CHARACTERISTICS OF GENETIC CODE

5. Non ambiguous :- one codon code only one amino acid and not any other
e.g. UUU code :- only Phenylalanine
GGG code :- only Glycine
Exception
GUG code :- both valine and methionine amino acids.

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 CHARACTERISTICS OF GENETIC CODE

6. Degeneracy of genetic code :- Single amino acid coded by more than one codon.
UUU
e.g. :- Leucine :- 6 codon
Phenylalanine UUC Serine :- 6 codon
(1amino acid) (2 codon) Arginine :- 6 codon

Exception :-
GGG
GGC Methionine :- 1 codon
e.g. :- Glycine GGA Tryptophan :- 1 codon
(1amino acid) GGU
(4 codon)

20amino acid 64 codon

108
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GENETIC CODE
Start/Initiation codon :- Eukaryotes Starting – code
AUG :- Dual function Methionine
Starting codon AUG
Inside – code
AUG Methionine
Code Methionine
Prokaryotes
Prokaryotes
Starting – code N-f-
Met 2 3 Met
N-formyl methionine
AUG
Inside – code CAC GCA AUG GGG CUG AUG ACA UCA m-RNA
Methionine
Start In-
side
109
 CHARACTERISTICS OF GENETIC CODE
If AUG is not available than
Eukaryotes
starting codon would be GUG
Met 2 3 Met Starting – code
methionine

CAC GCA AUG GGG CUG AUG ACA UCA m-RNA GUG Inside – code
Valine
Start In
side
Met 2 3 Val

CAC GCA GUG GGG CUG GUG ACA UCA m-RNA

Start In
side
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 CHARACTERISTICS OF GENETIC CODE

Stop/nonsense codon/termination codon :-

Polypeptide chain
3 codons :- UAA (Ochre)
UAG (Amber) 1 2 3 4 5
UGA(Opal)
CAC GCA AUG GGG CUG AUG ACA UAG CAU m-RNA
Start Stop
Total codon = 64 Codon Codon
Sense codon= 61
Non sense codon=3
t- RNA = 61
Anticodon = 61

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 GENETIC CODE
Question :- How many amino acids will be present in a polypeptide chain if this
chain is code by given m-RNA ?

Polypeptidde chain
1 2 3 4 5 6
5’ GUC ACU CAC GCA AUG GGG CUG UUU AUG ACA UGA CAU GCA 3’ m-RNA

5’ UTR Translated Region 3’ UTR

(UnTranslated Region)

Function of UTR :- 1. Provide binding site for ribosome

2. Increase stability of m- RNA
So UTR required for efficient translation process

112
 GENETIC CODE
Question :- if 5 types of N bases are present in a m-RNA
and genetic code is tetraplet. How many codon will be
formed.
Solution: -
Total codon :- (types of N base)1/2/3/4/5

(5)4 = 625

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 GENETIC CODE
Question :- if 5 types of Nbases are present and 400 types of amino acids are
available for protein synthesis. To code all amino acids how many minimum
N bases are require in a codon.

Solution:- Total Coded Remaning

codon amino acids amino acids
Singlet 51 = 5 5 395
Doublet 52 = 25 25 375
Triplet 53 = 125 125 275
Tetraplate 54 = 625 625 0

114
 GENETIC CODE
Question :- In a polypeptide chain 60 amino acids are present. To code all this amino
acids how many minimum nitrogen bases are required in a m- RNA ?
Solution:-
AA1 AA2 AA60

AUG CAG………………………………………………UCA UGA m- RNA

Codon 1 st 2nd 60th 1 stop
codon

Codon required = 60 + 1 stop codon

Total codon = 61
N bases = 61 × 3
= 183

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 WOBBLE HYPOTHESIS
• It was propounded by CRICK
• sometimes an anticodon recognises PA
more than one codon.
• Wobbling normally occurs for
Anti
third nucleotide of codon codon
Wobble base AAG
Codon (m-RNA ) :- 5’ Third N base
3’ First N base UUC U U U 3’
5’
Codon 1 Codon 2

116
 MONOCISTRONIC
Monocistronic :- The m - RNA in which genetic signal is present for the formation of
only one polypeptide chain.
eg. Mostly in Eukaryotes
Polypeptide chain
Met
Monocistronic
AUG UAG m- RNA

Cistron

1 Gene

Monocistronic gene
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 POLYCISTRONIC
Polycistronic :- The m-RNA, in which genetic signal is present for the formation of more
than one polypeptide chains.
eg. Mostly in Prokaryotes.
Polypeptide chain 1 Polypeptide chain 2

Polycistronic
AUG UAG AUG UGA
m- RNA

Cistron 1 Cistron 2

1 Gene

Polycistronic gene
118
 CENTRAL DOGMA

Central dogma was given by Crick

Transcription Translation
Replication DNA RNA Protein
Reverse Transcription
Reverse Transcription :-
discovered by Temin and Baltimore in
Rous - sarcoma virus. So it is also called Teminism.

Reverse Transcriptase
m-RNA c-DNA
Contain only exon RNA dependent (Complimentary DNA)
DNA polymerase
So c-DNA Contain only exon

119
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
In Prokaryotes :- protein synthesis take place in cytoplasm

The transcription and translation can be

coupled in bacteria because :-
(1) the mRNA does not require any processing
to become active
Protein
(2) transcription and translation take place in
the same compartment
m-RNA (there is no separation of cytosol and
nucleus in bacteria)
Cytoplasm

120
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
Eukaryotes :- protein synthesis take place in cytoplasm, mitochondria ,
chloroplast and surface of ER

121
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
1. Activation of amino acid :-
Enzyme
Amino acid + ATP Amino acyl AMP Enzyme
Amino acyl
A S P P P t-RNA
synthetase Activated Amino Acid

2. Charging/ Loading of t-RNA

A. A.
Enzyme
Enzyme AMP Amino acyl +
DHU AMP
loop
t-RNA Charged t-RNA
122
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

3. Translation :- 3 steps
(A) Initiation (B) Elongation (C) Termination

(A) Initiation
Requirement :-
m-RNA
charged t-RNA
30s and 50s sub units of ribosome
GTP
Mg+2
Initiation factors - Prokaryotes 3 factors:- IF1, IF2, IF3
Eukaryotes 10 factors

123
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
(A) Initiation AUG
m-RNA
5’ 3’
Shine
Delgarno(SD)
sequence Attachment of smaller
subunit of
ribosome(30s)

SD AUG m-RNA
5’ 3’
30s 16s r-RNA
30s -m-RNA
Anti SD
complex
sequence
124
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
AA1 (A) Initiation Attachment of First
charged t-RNA by IF2
and GTP
AA1
UAC
Initiator
t-RNA
UAC
AUG m-RNA
5’ 3’
30s 16s r-RNA

Anti SD 30S Ribosome m-RNA

sequence t-RNA complex
125
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
(A) Initiation Peptidyl
Attachment of larger
subunit of ribosome's(50s) site
by Mg+2
AA1
P A
P A 50s E
Amino
Exit
50s E AUG GGG acyl
m-RNA site
5’ 3’
Initiation
30s complex

126
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
(A) Initiation Eukaryotes

AA1

UAC
7mG AUG 3’ AAAAAAAAAA……….
m - RNA
30s
40 s 18s r-RNA
Initiation
complex

127
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
(B) Elongation:- By elongation factors :- Prokaryotes – 3 factors :- EF-Tu, EF-Ts, EF-G
Eukaryotes – 2 factors :- eEF1 , eEF2

AA1 AA2 AA2

By EF-Tu, EF-Ts
and GTP
P A

50s E AUG GGG

m-RNA
5’ 3’
30s
128
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
(B) Elongation:- Formed by
Peptide bond Peptidyl transferase enzyme
(23s r-RNA :- Ribozyme)
AA1 AA2

P A

50s E AUG GGG

m-RNA
5’ 3’
30s
129
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
(B) Elongation:- AA3

AA1 AA2 AA1 AA2 AA3

Translocation by
P A EF-G and GTP P A

50s E AUG GGG UUU m-RNA AUG

50s E GGG UUU m-RNA
3’ 3’
5’ 5’
30s 30s

130
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
(B) Elongation:- AA4

AA1 AA2 AA3 AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4

P A Translocation by P A
EF-G and GTP
AU
AUG
50s E GGG UUU m-RNA G E UUU
3’ 3’
5’ 5’
30s 30s
131
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

(C) Termination :- by releasing factors :- Prokaryotes - 3 factors :- RF1, RF2, RF3)

Eukaryotes - 1 factor :- eRF

Polypeptide chain RF1 or RF2 and

AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 GTP

P A

5’ E UAA 3’
m-RNA

30s Stop codon

132
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

Factor Prokaryotes eukaryotes

Initiation factors 3 10
Elongation factors 3 2
Releasing factors 3 1

133
 TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)
1ATP 1ATP 1ATP 1ATP In a polypeptide chain to add
1GTP 2GTP 2GTP 2GTP One amino acid :-
1ATP and 2GTP required
AA1 AA2 AA3 AA4 1GTP

P A To add 25 amino acids :-

25 ATP
AU 50 GTP required
G E
3’
5’
30s

134
TRANSLATION (PROTEIN SYNTHESIS)

135
 GENE REGULATION
Constitutive genes (House-keeping genes) :-
These genes are always remain active(always ON)
Their products are constant needed for cellular activity
For this genes no needs of regulation
e.g. - Gene for glycolysis

136
 GENE REGULATION
Non-constitutive genes (Smart gene or Luxury gene) :-
ON OFF
•These genes are not always remain active(ON/OFF)
•Their products are not constant needed for cellular Gene Gene
activity
•For this genes regulation required m-RNA

Two types No
Protein
Inducible Repressible Protein

Generally ON Generally ON OFF

OFF

137