Performance 

Long Test 
Directions: Read each statement carefully, and then choose the letter of the correct answer.

1. Which of the following statements concerning entropy is/are CORRECT? 

1. The entropy of a substance increases when converted from a liquid to a solid. 

2. The entropy of a substance decreases as its temperature increases. 
3. All substances have positive standard molar entropies at temperatures above 0 K. 
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 2
e. 1, 2, and 3   
2. The second law of thermodynamics states that
a. In a spontaneous process, there is a net increase in entropy, taking into account both
the system and the surroundings.
b. There is no disorder in a perfect crystal at 0 K.
c. The total energy of the universe is always increasing.
d. The total energy of the universe is constant.
e. Mass and energy are conserved in all chemical reactions.
3. Predict the signs of ΔS and ΔH for the evaporation of water at 295 K.
a. ΔH = 0 and ΔS > 0
b. ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0
c. ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0
d. ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0
e. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0
4. Predict the sign of ΔS and ΔH for the combustion of gasoline at 500 K.
a. ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0
b. ΔH > 0 and ΔS = 0
c. ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0
d. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0
 e. ΔH < 0 and ΔS = 0
5. When a real gas is compressed from low pressure to a higher pressure, its temperature
increases. Predict the signs of ΔH and ΔS.
a. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0
b. ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0
c. ΔΗ > 0 ανδ ΔΣ < 0
d. ΔΗ > 0 ανδ ΔΣ > 0
e. ΔΗ < 0 ανδ ΔΣ = 0
6. All of the following statements are false for the freezing of water at 273 K EXCEPT
a. ΔH < 0.
b. ΔH > 0.
c. ΔH = 0.
d. ΔS = 0.
e. ΔS > 0.
7. The dissolution of ammonium nitrate occurs spontaneously in water at 25°C. As
NH4NO3 dissolves, the temperature of the water decreases. What are the signs
of ΔH, ΔS, and ΔG for this process?
a. ΔH > 0, ΔS < 0, ΔG > 0
b. ΔH > 0, ΔS > 0, ΔG > 0
c. ΔH > 0, ΔS > 0, ΔG < 0
d. ΔH < 0, ΔS < 0, ΔG < 0
e. ΔH < 0, ΔS > 0, ΔG > 0

8. Diluting concentrated sulfuric acid with water can be dangerous. The

temperature of the solution can increase rapidly. What are the signs of ΔH, ΔS,
and ΔG for this process?
a. ΔH < 0, ΔS > 0, ΔG < 0
b. ΔH < 0, ΔS < 0, ΔG < 0
c. ΔH < 0, ΔS > 0, ΔG > 0
d. ΔH > 0, ΔS > 0, ΔG < 0
e. ΔH > 0, ΔS < 0, ΔG > 0
9. If a chemical reaction has a negative change in entropy, ΔS, then
a. the reaction is endothermic.
b. the reaction is spontaneous.
c. the equilibrium constant is greater than 1.
d. There is an increase in the order of the system.
e. The change in Gibbs free energy, ΔG, is negative.
10. All of the following events result in an increase in entropy EXCEPT
a. The melting of candle wax.
b. The combustion of carbon.
c. The dissolution of sodium chloride in water.
d. The evaporation of ethanol.
e. The formation of N2O4 (g) from NO2 (g).
11. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
a. ΔS > 0 for systems that become more disorderly.
b. Reactions are spontaneous when ΔG < 0.
c. Reactions are spontaneous when ΔH < 0.
d. ΔH < 0 for exothermic reactions.
e. Generally, nature tends to move from more ordered to more random
states.

12. Calculate ΔS° for the following reaction,

H2 (g) + Br2 (l) → 2HBr (g)
Given S° [H2 (g)] = +131 J/mol⋅K, S° [Br2 (l)] = +152 J/mol⋅K, and S° [HBr
(g)] = +199 J/mol⋅K.
a. −84 J/K
b. +84 J/K
c. +115 J/K
d. +482 J/K
e. +681 J/K
13. Calculate ΔS° for the evaporation of water, given S° [H2O (l)] = +69.9 J/mol⋅K
and S° [H2O (g)] = +188.7 J/mol⋅K.
a. −258.6 J/K
b. −118.8 J/K
c. 0.0000 J/K
d. +118.8 J/K
e. +258.6 J/K
14. Calculate ΔS° for the following reaction,
2SO2 (g) + O2 (g) → 2SO3 (g)
Given S° [SO2 (g)] = 248.2 J/mol⋅K, S° [O2 (g)] = 205.1 J/mol⋅K, and S° [SO3
(g)] = 256.8 J/mol⋅K.
a. –196.5 J/K
b. –94.0 J/K
c. –187.9 J/K
d. +187.9 J/K
e. +196.5 J/K

15. Which of the following reactions is likely to have the most positive change in
entropy?
a. N2(g) + 3H2(g) → 2NH3(g)
b. N2(g) + 2O2(g) → 2NO2(g)
c. 2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
d. C(s) + O2(g) → CO2(g)
e. Cano(s) + CO2(g) → CaCO3(s)
16. For which of the following reactions will the entropy of the system decrease?
a. 2NH3(g) → N2(g) + 3H2(g)
b. 2C(s) + O2(g) → 2CO(g)
c. CaCO3(s) → Cano(s) + CO2(g)
d. 2NO2(g) → N2O4(g)
 e. Nao(s) → Na+(as) + OH–(as)
17. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
a. For a given material, the gas has greater entropy than the solid.
b. The entropy for gaseous elements is zero at 298 K.
c. At 0 K, an ordered pure crystalline solid has an entropy of zero.
d. For a given material, the liquid has greater entropy than the solid.
e. Increasing the temperature of a substance increases its entropy.
18. All of the following statements are true EXCEPT
a. A reaction is spontaneous if ΔG < 0.
b. If ΔG = 0, the system is at equilibrium.
c. If ΔG = 0, then ΔS = ΔH.
d. If ΔG > 0, then a reaction is not spontaneous.
e. ΔG is referred to as Gibbs free energy.

19. If a chemical reaction is exothermic, but not spontaneous, which of the

following must be true?
a. ΔG > 0, ΔS > 0 and ΔH > 0
b. ΔG < 0, ΔS > 0 and ΔH > 0
c. ΔG > 0, ΔS < 0 and ΔH > 0
d. ΔG < 0, ΔS < 0 and ΔH < 0
e. ΔG > 0, ΔS < 0 and ΔH < 0
20. If ΔG is positive at all temperatures, then which of the following statements
must be true?
a. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0
b. ΔH < 0 and ΔS = 0
c. ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0
d. ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0
e. ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0
21. If ΔG is negative at all temperatures, then which of the following statements
must be true?
a. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0
b. ΔH < 0 and ΔS = 0
c. ΔH < 0 and ΔS > 0
d. ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0
e. ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0
22. When ammonium nitrate dissolves spontaneously in water the temperature of
the solution decreases. Which statement is true for this system?
a. ΔH < 0 and ΔS < 0
b. ΔH < 0 and ΔS = 0
c. ΔH = 0 and ΔS > 0
d. ΔH > 0 and ΔS > 0
e. ΔH > 0 and ΔS < 0

23. At what temperatures will a reaction be spontaneous if ΔH° = +62.4 kJ and ΔS°
= +301 J/K?
a. All temperatures below 207 K.
b. All temperatures above 207 K.
c. Temperatures between 179 K and 235 K.
d. The reaction will be spontaneous at any temperature.
e. The reaction will never be spontaneous.
24. Which of the following are conditions for the standard Gibbs free energy?
1. Ions or molecules in solution are present at one molar concentrations.
2. Gases are present at one atmosphere partial pressure.
3. The temperature of the system is 273 K.
a. 1 only
b. 2 only
c. 3 only
d. 1 and 2
 e. 1, 2, and 3
25. What is the correct form for the Gibbs-Helmholtz equation?
a. ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
b. ΔG = ΔH + TΔS
c. ΔH = ΔG − TΔS
d. ΔS = ΔH − TΔG
e. ΔG = ΔS – TΔH

26. Calculate ΔG° for the reaction below at 25.0°C

CS2 (g) + 3Cl2(g) → S2Cl2 (g) + CCl4 (g)
Given ΔH° = –231.1 kJ and ΔS° = –287.6 J/K.
a. –518.7 kJ
b. –316.9 kJ
c. –145.3 kJ
d. –56.5 kJ
e. +56.5 kJ
27. Ammonia is synthesized from nitrogen and hydrogen gases.
N2 (g) + 3H2 (g) → 2NH3 (g)
If ΔH° = −92.2 kJ and ΔS° = −0.1987 kJ/K, at what temperature will ΔG° = 0?
a. 0.00216 K
b. 18.3 K
c. 92.0 K
d. 464 K
e. 672 K
28. Nitric oxide can be made from the reaction of oxygen and nitrogen gases.
 O2 (g) + N2 (g) → 2NO (g)
If ΔG° = 165.5 kJ, and ΔH° = 180.4 kJ, what is ΔS° at 325°C?
a. 0.0125 kJ/K
b. 0.0249 kJ/K
c. 0.0458 kJ/K
d. 0.142 kJ/K
e. 1.02 kJ/K

29. At 298 K, all of the following substances have a standard free energy of
formation of zero EXCEPT ____.
a. Br2(g)
b. I2(s)
c. S8(s)
d. Cl2(g)
e. Hg(l)
30. For the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen,
H2O2 (g) → H2O (g) + 1/2 O2 (g)
ΔH° = −106 kJ, and ΔS° = +0.0580 kJ/K. In what temperature range is the
reaction spontaneous (ΔG° < 0)?
a. The temperature must be greater than 1.83 × 103 K.
b. The temperature must be less than 1.83 × 103 K.
c. The temperature must be between 225 K and 1.83 × 103 K.
d. ΔG° is always less than zero.
e. ΔG° is never less than zero.
31. In a gas phase reaction, what is the effect of increasing reactant or product
pressure on the standard Gibbs free energy, ΔG°?
a. ΔG° increases due to decreased entropy.
b. ΔG° decreases due to decreased entropy.
c. ΔG° increases due to increased enthalpy.
 d. ΔG° may either increase or decrease.
e. ΔG° is unchanged.
32. The standard free energy change for a chemical reaction is +13.3 kJ. What is the
equilibrium constant for the reaction at 125°C? (R = 8.31 × 10−3kJ/K)
a. 2.8 × 10–6
b. 2.0 × 10–5
c. 4.7 × 10–3
d. 1.8 × 10–2
e. 2.1 × 102

33. If ΔG° = 0, then

a. K = 0.
b. K < 0.
c. K < 1.
d. K = 1.
e. K < −1.
34. For a chemical reaction, ΔG and ΔG° are equal
a. When products and reactants are in standard state concentrations.
b. When K = 0.
c. When K > 1.
d. For a system at equilibrium.
e. When the entropy change is zero.
35. J. Willard Gibbs, professor at Yale from 1871 to 1903,
a. was a researcher, experimenting with high energy reactions.
b. was a theoretician, who studied chemical thermodynamics.
c. Received no salary for the first ten years.
d. Both a and c.
e. Both b and c.