, and He
gave you guidance.
8. And He found you in need, and made
you Independent,
9. Therefore do not treat the orphan with
harshness,
10. nor repulse the petitioner (unheard);
11. but proclaim the bounty of your Lord.
What do we
learn from
this
passage
regarding:
1. By the Glorious Morning Light,
2. And by the Night when it is still
3. Your Lord has not forsaken you, nor is He displeased.
4. And indeed, the Hereafter will be better for you,
5. than the present and soon your Lord will give to you, and you
will be well pleased.
6. Did He not find you an orphan and gave you shelter?
7. And He found you wandering, and He gave you guidance.
8. And He found you in need, and made you Independent,
9. Therefore do not treat the orphan with harshness,
10. nor repulse the petitioner (unheard);
11. but proclaim the bounty of your Lord.
 COMPARISON BETWEEN (I) & (II)

PART (II) PRESENTATION

PART (I) MAIN THEME OF THEME

 How themes have

 Themes
been presented by
 Meanings Allah to make
 Content people understand
 Teachings
them
 How this passage is
different from other
similar passages
THE MAIN THEME(S)
 Theme of this Surah is Allah's special care and
concern for His chosen people specially in times of
crisis and difficulty
 Allah's support is as much part of prophetic mission
as the trials and tests designed by Him
 Allah puts His prophetic messengers into a variety of
tests only to bring them closer to Him and thus
strengthen their faith.
 THE PRESENTATION OF THE THEME
 The Surah mentions Allah's reassurance for the
Holy Prophet who was being mocked by the
Quraysh
 This explains Allah's special association with
the Holy Prophet
 Many other passages speak of Allah‟s favors to
His Messengers but here there is a distinctive
style
 Because this was revealed to the Holy Prophet
during his lifetime, it gave him support and
strength.
 Whereas in other similar passages such as
Surah Maida, Allah will remind of His favours
after this World.
SURAH AL-KAUTHAR 108: 1-3

1. We have given you the Abundance;

2. Therefore pray to your Lord, and sacrifice.
3. For the one who hates you, he will be cut off
(from future hope).
 What do
we learn
from this
passage
regarding:
 COMPARISON BETWEEN (I) & (II)

PART (II) PRESENTATION

PART (I) MAIN THEME OF THEME

 How themes have

 Themes
been presented by
 Meanings Allah to make
 Content people understand
 Teachings
them
 How this passage is
different from other
similar passages
THE MAIN THEME(S)
 Theme of this short Surah is Allah's promise and
reassurance for His chosen people (prophetic messengers)
in times of hardship and opposition by their people
 The main theme of Surah Al-Kauthar is to console the
Prophet (s.a.w.) and to give him reassurance that he is
unlimitedly blessed by Allah
 The teaching we get from this Surah is that there is no
room for any to disrespect of the Prophet.
 He is taught that he should not abandon his religious
obligations in any of the situation but must submit to the
will of Allah.
 In this passage, Allah condemns those who condemn the
Prophet (s.a.w).
 THE PRESENTATION OF THE THEME
 The Surah shows Allah's special care for the
Prophet in times of hardship.
 Here, distinctively, Allah mentions that HE will
deal with the enemies of the Holy Prophet
Himself.
 Allah mentions such special support for His
messengers in other passages as well.
 Here the distinctive style is prominent that Allah
revealed these verses during the Holy Prophet‟s
life and hence announced in his lifetime the
prophecy of the destruction of his enemies.
 Such a declaration is a consolation not only for
the Holy Prophet but all those involved in the
propagation of Islam.
Question 1:
Major themes
of the Qur’an
Q: Choose any two of the
following Passages from
the Quran and,

(a) Briefly describe the main

theme(s) in each
passage

(b) Briefly explain how each

passage presents these
theme(s) in a distinctive
way.
 Each
Passage has
2 parts

Part (ii)
Part (i) Main Presentation
Theme
of Theme
Part (i) Main Theme Answer (2 marks)
 Explain:
 Themes 60-80
words in
 Meanings
3
 Content minutes

 Teachings
 Quote Qur‟an verses/Ahadith to support and
illustrate points (optional)
 Demonstrate knowledge of Arabic
Part (ii) Presentation of Theme (2 marks)

 Explain:Howthemes have been

presented by Allah to make people
understand them
 How Allah teaches similar themes in other
Surahs verses, yet this one this different

3
minutes
Comparison Between (i) & (ii)
Part (i) Main Theme Part (ii) Presentation of
Theme

 Themes  How themes have

been presented by
 Meanings Allah to make
 Content people understand
 Teachings them
 How this passage is
different from other
similar passages
Lets Start the Lesson!
We shall study
three Himself

basic themes
of the
Quranic Relationship
with His

verses
Creation

Relationship
with His
Messengers
 Person

Powers Tauheed Attributes

Signs
Allah in Himself (Signs)
 “Among His signs are the night and
the day, and the sun and the moon.
Adore not the sun and the moon, but
adore Allah, who created them, if it is
Him you wish to serve” Surah
Fussilat/Sajda
Allah in Himself (Person)
 The Holy Quran describes and elaborates details
about the person of Allah.
 Usually certain symbolic expressions and parables
have been used for this purpose.
 For example, Surah An Nur describes Allah as a
'light',
Allah is the Light of the heavens and the earth. The parable of His Light is
as if there were a Niche and within it a lamp: the Lamp enclosed in
Glass: the Glass as it were a brilliant star: lit from a blessed Tree, an
Olive, neither of the East nor of the West, whose Oil is well-nigh
luminous, though fire scarce touched it: Light upon Light! Allah doth set
forth Parables for men: and Allah doth know all things. (Nur : 35)
 Sura Ikhlas
Allah in Himself (Attributes)
 The Holy Quran describes and elaborates details about the
nature and attributes of Allah using parables & analogies
 Attributes of Allah
“Allah is He, than whom there is no other
god― the sovereign, the Holy One, the
Source of Peace (and Perfection). the
Guardian of Faith, the Preserver of Safety,
the Exalted in Might, the Irresistible, the
Supreme: Glory to Allah! (High is He) above
the partners they attribute to Him. (23) He is
Allah the Creator, the Evolver, the Bestower
of Forms (or Colours). To Him belong the
Most Beautiful Names: whatever is in the
heavens and on earth, declare His Praises
and Glory: and He is the exalted in Might, the
Wise. (Surah Al Hashr)
Allah in Himself (Powers)
 Another oft repeated theme is that of
Allah's Unmatchable power,
“ Verily, when He intends a thing, His
command is "Be" and it is! (36:82)
 Sura Al Anaam
Allah in Himself

Person

Signs Attributes

Powers
 Ayat Al Kursi (2:255)

In the name of Allah, most Gracious, Most Merciful.

Allah! There is no God but He, the Living, the Self-subsisting. Neither slumber nor
sleep can seize Him. To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and whatever is in
the earth. Who will intercede with Him except by His Leave? He knows what is in
front of them and what is behind them, While they encompass nothing of His
Knowledge, except what He wills. His Throne extends over the heavens and the
earth, And He is never weary of preserving them. And He is the Sublime, the
Supreme.
Allah! There is no God but He, the Living, the
Self-subsisting
Neither slumber nor sleep can seize Him
To Him belongs whatever is in the heavens and
whatever is in the earth
Who will intercede with Him except by His
Leave?
He knows what is in front of them and what is
behind them, While they encompass nothing
of His Knowledge, except what He wills.
His Throne extends over the heavens and the
earth, And He is never weary of preserving
them.
And He is the Sublime, the Supreme.
 Comparison Between (i) & (ii)
Part (i) Main Theme Part (ii) Presentation of
Theme

 Themes  How themes have

been presented by
 Meanings Allah to make
 Content people understand
 Teachings them
 How this passage is
different from other
similar passages
The Main Theme(s)
1. The main theme of this passage, which we know as the
verse of the Throne, is the oneness of Allah, or Tawhid
2. Allah is a being unlike any other beings because he
knows everything and can do everything
3. Also He has neither parents nor children
4. Similarly Surah Ikhlas also states that He cannot be
compared to anyone or anything
5. His throne signifies His absolute power over all as well
as His absolute knowledge of everything.
The Presentation of the Theme
1. This passage teaches us the powers of Allah,
which are limitless in all aspects, thus clearly
marking the differences between Him and His
creation.
2. This passage states all this in a authoritative tone,
and declares its teachings in a distinctive manner.
3. It teaches multiple articles of faith and belief in very
few words, thus making it a unique passage.
4. Other Quranic verses similarly teach such themes
but seldom in so few words and also they tend to at
times give logical reasoning along with their
teachings such as Surah Anam which gives a logic
that Allah cannot have a son as He has no wife
Surah Al Anaam 6: 101 to 103

 101. To Him is due the primal origin of the heavens and the
earth: how can He have a son when He has no consort?
102. He created all things, and He has full knowledge of all things.
That is Allah, your Lord! There is no god but He, the Creator of
all things: then worship Him: and He has power to dispose of all
affairs.
103. No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp is over all visions: He is
above all comprehension, yet is acquainted with all things.
 101. To Him is due the primal origin of the
heavens and the earth: how can He have
a son when He has no consort?
102. He created all things, and He has full
knowledge of all things. That is Allah,
your Lord! There is no god but He, the
Creator of all things: then worship Him:
and He has power to dispose of all
affairs.
103. No vision can grasp Him, but His grasp
is over all visions: He is above all
comprehension, yet is acquainted with all
things.
 Comparison Between (i) & (ii)
Part (i) Main Theme Part (ii) Presentation of
Theme

 Themes  How themes have

been presented by
 Meanings Allah to make
 Content people understand
 Teachings them
 How this passage is
different from other
similar passages
The Main Theme(s)
1. The main theme of this passage is the unlimited
power of Allah that proves Tauheed
2. It describes how He created all things including
the heavens and the earth from scratch
3. The Arabic word „Badee‟ means He who creates
without any raw materials to start with
4. It strongly refutes any concept of him being a
parent or husband when it is He who cannot even
be seen by anyone
5. Another important aspect of the theme is fact the
His knowledge is absolute.
6. These arguments establish Him as the sole being
to be worshipped.
Another Sample answer of the Theme
1. The doctrine of Tawhid is based on Allah's power of
creating His domain out of nothing and by His single
command, “ Be” (36:82) and that is the main theme
of this Surah: teaching Allah‟s Onesness by
explaining about His Person and Powers
2. Exercise of this power explains Allah's immense
power and unlimited knowledge
3. Demands us to demonstrate our belief by bowing
down before Him in all submission and worship like
the other creations: “ And the stars and the trees
both bow in adoration” (Surah 55).
4. This further negates any form of shirk (associating
partners with Allah), specially associating any
relatives with Him.
5. Surah Ikhlas more emphatically and explicitly
refutes the corrupted idea of assuming descendants
of Allah
6. Such degree of uniqueness of Allah renders our
imagination just helpless to comprehend His entity.
 The Presentation of the Theme
1. The teachings of this passage are the
Oneness of Allah, His Powers as well as His
Person which is beyond human
comprehension.
2. These are taught here in a distinctive manner
that uses common logic so people may
understand.
3. It also explains how unlimited and absolute
His Power of Creation and Knowledge are,
thus making it a logical result that we should
worship Him only.
4. This manner of explanation is distinct from
other passages as they usually only „declare‟
or „order‟ man to worship Him without giving
any reason or logic.
Surah Fussilat/Sajda; 41. 37

37. Among His signs are the night

and the day, and the sun and the
moon. Adore not the sun and the
moon, but adore Allah, who
created them, if it is Him you wish
to serve.
Allah in Himself

Person

Signs Attributes

Powers
Surah Fussilat/Sajda;41. 37
37. Among His signs are
the night and the day,
and the sun and the
moon. Adore not the Person
sun and the moon,
but adore Allah, who
created them, if it is
Him you wish to serve Signs Attributes

Powers
The Main Theme(s)
1. The main theme of this passage is
Tauheed or oneness of Allah which is being
taught by explaining His powers.
2. Throughout history, many people have
begun worshipping the sun and the moon
due to their beauty or power.
3. The Quran says that these are just signs of
Allah, who is the Creator of all.
4. Similar themes are found in many places in
the Quran such as in Surah Rehman where
Allah states that He has absolute power
over all heavenly bodies.
The Presentation of the Theme
1. Tauheed, the theme of this passage is
presented through a distinctive manner of
giving examples of His signs
2. Mankind should recognize the Designer of all
these and submit to His will.
3. This is distinctive from other verses such as in
Surah Ikhlas where Allah states the theme of
Tauheed but without explaining or using any
example
4. This passage urges us not only identify HIM
but also to Worship Him.
Surah As Shura 42: 4 & 5

4. To Him belongs all that is in the heavens and

on earth: and He is most High, most Great.
5. The heavens are almost rent asunder from
above them, and the angels celebrate the
praises of their Lord, and pray for forgiveness
for beings on earth: Behold! Verily Allah is He,
the oft-Forgiving, the most Merciful.
Surah As Shura
 4. To Him belongs all
42: 4 & 5
that is in the heavens
and on earth: and He is Person
most High, most Great.
 5. The heavens are
almost rent asunder
from above them, and Signs Attributes
the angels celebrate the
praises of their Lord,
and pray for forgiveness
for beings on earth: Powers
Behold! Verily Allah is
He, the oft-Forgiving,
the most Merciful.
The Main Theme(s)
1. The main theme in this passage is Tauheed of
Allah as everything is His property.
2. His greatness and supremacy is evident by the fact
that the heavens are bent and on the brink of
falling to pieces due to the weight of the angels
worshipping Him.
3. It is no wonder that countless angels are
continuously engaged in glorifying the name of
Allah while seeking forgiveness for mankind.
4. Allah Himself has ordered them to do so as only
He Himself is full of forgiveness and mercy for His
creation.
5. Thus He has also ordered humankind to glorify
Him and then ask for forgiveness as in many other
verses in the Holy Quran
The Presentation of the Theme.
1. This passage presents the great mercy of Allah by
stressing on His supreme majesty.
2. The angels not only to celebrate His praise, and
also pray for forgiveness for us because Allah
Himself has ordered them.
3. The greatness as well as mercy of Allah is
presented here distinctively here by first stating His
being the owner and supreme Lord of everyone and
everything, yet His being kind and benevolent to His
creatures.
4. This is a distinct style from Surah Al-Fatiha where
Allah simply announces Himself as merciful but
doesn‟t discuss His rank and status
Surah Al-Ikhlas 112: 1-4

 In the name of Allah, most Gracious,

most Merciful.
1. Say: He is Allah, the One;
2. Allah, the Absolute (the Eternal).
3. He does not beget nor is He begotten,
4. And there is none like Him.
Surah Al-Ikhlas 112: 1-4
1. Say: He is Allah,
the One; Person
2. Allah, the Absolute
(the Eternal).
Signs Attributes
3. He does not beget
nor is He begotten,
4. And there is none Powers
like Him.
Main Theme(s)
1. This Surah is a comprehensive summary of
Tauheed
2. The theme clearly asserts Him being the one and
only god, thus negating any parenthood or kinship
assigned to Him by anyone
3. It defines the very nature of Allah to be free from
the phenomenon of birth as He is not in need of
anyone or anything
4. Allah‟s attribute “AsSamad” mentioned here
means „He who doesn‟t need anyone rather
everyone is in need of Him‟
5. Also by saying that He is incomparable with
everything, this Surah negates all forms of Shirk.
The Presentation of the Theme
1. The Surah Ikhlas presents the theme of Tauheed in a
very distinctive manner from most other passages of
the Holy Quran because it in covers so many aspects
of Tauheed in just four short sentences
2. It doesn‟t offer any sort of explanation or argument as
certain other passages, rather it simply makes a
statement of fact by saying that Allah is One, Absolute
and incomparable to anyone or anything
3. For example, in Surah Al-Maeda, Allah specifies that it
is disbelief to call Jesus the son of Allah
4. But here in Surah Al-Ikhlas, He simply declares that
He doesn‟t give birth at all
5. Thus all false beliefs regarding any son or daughter of
Allah are shattered.
Key Features of the Passages: Allah in Himself:
10marks
1. Allah in Himself (Person)
i. The Holy Quran describes and elaborates details about
the person of Allah.
ii. Usually certain symbolic expressions and parables have
been used for this purpose.
iii. For example, Surah An Nur describes Allah as a 'light',
(give example here) & Sura Ikhlas
2. Allah in Himself (Attributes)
i. The Holy Quran describes and elaborates details about
the nature and attributes of Allah using parables &
analogies
ii. Attributes of Allah: (Surah Al Hashr)
3. Allah in Himself (Powers)
i. Another oft repeated theme is that of Allah's
Unmatchable power,
ii. “ Verily, when He intends a thing, His command is "Be"
and it is! (36:82) & Sura Al Anaam
4. Allah in Himself (Signs)
i. “Among His signs are the night and the day, and the sun
and the moon. Adore not the sun and the moon, but
 CONQUESTS UNDER HAZRAT ABU BAKR
PERSIAN EMPIRE

VENUE DATE (i) Muslim Commander OUTCOME

(ii) Commander of opposing forces
1. Chaldea 633 AD (i) Khalid bin Waleed Hormuz killed and his forces
(ii) Hormuz defeated at this famous battle
of Chains

2. Walaja (i) Khalid bin Waleed Persian regiments defeated

3. Hira 633 AD (i) Khalid bin Waleed Peace Treaty signed and amnesty
granted

ROMAN EMPIRE

4. Firaz 634 AD (i) Khalid bin Waleed Arab Christians defeated

5. Mulah 632 AD (i) Usama bin Zaid Byzantine forces were defeated

6. Ajhadyn 634 AD (i) Khalid bin Waleed

(ii) Heraclius Heraclius forces were defeated
with them commander killed
 CONQUESTS UNDER HAZRAT UMAR
VENUE DATE (i) Muslim Commander OUTCOME
(ii) Commander of opposing forces
1. Namarag 634 AD (i) Musana, Abu Ubaid Persian forces were defeated
(ii) Rustam
2. Jasr 634 AD (i) Abu Ubaid bin Ziyad Persian forces defeated in this
(ii) Bahman famous Battle of Bridge, where
Muslims suffered heavy losses
with their Commander Martyred
3. Buwaib 634 AD (i) Muthana Persian forces defeated and
(ii) Mehran Mehran killed. Majority of
Persian army was destroyed

4. Qadisiya (i) Saad bin Abi Waqas Rustam got killed, with his forces
(he was unwell) defeated. This completely broke
(ii) Rustam down the strength of Persians
5. Al-Madain 634 AD (i) Saad bin Abi Waqas Laid seige, eventually had to
surrender, King Yazdigard
fled away
6. Jalula (i) Qaka sent by Laid seige to the city eventually
Saad bin Abi Waqas captured it they agreed on terms
of Jizya
7. Tekrit (i) Saad dispatched the forces The combined forces of Christian
Arabs, Persians and Romans had
to face defeat
8. Ubulla (i) Utba bin Ghazwan Captured the city of Ubulla, TOWNS OF KUFA AND BASRA FOUNDED
9. Nehawand
(consequence (ii) Persian King The defeat of Persians resulted
of Treaty in end of sassanid Dynasty. This
broken by being the last great battle fought
Persians alter between Muslims and Persians
Jalula)

10. Jordan (i) Shurabil bin Hasan Captured the city

11. Palestine (i) Amr bin al Aas Captured the city

12. Damascus 635 AD (i) Khalid bin Waleed - assisted Laid seige to city, finally captured.
by Abu Ubaida and Yezid Peace Treaty signed.

13. Yarmouk 636 AD (i) Abu Ubaida bin al Jarrah Syria was lost to Muslims
Valley (ii) Theodorous (Victorious)

14. Damascus 636 AD (i) Abu Ubaida Recaptured

16. Jerusalem (i) Amr bin Aas Laid seige. Treaty Drawn

17. Alexandria 640 AD (i) Amr bin Aas Heraclius died. Egypt Mastered
(Egypt) over alter this conquest

18. Babylon 641 AD Captured

 Revision Handout
Note on Belief in Divine Decree (10 Marks)
Belief in the Divine Decree is an article of Faith. Without this, a believer’s
‘Imam’ or Faith is incomplete. As mentioned in Iman-e-Mufassal, which
says: “I believe in Allah, in His angels, in His books, in His Prophets, in the
Last Day and in the fact that everything, good or bad, is decided by Allah
Almighty and in the Life after Death.”
This means that the belief that everything, good or bad, is known
beforehand by Allah.
Allah is the sole Creator and Cherisher of the entire Universe. His power
is not limited in any sphere whatsoever. The Quran says repeatedly,
“Verily, Allah has power over everything.”, “Verily, Allah is all Knowing,
All Powerful” and “He is the Exalted in Power, full of Wisdom.”
As Allah is the Creator, Sustainer, All Powerful and All Knowing, not only
He has knowledge of each and every affair of the entire Universe but also
all the matters and phenomena are under His control as well as within His
Knowledge.
Man, the most supreme creation of Allah is no exception to this divine
Will. However, he is given a great deal of free will and will be tested how
he behaves in this life. Allah's knowledge encompasses the past, present
and the future. This doesn't mean that our free will is taken away by this
rather it is another manifestation of Allah's Supreme Power (Qudrat or
Taqdeer) that He already knows all things.
The Holy Prophet said that only Du'a can alter our destinies. (250 words)

©Maulvi Jahangir
0321 44 60606 jahangir@wol.net.pk
Mahmud
Based on Authority or Source
 Four types of hadith can be identified.
1. Qudsi - Divine; a revelation from Allah ;
relayed with the words of the Prophet.
2. Marfu - elevated; a narration from the
Prophet, e.g. I heard the Prophet saying ...
3. Mauquf- stopped: a narration from a
companion only, e.g., we were commanded
to ...
4. Maqtu' - severed: a narration from a
successor.
As per Authority
Main Features of Qudsi/Nabwi
Qudsi Nabwi
Words & Meaning both Words of Prophet &
from Allah Meaning from Allah
Starts with "the
Starts with "Allah says" Prophet said“ etc
Few in number-Less than 1000 Over 100,000
Topic regarding Man-God
Relationship, Akhira,
Tauheed, Beauty of Worship. Wide range of Topics
They can be Sayings,
They are only Sayings Actions, etc
Compilation of the Holy Quran
 Since the Holy Quran was not revealed all at once and its
different verses were revealed as and when appropriate,
so it was neither possible nor practicable from the very
beginning to write and preserve it in a book form.
Before one can begin to understand the manner in which
it was preserved, the amazing memories of
the Arab nation must be kept in mind. And of course, the
fact that Allah Himself has said:
“Verily, it isWeWho have sent down this Message and it isWeWho
shall guard it.” (Surah Hijr; 15:9)
 Total Time of Revelation= 23 years (610 to 632 AD)
 Total Verses = 6,666
 Total Suwar = 114
 How the Quran was Revealed
ALLAH

Holy
Jibreel
Prophet

Companions
 Different Stages in its Compilation
In The
Time of
The Holy
In The
Prophet
Time of
Abu Bakr
& Umar
In The Time
of Uthman
 How the Quran was preserved in
the time of the Holy Prophet.
 The Quran was revealed to the Holy Prophet through Jibril , who would make
sure that he s learnt its verses by heart.
 Once the Holy Prophet had memorized the verses, Jibril would tell him that
these verses should be placed in so and so Surah in so and so order.
 When the Holy Prophet had learnt the verses, he would then teach them to his
companions who would
 Learn them by heart (these Huffaz were 1000s)
 The scribes of the Holy Prophet, would write the verses under his instruction
on paper, stone tablets, bones, palm leaves, wooden boards or animal skins.
(These companions were about 34).
 Ardah
 Quran was preserved in partial volumes in writing, but primarily in the hearts
of tens of thousands of his companions.
Preservation and Compilation during
the caliphates of Abu Bakr and Umar
 A large number of Huffaz killed at Yamamah
 Umar proposed to Abu Bakr: Lets Write it down in a single
volume
 After some initial hesitation, he Agreed
 A team of Muqri Sahaba led by Zaid bin Thabit were formed to
conduct this task
How did Zayd ensure authenticity?
 The contributor must have in writing as well as be a Hafiz
 He tested its reliability against his own memory and that of
his team of Huffaz
 Two trustworthy witnesses had testified to the fact that the
particular verse had been written in the presence of the
Prophet
 The written verses were matched with the collections of
companions
The Final Volume
 This Task was completed by Umar’s time and stayed with him
until his martyrdom.
 Then it went in the custody of Hafsah and thus became
known as Mus’haf-i-Hafsah.
Preservation and Compilation in
the period of Uthman bin 'Affan
 Islamic Empire had spread far and wide
 New people with new tongues, languages, dialects and
pronunciations had become Muslims
 They began to use these to recite Quran in sometimes odd
ways.
 Hudhayfa bin Yaman approached the caliph Uthman and told
him about the possible dangers of this
 Uthman immediately took action
 Reassembled a team under Zaid bin Thabit
 Made seven copies of Mushaf e Hafsa
 Sent these to the provincial capitals
 Destroyed any deviant/incomplete manuscripts
Questions that you get
 Note on compilation of the Quran in the time of
 Holy Prophet
 Abu Bakr & Umar
 Uthman
 All of the above
 Role of Scribes in the compilation of the Quran
 Steps taken by Zaid in Thabit (2 parts)
 Before going any further, now we must study the sources of
Islamic Law
 Elements of Qiyas
1. The ORIGINAL CASE (asl), on which a ruling is given in the
text and analogy seeks to extend it to a new case.
2. The NEW CASE (far’), on which a ruling is needed.
3. The EFFECTIVE CAUSE (‘illah), which is an attribute (wasf)
of the original case and it is found to be in common
between the original and the new case.
4. The RULE (hukm), governing the original case which is to
be extended to the new case.

Examples

Prohibition of wine drinking based on

Quranic verse in Surah Maida 90 Smoking in Masjid
1. Asl – wine drinking 1. Asl – eating onion in mosque
2. Far’ – taking drug 2. Far’– smoking in mosque
3. ‘Illah – intoxicating effect 3. ‘Illah – causing bad smell to the
4. Hukm - prohibition mouth
4. Hukm - prohibition/haram
EXTRA COURSE QUESTIONS
Importance of Ijma

1. It answers the queries of the people in various

situations with logical reasoning
2. If something is explained very briefly in the Quran
and Sunnah, Ijma can be done for clarification
3. Since it is done by those who are scholars so
there is no doubt in their work
4. Through Ijma the principles of Quran and Sunnah
can be extended to new situations
5. Ijma is source of uniting Muslims on new issues
6. It is a source of making the religion applicable to
all times and places
What do Muslims mean when they
call the Quran the kalamAllah
(word
1. It is the of
DivineGod)?
speech of Allah Himself.
2. These are the exact words relayed to the Holy Prophet by
Jibril.
3. Allah Himself protects it
4. It is the very basis of all thought and action in Islam
5. All Islamic laws are either derived from it or based on it
6. Commandments of Quran are invariable and
unchangeable for all times to come.
7. Refusal to believe in even a single verse is disbelief.
8. If someone consciously disobeys, becomes a unbeliever
9. It is the fountainhead of all belief and practice
10. All Muslims belonging to all sects agree on its text.
Why is the Quran considered a
central miracle in Islam?
1. It is the Final revealed book of Allah
2. It is the word of Allah
3. Allah Himself took the responsibility to
ensure it will never be corrupted
4. It has remained unadulterated to date
Why was the Quran revealed in
parts?
1. Because Allah willed it to be revealed as His Wisdom judged.
2. The Quran explains: “Those who reject Faith say: "Why is not the
Qur'an revealed to him all at once?" Thus (is it revealed) that We
may strengthen your heart thereby and We have rehearsed it to
you in slow well-arranged stages gradually.” (Surah Furqan;
25:32-33).
3. It would be hard for the people if they would get all the
instructions together, because they would have to start acting
on them at once
4. This way they found it easy to progressively follow Allah’s
commands as they were revealed step by step.
5. Many verses would be irrelevant if revealed before a certain
stage. E.g., verses regarding Jihad would be irrelevant in
Makkah, because Jihad would be allowed only once an Islamic
state had been formed.
Why wasn’t the Quran put down
in book form during the time of
the Holy
1. Since Prophet?
the Holy Quran was not revealed all at
once and its different verses were revealed
as and when appropriate, so it was neither
possible nor practicable from the very
beginning to write and preserve it in a book
form.
2. Unless it was complete, it would not be
proper to put it in one volume.
3. Otherwise there would be confusion.
4. Hundreds remembered it by heart
Importance of the compilation
of the Quran
1. The compilation of the Holy Quran set the basic standard
for All Muslims to follow.
2. It made sure that the future generations would not be led
astray.
3. Through compilation It became easy for the Muslims to
keep and carry the Quran.
4. It solved the problem of dialect in the time of Hazrat
Uthman
5. Since the scribes were appointed by the Prophet himself
so their work can never be doubted
6. They were aware of the situation and condition in which
the Quran was revealed so their interpretation to the
verses of the Quran cannot be doubted
7. Their work also ensured the unity of Muslim Ummah.
Reasons for the change in
Prophet’s Attitude towards Jews
1. Jews never accepted the Holy Prophet and always went against
him
2. Islam spread and that threatened Jews supremacy over Arabia
3. Jews had socio-economic and political reasons to tolerate
Muslims
4. Riba being declared illegal deteriorated the relations between
Banu Quainqah and Muslims
5. Banu Quainqah and hypocrites active in exterminating Islam
6. For Jews the arrival of muhajireens and the Holy Prophet was
unbearable
7. Jews mocked at Muslims for having Jerusalem as their Kiblah
and fasting on Ashura
8. Composed anti-Islam verses and mispronounced Islamic verses
9. Opposite beliefs
The End of the Prophetic
Mission
1. ‘ This day have I perfected your religion for you’,
revealed after the Final Sermon
2. Most of Arabia accepted Islam
3. 9th A.H is called Year of Delegation or ‘Am ul
Wafoud’- the entire Arab nation came under one
banner of faith
4. Holy Prophet fell ill on 29th of Saffar 11A.H and died
within few days
5. Appointed Abu Bakr as the Imam after him
6. Spent his last days in the Adobe of Ayesha
7. Second week of Rabi ul Awwal 11 A.H he died
PROPHET AS MODEL OF
EXCELLENCE
Why is he an ideal to
follow?
The Quran insists:
“if you love Allah,follow the Prophet”
“he who obeys the Prophet obeys Allah”
“Verily in the Prophet of Allah you have the best
example”
Short explanations of the above
 Honesty & truthfulness
 Titles of al-Sadiq (the truthful) & al-Amin (the trustworthy) even before formal
awarding of prophethood.
 Worst enemies would trust him e.g. the night of his migration asked Ali to sleep
in his bed to return belongings to the owners.
 Marriage with Khadija outcome of his honesty & fair dealings.
 Had another trade partner, Saib, at Makka both alternately led the trade
carvans Prophet, on his turn, would 1st of all produce accounts before doing
anything else
 Abu Sufiyan in the court of Roman emperor couldn’t tell a lie about Prophet’s
personal conduct
 Stressed on fulfilling promises: “One who does not keep promise, has no
religion”
 Refused to accommodate Abu Jandal, who had escaped from the clutches of
Quraish, after signing the treaty of Hudaibiya.
 Makkans were ready to accept his word when he addressed them from the Safa
hill (about telling them that an army ready to attack Makka from behind the hill.
 Condemned all forms of unfair earnings: “One who cheats is not among us” &
Leadership & statesmanship
 Emerged as a dynamic & vibrant leader in Madina
Unified stranger & mutually hostile groups e.g. Mawakhat
faith –based brotherhood b/w Muhajireen & Ansar
 Bonded together the Aws & Khazraj tribes
 Avoided hostility of the Jews by including them in the
Charter of Madina
 Treated the Jews with both justice & mercy when they
violated terms of the charter
 A successful strategist in the battlefield accepted advice of
others e.g. digging ditches around Madina
 Foiled attempt of the Allies to win Jewish support in the
battle of the trench
 Reorganized the fleeing army in the battle of Hunayn.
How to imitate these qualities
in modern times
Simplicity
 overspending on weddings, other joyful
occasions. Muslims today can celebrate in a
sober & simple way, while helping the needy
with whatever excess wealth they have e.g.
may give charity to various organizations.
 Muslim parents should revive the example of
simple dowry of Fatima & Prophet’s refusal to
arrange her maid after the conquest of Khyber, 7
A.H.
How to imitate these qualities
in modern times
Honesty
 Muslim traders should avoid hoarding, giving
short measures and adulteration of food etc.
 “So establish weight with justice and do not
fall short in the balance.” (55:9)
 Sense of responsibility in joint business e.g.
Porphet & Saib.
How to imitate these qualities
in modern times
Leadership
 Muslim leaders can learn great lessons from
Prophet’s qualities how to ensure
protection of non-Muslim minorities in
Muslim states e.g. Christians, Hindus & Sikhs
in Pakistan.
 Avoid war & accept peace
 Treaty of Hudaibiya
 Other treaties
How to imitate these qualities
in modern times
Mercy & forgiveness
 Muslims in the contemporary world need to
control tempers in unfavourable environment
e.g. on a busy road, when someone violates
traffic rules in hurry, he/she should be instructed
politely.
 Try to win hearts of enemies (conquest of
Makka)
 Make sober & modest jubilations on joyful
occasions e.g. on winning a match against a
strong rival.
How to imitate these qualities
in modern times
 Simplicity overspending on weddings, other joyful occasions Muslims today can
celebrate in a sober & simple way, while helping the needy with whatever excess wealth they have
e.g. may give charity to various organizations.
 Muslim parents should revive the example of simple dowry of Fatima & Prophet’s refusal to
arrange her maid after the conquest of Khyber, 7 A.H.
 Honesty Muslim traders should avoid hoarding, giving short measures and adulteration
of food etc.
 “So establish weight with justice and do not fall short in the balance.”

(55:9)
 Sense of responsibility in joint business e.g. Porphet & Saib.
 Leadership :
 Muslim leaders can learn great lessons from Prophet’s qualities how to ensure protection of
non-Muslim minorities in Muslim states e.g. Christians, Hindus & Sikhs in Pakistan.
 Avoid war & accept peace Treaty of Hudaibiya
 Mercy & forgiveness
 Muslims in the contemporary world need to control tempers in unfavourable environment e.g. on
a busy road, when someone violates traffic rules in hurry, he/she should be instructed politely.
 Try to win hearts of enemies conquest of Makka.
 Make sober & modest jubilations on joyful occasions e.g. on winning a match against a strong
rival.
Special Features of an Islamic
community
brotherhood based on  modesty
common faith, •healthy circulation of
•social equality wealth
•piety being the sole •promoting peace and love
criterion of one's •establishment of justice
superiority over the
•tolerance towards the
other
non-Muslim citizens
•specified spheres of rights
•We see such a community
and responsibilities
in its perfect shape in
•Masjid is center of the Madinah
community
A REVIEW OF THE PROPHET’S
CONDUCT IN BATTLES
(GHAZWAT)
The Prophet’s rules in War

1. 1st priority should be to spread Islam then

Treaty of Peace otherwise war!
2. Non Combatants (civilians) cannot be
attacked!
3. Private property cannot be harmed nor
confiscated
4. Mistreatment of Captives Not allowed
5. Mutilation of dead bodies not allowed
Page 1of3

1. The Prophet (Peace be upon him) was the

greatest military leader, most righteous, the
most insightful
2. He showed superior genius, strictness, bravery,
Excellent arrangements
3. Stood fast facing the enemy
4. He made war to defend the faith not to be
offensive.
5. He was able to impose security, institute peace
Page 2of3

6. Previously wars were for robbing, killing,

plundering, tyranny, oppressing the weak,
rape , cruelty.
7. Jihad seeks to free man from oppression,
tyranny and aggression & spreading security,
safety mercy and compassion as well as
observing the rights of the conquered people
Page 3of3

8. Issued honourable strict rules about war

9. forbade torturing, killing children and
women, robbery, destroying property,
hurting non-combatants
10. Treatment of Captives (examples)
11. Treatment of Conquered People (examples)
 Unit 5: Formula (i) &
(ii)
(ii)How can Muslims put these
(i)Teachings teachings in to action
 What teachings it
 How the teachings in
contains regarding what
Muslims believe and this hadith can be
should practice applied to our lives
 What are the  What advantages
implications for the would that have for the
Muslim individual & community &
community individual
 Cross Ref either here or  Modern Day example if
in (ii): from Quran or any
Sunnah
Hadith No 1:'Religion is sincerity.' We said: 'To whom?' The Prophet said: 'To
Allah, His Book, His Messenger, the leaders of the Muslims and to their common
people.’

(a)
1. Islam demands sincere and genuine
faith.
2. This sincerity is needed in the
fundamental beliefs as well as towards
the leaders and the members of the
community.
3. This means strong belief in Tawhid
(oneness of God), the divine message of
the Quran and the messenger of God
who conveyed this Message to us.
4. Also, the leader of the community, who
follows the Quran and Sunnah, should
be sincerely followed:
5. “And obey God and obey the Messenger
and those charged with authority
among you.” (4:59)
6. Finally, Muslims should believe in
respecting and caring for the fellows in
the community.
(b)
1. Belief in Tawhid, Quran and the last
Messenger is demonstrated by
following the eternal guidance of the
Quran and Sunnah.
2. Muslims should observe the five pillars
of Islam
3. As for cooperating with the leader of
the community, Muslims should
remember the speech of Abu Bakr on
his election as caliph:
4. “Help me if I am in the right, set me
right if I am in the wrong”
5. Similarly, sincerity towards fellows
should be expressed by being kind,
polite, just and respectful to them.

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith 2: None of you believes until he wants for his brother what he wants for
himself
(a)
1. According to Islamic faith, all
believers are bonded together by a
common faith in Islam
2. They, therefore, constitute a single
family or brotherhood where all
members are familiar to each other
regardless of geographical, racial or
linguistic barriers.
3. The Holy Quran endorses this by
saying:“ Believers are a single
brotherhood” (49:10).
4. Now this sense of belonging to a
single family unit demands that a
spirit of sacrifice for the other
members be nurtured and kept alive.
©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606
(b)
1. A true believer is supposed to be ready
to give preference to the needs and
feelings of his Muslim brothers over
his own.
2. He should try to emulate the example
of the Ansar of Madinah who readily
shared all their belongings with their
Muhajir brothers.
3. Muslims should negate selfishness,
promote spirit of sacrifice and love for
the fellow Muslims
4. Should develop a sense of collective
welfare and make efforts to ensure
comfort and benefits for others as
much as for himself:
5. True believers should not look down
upon others and should not taunt
them or call them by offensive nick
names or ever break ties with them.
Hadith No 3 : Let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day either speak good or keep
silent, and let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his neighbour, and
let him who believes in Allah and the Last Day be generous to his guest.

(a)
1. The Messenger of Allah, in his saying,
has laid down certain cardinal
disciplines for a true believer
2. Unless belief expresses itself
practically, it remains but a
pretension.
3. Teachings of the Prophet aim at
inculcating and developing the
feelings of generosity and kindness in
our day to day interaction with others
4. True belief is palpably associated
with kindness in attitude.
5. Practical demonstration of true belief
has to be projected through action
(b)
1. A faithful believer ought to be a source of
comfort to his neighbours and should
project generosity and hospitality
towards all human beings giving
preference to other Muslim brethren.
2. The Quran commands its followers to be
kind and polite in speech: “ And speak
kindly to mankind” (2:83).
3. Neighbors and guests are important
components of the Muslim society and
showing them generosity would
strengthen the bonds of love and
fraternity
4. Allah elaborately enjoins upon us, in (al-
Ma'un), certain duties signifying the
importance of neighbourly needs

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No 4 : A man asked the Messenger: Do you think that if I say my prayers regularly,
fast in Ramadan, treat as lawful that which is lawful and treat as forbidden that which is
forbidden, and do nothing further, I shall enter paradise? He said: Yes.

(a)
1. Amongst the five pillars upon which
Islam stands, after Shahadah, the two
mentioned above are those which are
obligatory for each and every Muslim.
2. This Hadith highlights the principles
upon which is based eligibility for
Paradise.
3. Without the establishment of Salah
and observance of the Sawm, it is
impossible to avoid Hellfire
4. Another thing that is mentioned, is
the adherence to the Halal and
avoiding the Haram
5. If Islamic teachings are followed, i.e.
only the lawful is acted upon and the
prohibited is shunned, the path to
Jannah becomes clear and sure
(b)
1. Salat and Sawm are both aimed at
promoting self-discipline and complete
submission to Allah's command
2. The Quran elaborates the objective of
fasting in these words:
3. “ O you who believe! Fasting has been
prescribed to you ____ so that you may
learn self-restraint” (2:183).
4. A Muslim is not merely ordered to pray
individually but to 'establish' prayer,
meaning to bond collectively with the
community through the daily prayers
and also through celebrating Ramadan
5. These together prepare the believers
to observe patience, perseverance and
avoid Halal so as to achieve the
objectives
6. Thus such a conduct in life would pave
the way to Paradise.

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No 5 : Every person's every joint must perform a charity every day the sun comes up:
to act justly between two people is a charity; to help a man with his mount, lifting him onto
it or hoisting up his belongings onto it is a charity; every step you take to prayers is a
charity; every kind word is a charity and removing a harmful thing from the road is a charity

(a)
1. All physical powers as a gift & trust
from Allah
2. Muslim should remember this and
express gratitude to Allah by helping
fellow Muslims brothers
3. All such acts are acts of charity
4. Such acts should be equated with
exerting energy in the worship of God
5. The Prophet said: “The best among
the people are those who are a
source of benefit to the people”
6. This hadith emphasizes that a Muslim
must spend each day of his or her life
doing acts of kindness
(b)
1. Islam includes all good deeds whether
acts of worship or kindness to others
in the scope of charity that shall be
rewarded by Allah.
2. Muslims should help their brothers
and sisters in day to day affairs.
3. They should hurry to offer their
prayer, share the burden of fellows
and, wherever possible, remove
anything harmful from thoroughfares.
4. As in the examples given by the Holy
Prophet, all joints and organs of the
body working for goodness perform
acts of charity
5. So much so that the Holy Prophet said
that, “ even a smile is a charity”.

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No.6: Whosoever of you sees an evil action, let him change it with his
hand, and if he is not able to do so then with his tongue, and if he is not able
to do so then with his heart, and that is the weakest of faith

(a)
1. Islam teaches its followers to first
establish a true Islamic society based on
the teachings of the Quran and Sunnah
2. The faith inside a Muslim expresses itself
through his or her opposition to evil
3. It further commands them to defend the
society against all possible evils with
whatever available resources.
4. A Muslim must physically stop evil or
attack it verbally, or at least have
feelings of resentment for it.
5. The Quran declares the distinguishing
factor of the Muslim Ummah as: You are
the best of the people, evolved for
mankind, enjoining what is right,
forbidding what is wrong and believing
in Allah” (3:100)
6. If a person doesn't even feel bad upon
encountering an evil, then perhaps true
faith has not yet entered his or her heart.
(b)
1. Eradication of evil involves struggle of
varying degrees depending on the
available resources with the Muslim
community and government.
2. If s/he does nothing, nor even feels the
need to do so s/he should be warned that
as per this Hadith, even the weakest
degree of faith is missing from his or her
heart.
3. Evil may be suppressed through speech
or writings by individuals, or use of law
enforcement by Muslim rulers.
4. Thus suppressing evil, (Qital or Physical
Jihad.) or verbally admonishing
(Dawa'/intellectual Jihad) it, is the duty
of a Muslim.
5. But at all times a believer is required to
shun evil internally and for this ask
Allah’s help (Surah Falaq)

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No 7 : It was said: O Messenger of Allah, who is the most excellent of
men? The Messenger said: 'The believer who strives hard in the way of Allah with
his person and his property.’

(a)
1. The importance of striving for the cause
of Allah can easily be understood by the
Quranic verse: “ Those who believe, and
suffer exile (Hijrah) and strive with
might and money, in Allah's cause, with
their goods and their persons, shall
attain the highest rank in the sight of
Allah” (9:20)
2. Thus belief in Allah is subject and
conditional to striving in His way with all
resources so as to attain the status of a
martyr which is the highest reward
bestowed upon the believers by Allah
3. Jihad is aimed at suppressing evil,
stopping aggression and transgression
but within the limits prescribed by the
code of conduct of war in Islam.
4. Muslims believe that all their physical
and financial resources are granted by
God, and so, they develop the spirit of
placing them at God’s disposal.
(b)
1. The Messenger of Allah, in this Hadith,
has described some of the most
excellent Muslims for all times, the
Mujahideen or those who conduct
Jihad with the best of their resources
2. To be included in 'the best' we must be
ready to sacrifice our time, money and
even life if need be in the path of Allah
3. This includes physical, mental and
spiritual Jihad
4. One who strives in Allah's way will be
ranked as a shaheed even if s/he dies a
natural death

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No 8: The Messenger of Allah said: ‘Whom do you count to be a martyr among you?' They said: O Messenger
of Allah, whoever is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr. He said: 'In that case the martyrs of my community
will be very few!. (We asked): Then who is Shaheed?. He who is killed in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who
dies a natural death in the way of Allah is a martyr, he who dies of plague is a martyr, he who dies of cholera
is a martyr.'

(a)
1. The entire life of a Muslim is spent in
some form of Jihad
2. He or she may be performing spiritual,
mental or physical Jihad at any given
time
3. The Quran and the Prophet have
repeatedly admired those busy in
Jihad and ranked them as the best
Muslims.
4. The Holy Prophet fought battles,
received wounds and also witnessed
martyrdom of his close associates.
5. It was generally believed that this
rank can only be achieved if one was
actually in combat, but this Hadith has
included all those Muslims who are
struggling in Allah's Path in one way
or the other.
(b)
1. If the desire of a Muslim is to attain the
exalted status of a Shaheed (Martyr) he
or she should spend every living
moment in Allah's Way
2. This can be achieved simply by making
the intention to seek Allah's pleasure in
all that we do
3. Allah's Path, in a broad term, applies to
many aspects of goodness
4. If one's life is spent in this manner,
then no matter if death comes
naturally or through a disease, he or
she shall be amongst the Martyrs
5. This serves as a great encouragement
for those who do not get an
opportunity to be involved in physical
jihad

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No9: No one eats better food than that which he eats out of the work of
his hand

(a)
1. This Hadith stresses on two
important teachings: Dignity of
Labour & Superiority of Halal income
2. The Holy Prophet said that the test
lies not in how much you earn, but
whether it is earned through fair or
unfair means
3. Islam warns that those who use
wrongfully acquired wealth actually
fill their stomach with hellfire
4. The Holy Prophet himself set an
example of labour many a times in his
life: Construction of the Masjid &
Daily chores
(b)
1. The Holy Prophet also said that, “ He
who works with his hand is a friend of
Allah.’
2. The Holy Prophet himself never
evaded physical hard labour
3. In the light of this Hadith and the
Prophet's example, no Muslim should
avoid physical labour nor consider it
below his or her dignity.
4. Also they should respect those who
engage in physical labour and not
consider them inferior
5. They should prefer to earn through
hard work than unfair means

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No. 10 : One who manages the affairs of the widow and the poor man is like
the one who exerts himself in the way of Allah, or the one who stands for prayer
in the night or fasts in the day
(a)
1. Islamic teachings train the believers to
develop a sense of fulfilling the rights of
God as well as those of the fellow
beings.
2. Islam strictly instructs us to take care of
the less privileged in the society. Such
people have been equated by the
Prophet to a regular worshipper and the
one who strives in the way of God.
3. The Quran links true faith with a
supportive attitude towards the poor
and declares those who fail to do so as
the rejecters of faith
4. Islam also requires that fellow Muslims
behave with each other in a brotherly
fashion as an expression of genuine
faith.
5. The Holy Prophet declared mutual love
and care among the members of the
Islamic community as one of the pre-
requisites to the true faith
©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606
(b)
1. The Muslims should follow the
example of the Prophet who was
known even before awarding of
prophethood as the supporter of
widows & orphans.
2. They should support those in need by
regular charity and almsgiving
3. By taking care of the poor, the needy,
widows, etc one can prove whether
s/he is actually a believer or merely a
pretender of faith
4. The Quran links kindness to Tawheed
by saying: “ Serve Allah and do not join
any partners with Him; and do good to
parents, kinsfolk, orphans, those in
need….” (4:36)
5. In a Muslim society special
arrangements should be made to
support the needy with Zakat and
other acts of charity.
Hadith No 11 : 'I and the man who brings up an orphan will be in paradise like
this.' And he pointed with his two fingers, the index finger and the middle
finger.

(a)
1. Islam instructs its followers to be caring
and considerate towards the
unsupported and the needy.
2. It promises greater rewards for such
noble attitude, e.g., earning the pleasure
of God and closeness to His Messenger.
3. It also associates such nobility with the
love for God:“And they feed for the love
of God, the indigent, the orphan and the
captive” (76:8)
4. Care and support of the orphan is greatly
admired by the Quran and Sunnah, as
both promise huge rewards for those
who are kind towards the orphan.
5. This Hadith guarantees such people
closeness to the Prophet in Paradise →
for any believer this is no less than a
fabulous award in the Hereafter
(b)
1. The Prophet was asked in Surah al-
Duha: “Did He not find you an orphan
and give you shelter? ”
2. He therefore, showered special love on
the orphan
3. Muslims should imitate his examples in
whatever possible ways such as
supporting orphanages
4. They should adopt orphan children in
the light of the admiration expressed
by the Prophet, “ the best Muslim
house is that in which an orphan is well
treated”.
5. Such noble tasks strengthen the
communal bonds among the members
of the Muslim community.

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No 12 : The Messenger sent Abu Musa and Mu'adh ibn Jabal to Yaman, and he
sent each of them to govern a part. Then he said: 'Be gentle and do not be hard,
and cause rejoicing and do not alienate.’

(a)
1. This Hadith highlights the attitude of
a Muslim ruler
2. A Muslim ruler is given the power to
rule a country as a trust from Allah
3. A Muslim ruler is required to consider
himself the custodian of his people,
responsible for their prosperity and
welfare
4. True Muslim rulers try their best to
win the hearts of their people by
kindness and by being very close to
them, avoiding any degree of
harshness.
5. The Prophet said, “ Be merciful to
those on earth and He, Who is in the
heavens, shall show mercy to you.”
(b)
1. A Muslim ruler is expected to discharge his
duties with such a faith deeply ingrained in his
mind and show maximum kindness and
patronizing attitude towards his subjects
2. Both the companions mentioned in this
Hadith were highly trained by the Prophet and
it was virtually unthinkable that they would be
harsh to anyone, so his warning to them was
actually directed towards the rulers to come
3. Muslim rulers need to follow these model
rulers who ruled not only the state but also the
hearts of their subjects.
4. They should remove all barriers that separate
them form their people and should treat them
in a kind and fatherly way so that people do
not fear but respect them with sincerity.
5. We also understand that 'Ruler' also means
everyone in responsibility, such as a parent or
employer; who should also take a lesson from
this Hadith.

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No 13 : He who studies the Qur'an is like the owner of tethered camels. If
he attends to them he will keep hold of them, but if he lets them loose they will
go away

(a)
1. Holy Quran is the ultimate source of
guidance for the worldly matters as well
as the Hereafter.
2. The conduct of the Muslims depends on
the degree of their association with the
Quran because it is the basis of their lives.
3. The Prophet has linked this bond with the
ownership of the tethered camels
4. As long as the camels are supervised and
kept tethered, they remain under control.
5. Similarly, as long as a Muslim remains
attached to the Quran by recitation,
learning and comprehending it, the Quran
continues to benefit him; but if this
relation is weakened, the effect of the
Quran gradually fades away.
6. Quran continues to guide the reader as
long as the latter continues to read and
comprehend the message of the Quran
(b)
1. A Muslim should bind himself and
herself with the Quran as a person firmly
ties up his prized camels
2. The Holy Prophet has used this analogy
in order to emphasize on the
significance of the Quran as camels
were a very precious belonging in those
times.
3. He further said, 'The best amongst you
is the one who studies the Quran and
teaches it.'
4. In any Muslim community, readers and
teachers of the Quran are held in high
esteem.
5. In most families, formal education of a
Muslim child begins by learning the
recitation of the Quran

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No .14: May God show mercy to a man who is kindly when he sells, when he
buys, and when he demands his money back
(a)
1. Muslim should demonstrate
compassionate behavior towards fellow
Muslims in dealings with them .
2. Islamic Economic Teachings stress on
honesty and justice on one hand, while
mercy and lenience on the other.
3. Sellers should believe that honesty and
generosity are liked by God.
4. Buyers similarly should not have any ill
intention of exploiting any weakness of
the seller.
5. Creditors should believe that God alone
enabled him to be a source of helping
those in need and so, he should develop
spirit of magnanimity when some needy
person approaches him.
6. In conclusion, mercy and compassion
should not be left out during business
transactions
©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606
(b)
1. The Prophet conducted trade not only
with full honesty and dedication, but
also with kindness
2. The Messenger also said: “Be
compassionate to those on earth and
He who is in the heavens will be
compassionate to you.”
3. He would not hide defects of
merchandise while selling any items or
cheat the buyer.
4. The buyer nor the seller should exploit
each other.
5. A creditor should show generosity &
grant relief to the debtor because the
Prophet greatly admired such degree
of kindness: “Whoever has a claim on a
brother which is payable and he allows
respite to the debtor in his payment,
he will be given the reward of charity”.
Hadith No .5: God will not show mercy to him who does not show mercy to others.
(a)
1. Allah Himself is the fount of mercy
2. The Quran says that Allah's mercy
wraps His anger
3. In this Hadith the Holy Prophet is
laying down the condition for Allah's
Mercy only for those who show
mercy to others
4. Allah loves His creation and doesn't
allow anyone to be harsh as He
Himself is not harsh or unfair to
anyone
5. To deserve His Mercy, one must show
it to His Creation
©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606
(b)
1. The Muslims are required to follow the
footsteps of the Prophet who never
cursed his enemies and insulters in
Makkah, Taif and the battlefield.
2. He kindly treated captives of Badr and
forgave his fatal enemies on the
conquest of Makka.
3. Muslims today may imitate such noble
conduct and generosity of heart.
4. They should not overburden their
employees and should have the moral
courage of forgiving the insulters
because they will receive huge reward
from their Lord:
5. Even if someone is harsh, we should try
to win over him with love and
compassion
6. The Prophet said “Be compassionate
to those on earth and He, who is in the
Hadith No.16: The believers are like a single man; if his head is affected he is
all affected and if his eye is affected he is affected

(a) (b)
1. The believers may follow this Hadith in
1. This Hadith emphasizes Muslim a variety of ways.
brotherhood and unity
2. Islamic teachings strike at the root of 2. The Ansar of Madina accommodated
racial, geographical, social and the Muhajireen of Makka by sharing all
linguistic barriers and discriminations their assets with them.
3. All the Muslims are bonded together 3. They should care for fellow Muslims in
by the strong fabric of common faith hour of need and trials
that makes them a single fraternity: “ 4. The finest example in history of such
Believers are a single brotherhood” mutual compassion was the
(49:10). brotherhood between the Muhajireen
4. When a brother is in pain, his pain is and Ansar
felt by all his siblings 5. Each Ansari divided his entire
5. Just as siblings are one family unit, so belongings in half and half and
is the entire Muslim community presented the same to his Muhajir
6. Just as a body cannot be at rest, if any brethren
single part is afflicted, the Muslims 6. Muslims should follow this example
cannot be at peace if some amongst and sacrifice their wealth for the less
them is in trouble. fortunate Muslims Brothers & Sisters

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No.17: Modesty produces nothing but good.

(a) (b)
1. The Prophet said: ' Be modest before
1. Modesty is perhaps the most important
component of the moral teachings of
Allah: the correct way to be modest
Islam before Him is to control your heart and
head and keep them pure…”
2. Modesty is the barrier, like piety, against
all indecencies and evils and is thus a 2. We must practice modesty by
source of strengthening faith and shunning evil thoughts
submission before divine commands. 3. Modesty keeps us away from all evil
3. So, modesty strengthens and acts
accompanies faith, and faith, in turn, 4. The Muslims must lower their gaze as
promotes mental piety.
it may lead to sin
4. Mental piety reflects a believer’s 5. Thus the practice of modesty
obedience to God and is a means of
earning God’s favor.
eliminates evils and social problems so
5. The Prophet declared modesty as a that a balanced society develops.
cardinal feature of Islam:“ Every religion
has a distinctive quality and distinctive
quality of Islam is modesty”
6. Modesty is not only to be observed
towards fellow human beings, but
towards Allah too

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No 18 : He who has in his heart as much faith as a grain of mustard seed
will not enter hell, and he who has in his heart as much pride as a grain of
mustard seed will not enter paradise

(a)
1. According to Muslim belief, true faith
alone guarantees a believer’s salvation
from the fire of Hell and entry to
Paradise.
2. This Hadith underlines the importance
of true faith and renunciation of pride
3. It also identifies faith and arrogance
being opposites of each other
4. When a person embraces Islam, he
actually and practically submits to the
will of Allah and submission is
diametrically opposed to any form or
degree of pride
5. Quran and Sunnah reiterate that faith
and pride cannot co-exist in the heart
of a Muslim
(b)
1. We must shun all types of pride and
observe modesty and humbleness in all of
his postures and dealings
2. By strengthening a sense of humility,
pride can be effectively resisted and
controlled.
3. This ensures pleasure of God:“for God
does not love the arrogant” (4:36)
4. Following the divine guidance is the best
means of promoting humility and
resisting pride.
5. As faith and pride cannot co-exist in one
heart, we must continuously analyze our
own selves and keep our hearts under
check
6. We must adopt humility not only in
behavior, but also in dress and manners

©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606

Hadith No 19: The world is the believer's prison and the unbeliever's paradise
(a)
1. Allah created charms in this world to test
His obedient servants.
2. A believer is trained by Islamic teachings
to consider this world a prison where he
is not free to live a life of his choice and
so, can’t get attached to it just as a
prisoner can’t develop a lasting
association with the prison.
3. The Holy Prophet said “ This world is but
a cultivating ground for the Hereafter.”
4. A true believer strongly believes in the
eternal joys of the Hereafter whereas a
non-believer is fully enticed by the
temporary glow of this world and thus,
denies the Hereafter.
5. A non-believer on the other hand, never
wants to leave this world because as he
doesn’t believe in Hereafter, he sees this
as the only place to be happy.
©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606
(b)
1. Paradise is the place where one would
get whatever one would wish for
Believers, for whom the world is a
testing ground feel imprisoned here
2. The unbelievers strive solely for the
pursuit of temporal happiness
3. We, as Muslims, should focus on
concentrating to spend our lives in this
'prison' as per rules and regulations set
forth by God Almighty
4. And shun our desires and wishes in this
world, to project ourselves before God
Almighty as true Muslims.
5. A Muslim should never lose sight of
his/her real objective and purpose, and
should not become overly involved in
worldly desires
Hadith No 20: Allah does not regard your appearances & your possessions,
but he regards your hearts and your actions.
(a)
1. This Hadith categorically declares the
criterion by which God judges actions
and conduct.
2. God does not consider outward
appearance or worldly gains made by a
person.
3. He simply considers a person’s conduct
and the intentions behind it because the
Prophet clearly stated in another Hadith:
“Actions are judged by intentions”
4. However good appearance we may carry
and whatever success we get, God is so
supreme and high that everything is
worthless before Him because He is
“Lord of all the worlds” and “He knows
secrets of hearts.”
5. So, a true believer strives to act
according to the Quran and Sunnah and
with sincerity of intention.
©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606
(b)
1. We must purify our hearts and our
intentions
2. Our actions must be strictly according to
the Islamic teachings, even if they may
seem alien to some society, because our
intention is to please Allah
3. Perhaps the people around us may only
appreciate our appearance and wealth,
but the only one whose appreciation is
worth getting is Allah
4. They should reject any form or degree of
hypocrisy or showing off and develop
sincerity of faith and intention, keeping
in mind: “Whether you hide whatever is
in your hearts or reveal it, God knows it
all.” (Al Quran 3:29)
5. They should do all noble deeds with the
pure intention of earning God’s pleasure
and not for showing off to others.
 There are 3 ways of performing Hajj. Decide yours.

Hajj al-Ifraad Hajj al-Qiraan Hajj al-Tamutt’u

IF YES IF YES IF YES

 Change into Ihraam from Miaqaat  Change into Ihraam from Miaqaat  Change into Ihraam from Miaqaat
 Make Niyyah for Hajj only  Make Niyyah for Hajj & Umrah  Make Niyyah for Umrah only
 Say Talbiyah  Say Talbiyah  Say Talbiyah

 Perform Tawaf Al-Quddum (optional)  Perform Tawaf-ul-Umrah  Perform Tawaf-ul-Umrah

 May perform Sa’i for Hajj  2 Raka’at behind Muqaam-e-Ibrahim  2 Raka’at behind Muqaam-e-Ibrahim
*on 10th Dhul Hajjah perform only  Perform Sa’i for Umrah  Perform Sa’i for Umrah
Tawaf-ul-Ifadah  May Perform Sa’i for Hajj too

 Stay in Ihraam & wait for  Shave or get a hair cut

the 8th Dhul Hajjah & take of Ihraam

8TH DHUL HAJJAH (morning)

8TH DHUL HAJJAH (morning)
 Proceed to Mina
 Put on Ihraam
(*reach there before Duhr)
 Make Niyyah for Hajj
 Offer Duhr, Asr, Maghrib & Isha
 Say Talbiyah
 Offer Fajr Salah on the 9th
 Say Talbiyah repeatedly

 Proceed to Arafaat on the 9TH DHUL HAJJAH  Proceed to Muzdalifah

9th after sunrise  Offer Duhr & Asr Salah at after sunset
*reach there before Duhr Duhr time (early) *reach there before
 Make Du’a midnight

 Stone Jamraat-al-Aqba
 Offer Maghrib & Isha Salah at *with seven pebbles before Zawal
Isha time  Return to Mina after  Proceed to Makkah
sunrise on the 10th  Slaughter animal
 Collect alteast 49 pebbles *for Hajj Qiraan & Tamutt’u only to perform Tawaf-Al-Ifadah
 Offer Fajr Sahalh & make Du’a *reach befor Zawal by Zafal of the 11th
 Shave or get a hair cut & take off
Ihraam

 Perform Tawaf-Al-Ifadah 11TH DHUL HAJJAH 12TH DHUL HAJJAH

 Pray 2 Raka’at behind
Maqam-e-Ibrahim
 Perform Sa’i for Hajj
*if not performed before
 Return to Mina to spend  On the 11th, after Zawal
nights of 11th, 12th & 13th stone 3 Jamraat
*not take rest in Makkah * 7 pebbles each, starting
with the smallest
 Make Du’a after 1st & 2nd
Jamraat
 On the 12th, after Zawal
stone 3 Jamraat
* 7 pebbles each, starting
with the smallest
 Make Du’a after 1st & 2nd
Jamraat

In a hurry?
 Leave Mina before IF YES
sunset on the 12th  Perform Tawaf-Al-Wida
HAJJ MABROOR &
Dhul Hajjah  Return back to while leaving Makkah
MAQBOOL
 2 Raka’at behind
Makkah INSHA’ALLAH!
Maqam-e-Ibrahim
IF NO
13TH DHUL HAJJAH
 On the 13th, after Zawal
stone 3 Jamraat
* 7 pebbles each, starting RETURN HOME
with the smallest
 Make Du’a after 1st & 2nd
Jamraat
 Rights of
Non Muslims
1. Their life, wealth and honour should be protected by the state
2. The Jizyyah imposed on them should be according to their financial
conditions.
3. Jizyyah should only be imposed on individuals who can take part in a war.
4. Children, women, the handicapped, the insane, the old and the sick who
cannot earn their living don’t have to pay any tax
5. The needy and poor among them should be provided the basic necessities
of life
6. Their personal matters and religious rituals should be exempted from the
law of the state and no interference should be made in their faith and
religion.
7. Their places of worship should not be tampered with.
8. They should be given all the rights which are sanctioned by the norms of
justice and fairness for people in a civilised society
 Examples from Sunnah
• Prophet’s treatment of Jews as per Treaty
• Prophet’s respect for elderly Jew and Jewish funeral bier
• Prophet said, ““Beware! Whoever is cruel and hard on a non-Muslim minority, curtails their
rights, burdens them with more than they can bear, or takes anything from them against their
free will; I will complain against the person on the Day of Judgment.” ”

Examples from Caliphs

• Umar ibn al-Khattab the second caliph of Islam, once passed by a old, blind man
begging in front of a house. Umar asked him which religious community he
belonged to. The man said he was Jewish. Umar then asked him, ‘What has
brought you to this?’ The old man said, ‘Do not ask me; ask …poverty, and old
age.’ Umar took the man to his own home, helped him from his personal money,
and then ordered the head of the treasury, ‘You must look after this man and
others like him. We have not treated him fairly. He should not have spent the best
years of his life among us to find misery in his old age.’ Umar also relieved him and
others in his situation of paying the jizya
• In another instance, Umar ibn al-Khattab, the Muslim Caliph, was visiting
Damascus. He passed by a group of Christian lepers. He ordered that they be
given charity and regular stipends for food.
 ©Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud 0321 44 60606 jahangir@wol.net.pk

Unit 5: Comparison between (i) & (ii)

(i)Teachings (ii)How can Muslims put these

teachings in to action
• What teachings it
contains regarding what • How the teachings in
Muslims believe and this hadith can be
should practice applied to our lives
• What are the implications • What advantages would
for the Muslim individual that have for the
& community
community & individual
• Cross Ref either here or in
(ii): from Quran or • Modern Day example if
Sunnah any
How does belief in Tauheed affect the
personality of a Muslim? [4]
1> Fearlessness of all except
Allah
1> Allah becomes focus of Life
2> Belief in Tauheed infuses a
spirit of
 Submission
 Obedience & Avoiding evil
 Express our gratitude
GHAZWAH e HUNAIN

& Siege of Taif

 Background
• The conquest of Makkah which came forth as a
consequence of a swift blow astounded both the
Arabs and other tribes who realized that they
were doomed and had to submit to the new
situation
• Some of the fierce, powerful proud tribes did not
submit and favoured resistance.
• These were mainly: Hawazin and Thaqif. Nasr,
Jashm and Sa‘d bin Bakr etc
• So they selected Malik bin ‘Awf An –Nasri to fight
against the Muslims
 The March begins
• The enemy had reached Hunnain (10 miles
north of Makkah towards Arafat)
• Shawwal (nineteen days after conquest of
Makkah)
• 12,000 Muslims (including 2000 new Makkan
Muslims)
• Well equipped and armed
• Sends ahead scouts to bring info about the
enemy’s location etc
 Events of the Battle
• Fierce fighting began against the just 4000 enemy soldiers
• The attack was so fierce that the Muslims had to retreat t in
disorder and utter confusion
• The Prophet was left alone except for a few companions
• He prayed to Allah for His Help
• Soon Abbass reorganized them.
• Then the enemy began to retreat in utter confusion.
• In just a few hours had elapsed they were shatteringly defeated
• 70 men of Thaqif alone were killed along with many many others
• Allah mentions this in the Quran (Surah Taubah): “Assuredly Allah
did help you in many battle-fields and on the day of Hunain…..”
• Huge chest of Spoils of war (6000 captives, 24000 camels, 40000
sheep 4000, silver ounces)
 Onwards to Taif
• After their defeat, the majority of enemy troops took refuge in Ta’if
and surrounding areas
• Upon finishing with Hunain, the Prophet marched towards At-Ta’if.
• He laid siege to it for about 2 weeks
• A number of Muslims were wounded and twelve were killed.
• Heaving shooting of arrows; throwing of molten iron
• To force the enemy to surrender, the Prophet (peace be upon him)
tended to a war policy of burning and cutting the enemy’s crops.
• Now the enemy implored the Prophet to stop and have mercy on
them for the sake of Allâh and out of kinship motives.
• The Prophet agreed and announced that anyone seeking asylum
wouldn’t be harmed
• When the deadlock prolonged, the Prophet decided to lift the siege
and depart
• When the Messenger of Allâh was asked to
invoke Allâh against Thaqif, he said: “O Allâh,
guide Thaqif and bring them to us as
Muslims.”
• He sent to Makkah, performed Umra & Left
for Madinah
• The Arab resistance is now almost completely
broken
Battle of Tabuk

9 A.H.
 Events leading to the battle
• The Byzantine power, which was considered the
greatest military force on earth at that time,
didn’t like the rising power of Muslims in Arabia
• Caesar mustered a huge army of the Byzantines
and pro-Roman Ghassanide tribes to launch a
decisive bloody battle against the Muslims.
• The Prophet came to know and began to prepare
as well.
• He announced and appealed to all Muslims
• They participated and donated generously
 Events of the battle
• 30,000 Muslims army, though still not large
enough to fight with Romans reached Tabuk
• Allah struck terror in the hearts of the Byzantines
and their allies
• None of them dared set out to fight.
• Muslim forces gained a great military reputation
in Arabian Peninsula
• The tribes, who used to a lly the Byzantines,
became quite certain that their dependence upon
their former masters came to an end. Therefore
they turned into being pro-Muslims.
• Importance of Tabuk
• The effect of this invasion is great as regards
extending and confirming the Muslims’ influence
and domination on the Arabian Peninsula
• It became obvious that Muslims were the
absolute power in Arabia
• Non Muslim Arab tribes now became subjects
• Abdullah bin Ubay died and verses about him &
hypocrites revealed
• Many verses revealed
© Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud
jahangir@wol.net.pk
Welcome to Islamiyat 2058
Multimedia Edition (Beta)
Summary of Early Life
& Conditions of Arabia
Conditions of Arabia at the
Time of Prophets birth

–
Conditions of Arabia at the
Time of Prophets birth
1. History of Arabs
as Banu Ismail
2. Political Arena
3. Religious Beliefs
4. Social Setup
5. Tribal Culture &
System
6. Economic
Situation

–
Conditions of Arabia at the
Time of Prophets birth

1.History of
Arabs as
Banu Ismail
–
 Ibrahim

Sarah Keturah
Hajar

Midian Ismael
Ishaq

Yaqub
(Israel)

Bani Ismael
Bani Israel (Arabs)

Countless
Prophets: –
Last Jesus Muhammad
Conditions of Arabia at the
Time of Prophets birth
Political Arena
1. Stuck between Two great
super powers
2. Divided in to countless tribes
3. Quraish were the superior
most

–
 Conditions of Arabia at the Time of Prophets birth

Religious Beliefs
Were originally on the Faith of
Abraham and Ismael
Slowly began to drift away from
Tauheed
Then adopted Idol worship
Had become to believe that Idols
were necessary to worship
Allah
Still thought they were true
followers of Ibrahim
–
Conditions of Arabia at the Time of Prophets birth

Economic
Situation
Main Income was 2
sources
1. Trade because
Makkah was center of
all Arabia
2. Quraish had immunity
from Robbers
 Conditions of Arabia at the Time of Prophets birth

Social Setup
1. Tribal Culture & System
2. The Chief was all powerful
3. Tribal Laws Applied
4. Only Free men were humans
5. Law of the Jungle
6. Law of Booty
7. Women buried Alive. Why?
8. Slavery and mistreatment

–
The Birth of The Prophet

 Family Background
 Death of Father before birth
 Mother’s Blessed Dreams

–
The Birth of The Prophet

 Early Childhood
 Mother
 Haleema Sadia
 Abdul-Muttalib
 Zubair bin Abdul-Muttalib
 Abu Talib Abdul-Muttalib

–
Important Events
1. The Prophet as a special person even before
Hira

–
Important Events
1. The Prophet as a special person even before
Hira
2. Childhood Nature (Halima’s Comments &
Experiences)

–
Important Events
1. The Prophet as a special
person even before Hira
2. Childhood Nature (Halima’s
Comments & Experiences)
3. Splitting of heart
4. Buhaira

–
Important Events
1. The Prophet as a special person even before
Hira
2. Childhood Nature (Halima’s Comments &
Experiences)
3. Splitting of heart
4. Buhaira
5. Fixing of Black Stone

–
Important Events
1. The Prophet as a special person even before
Hira
2. Childhood Nature (Halima’s Comments &
Experiences)
3. Splitting of heart
4. Buhaira
5. Fixing of Black Stone
6. As a Businessman (Sadiq & Amin)
–
Important Events
1. The Prophet as a special person even before
Hira
2. Childhood Nature (Halima’s Comments &
Experiences)
3. Splitting of heart
4. Buhaira
5. Fixing of Black Stone
6. As a Businessman (Sadiq & Amin)
7. Marriage to Khadija –
Questions that you get

Q: What were the special qualities that

proved Muhammad was a special person
even before he was awarded
prophethood? (5 marks)
or
Q: Outline the events in the early life of the
Prophet that showed he was a special
person. (5 marks)
–
Key Features of the Passages

Main Points for Revision

 Allah in Himself
• Allah in Himself (Person)
– The Holy Quran describes and elaborates details about the person of
Allah.
– Usually certain symbolic expressions and parables have been used
for this purpose.
– For example, Surah An Nur describes Allah as a 'light', (give example
here) & Sura Ikhlas
• Allah in Himself (Attributes)
– The Holy Quran describes and elaborates details about the nature
and attributes of Allah using parables & analogies
– Attributes of Allah: (Surah Al Hashr)
• Allah in Himself (Powers)
– Another oft repeated theme is that of Allah's Unmatchable power,
“ Verily, when He intends a thing, His command is "Be" and it is! (36:82)
& Sura Al Anaam
• Allah in Himself (Signs)
– “Among His signs are the night and the day, and the sun and the
moon. Adore not the sun and the moon, but adore Allah, who
created them, if it is Him you wish to serve” Surah Fussilat/Sajda
 Key Features of Allah’s relationship
with His creation
• He is most Gracious &
Merciful.
• All Praise is due to Allah
• He is the Lord of the Worlds,
• Master of the Day of
Judgment
• Will reward / punish as per
deeds
• Only He is to be worshipped
• He is to be feared
• He grants Guidance
• Those who follow guidance
get Grace
• Those who don’t, earn His
anger
• He is the Creator of all, us &
all around us; of Good & Evil
• We Should not set up rivals
with Him
• He gave us knowledge
• His refuge should be sought
from evil
 Key Features of Allah’s relationship with His
Messengers
• They are Allah’s vicegerents on
earth
• They have been granted special
and great knowledge by Allah
• They are much higher in status
than the angels
• They must follow His instructions
• They are very intelligent
• They recognize Allah very well
through His Signs
• Their focus is towards Allah only
• They don’t do Shirk
• Allah has favored them
• He gave them miracles
• He never forsakes them
• He is never displeased with them
• They have His Shelter
• He grants them guidance
• He grants them abundance
• His deals with their enemies
• They have special missions
 Chart of Outcome
Name Country Outcome
1 Negus King of Abyssinia Accepted
2 Muqawqis King of Egypt Didn’t Accept
3 Chroses Emperor of Persia Misbehaved
4 Ceasar Emperor of Rome Didn’t Accept
5 Mundhir Governor of Bahrain Accepted
6 Haudhah Governor of Yamamah Misbehaved
7 Al-Harith King of Syria Misbehaved
8 Jaifer & Abd Rulers of Oman Accepted
1. All the Muslim to be sincere & Obedient to their leaders
2. Muslim leaders to show kindness & justice towards their
people
3. All members of the Muslim community to promote communal
welfare
4. Great stress for taking care of the poor and the widow and the
orphan
5. Muslims to be united
6. Feel Pain for each other
7. Spirit of sacrifice for each other
8. Helping each other in all tasks
9. Collective efforts to suppress any evil
10. What kind of Community will be built in the light of these
Ahadith?
 5 marks for the above and 5 marks for 5 Ahadith as examples
Islam introduced to Yathribites
 The 10th & 11th Year of Prophethood
 The Prophet is preaching to Hujjaj
(Pilgrims)
 He meets 6 individuals from Yathrib.
 These include influential people like
Suwaid bin Samit, Eyas bin Muadh &
AbuZar Ghifari.
 Through them, news of Islam begins to
spread in Yathrib
12th year of Prophethood (621AD)
 Influenced by these people, 7 people
meet with the Prophet at Aqaba in Mina
Valley during the Hajj.
 5 from Khazraj & 2 from Aws
 They make a Pledge / Bait know as

 1st Pledge of Aqaba

1st Pledge / Pledge of Women
 They avowed their faith in Muhammad (Peace be upon
him) as a Prophet and swore:
 “We will not worship any one but one Allah
 we will not steal
 neither will we commit adultery
 nor kill our children
 we will not utter slander, intentionally forging falsehood
 and we will not disobey you in any just matter.
 When they had taken the pledge, Muhammad (Peace be
upon him) said: “He who carries it out, Allah will reward
him; and who neglects anything and is afflicted in this
world, it may prove redemption for him in the Hereafter;
and if the sin remains hidden from the eyes of the men and
no grief comes to him, then his affair is with Allah. He may
forgive him or He may not.
A teacher is sent
 Mus„ab bin „Umair Al-„Abdari, (May Allah be pleased
with him)
 As„ad bin Zurarah hosted him in Madinah
 To teach the people there the doctrines of Islam, give
them practical guidance and make attempts at
propagating the Islam among those who still
professed polytheism
 Also he was instructed to preach to other tribes in
the area
 So prepared was the ground, and so zealous the
propagation that the Islam spread rapidly from house
to house and from tribe to tribe
 So the next year…………………..
2nd Pledge / Pledge of War
 13th year of ProphetHood (622AD)/Hajj
 73 men & 2 women
 Many of them Leaders & Cheifs
 They are already Muslims, have come
just to make a pledge in the same place
where the 1st Pledge had taken place
 They intend to take the Prophet along
with them.
Abbas warns them!
 “O you people you all know the position that
Muhammad holds among us. We have protected him
from our people as much as we could. He is
honoured and respected among his people. He
refuses to join any party except you. So if you think
you can carry out what you promise while inviting
him to your town, and if you can defend him against
the enemies, then assume the burden that you have
taken. But if you are going to surrender him and
betray him after having taken him away with you, you
had better leave him now because he is respected
and well defended in his own place.”
 Other figures also stressed on the dangers of inviting
the Prophet.
 But the are not deterred!
The Terms of the Pledge
 1. To listen and obey in all sets of
circumstances.
 2. To spend in plenty as well as in scarcity.
 3. To enjoin good and forbid evil.
 4. In Allah's service, you will fear the
censure of none.
 5. To defend me in case I seek your help,
and protect me from anything you protect
yourself, your spouses and children from
The Yathribites Offer
 To Take along the Prophet now (or later)
as their leader to their city
 To protect him always
 He also promised never to leave them
 They were willing to fight there & then,
but the Prophet forbade it
 The Prophet divides them into groups
and sends them back as an organized
body
Importance of this Event?
1. New life for Islam & the Muslims
2. Great consolation and Morale Boost for
the Muslims
3. Safe haven available
4. Migration begins
5. End of day to day persecution
6. The Muslim community can be
established that can have its own laws
Q: Describe the Prophet’s experience of
receiving the 1st revelation (7 marks)
Q: What is the importance of this event? (4
marks)
Q: What is the importance of:
a) Warqa bin Naufal (4 marks)
b) Jibril (4 marks)
 From the Prophet’s Thannuth to Meeting with
Warqa
 First Time meeting with Jibril
 1st revelation
 Beginning of Prophetic Mission
 Major Change in his life
 Stops going for tahannuth now
 Great Christian Scholar though Arab
 Both Muhammad & Khadija respected and
trusted him
 Recognized Muhammad as Prophet and
declared his support
 He is the 1st person to do so
 Foretold of coming opposition and difficulties
 He is the arch Angel & Ruh ul Quddas
 He brought revelation to all Prophets as well
as Muhammad
 He is called the ‘teacher of prophets’
 He is called ‘Rasul e Karim’ in Quran
 He brought the Holy Prophet revelation now
for the next 23 years
 There are 5 basic reasons
why the Quraish Opposed the Prophet

1. Loyalty to Tradition/Forefathers/Religion
2. Tourism Industry
3. Travel Immunity
4. Social System
5. Egoistical Problems
 Revision Handout #27
“Unit 6: History & Importance of Hadith
 Four types of hadith can be identified as per
the final authority, ie where they originate
1. Qudsi - Divine; a revelation from Allah ;
relayed with the words of the Prophet.
2. Marfu - elevated; a narration from the
Prophet, e.g. I heard the Prophet saying ...
3. Mauquf- stopped: a narration from a
companion only, e.g., we were commanded
to ...
4. Maqtu' - severed: a narration from a
successor.
As per Authority
 Main Features of Qudsi/Nabwi
Qudsi Nabwi
Words & Meaning both Words of Prophet &
from Allah Meaning from Allah
Starts with "the
Starts with "Allah says" Prophet said“ etc
Few in number-Less than 1000 Over 100,000
Topic regarding Man-God
Relationship, Akhira,
Tauheed, Beauty of Worship. Wide range of Topics
They can be Sayings,
They are only Sayings Actions, etc
Revision Handout #3.3
Chart of Outcome of Prophet’s Letters
Name Country Outcome
1 Negus King of Abyssinia Accepted
2 Muqawqis King of Egypt Didn’t Accept
3 Chroses Emperor of Persia Misbehaved
4 Ceasar Emperor of Rome Didn’t Accept
5 Mundhir Governor of Bahrain Accepted
6 Haudhah Governor of Yamamah Misbehaved
7 Al-Harith King of Syria Misbehaved
8 Jaifer & Abd Rulers of Oman Accepted
 Main Points of The Last Sermon
Venue & Date
• The Farewell Pilgrimage.
• 9th day of Dhul-Hijjah, 10
A.H. ( 623AD)
• Uranah valley of Mount
Arafat in Makkah
Life & Property are Sacred
• "O People! just as you
regard this month, this day
,this city as sacred ,so
regard the life and property
of every Muslim a sacred
trust. Return the goods
entrusted to you to their
rightful owners.
 Main Points of The Last Sermon

Do not hurt others Accountability

• Hurt no one so that no one • Remember that you will
may hurt you. indeed meet your Lord, and
that he will indeed reckon
your deeds."
 Main Points of The Last Sermon
Prohibition of Interest
• "Allah has forbidden you to
take usury, therefore all
interest obligation shall
henceforth be waived.
• Your capital is yours to keep
• You will neither inflict nor
suffer any inequality
• Allah has judged that there
shall be no interest
• All interest due to Abbas Ibn
'Abdul-Muttalib be waived."
Pre-Islamic Enmity Cancelled
• "Every right arising out of
homicide in pre-Islamic days
is henceforth waived and
the first such right that I
waive is that arising from
the murder of Rabiah ibne
al-Harithiah."
No Tampering with Laws Pillars of Islam
• "O men! the unbelievers indulge • "O People! listen to me in earnest,
in tampering with the calendar in – worship Allah,
order to make permissible that
which Allah forbade, and to – say your five daily
prohibit what Allah has made prayers,
permissible. With Allah the
months are twelve in number. – fast during month of
Four of them are holy, three are Ramadan,
successive and one occurs singly
between the months of Jumada
– and give your wealth
and Shaban." in Zakat
– Perform Haj if you
• (Zilqada, Hajj, Muharram, Rajab) can afford it."
©
 Rights of Women
 "O People it is true that you have certain rights with
regard to your women but they also have rights over
you.
 Remember that you have taken them as your wives
only under Allah's trust and with His permission.
 If they abide by your right then to them belongs the
right to be fed and clothed in kindness.
 Do treat your women well and be kind to them for they
are your partners and committed helpers.
 It is your right that they do not make friends with any
one of whom you do not approve, as well never to be
unchaste."
Main Points of The Last Sermon
Mankind is One Family
Superiority of only Piety
• "All mankind is from Adam
and Eve, an Arab has no
superiority over a non-Arab
nor a non-Arab has any
superiority over an Arab;
also a White has no
superiority over a Black nor
a Black has any superiority
over a White except by
piety and good action.
Brotherhood of Muslims
• Learn that every Muslim is a
brother to every Muslim
and that the Muslims
constitute one
brotherhood.
• Nothing shall be legitimate
to a Muslim which belongs
to a fellow Muslim unless it
was given freely and
willingly."
 Main Points of The Last Sermon

Parting Advice Finality of Prophethood

• Reason well, therefore O • "O People! No Prophet or
People! and understand apostle will come after me
words that I convey to you. and no new faith will be
• I leave behind me two born.
things, the Quran and the
Sunnah and if you follow
these you will never go
astray."
 Completion of Islam
 As part of this sermon, the prophet recited to
them a revelation from Allah, which he had just
received, and which completed the Quran, for it
was probably the last passage to be revealed:
This day the disbeliever's despair of prevailing
against your religion, so fear them not, but fear
Me (Allah)! This day have I perfected for you, your
religion and fulfilled My favor unto you, and it
hath been My good pleasure to choose Islam for
you as your religion. (Surah Maida; 5:3)
Revision Handout: UNIT 4 “1st Islamic
Community: Key Points & Answer
Formulas”
 WHY ARE THE 10 BLESSED COMPANIONS SO CALLED?

• All the Prophet’s companions are blessed and

exalted.
• Amongst them there are certain individuals whom
the Prophet has ranked even higher.
• Amongst these, there are ten known as ‘Ashra
Mubashira’ the ‘ten blessed companions’ or ‘the ten
given glad tidings (of Paradise)’.
• These are known as such because the Holy Prophet
(SAWS) declared Jannah (paradise) for them in one
single hadith.
• He declared them all to be going to paradise without
going through the process of accountability.
 THE ANSWER FORMULA FOR 10 BLESSED
COMPANIONS
• Acceptance of Islam
• Biographical details (Born, Died, Buried)
• Services rendered by them
– in the life of the Prophet
– After the Prophet’s Death
• Any Verses / Ahadith about them?
• How many ahadith they narrated?
 Mothers of the Faithful: The Answer formula

• Conversion / Marriage
• Biographical details (Born, Died, Buried)
Except Khadija, All are buried in Baqee in Madinah. Khadijah is
buried in Makkah
• Services rendered by them
• Any Verses / Ahadith about them?
• How many ahadith they narrated?
 Early Figures: The Answer formula

• Explain their importance in the history and

beliefs of Islam. (Conversion Event if any)
• How were they important in the life of the
Prophet & after (Services rendered by the
individual)
• Any Verses / Ahadith about them?
• How many ahadith they narrated?
• Why their examples are worthy of respect
 Why are there 11 mothers?
From: Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud From: Davidthomas@cie-
To: Davidthomas@cie- islamiyat.lists.ucles.org.uk
islamiyat.lists.ucles.org.uk To: Maulvi Jahangir Mahmud
Sent: 15th November 2005 Sent: 17th November 2005
Subject: 12 Mothers of Faithful? Subject: Reply: 12 Mothers of Faithful?

Dear Dr David. Dear Jahangir

I wanted to know why Maria The Copt &
Rayhanna are included in the marks scheme
as mothers of the Faithful? The Muslim
scholars unanimously agree that they
were concubines. Refer to the earliest sources
of Islam including Ibne Saad, Ibne Ishaq, Ibne
Qayyim, and all Hadith Sources.
Please clarify why does the question paper ask
the candidates to identify ‘12’ mothers of the
faithful.
Best Regards,
Maulvi Jahangir
I do not dispute what you say at all. But the point
is that candidates do not appear to make any
distinction between the wives and concubines
of the Prophet. All the scripts I have marked
so far contain lists with 12 or even 13 names.
So for the purposes of the examination at
least no one will be penalised.
I hope this reassures you.
Yours,
David Thomas
 Rights of
Non Muslims
1. Their life, wealth and honour should be protected by the state
2. The Jizyyah imposed on them should be according to their financial
conditions.
3. Jizyyah should only be imposed on individuals who can take part in a
war.
4. Children, women, the handicapped, the insane, the old and the sick
who cannot earn their living don’t have to pay any tax
5. The needy and poor among them should be provided the basic
necessities of life
6. Their personal matters and religious rituals should be exempted
from the law of the state and no interference should be made in
their faith and religion.
7. Their places of worship should not be tampered with.
8. They should be given all the rights which are sanctioned by the
norms of justice and fairness for people in a civilised society
 Examples from Sunnah
• Prophet’s treatment of Jews as per Treaty
• Prophet’s respect for elderly Jew and Jewish funeral bier
• Prophet said, ““Beware! Whoever is cruel and hard on a non-Muslim minority, curtails their
rights, burdens them with more than they can bear, or takes anything from them against their
free will; I will complain against the person on the Day of Judgment.” ”

Examples from Caliphs

• Umar ibn al-Khattab the second caliph of Islam, once passed by a old, blind man
begging in front of a house. Umar asked him which religious community he
belonged to. The man said he was Jewish. Umar then asked him, ‘What has
brought you to this?’ The old man said, ‘Do not ask me; ask …poverty, and old
age.’ Umar took the man to his own home, helped him from his personal money,
and then ordered the head of the treasury, ‘You must look after this man and
others like him. We have not treated him fairly. He should not have spent the best
years of his life among us to find misery in his old age.’ Umar also relieved him and
others in his situation of paying the jizya
• In another instance, Umar ibn al-Khattab, the Muslim Caliph, was visiting
Damascus. He passed by a group of Christian lepers. He ordered that they be
given charity and regular stipends for food.
 Special Features of an Islamic community
• brotherhood based on
common faith,
• social equality
• piety being the sole
criterion of one's
superiority over the other
• specified spheres of rights
and responsibilities
• Masjid is center of the
community
• modesty
• healthy circulation of
wealth
• promoting peace and love
• establishment of justice
• tolerance towards the non-
Muslim citizens
• We see such a community
in its perfect shape in
Madinah
 Significance of the Quran as the basis
of all thought and action for Muslims
1. The Quran is Allah Final Message to humankind
2. It is the undisputed text for all Muslims
3. It contains the principles of all aspects Deen: Belief &
Practice.
4. It is the Furqan: Criterion between right & wrong
(Sura Furqan; 25:1)
5. It says that don’t who don’t decide by it are
unbelievers (Surah Maida; 5:44)
6. Its contains the Laws for all situations, Personal,
Financial, Criminal, Law Making (Page42)
7. It is the 1st and invariable Source of Law (Hadith
Muaaz bin Jabal)
 Explain each point & Quote 4 Verses for point 2 to 6
 THE SLANDER AFFAIR: Shaban 6 AH

When the Prophet was returning from an expedition they stopped for a while.

‘Aishah discovered that she had dropped her necklace & went out again to search for it.

When she returned, the army had already marched away, thinking that she was in the litter.

In her helplessness she s at down and cried till sleep overpowered her.

Safwan bin Mu‘attal, an Emigrant, who was coming in the rear recognized her as he had seen her before the verse
enjoining the veil was revealed, and brought her on his camel to Madinah without saying asingle word to her, himself
walking behind the animal.

The hypocrites of Madinah led by ‘Abdullah bin ‘Ubai bin Salul, sought to make capital out of this incident and spread a
malicious scandal against ‘Aishah (May Allah be pleased her) and unfortunately some of the Muslims also became
involved in it.

On arrival in Madinah, the Prophet (Peace be upon him) held counsel with his Companions, who pronounced different
opinions ranging from divorce to retention.

The incident almost roused a fight between two rival factions, Al-Aws and Al-Khazraj, but the Prophet’s

intervention silenced both parties on the sport.

‘Aishah (May Allah be pleased with her) unaware of the rumours being circulated, fell ill and was confined to bed for a
month. On recovering, she heard of the slander and took permission to go and see her parents seeking authentic news.
She then burst into tears and stayed for two days and one sleepless night ceaselessly weeping to such an extent that she
felt her liver was about to rip open.

The Prophet (Peace be upon him) visited her in that situation, and after testifying to the Oneness of Allâh he told her, “If
you are innocent, Allâh will acquit you, otherwise, you have to beg for His forgiveness and pardon.”

She stopped weeping and asked her parents to speak for her, but they had nothing to say, so she herself took the
initiative and said “Should I tell you I am innocent, and Allâh knows that I am surely innocent, you will not believe me;
and if I were to admit something of which, Allâh knows, I am innocent, yo u will believe me, then I will have nothing to
make recourse to except the words of the father of Prophet Yusuf “So (for me) patience is most fitting. And it is Allâh
(Alone) Whose Help can be sought against that which you assert.” *12:18+

At that decisive moment the Revelation came acquitting ‘Aishah (May Allah be pleased with her) of all the slanderous
talk fabricated in this concern. ‘Aishah (May Allah be pleased with her) of course, was wholeheartedly joyful and praised
Allâh thankfully. Allâh’s Words in this regard went as follows:

“Verily! Those who brought forth the slander (against ‘Aishah (May Allah be pleased with her) — the wife of the Prophet
(Peace be upon him) are a group among you.” *24:11+

The principal elements involved in the slander affair, Mistah bin Athatha, Hassan bin Thabit and Hamnah bint Jahsh,
were flogged with eighty stripes.
In the Shi’te sect of Islam known as the Ithna-‘ashariyyah or Twelvers, the articles of
faith or fundamentals of Islam differ from those of the Ahle Sunnat or Sunnis. These
are also known as Usool -ad-Deen or ‘Roots of Religion’. They are

1. Tawheed: The Oneness of God

2. 'Adl: Belief that God is Just and He will reward or punish any person according
to his deeds.
3. Nubuwwat: Belief in the Messengers.
4. Imamat: Belief in the divinely appointed leadership or the Imams
5. Qiyaamat: Belief in the Day of Judgment.

Amongst the above, we shall study Imamate or belief in the Twelve Imams.

The Twelve Imams are the spiritual and political successors to the Prophet. Each of
them is an infallible human individual who not only rules over the community with
justice, but also is able to keep and interpret the Divine Law and its esoteric
meaning. The Prophet and Imams' words and deeds are a guide and model for the
community to follow; as a result, they must be free from error and sin, and must be
chosen by divine decree, or nass, through the Prophet. It is believed by Twelver Shi'a
Muslims that the Twelve Imams were foretold in the Hadith of the Twelve
Successors. He is reported to have said:
"The (Islamic) religion will continue until the Hour (day of resurrection), having
twelve Caliphs for you, all of them will be from Quraysh."

The Imams were bestowed with Divine wisdom (aql) and knowledge (hikmah). They
suffered for the sake of religion and their sufferings were a means of divine grace to
their devotees. Although the Imam was not the recipient of a divine revelation, he
had a close relationship with God, through which God guides him, and the Imam in
turn guides the people.
There is always an Imam of the Age, who is the divinely appointed authority on all
matters of faith and law in the Muslim community. Hazrat ‘Alī was the first Imam of
this lineage, and in the Twelvers' view, the rightful successor to the Holy Prophet of
Islam, followed by male descendants of the Prophet his daughter Fatimah. Each
Imam was the son of the preceding Imam, with the exception of Hazrat Hussain ibn
Ali, who was the brother of Hazrat Hassan ibn Ali. The twelfth and final Imam is
Hazrat Muhammad al-Mahdi, who is believed by the Twelvers to be currently alive,
and hidden till he returns to bring justice to the world.
Belief in Imamat, the divinely appointed leadership after the death of the Holy
Prophet is an integral part of Shi’te faith. Their role is to protect and guide mankind
with the revealed Truth, the Holy Qur'an and the true practices of the Holy Prophet
himself. They play an integral part in the protection of all the Messengers and their
divine Messages. Allah appointed them through the Holy Prophet himself to protect
mankind from misrepresenting and misinterpreting the Truth. They are sinless
(ma'soom) and perfect in the highest sense of the word. As the Imams have direct
knowledge from God, and their verdict is the verdict of God.

List of Imams

1. Hazrat Imam Ali bin Abu Talib

2. Hazrat Imam Hassan bin Ali
3. Hazrat Imam Husain bin Ali
4. Hazrat Imam Ali bin Husain
5. Hazrat Imam Muhammad bin Ali
6. Hazrat Imam Ja'far bin Muhammad
7. Hazrat Imam Musa bin Ja'far
8. Hazrat Imam Ali bin Musa
9. Hazrat Imam Muhammad bin Ali
10. Hazrat Imam Ali bin Muhammad
11. Hazrat Imam Hassan bin Ali
12. Hazrat Imam Muhammad bin Hassan

Hazrat Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib (23 pre-Hijri to 40 AH)

He was the first Imam and is also called Amir al-mu'min or Commander of the
faithful. His father Hazrat Abu Talib was the uncle, guardian and lifelong supporter of
the Holy Prophet.
Hazrat Imam Ali was born ten years before the commencement of the prophetic
mission of the Prophet. When six years old he was placed directly under the
guardianship and custody of the Holy Prophet who brought him up like his own son.
When the Prophet received the first revelation, Hazrat Imam Ali was the first person
to publicly declare his faith in the Divine Message.
Hazrat Imam Ali became the supporter and deputy of the Prophet and was by his
side during the hard times in Makkah. On the night of the migration to Madina
(hijrah) when the infidels had surrounded the house of the Prophet and were
determined to invade the house at the end of the night and assassinate him as he
slept, Ali slept in place of the Prophet, while the Prophet left the house and set out
for Madina. After the departure of the Prophet, Ali gave back to the people the trusts
and charges that they had deposited with the Prophet. Then he went to Madinah
with his mother, the daughter of the Prophet, and two other women.
At Madina when the Prophet was creating bonds of brotherhood among his
companions he selected Ali as his brother. The Prophet gave Fatimah, his beloved
daughter to Ali as his wife.
Ali participated bravely in the battles of the Holy Prophet, except the battle of Tabuk
when he was ordered to stay in Madina in place of the Holy Prophet.
Ali was thirty-three years old when the Prophet died. He spent the next twenty five
years as an advisor to the first three caliphs and in educating people in Islamic
knowledge.
He became the fourth Caliph in 35 A.H. His caliphate of lasted for nearly five years,
throughout which he followed the way of the Prophet and gave his caliphate the
form of a spiritual movement and renewal.
Unfortunately, his caliphate was ridden with civil strife. The Muslims had split into
two groups, one supporting him and the other supporting A'ishah and Muawiya.
These two armies fought the "Battle of the Camel," and then the "Battle of Siffin."
After this a faction of his own supporters turned traitor. They are known as the
Khawarij. He also fought against the Khawarij in the Battle of Nahrawan Therefore,
most of the days of Ali's caliphate were spent in overcoming internal opposition.
Finally, in the morning of the 19th of Ramadan in the year 40 A.H., while praying in
the mosque of Kufa, he was wounded by one of the Khawarij and died as a martyr
during the night of the 21st of Ramadan. He was buried in Najaf, Iraq.
Ali had no shortcomings from the point of view of human perfection. And in the
Islamic virtues he was a perfect example of the upbringing and training given by the
Prophet. He was equally learned in science and wisdom and was most eloquent. His
courage was proverbial and services to Islam were exemplary.

Hazrat Imam Hassan ibn Ali (3-50 AH)

He was the second Imam and was also called al-Mujtaba. He and his brother Imam
Hussain were the two sons of Amir al-mu'minin Ali and Fatimah, the daughter of the
Holy Prophet. Many times the Holy Prophet had said, "Hassan and Hussain are my
children." Because of these same words Imam Ali would say to his other children,
"You are my children and Hassan and Hussain are the children of the Prophet."
Hazrat Imam Hassan was born in the year 3 A.H. in Madinah and shared in the life of
the Prophet for somewhat over seven years, growing up during that time under his
loving care. Soon after the death of the Prophet, Hazrat Fatimah also died and
Hassan was placed directly under the care of his noble father.
After the death of his father, through Divine Command and according to the will of
his father, Hazrat Imam Hassan became Imam; he also occupied the function of
caliph for about six months.
The governor of Syria, Mu'awiyah, who had been an opponent of his father as well,
challenged the caliphate of Hazrat Imam Hassan. War ensued, and finally the Hazrat
Imam made peace and yielded to the caliphate to Mu'awiyah, under certain
conditions. He did this as he desired to put an end to the civil strife and bloodshed
amongst the Muslims.
Hazrat Imam Hassan devoted the rest of his life to teaching and training scholars in
the Islamic faith, undergoing extreme hardship and persecution by his political rivals.
Finally, in the year 50 A.H. allegedly motivated by the Caliph Mu'awiyah, his wife
poisoned him and he was martyred.
In human perfection, Hazrat Imam Hassan was reminiscent of his father and a
perfect example of his noble grandfather. There are many traditions of the Holy
Prophet and Ali concerning the fact that Hazrat Imam Hassan would be the Imam
after his noble father.

Hazrat Imam Hussain bin Ali (4-61 AH)

Hazrat Imam Hussain, known as ‘Sayyid al-Shuhada' or "the chief of martyrs"), was
the second child of Ali and Fatimah. He was born in the year 4 A.H. and after the
martyrdom of his brother, Hazrat Imam Hassan Mujtaba, became Imam through
Divine Command and his brother's will.
Hazrat Imam Hussain was Imam for a period of ten years. The last six months of his
Imamate coincided with the caliphate of Mu'awiyah. Hazrat Imam Hussain lived
under the most difficult outward conditions of suppression and persecution. This was
due to the fact that, first of all, religious laws and regulations had lost much of their
weight and credit, and the edicts of the Umayyad government had gained complete
authority and power. Secondly, Mu'awiyah and his aides made use of every possible
means to put aside and move out of the way the Household of the Prophet and the
Shi'ah, and thus obliterate the name of Hazrat Imam Ali and his family. And above all,
Mu'awiyah wanted to strengthen the basis of the caliphate of his son, Yazid, who
because of his lack of principles and scruples was opposed by a large group of
Muslims. Therefore, in order to quell all opposition, Mu'awiyah had undertaken
newer and more severe measures. By force and necessity, Hazrat Imam Hussain had
to endure these days and he had to suffer every kind of mental and spiritual agony
and affliction from Mu'awiyah and his aides, until in the middle of the year 60 A.H.
Mu'awiyah died and his son Yazid took his place.
Yazid, immediately after the death of his father ordered the governor of Madinah
either to force a pledge of allegiance from Hazrat Imam Hussain or send his head to
Damascus.
After the governor of Madinah informed Hazrat Imam Hussain of this demand, the
Hazrat Imam, in order to think over the question, asked for a delay and overnight
started with his family toward Makkah. He sought refuge in the sanctuary of God
which in Islam is the official place of refuge and security. This event occurred toward
the end of the month of Rajab and the beginning of Sha'ban of 60 A.H. For nearly
four months Hazrat Imam Hussain stayed in Makkah in refuge. This news spread
throughout the Islamic world. On the one hand many people who were tired of the
iniquities of Mu'awiyah's rule and were even more dissatisfied when Yazid became
caliph, corresponded with Hazrat Imam Hussain and expressed their sympathy for
him. On the other hand a flood of letters began to flow, especially from Iraq and
particularly the city of Kufa, inviting the Imam to go to Iraq and accept the leadership
of the populace there with the aim of beginning an uprising to overcome injustice
and iniquity. Naturally such a situation was dangerous for Yazid.
The stay of Hazrat Imam Hussain in Makkah continued until the season for
pilgrimage when Muslims from all over the world poured in groups into Makkah in
order to perform the rites of the Hajj. The Hazrat Imam discovered that some of the
followers of Yazid had entered Makkah as pilgrims (hajjis) with the mission to kill the
Imam during the rites of Hajj with the arms they carried under their special
pilgrimage dress (ihram). The Imam shortened the pilgrimage rites and decided to
leave. Amidst the vast crowd of people he stood up and in a short speech announced
that he was setting out for Iraq. In this short speech he also declared that he would
be martyred and asked Muslims to help him in attaining the goal he had in view and
to offer their lives in the path of God. The next day he set out with his family and a
group of his companions for Iraq.
Hazrat Imam Hussain was determined not to give his allegiance to Yazid, knowing
fully well that he would be killed. He was aware that his death was inevitable in the
face of the awesome military power of the Umayyads, supported as it was by
corruption in certain sectors, spiritual decline, and lack of will power among the
people, especially in Iraq. Some of the outstanding people of Makkah stood in the
way of Hazrat Imam Hussain and warned him of the danger of the move he was
making. But he answered that he would never pay allegiance to a ruler like Yazid and
give his approval to a government of injustice and tyranny. He added that he knew
that wherever he turned or went he would be killed. He would leave Makkah in
order to preserve the respect of the house of God and not allow this respect to be
destroyed by having his blood spilled there. While on the way to Kufa and still a few
days' journey away from the city, he received news that the followers of Yazid in
Kufa had put to death the representative of the Imam in that city and also one of the
Imam's determined supporters who was a well-known man in Kufa.
Approximately seventy kilometers from Kufa, in a desert named Karbala, the Imam
and his entourage were surrounded by the army of Yazid. For eight days they stayed
in this spot during which the circle narrowed and the number of the enemy's army
increased. Finally the Imam, with his household and a small number of companions
were encircled by an army of thirty thousand soldiers.
On the tenth day of Muharram of the year 61/680 the Imam lined up before the
enemy with his small band of followers, less than ninety persons consisting of forty
of his companions, thirty some members of the army of the enemy that joined him
during the night and day of war, and his Hashimite family of children, brothers,
nephews, nieces and cousins. That day they fought from morning until their final
breath, the Imam, the young Hashimites and the companions were all martyred.
The army of the enemy, after ending the war, plundered the haram of the Imam and
burned his tents. They decapitated the bodies of the martyrs, denuded them and
threw them to the ground without burial. Then they moved the remaining members
of the family, all of whom were helpless women and girls, along with the heads of
the martyrs, to Kufa. Among the prisoners there were three male members: a
twenty-two year old son of Imam Hussain who was very ill and unable to move,
namely Hazrat Ali ibn Hussain, the fourth Imam; his four year old son, Hazrat
Muhammad ibn Ali, who became the fifth Imam.
The event of Karbala was a colossal crime that reminds us how the third Imam down
his life for the sake of Islam but refused to comprise on principles.

Hazrat Imam Ali ibn Husayn (38-95 AH)

He was known as al-Zayn al-'Abedin or the Crown amongst the worshippers. Hazrat
Imam Ali was the only son of Hazrat Imam Husayn to survive, for his other three
brothers Hazrat Ali Akbar, aged twenty-five, five year old Hazrat Ja'far and Hazrat Ali
Asghar (or 'Abdallah) who was a suckling baby were martyred during the event of
Karbala.
The Imam had also accompanied his father on the journey that terminated fatally in
Karbala, but because of severe illness and the inability to carry arms or participate in
fighting he was prevented from taking part in the holy war and being martyred. So
he was sent with the womenfolk to Damascus. After spending a period in
imprisonment he was sent with honour to Madinah because Yazid wanted to
conciliate public opinion. But for a second time, by the order of the Umayyad caliph,
'Abd al-Malik, he was chained and sent from Madinah to Damascus and then again
returned to Madinah.
The fourth Imam, upon returning to Madinah, retired from public life completely,
closed the door of his house to strangers and spent his time in worship. He was in
contact only with those seeking knowledge from him and other scholarly activities.
Among the works of the fourth Imam is a book called Sahifa al-Sajjadiyah. It consists
of fifty-seven prayers concerning the most sublime Divine sciences and is known as
"The Psalm of the Household of the Prophet."
The fourth Imam was poisoned by Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik through the instigation of
the Umayyad caliph Hisham after thirty-five years of Imamate.

Hazrat Imam Muhammad ibn Ali (57 – 114 AH)

The Fifth Imam was given the title Baqir, meaning he who cuts and dissects. He was
just four years old at Karbala and thus escaped being murdered. After his father,
through Divine Command and the decree of those who went before him, he became
Imam.
During the Imamate of the fifth Imam, due to revolts against the Umayyads, he and
his family were left alone somewhat and thus were able to pursue scholarly activities
freely.
Large numbers of people would come to Hazrat Imam Muhammad for spiritual and
academic guidance.
In the year 114 AH he was martyred through poisoning by the nephew of Hisham,
the Umayyad caliph.

Hazrat Imam Ja'far ibn Muhammad (83 – 148 AH)

The Sixth Imam was known as As-Sadiq, or the Truthful One. He was the son of the
fifth Imam and after the death of his father, became Imam by Divine Command and
decree of those who came before him.
During the Imamate of the sixth Imam greater possibilities and a more favourable
climate existed to propagate religious teachings. This came about as a result of
revolts against the Umayyads. For twenty years, he had a free hand for the
propagation of the true teachings of Islam and the sciences of the Household of the
Prophet.
He instructed many scholars in different fields of the intellectual and transmitted
sciences, such as Mu'min Taqi, Jabir ibn Hayyan, Sufyan Thawri and Abu Hanifah. It is
said that his classes and sessions of instruction produced four thousand scholars of
hadith and other sciences. The number of traditions preserved from the fifth and
sixth Imams is more than all the hadith that have been recorded from the Prophet
(sawas) and the other ten Imams combined.
The Imam was arrested several times by both Umayyad and Abbasid caliphs, and
finally when he was released he spent the rest of his life in hiding in Madinah.
He too was poisoned and martyred through the intrigue of the Abbasid Caliph
Mansur.

Hazrat Imam Musa ibn Ja'far (128-183 AH)

The Seventh Imam, also known as Kazim, became Imam after the death of his father,
through Divine Command and the decree of his forefathers.
The seventh Imam was a contemporary of the Abbasid caliphs, Mansur, Hadi, Mahdi
and Harun. He lived in very difficult times and in hiding, until finally Harun went for
Hajj. In Madinah, he had the Imam arrested while praying in the Mosque of the
Prophet. He was chained and imprisoned, then taken from Madinah to Basra and
from Basra to Baghdad where for years he was transferred from one prison to
another. Finally he died in Baghdad in the Sindi ibn Shahak prison through poisoning
and was buried in the cemetery of the Quraysh which is now located in the city of
Kazimayn.

Hazrat Imam Ali ibn Musa (148-203 AH)

The Eight Imam was given the title of al-Ridha and was the son of the seventh Imam.
He was active in the scientific and scholarly debates that were popular at that time.
He followed the scholarly tradition as was befitting an Imam.
The period of his Imamate coincided with Mamun Abbasi. Mamun, in order to end
the conflict between the ruling class and the family of the Prophet, offered him the
caliphate and then the succession to the caliphate. The Imam, after much hesitation
and conditions, accepted the successorship.
But then Mamun had second thoughts and had the Imam poisoned and martyred.
The Imam was buried in the city of Tus in Iran, which is now called Mashhad.

Hazrat Imam Muhammad ibn Ali (196-220 AH)

The Ninth Imam was called Taqi and was the son of the eighth. He was born in
Madinah
At the time of the death of his father he was in Madinah. Ma'mun called him to
Baghdad which was then the capital of the caliphate and outwardly showed him
much kindness. He even gave the Imam his daughter in marriage and kept him in
Baghdad. In reality he wanted to keep a close watch upon the Imam through his
daughter. The Imam spent some time in Baghdad and then with the consent of
Ma'mum set out for Madinah where he remained until Ma'mun's death.
In 220 AH, he was poisoned by his wife, the daughter of Ma'mun, at the instigation
of the Abbasid caliph Mu'tasim. He was buried next to his grandfather, the seventh
Imam, in Kazimayn

Hazrat Imam Ali ibn Muhammad Naqi (212-254 AH)

The Tenth Imam is also called Naqi and Hadi. He was the son of the ninth Imam. At
that time Ali ibn Muhammad Naqi was in Madinah. There he became the Imam
through Divine Command and the decree of the Imams before him. He stayed in
Madinah teaching religious sciences until the time of Mutawakkil, who was an ardent
but secret hater of the Imam and his family.
In 243 AH, Mutawakkil deceptively arranged for the Imam to come to visit him in
Samarrah, just to humiliate him. Throughout his caliphate, Mutawakkil spared no
chance to insult and harm the Imam and the members of the Prophet’s family.
In 254 AH, the tenth Imam too was poisoned and martyred by Mu'tazz the Abbasid
caliph.

Hazrat Imam Hasan ibn Ali (232-260 AH)

The Eleventh Imam, also known as Hassan Al-Askari was the son of the tenth Imam,
and gained the Imamate after the death of his noble father, through Divine
Command and through the decree of the previous Imams.
During the seven years of his Imamate, due to untold restrictions placed upon him
by the caliphate, he lived in hiding and dissimulation (taqiyah). He did not have any
social contact with even the common people among the Shi'ite population. Only the
elite of the Shi'ah were able to see him. Even so, he spent most of his time in prison.
The caliph of the time had decided definitely to put an end to the Imamate in The
Followers of Ahlu Bayt through every possible means and to close the door to the
Imamate once and for all.
However, he still managed to train many scholars and intellectuals in his lifetime.
He was poisoned and martyred through instigation of the Abbasid caliph Mu'tamid.

Hazrat Imam Muhammad ibn Hasan (256 AH- )

The Twelfth Imam is the promised Mahdi, who is usually mentioned by his title of
Imam-i 'Asr (the Imam of the "Period") and Sahib al-Zaman (the Lord of the Age),
and is the son of the eleventh Imam.
He was born in Samarrah and until his father’s martyrdom, lived under his care and
tutelage. He was hidden from public view and only a few of the elite among the
Shi'ah were able to meet him. After the martyrdom of his father he became Imam
and by Divine Command went into occultation (ghaybat). Thereafter he appeared
only to his deputies and even then only in exceptional circumstances. Through these
special deputies he would answer the demands and questions of the Shi'ah.
But in 329 AH, he went into come occultation which will continue as long as God wills
it. However, he shall eventually return as per the prophecy of the Prophet to lead his
followers once again.
In the meantime, it is he who directs man's spiritual life and orients the inner aspect
of human action toward God: Clearly, his physical presence or absence has no effect
in this matter. The Imam watches over Shi’a inwardly and is in communion with the
soul and spirit of men even if he be hidden from their physical eyes. His existence is
always necessary even if the time has not as yet arrived for his outward appearance
and the universal reconstruction that he is to bring about.
The reappearance of the twelfth Imam is awaited by the Shi’ah and when he shall
return (as contained in many ahadith), he shall perform many great tasks and rid the
world of evil.
The 12 Imams
 Shia’ Beleifs
• In the Shi’te sect of Islam known as the Ithna-‘ashariyyah or
Twelvers, the articles of faith or fundamentals of Islam differ from
those of the Ahle Sunnat or Sunnis.
• These are also known as Usool -ad-Deen or ‘Roots of Religion’. They
are
1. Tawheed or the Oneness of God
2. 'Adl or the belief that God is Just and He will reward or punish any
person according to his deeds.
3. Nubuwwat – or belief in the Messengers.
4. Imamat or belief in the divinely appointed leadership or Imams
5. Qiyaamat or belief in the Day of Judgment.
Amongst the above, we shall study Imamat or belief in the Twelve
Imams.
 Belief in Imamate
• Belief in Imamat, the divinely appointed leadership after the
death of the Holy Prophet is an integral part of Shi’te faith
• Only Ali & the Prophet’s descendents can be Imams
• Their role is to protect and guide mankind with the revealed
Truth, the Holy Qur'an and the true practices of the Holy
Prophet himself
• They play an integral part in the protection of all the
Messengers and their divine Messages
• Allah appointed them through the Holy Prophet himself to
protect mankind from misrepresenting and misinterpreting
the Truth
• Imams have direct knowledge from God, and their verdict is
the verdict of God
 Qualities of the Imams (1of2)
• Only the 12 Imams are the spiritual and political successors to the
Prophet
• Each of them is an infallible human individual
• Only he is able to keep and interpret the Divine Law and its real
meaning
• The Prophet and Imams' words and deeds are a guide and model
for the community to follow
• They are free from error and sin
• Chosen by divine decree, or nass, through the Prophet
• It is believed by Twelver Shi'a Muslims that the Twelve Imams were
foretold in the Hadith of the Twelve Successors: "The (Islamic)
religion will continue until the Hour (day of resurrection), having
twelve Caliphs for you, all of them will be from Quraysh."
 Qualities of the Imams (2of2)
• The Imams were given divine wisdom (aql) and
knowledge (hikmah)
• They suffered for the sake of religion and their
sufferings were a means of divine grace to their
devotees
• He had a close relationship with God, through
which God guides him, and the Imam in turn
guides the people.
• There is always an Imam of the Age, who is the
divinely appointed authority on all matters of
faith and law in the Muslim community
 List of the 12 Imams
1. ‘Alī ibn Abu Talib 7. Musa ibn Ja'far
2. Hassan ibn ‘Alī 8. ‘Alī ibn Musa
3. Husayn ibn ‘Alī 9. Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī
4. ‘Alī ibn al-Hussein 10. ‘Alī ibn Muḥammad
5. Muḥammad ibn ‘Alī 11. Hassan ibn ‘Alī
6. Ja'far ibn Muḥammad 12. Muḥammad ibn al-
Hassan
 {1/2}

Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib (23 pre-Hijri to 40 AH)

1. He was the first Imam
2. Also called Amir al-mu'min or Commander of the faithful
3. His father Abu Talib was the uncle, guardian and lifelong supporter of the
Holy Prophet.
4. When six years old he was placed directly under the guardianship and
custody of the Holy Prophet who brought him up like his own son.
5. Imam Ali was the first person to publicly declare his faith in the Divine
Message.
6. Imam Ali became the supporter and deputy of the Prophet and was by
his side during the hard times in Makkah
7. Slept in his bed on the night of Hijra
8. At Madina when the Prophet selected Ali as his brother
9. The Prophet gave Fatimah, his beloved daughter to Ali as his wife.
10. Ali participated bravely in the battles was the Prophet, except the battle
of Tabuk when he was ordered to stay in Madina in place of the Prophet.
11. Ali was thirty-three years old when the Prophet died
 {2/2}

Imam Ali ibn Abu Talib (23 pre-Hijri to 40 AH)

12. He spent the next twenty five years as an advisor to the
first three caliphs and in educating people in Islamic
knowledge.
13. He became the fourth Caliph in 35 A.H
14. His caliphate of lasted for nearly five years
15. Caliphate was ridden with civil strife
16. Battle of the Camel & Siffin
17. Khawarij
18. Died as a martyr during the night of the 21st of Ramadan
19. Buried in Najaf, Iraq.
20. Perfection human like all Imams
21. Learned both in science and wisdom
22. Most eloquent
23. Highly courageous.
 Imam Hassan ibn Ali (3-50 AH)
• He was the second Imam and is also called al-Mujtaba
• Sons of Amir al-mu'minin Ali and Hadrat Fatimah
• "Hassan and Hussain are my children."
• After the death of his father, through Divine Command and according to the
will of his father, Imam Hassan became Imam
• Caliph for 6 months
• Yielded the caliphate to Mu'awiyah to end to the civil strife and bloodshed
• Devoted the rest of his life to teaching and training scholars in the Islamic
faith
• Extreme hardship and persecution by his political rivals.
• wife poisoned him and he was martyred (Allegedly motivated by
Mu'awiyah)
• Human perfection
• Perfect example of his noble grandfather
• Many traditions of the Holy Prophet and Ali he would gain be Imam after
his father
 {1/2}

Imam Hussain bin Ali (4-61 AH)

• ‘Sayyid al-Shuhada' or "the lord among martyrs"
• Second child of Ali and Fatimah
• became Imam through Divine Command and his
brother's will after the martyrdom of his brother Imam
Hassan
• Imam Hussain was Imam for a period of ten years
• Lived under the most difficult outward conditions of
suppression and persecution. This was due to enmity
with Mu'awiyah
• Yazid, ordered the governor of Madinah either to force
a pledge of allegiance from Imam Hussain or send his
head to Damascus.
 {2/2}

Imam Hussain bin Ali (4-61 AH)

• For 4 months Imam Hussain stayed in Makkah in refuge
• Kufans invited him to come and lead them in revolt against Yazid
• Made a speech in Makkah saying he would be martyred and asked
Muslims to help him in attaining the goal
• Then he set out with his family and some companions for Iraq
• He refused to pay allegiance and give his approval to a government
of injustice and tyranny
• In Karbala, the Imam and his entourage were surrounded by the
army of Yazid (30,000)
• He and almost all his clan were brutally massacred by them
• Laid down his life for the sake of Islam but refused to comprise on
principles.
 Imam Ali ibn Husayn (38-95 AH)
• Known as al-Zayn al-'Abedin
• only son of Imam Husayn to survive in Karbala because
of severe illness
• Spend most the next several years in imprisonment
• Retired from public life completely & spent his time in
worship
• Met only with those seeking knowledge from him
• Many scholarly works; e.g. Sahifa al-Sajjadiyah
• Poisoned by Hisham after thirty-five years of Imamate.
 Imam Muhammad ibn Ali (57 – 114 AH)

• Title Baqir, meaning he who cuts and dissects

• He was just four years old at Karbala and thus
escaped being murdered
• Became Imam after his Father
• He and his family were not that persecuted as
other Imams
• Pursued scholarly activities freely.
• Large numbers of people would come to Imam
Muhammad for spiritual and academic guidance.
• Martyred through poisoning by Hisham
 Ja'far ibn Muhammad (83 – 148 AH)
• Known as As-Sadiq, or the Truthful One
• Son of the fifth Imam and after the death of his father, became
Imam by Divine Command and decree of those who came before
him
• Favourable climate existed to propagate religious teachings
• He had a free hand for the propagation of the true teachings of
Islam and the sciences of the Household of the Prophet.
• He instructed many scholars in different fields of the intellectual
and transmitted sciences
• Produced four thousand scholars of hadith and other sciences
• The Imam was arrested several times by both Umayyads and
Abbasids
• Finally released & spent the rest of his life in hiding in Madinah.
• He too was poisoned and martyred through the intrigue of the
Abbasid Caliph Mansur.
 Musa ibn Ja'far (128-183 AH)
• Known as Kazim
• Lived in very difficult times and in hiding
• Arrested while praying in the Mosque of the
Prophet
• For years he was transferred from one prison
to another
• Died in Baghdad in prison through poisoning
• Buried in Kazimayn.
 Ali ibn Musa (148-203 AH)
• Title of al-Ridha
• Son of the seventh Imam.
• He was active in the scientific and scholarly
debates
• Mamun offered him succession to the caliphate
• Accept the successorship with conditions.
• But then Mamun had second thoughts and had
the Imam poisoned and martyred
• The Imam was buried in Mashhad.
 Muhammad ibn Ali (196-220 AH)
• The Ninth Imam & called Taqi
• The son of the eighth Imam
• Born in Madinah
• Ma'mun gave him his daughter in marriage and
kept him in Baghdad
• Spent some time in Baghdad and then Madinah
• He was poisoned by his wife, the daughter of
Ma'mun (orders of Mutasim)
• Buried next to his grandfather, the seventh Imam,
in Kazimayn
 Ali ibn Muhammad Naqi (212-254 AH)
• The Tenth Imam & called Naqi and Hadi
• The son of the ninth Imam
• Stayed in Madinah teaching religious sciences
• Persecuted by Caliphs
• Poisoned and martyred by Mu'tazz the
Abbasid caliph.
 Hasan ibn Ali (232-260 AH)
• The son of the tenth Imam & called Al-Askari
• Restrictions placed upon him by the caliphate
• Lived in hiding and dissimulation (taqiyah)
• Did not have any social contact with people
• Spent a lot of time in prison
• Train many scholars and intellectuals in his
lifetime.
• Poisoned and martyred through instigation of the
Abbasid caliph Mu'tamid.
 Muhammad ibn Hasan (256 AH- )
• He is the promised Mahdi & called Imam-i 'Asr (the Imam of the "Period") and
Sahib al-Zaman (the Lord of the Age)
• The son of the eleventh Imam.
• He was born in Samarrah and until his father’s martyrdom, lived under his care
and tutelage
• Kept hidden from public view
• After the martyrdom of his father he became Imam and by Divine Command
went into occultation (ghaybat)
• Appointed deputies for his work & met them only when absolutely necessary
• In 329 AH, he went into Occultation which will continue as long as God wills it
• Shall eventually return as per the prophecy of the Prophet to lead his followers
once again.
• Even now it is he who directs man's spiritual life and orients the inner aspect of
human action toward God
• Awaited by the Shi’ah
• When he shall return , shall perform many great tasks and rid the world of evil.
The Battle of Mu'tah
8 AH / 629 CE
 The Battle of Mu'tah
• It was the most significant and the fiercest
battle during t he lifetime of the Messenger of
Allâh peace be upon him, a preliminary and a
prelude to the great conquests of the land of
the Christians.
• Mu'tah is a village that lies on the borders of
geographical Syria.
 Events that led to
• The Prophet peace be upon him had sent Al-
Harith bin 'Umair Al-Azdi on an errand to carry
a letter to the ruler of Busra.
• On his way, he was intercepted by Sharhabeel
bin 'Amr Al-Ghassani, the governor of Al-
Balqa' and a close ally to Caesar, the Byzantine
Emperor who tied and beheaded Al Harith
• (Killing envoys amounted to war declaration)
 Preparation for Battle
• The Prophet peace be upon him was shocked on hearing the
news and ordered that a large army of 3000 men be mobilized
and dispatched to the north to discipline the transgressors.
• Zaid bin Haritha was appointed to lead the army. Ja'far bin Abi
Talib would replace him if he was killed, and 'Abdullah bin
Rawaha would succeed Ja'far in case the latter fell.
• The Prophet peace be upon him recommended that they
reach the scene of Al-Harith's murder and invite the people to
profess Islam.
• Should the latter respond positively, then no war would
ensue, otherwise fighting them would be the only alternative
left
 Special Orders of the Prophet
• He ordered them: "Fight the disbelievers in
the Name of Allah, neither breach a covenant
nor entertain treachery, and under no
circumstances a new-born, woman, an ageing
man or a hermit should be killed; moreover
neither trees should be cut down nor homes
demolished.
 Events of the Battle
• The Muslim army then marched northward towards Syria.
• Met a army sent by Heraclius of 100,000 Roman troops together 100,000
Allied tribes
• The Muslims, on their part had never thought of encountering such a huge
army and debated what to do??
• They finally decided to march and meet the enemy at Mu'tah
• Zaid bin Haritha, Ja'far bin Abi Talib, Abdullah bin Rawaha all fell after
fighting bravely.
• Khalid bin Al-Waleed then took charge
• He succeeded in retreating in a fully organized and well-planned
withdrawal.
• The Byzantines, seeing this new strategy, believed that they were being
entrapped and drawn in the heart of the desert.
• They stopped the pursuit, and consequently the Muslims managed to
retreat back to Madinah with the slightest losses. (12 martyrs)
• Byzantines lost a much larger number
 Importance / Conclusion
• It was the largest Muslim army never mobilized on this scale except in the
process of the Khandaq Battle.
• Even though the battle did not satisfy the Muslims' objective, namely
avenging Al-Harith's murder, it resulted in a far-ranging impact and
attached to the Muslims a great reputation in the battlefields.
• The battle was a real miracle proving that the Muslims were something
exceptional not then familiar. Moreover, it gave evidence that Allâh backed
them and their Prophet, Muhammad, was really Allâh's Messenger
• Many tribes were so impressed that they embraced Islam out of their own
sweet free will.
• Mu'tah Battle was the 1st but not the last encounter with the Byzantines
subsequently.
• Many battles would follow in the years to come during the era of the
Caliphs resulting in the supremacy of the Muslims.
 The Four Books
or the
Shia Books of Hadith
By M.J. Mahmud
 Handout: The Four Books or the Shia Books of Hadith by M.J. Mahmud / 0321 4460606/ Jahangir@wol.net.pk

The Four Books or the Shia Books of Hadith

• The Four Books or Al-Kutub Al-Arbah is the term

used by Shia to refer to their four best known
hadith collections.
• Shi'a Muslims use this different set of hadith
rather than the Six major Hadith collections
followed by the Sunni.
• They consider that only the Imams, Muhammad's
descendants through Fatima Zahra and Imam Ali
bin Abu Talib are trustworthy.
 Handout: The Four Books or the Shia Books of Hadith by M.J. Mahmud / 0321 4460606/ Jahangir@wol.net.pk

These Four Books are:

Name of Book Collector Size

Muhammad ibn Ya'qub al-

1 Kitab al-Kafi Kulayni 15,176

Man la yahduruhu al-

2 Faqih Muhammad ibn Babuya 9,044

3 Tahdhib al-Ahkam Shaykh Muhammad Tusi 13,590

4 Al-Istibsar Shaykh Muhammad Tusi 5,511

Now let us discuss these one by one
 Handout: The Four Books or the Shia Books of Hadith by M.J. Mahmud / 0321 4460606/ Jahangir@wol.net.pk

Kitab al-Kafi
• Compiled by Muhammad Ya‘qūb Kulaynī in 3rd century Hijri, it is
divided into three sections:
1. Usūl al-Kāfī, which is concerned with the principles of religion
2. Furū al-Kāfī, which is concerned with the details of religious law
3. Rawdat al-Kāfī, which is concerned with various religious aspects
and includes some writings of the Imāms
• In total, al-Kāfī comprises of about 16,000 narrations
• The author states that this book would be sufficient for all the
needs of a believer as it includes all branches of religious
knowledge
• He further says in his preface that he only collected ahadith he
thought were important
• He left the verification of these ahadith up to later scholars.
 Man la Yahduruhu al-Faqih
• Compiled by Muhammad ibn 'Ali al-Qummi commonly
known as Al-Shaykh al-Saduq in the 4th century Hijri
• Contains over 9,000 ahadith
• The literal translation of the title Man la yahduruhu al-Faqih
is “For him not in the Presence of a Jurisprudent”.
• The book is meant to be a reference book to help ordinary
Shia Muslims in the practice of the legal requirements of
Islam
• Isnad are absent
• Thus, the book is a summary of the study of legal traditions.
• Shi'ites regard this book as among the most reliable Hadith
collections.

Handout: The Four Books or the Shia Books of Hadith by M.J. Mahmud / 0321 4460606/ Jahangir@wol.net.pk
 Handout: The Four Books or the Shia Books of Hadith by M.J. Mahmud / 0321 4460606/ Jahangir@wol.net.pk

Tahdhib al-Ahkam fi Sharh al-Muqni 'a

• Complied by Shaykh Tusi in the 5th century Hijri
• Contain over 13,000 narrations
• Means "The Refinement of the Laws in Terms of the
Explanation of the Sufficiency”
• It is actually a commentary on the ahadith of the great
scholar, al-Shaikh al-Mufid, the teacher of al-Tusi.
• Shi'a Muslims regard this book as among the most reliable
• It contains not only traditions but also lengthy discussions
about the legal standing and implication of each hadith
• The chapters are well divided and contain the commentaries
by some earlier scholars.
 Handout: The Four Books or the Shia Books of Hadith by M.J. Mahmud / 0321 4460606/ Jahangir@wol.net.pk

Al-Istibsar fima 'khtalaf al-akhbar

• Complied by Shaykh Tusi in the 5th century Hijri
• Contains over 5,000 narrations.
• Is essentially a summary of Tahdhib al-ahkam
• Its methods are similar but briefer; there are not
so many traditions used in the work and the
explanations are more concise
• It is similar to Man la yahduruh al-faqih, but gives
full isnads for the traditions quoted
• Intended to be used as ready reference works for
students and scholars
 Revision Handouts #22
“Islamic Teachings Regarding
Treatment of Animals”
 Why Allah Made ANIMALS
• “And the cattle, He has created them for you. You
have in them warm clothing and (other) advantages,
and of them you eat. And therein is beauty for you,
when you drive them back (home) and when you
send them out (to pasture). And they carry your
heavy loads to regions which you could not reach but
with great distress to yourselves. Surely your Lord is
Compassionate, Merciful. And (He made) horses and
mules and asses that you might ride upon them and
as an ornament. And He creates what you know
not.” (Quran 16:5-8)
 The Prophet said:
"Fear Allah in the way you treat animals"

• The mercy of Islam extends beyond human

beings to all living creations of God.
• Islam prohibits cruelty to animals.
• Once, the Prophet of Mercy spoke of God’s
forgiveness due to the humane treatment of
animals. He told his companions the story of a
man who got thirsty on his way. He found a well,
climbed down inside it to the water, and
quenched his thirst. When he came out he saw a
panting dog licking on mud out of extreme
thirst. The man thought to himself, ‘The dog has
become as thirsty as I was!’ The man went down
the well again and got some water for the
dog. God appreciated his good work and forgave
him. The companions asked, ‘O Prophet of God,
do we get rewarded on humane treatment of
animals?’ He said, ‘There is a reward in (doing
good to) every living being.’
• On another occasion, Prophet Muhammad,
may the mercy and blessings of God be upon
him, described God’s punishment of a woman
who was sent to Hell because of a cat. She
kept her locked up, neither feeding her nor
setting her free to feed herself.
• “A person said to the Prophet, “Verily I slaughter
a sheep and show mercy to it.” The Prophet of
Allah replied, “If you show mercy to a sheep,
Allah will show double the mercy on you.”
• Islam laid down humane slaughtering
regulations.
• Islam insists that the manner of slaughter should
be that which is least painful to the animal.
• Islam requires that the slaughtering instrument
not be sharpened in front of the animal.
• Islam also prohibits the slaughtering of one
animal in front of another.
 Rights of Animals 1 of 4
• First, Islam requires that pets or farm animals be
provided with proper food, water, and a place to
live. Once the Prophet passed by an emaciated
camel due to hunger, he said:
“Fear God in regards to these animals who can not
speak their will. If you ride them, treat them
accordingly (by making them strong and fit for
that), and if you [plan to] eat them, treat them
accordingly (by making them fat and healthy).”
 Rights of Animals 2 of 4
• Second, an animal should not be beaten or
tortured. Once the Prophet of Mercy passed by
an animal branded on his face. He said, ‘Has it
not reached you that I have cursed the one who
brands an animal’s face or hits it on its face?’
• The Prophet of Mercy advised his wife to treat an
unruly camel that she was riding kindly.
• Making animals fight one another for
entertainment was also forbidden by the
Prophet.
 Rights of Animals 3 of 4
• Third, Islam forbids using animals or birds for
targets when practicing shooting.
• The Prophet cursed anyone who made a living
thing into a target (for practice)
• The Prophet also said: “‘Whoever kills a bird or
anything else without its due right, God would
ask him about it.’ It was said: ‘O Messenger of
God! What is its due right?’ He said: ‘To kill it for
food…and do not sever its head, and throw it!’”
 Rights of Animals 4 of 4
• Fourth, separating nestling birds from their
mothers is not allowed in Islam.
• Fifth, it is forbidden to mutilate an animal by
cutting off its ears, tails or other body parts
without just reason.
• Sixth, a sick animal under one’s care should
be treated properly.
Steps by (Muhadditheen) to
ensure
authenticity
 For this purpose, a branch of specialized
study was established called Usool e Hadith
 This itself had many branches
 First of all they divided the hadith into two
sections, the text and the chain and its
introduction.
Parts of a Hadith

Components of
Hadith

sanad
Matn
Chain of
Text
narrators
Yahya narrated from Malik who narrated
from Nafae who narrated from Abdullah
bin Umar that the Holy Prophet said: He
who misses the ‘Asr prayer is as if he has
lost his family and property.
How a hadith is declared Authentic.

To be declared absolutely reliable, a hadith must fulfill

three conditions:-
1. The chain (sanad) must be continuous, i.e. every
narrator must be known to have met each other, and
each and every narrator must be sound in character
and memory.
2. The text (matn) must be free of any defect in
language, and must not clash with established Islamic
belief.
3. The Companions (sahabah), the Followers (Tabaeen)
and their Successors (At Tab‟a Tabai‟en) must accept
them as reliable.
 What qualities must a narrator possess to be
considered ‘sound’?
1. Al-Adalah: The narrator must be a sane Muslim adult
who has never committed a major sin and is known to avoid
even the minor ones.
2. His trustworthiness (Amanah) must be above par.
3. Ad Dabt: The narrator must have an excellent memory and
transmit the hadith as it is to the next in line.
4. His truthfulness (Sidq) be above par and must never have
been accused of lying, even in a joke.
5. He should not have been accused of committing a crime.
What qualities must a narrator possess to be
considered ‘sound’? (cont)

6. He should have not have spoken against other reliable

persons.
7. He should be careful and intelligent, and must have shown
responsibility in the narration or writing of the hadith.
8. The name, nickname, title, parentage and occupation of the
narrator should be known so his/her entire biography can be
investigated.
9. If a narrator referred his Hadith to a narrator, the two should
have lived in the same period and must have met each other.
 What test must the text (matn) pass to be considered
‘sound’?

1. It should not contradict or clash with a Quranic verse or

already authenticated Saheeh Hadith.
2. It should be in the classic Arabic language, the tongue
spoken by the Holy Prophet.
3. There shouldn‟t be any vulgar or odd language that the
Holy Prophet cannot be expected to use.
4. It should not differ with established laws of nature and
science, unless it is regarding miracle by Allah.
5. It should not have any modern words that didn‟t exist at
the time of the Holy Prophet
Main Divisions of Hadith and
their examples
Main
Types
of
Hadith

Sahih Hasan Da’if Mau’do

Authentic Good Weak Fabricated
 As-Sahih (The Authentic Hadith)
 The True. This name is
given to the absolutely Main Types

correct Hadith in which of

Hadith

there is no weakness.
Both its chain of
transmission ('Al-Isnad)
and the text (Al-Matn)
must pass ALL the
tests such as those Sahih
Authentic
Hasan
Good
Da’if
Weak
Mau’do
Fabricated

previously stated to
verify their authenticity.
Example of Sahih Hadith

 Yahya Narrated from Malik, who narrated

from Abu Zinad from Al-Araj from Abu
Hurraira that the Messenger of Allah said,
“the food of two is enough for three and the
food of three is enough for four”

 Sanad is perfect and so is Matn

Al-Hasan (The Good.)

 It is like As-Sahih
Tradition, except Main Types
of
Hadith

for the fact that a

slight weakness is
found in its chain.
Though reliable, it
is lower in status
Sahih Hasan Da’if Mau’do
to a Sahih hadith. Authentic Good Weak Fabricated
Example of Hassan Hadith

Muhammad bin Ismail narrated from Malik bin

Ismail who narrated from Israel bin Yunus
from Yusuf bin AbuBurda from his father who
narrated from Ayesha that she said,
“whenever the Holy Prophet used to leave
the toilet, he would say, „Ghafranak‟”.
Imam Tirmizi says that this is a hassan hadith
because although the sanad is joined, some
of the narrators do not have a perfect
memory.
Ad-Da’if (The Weak)
 This refers to that
Tradition in which Main Types
there is some problem of
Hadith

in either the chain of

transmission, in the
proper understanding
of the transmitter or in
its contents, which
may be in
disagreement with Sahih Hasan Da’if Mau’do
Islamic beliefs and Authentic Good Weak Fabricated

practices.
Example of Daef Hadith but acceptable

 Narrated Musadad from AbdulWahid bin Ziad

from Hujjaj from Zuhri from Amarta bint
AbdurRehman from Ayesha who said that the
Prophet said , “when you have stoned the
JamaratulAqaba, all conditions of Ihram are
removed except relations with women.”
 This is a daef hadith because Hujjaj has
never met Zuhri. However, the matn is
supported by other Sahih Hadith thus it is
acceptable.
Example of Daef Hadith but
Unacceptable
Narrated Abdullah from his father who narrated
from Yazid bin Haroon from Hujjaj from Amr bin
Shoaib from his father and he from his father
that when the Prophet made Abul‟As pay a new
Mahr and performed a new nikah for him with
his daughter Zainab
 This is Daef because
1. Hujjaj is not a student of Amr bin Shoaib
2. Another Sahih hadith is that the Prophet
validated the previous Nikah
So Sanad and Matn, both are unacceptable
 Al-Mau’do (The Fabricated)
 A false Hadith made up.
This class of 'Ahadith have
Main Types
been carefully uncovered by of
Hadith

our learned Islamic scholars

in the past. They have no
place in true and authentic
'Ahadith collections. The
hadith scientists have
meticulously books of these
so that at no stage they may
Da’if
be confused with the real Sahih
Authentic
Hasan
Good Weak
Mau’do
Fabricated

thing.
Example of Maudu-Fabricated Hadith

 AbdulWahad narrated from Mubarik from Ibne

Bakran from Qazi from Yatiqi from Ibne Dakheel
from Muhammad bin Abdous from Abu
Khutheema from Yazid bin Haroon from Qazat
bin Soaid from Asim from Alshath from Shadad
bin Aous that the Prophet said, “Whoever related
poetry after Isha prayers, his Salah will not be
accepted for that night”.
1. Imam Ahmad bin Hanbal says that Qazat bin
Soaid‟s narrations are full of mistakes
2. Reciting poetry is not Haram.
Handout Unit 2: Why Some Scholars
Reject Qiyas? & Most Don’t!
Some of the Scholars such as Zahris & Shia reject
Qiyas because of several reasons….
1. A verse of the Qur'an says: "0 ye who believe! Put not your-
selves forward before God and His Apostle...." [Qur'an 49 : 1)
These Scholars claim that Qiyas (analogy) means "putting
yourself forward‘
2. There are many sayings of the Companions in which they
have condemned the use of ra’i/ (personal opinion), and
analogy is personal opinion.
3. Analogy leads to discord among the Muslims, because it
does not lead to exactly the same opinion when different
jurists are exercising it and what leads to differences should
be shunned.
4. It cannot be said that the ahkam of the shari'ah are based
upon similarity and equality.
 Arguments in favour of Qiyas
1. Quran repeatedly asks us to ‘use our reason’
2. Hadith of Mu'adh ibn Jabal
3. There are many cases in which the Prophet gave answers in a
form that was quite similar to analogy (eg Hajj on behalf of
Mother)
4. The Companions used to settle cases by performing analogy
& there are sayings of the Companions to this effect.
5. The cases in the texts of the Qur'an and the Sunnah are
limited and the cases that are faced by human beings are
unlimited, therefore there has to be some way of extending
the law in these sources to cover new cases as well so that
the new cases are settled according to Islamic legal norms.
6. New issues come forward that were unimaginable in the
time of the Prophet
 Practical Importance of Qiyas
1. The main point here is that the judge has to give relief to
the litigants who come to him.
2. It is not possible for him to say to them that "I cannot find
anything in the Qur'an and the Sunnah
3. to settle this case, therefore, I cannot help you."
4. The presumption is that a solution exists in the shari'ah
and the judge has to adopt some method of legal
reasoning to extend the law from the limited number of
texts that he can employ
5. As long as he is required to do so, analogy is a good and
strict method of legal reasoning that maximises the
chances of the discovery of the intention of the
LAWMAKER