GENES AND PROTEIN SYNTHESIS

GENES

called Genes

Section
Chromosome (A C T G)
Certain sections code for particular
polypeptides (proteins)
DNA
 GENES

tRNA has specific

functions.
In this case tRNA
Codes helps carry amino
for acids around the
RNA cell.

Other examples of
Gene RNA are;
rRNA
mRNA
DNA tRNA
GENOME AND PROTEOME
 GENOME AND PROTEOME

Nucleus
Genome = genetic material in
a whole cell.
Chloroplast

Mitochondria
 GENOME AND PROTEOME

GENOME = All of the genes found in the cell PROTEOME = The full range of proteins that can

be synthesized from the genome.

Different genes code Keratin
for different proteins

DNA Hb
Collagen
CODING FOR PROTEINS
 CODING FOR PROTEINS

Gene
Encodes for protein via
mRNA build

mRNA is not part of

DNA but copy of the
DNA specific information mRNA
of DNA
 CODING FOR PROTEINS

AC TG
mRNA
Base sequence is Amino Acids (Polypeptide)
read

code
Base order = Amino acid order
 INTRODUCING
THE GENETIC CODE
 INTRODUCING
THE GENETIC CODE

Sequence of bases
encodes sequence
of amino acids

codes

Polypeptide(sequence of A.A.)
Gene (sequence of bases)
 INTRODUCING
THE GENETIC CODE

G C A It codes for
particular
Amino Acids.

codon
START AND STOP CODON
 START AND STOP CODON

AT G Codes for first

is the particular A T G Amino Acid
start codon for
methionine.

Start Codon
 START AND STOP CODON

In RNA:
Start codon on
Non - transcribed
A T G
AUG strand
In DNA In DNA Methionine

In RNA:
Stop codons
UAA UAG UGA
A T T A T C A C T
FEATURE OF GENETIC CODE
THE TRIPLET CODE
 THE TRIPLET CODE

Triplet can make

enough combination
to make the amino
acid necessary

Singlet code Duplet code Triplet code

 THE TRIPLET CODE

Singlet gives us only 4 amino acids

which is not enough as we have 20
41 = 4 Amino acids coded
naturally occurring amino acids.

42 = 16 Amino acids coded

 THE TRIPLET CODE

43 = 64 Amino acids coded

THE DEGENERATE CODE
 THE DEGENERATE CODE

Base Combinations (codon) = 64

Amino Acids = 20

G A C Asparagine G A T

CODON 1 CODON 2
THE NON-OVERLAPPING CODE
 THE NON-OVERLAPPING CODE

1st Amino acid 2nd Amino acid

1 2 3 4 5 6

Gene
 THE NON-OVERLAPPING CODE

Changing the read frame changes the codes and

proteins produced thus start codon is important.
THE UNIVERSAL CODE
THE UNIVERSAL CODE

(last universal cellular ancestor) LUCA

 INTERPRETING
THE GENETIC CODE
 INTERPRETING THE GENETIC CODE

Amino Short
Acid name

A C G

CODON

Threonine

*In book its template

strand codes given.
 INTERPRETING THE GENETIC CODE

Amino Short
Acid name

G T G

CODON

Valine