Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Figure 13.2
The Idea of A Code
• 20 amino acids
• 4 nucleotides
• How do nucleic acids
composed of 4 nucleotides
specify the synthesis of
proteins composed of 20
different amino acids?
The Coding Problem
OWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW
a
b
c
The actual reading frame is called the Open Reading Frame or ORF
Reading Frames & Mutation Types
• Frame shift mutations
– Original reading frame is frame a
– Insertions or deletions shift the reading frame
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW
a
b
c
^
ROWNDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW
a
b
c
Reading Frames & Mutations
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEDOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW
a
b
c
• Once a ribosome begins translation in a particular
frame (a) it does not shift frames
• Therefore, if a mutation shifts the reading frame in the
mRNA, the ribosome will read the wrong frame.
^
ROWANDNOWTHECATSAWTHEADOGBUTDIDNOTRUNENDSEW
a
b
c
NOW THE CAT SAW THE ADO GBU TDI DNO TRU NEN DSE W..
Deciphering the Code
• Each amino acid in a protein is specified by 3
nucleotides of codon
• Each codon specifies only ONE amimo acid
• There are 64 possible codons but only 20 amino
acids
• Degeneracy
– An amino acid can be specified by multiple codons
– A given codon still only specifies only one amino acid
Deciphering the Code: Three Approaches
• Synthesis and translation of homopolymer
RNA & ratio polymer RNA followed by
amino acid analysis
• Synthesis and translation of di, tri and tetra
nucleotide repetitive RNA polymers
followed by amino acid analysis
• Triplet RNA-tRNA binding assay and
amino acid analysis
Synthetic RNA Templates and In Vitro Translation