Awat Muhammad Heat Transfer Final Assestment

SEMESTER II awat muhammad 3rd stage [2019-2020]
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Faculty of Engineering
[ 1 ] ATTEMPT
Chemical Engineering Department
Course Name: Heat transfer II
Duration: 60 hours
Starting Time: 24 / 06 /2020, at 09:00 am
First Part: Problem Solving and Open Book [35 Marks]

Q1:
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CONTINUO Q1
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CONTINUO Q1
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Q2
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CONTINOU Q2
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CONTINOU Q2
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Q3
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CONTINOU Q3
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CONTINOU Q3
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CONTINUO Q3
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Q4
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CONTINOU Q4
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CONTINOU Q4
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Second Part: Report

[25 Marks]
1. Introduction
Heat exchangers are devices designed to provide the transfer of thermal energy between two or more
fluids, between solid particulates or (solid surface) and a fluid at different temperatures in a thermal
contact. Which it can be used for both cooling and heating process. Heat exchanger is an essential unit
operation that contributes to efficiency and protection of many processes. Usually there is no external
heat and work interactions in it. When the heat exchanger is mounted in a heat transfer device. A drop in
temperature is necessary for the heat transfer. The magnitude of this drop in temperature can be reduced
by using a larger heat exchanger but this will increase the heat exchanger costs. Economic considerations
are important in engineering design, and in the complete design of heat exchange equipment, it is
important not only the thermal efficiency characteristics but also the pumping power requirements and
the device economy. The role of the heat exchanger has become ever more important. recently as
engineers have turn out to be energy conscious conscious and want to optimize designs not handiest in
phrases of a thermal analysis and financial return on the investment however also in phrases of the energy
payback of system ,thus Thus monetary as well as such considerations are the availability and amount of
power and raw materials necessary to accomplish a given task, should be considered
2. Why does chemical engineer study about Heat Exchanger?
Most of the process or more simply you don’t find any process without any conversation of temperature
even for a little change there is temperature change in all the process. And if you don’t know how this
temperature change, how flows and manage the heat generation within the process, you would probably
develop unsafe conditions or no longer manage your manner at all it you will end up. In production and
control of energy % 90 of the heat energy used is transported via various types of heat exchangers Heat
exchangers are a quintessential part of Chemical Engineering. Which is used in a variety of applications
such as power production, process, chemical and food industries, electronics, environmental engineering,
waste heat recovery, manufacturing industry, air-conditioning, refrigeration, space applications.
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3. Classification of heat exchangers
3.1. Classification of heat exchangers (explain each one)
In accordance to the manners of heat transfer, heat exchangers are classified into
 Recuperators/regenerators
 Transfer processes: direct contact and indirect contact
 Geometry of construction: tubes, plates, and extended surfaces
 Heat transfer mechanisms: single phase and two phase
 Flow arrangements: parallel flows, counter flows, and cross flows
Recuperators : Is a kind of heat exchanger has separate float paths for every fluid alongside their own
passages and heat is transferred via the separating walls. the hot stream A recovers (recuperates) some of
the heat from stream B. The heat transfer occurs through a separating wall or through the interface
between the streams. And its Usually used in power engineering in order to increase the overall
efficiency of thermodynamic cycles. In a fuel turbine engine. The recuperator transfers some of the waste
heat inside the exhaust to the compressed air, hence preheating it before coming into the combustion
chamber. Many recuperators are designed as counter-flow warmth exchangers.
Regenerator: is a heat exchanger that has a single flow path in which the hot and cold fluid pass
alternatively through it. The hot fluid stores the thermal energy in the matrix; the kept energy is removed
from the matrix during the cold fluid flow through the same passage at a later time, Thus, thermal energy
is not removed through the wall. and is used to improve an energy efficiency not only in high temperature
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processes. The types are (1) rotary regenerators and (2) fixed matrix regenerators. Rotary regenerators
can be further subclassified as follows: (a) disk-type regenerators and (b) drum-type regenerators
Direct and in direct contact heat exchanger: direct contact heat transfer includes the change of heat
between two immiscible fluids via bringing them into contact at unique temperatures . in this type the
heat transfer will be done by presenting medium pressure steam into the rotation line with direct steam
nozzles, because small amount steam required no heat exchanger needed. At the same time , the heat
exchanger cleaning or repairing is eliminated. This improve heat transfer efficiency at low temperature
and its design is simple. In this type involve mass transfer in addition to heat transfer, types of direct
contact includes immiscible fluid, gas-liquid and liquid vapor exchangers.
While indirect contact heat exchanger , the streams of fluid stay separate and the heat transfers
constantly through an impervious dividing wall or into and out of wall in a manner that’s temporary So
there is no contact directly between thermally interacting fluids if it goes ideally. And it Increase energy
efficiency. The types of indirect contact heat exchanger are direct transfer type, storage type, and
fluidized bed heat exchangers
Geometry construction: heat exchangers are frequently characterized by construction features. Which
includes Direct-transfer-type heat exchangers (transmural heat exchangers). The major construction types
are tubular, plate type, extended surface and regenerative heat exchangers.
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Heat transfer mechanism: it include the heat as conduction, convection and radiatiation. Heat exchanger
equipment can also be classified according to the heat transfer mechanisms as (Single-phase convection
on both sides ,Single-phase convection on one side, two-phase convection on other side ,Two-phase
convection on both sides) In heat exchangers, such as economizers and air heaters in boilers, compressor
intercoolers, automotive radiators, regenerators, oil coolers, space heaters, etc., single-phase convection
occurs on both sides. Condensers, boilers, steam generators used in pressurized water reactors (PWR) and
power plants, evaporators, and radiators used in air conditioning and space heating include the
mechanisms of condensation, boiling, and radiation on one of the surfaces of the heat exchanger. Two-
phase heat transfer could also occur on both sides of the heat exchanger such as condensing on one side
and boiling on the other side of the heat transfer surface. However, without phase change, we may also
have a two-phase flow heat transfer mode as in the case of fluidized beds where a mixture of gas and
solid particles are transporting heat to or from a heat transfer surface.
Flow arrangement: Heat exchangers may be classified according to the fluid-flow path through the heat
exchanger,( Parallel-flow ,Counter-flow , Cross-flow). The choice of a particular flow arrangement is
dependent on the required exchanger effectiveness, available pressure drops, minimum and maximum
velocities allowed, fluid flow paths, packaging envelope, allowable thermal stresses, temperature levels,
piping and plumbing considerations, and other design criteria.
3.2. Shell and Tube Heat Exchanger (Describe each types with picture)
Shell-and-tube heat exchangers are built of round tubes hooked up in huge cylindrical shells with the tube
axis parallel to that of the shell. They are widely used as oil coolers, strength condensers, preheaters in
energy plants, steam mills in nuclear energy plants, in system applications, and in chemical industry. The
simplest form of a horizontal shell-and-tube type condenser with numerous additives is shown in
Figure .One fluid stream flows through the tubes at the same time as the opposite flows on the shell
aspect, across or alongside the tubes. In a baffled shell-and-tube heat exchanger, the shell-side move
flows throughout pairs of baffles and then
flows parallel to the tubes because it
flows from one baffle compartment to
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the next. There are wide differences among shell-and-tube warmness exchangers depending on the
application.
The most consultant tube bundle sorts utilized in shell-and-tube warmness exchangers are shown in
Figures. The most important layout goals right here are to accommodate thermal expansion, to offer ease
of cleaning, or to achieve the least high priced construction if other features are of no importance.6 In a
shell-and-tube warmness exchanger with constant tube sheets, the shell is welded to the tube sheets, and
there's no get right of entry to to the out of doors of the tube package deal for cleaning. This low-fee
choice has handiest limited thermal expansion, which can be somewhat multiplied by growth bellows.
Cleaning of the tube is easy
The U-tube is the least expensive creation because only one tube sheet is needed. The tube side can not
be cleaned through mechanical means because of the sharp U-bend. Only even wide variety of tube
passes may be accommodated, but thermal expansion is unlimited .Several designs had been developed
that allow the tube sheet to “float,”, to move with thermal enlargement. the Figure above indicates the
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classic type of pull-via floating head, which lets in tube bundle removal with minimal disassembly, as
required for heavily fouling units. The price is high. A variety of shell- and tube-aspect waft preparations
are utilized in shelland-tube warmth exchangers depending on warmness duty, pressure drop, stress level,
fouling, production techniques, price, corrosion control, and cleansing problems. The baffles are utilized
in shell-and-tube warmness exchangers to sell a better heat-switch coefficient at the shell side and to
support the tubes. Shell-and-tube warmth exchangers are designed on a custom foundation for any
potential and running conditions. This is opposite to many other varieties of heat exchangers.
3.3. Classification according to flow arrangement (Describe each types with picture)
As we talked above about the classification of flow arrangement according the types are (parallel ,
counter and cross ) flow
In parallel-flow heat exchangers, the two fluid streams enter together at one end, float via in the identical
direction, and leave together at the opposite end,As shown in figure (a). In counter-flow heat exchangers,
binary fluid streams flow in contrary directions, figure (b). In a single cross-flow heat exchanger, one
fluid flows through the heat transfer surface at right angles to the flow path of the other fluid. Cross-flow
arrangements with both fluids unmixed or one fluid mixed and the other unmixed
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Multipass cross-flow configurations can also be prepared by having the fundamental preparations in a
series. For example, in a U-tube baffled single-skip shell-and-tube warmness exchanger, one fluid
flows via the U-tube whilst the opposite fluid flows first downward after which upward, across the
flow paths of the alternative fluid circulate, that's also called cross-counter, crossparallel flow
preparations. Multipass flow preparations are often used in shell-and-tube warmth exchangers with
baffles (as both figure). The principal difference between the flow arrangements lies inside the
temperature distribution alongside the length of the heat exchanger and the relative amounts of
warmth transfer beneath given temperature specifications for unique warmness exchanger surfaces (as
may be shown later for given go with the flow and special temperatures, a counter-flow with the flow
heat exchanger requires minimum area, a parallel-waft warmth exchanger requires most area, and a
cross-flow heat exchanger requires an area in among). In the cross-float arrangement, the waft may be
known as combined or unmixed, relying at the design. Figure ( c )ndicates an arrangement wherein
each warm and cold fluids glide via person float channels with no fluid blending among adjoining
drift channels. In this case, each fluid move is stated to be unmixed. In the glide preparations shown
in Figure d, fluid 2 flows inside the tubes and is consequently now not unfastened to move within the
transverse course; fluid 2 is consequently taken into consideration unmixed, whilst fluid 1 is
unfastened to move inside the transverse route and mix itself. Consequently, this warmth exchanger is
called an unmixed–blended cross-waft heat exchanger. For extended floor warmness exchangers, it's
also
viable to have the basic cross-float preparations in a chain to form multipass arrangements as cross-
counter-waft and crossparallel go with the flow. This generally helps to boom the overall
effectiveness of the heat exchanger. In a gasketed plate warmth exchanger, it's also possible to have
extra than one bypass simply by using nicely gasketing around the parts within the plates.
4. Heat Exchanger design

Write
4.1. Prove of The mean temperature difference (∆ T m)
Consider a generic heat exchanging device. Let
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 T(h,i) and (Tc,i) be the inlet temperatures of the hot and cold streams respectively
 (Th,o)and (Tc,o) be the outlet temperatures of the hot and cold streams respectively
At some location x within the heat exchanger, a small amount of heat Dq is transferred in time from the
hot stream to the cold stream over an area dA:
Here we use the notation (x)to signify variable quantities. The reader is asked to note that dA(x)= sdx,
where sis the circumferential length available to heat transfer, is a variable. For instance, if sis constant
with x, then A = sx, which means that the area involved in heat transfer inside the heat exchanger at the
inlet, where x = 0, is zero, and that the area involved in heat transfer inside the heat exchanger increases
linearly with xto some maximum, or total, value A= AT= sLat the outlet of the heat exchanger where x =
L.
Ideally, we would like to be to able to calculate the total heat flow rate transferred within the heat
exchanger, to the temperatures at it sends, i.e. inlet and outlet, or:
Here, all quantities are now total quantitie ,added over the whole length of the heat exchanger ,denoted
with the subscript “T” Physically , we expect that the temperature difference between the hot and
cold streams inside the heat exchanger will vary through the heat exchanger, as the hot stream
cools and the cold stream heats up ,but we can try to find a “relevant” or “representative”
temperature difference between the two streams that we call the Log Mean Temperature Difference
(LMTD). Hence, we see from Eqn. 2that we need to evaluate the LMTD
We can obtain Eqn. 2by integrating Eqn. 1:
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Compare Eqns. 2 and 3:
It is evident from Eqn. 4that the LMTD is the average difference between the temperatures in the hot and
cold streams, averaged over the entire length of the heat exchanger. Eqn. 4shows us that in order to
evaluate the LMTD we will need to have an expression for the variation of the temperature
difference between the hot and cold streams.
From eq1
Adding Eqns. 5and 6:
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Hence, from Eqn. 8, the difference between the hot and cold streams decreases exponentially as we
move along x inside the heat exchanger from the inlet at x= 0to the outlet at x= L.
We can now remove the constant of integration, a. We can apply two boundary conditions, one at the
inlet and one at the outlet where the temperatures are known. For convenience we use Eqn. 7that is
otherwise equivalent to Eqn. 8:
Substituting the results in Eqns. 8, 9 and 11 into Eqn. 4:
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Finally, we can write an expression for the varying temperature difference between the hot and
cold streams inside the heat exchanger, but substituting the results in Eqns. 9 and 11 into Eqn. 8:
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This is the most generic analysis, and includes situations in which the temperature of one of the
two streams does not change.
4.2. Prove of Effectiveness-NTU method
If more than one of the inlet and outlet temperature of the heat exchanger is unknown, LMTD may be
obtained by trial and errors solution. Another approach introduce the definition of heat exchanger
effectiveness (Є), which is a dimensionless with ranging between 0 to1.
Where, qmax is the maximum possible heat transfer for the exchanger. The maximum value could be
attained if one of the fluids were to undergo a temperature change equal to the maximum temperature
difference present in the exchanger, which is the difference in theentering temperatures for the hot and
cold fluids.
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Let C = mCp
The maximum possible heat transfer when the fluid of small C undergoes the maximum temperature
difference available
For parallel flow H.E with combining the last three equations, we get two expressions for
Effectiveness
Using the following equation,
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We get
From energy balance
By using the last two equations, we obtained
he last two equations may be written as
The terms UA/Cmin is called the number of transfer units (NTU) since it is indicative of the
size of the heat exchanger,

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Note, in a boiler or condenser, Cmin/Cmax → 0 and all the heat-exchanger effectiveness relations
approach a single simple equation
4.3. Put one example includes equations obtained above.
Example: A double pipe parallel flow heat exchanger uses oil (Cp=1.88 kJ/kg*deg C) at an initial
temperature of 205 deg C to heat water flowing at 225 kg/h from 16 deg C to 44 deg C. The oil flow rate
is 270 kg/h? Determine the heat exchanger area required for an overall heat transfer coefficient of 340
W/m2*deg C (a) with NTU method and (b) via the log mean temperature difference.
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5. Conclusion
Firstly I have learned that heat exchangers are very essential in the areas of chemical engineering , which
used mostly in all the process and industries . The type and size of heat exchangers used may be tailored
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to suit a process relying on the form of fluid, its phase, temperature, density, viscosity, pressures,
chemical composition and various other thermodynamic properties Choosing the proper heat exchanger
requires some e knowledge of the various types of heat exchanger , in addition to the surroundings
wherein the unit should operate. Typically in the manufacturing industry, several exclusive styles of heat
exchangers are used for simply one system or machine to derive the very last product. With sufficient
knowledge ofheat exchanger sorts and operating requirements, the perfect selection can be made to
optimize the method. The numerous heat exchangers used had been shell and tube heat exchanger, cross
flow plate fin heat exchanger, spiral heat exchanger and plate type heat exchanger . It was determined in
all the cases that the counter flow pattern had higher performance and effectiveness as compared to
parallel drift pattern.
6. Reference
 Marto, P. J., Heat transfer in condensation, in Boilers, Evaporators and Condensers, Kakaç S.,
Ed., John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1991.
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 Marto, P. J., Fundamentals of condensation, in Two-Phase Flow Heat Exchangers: Thermal-
Hydraulic Fundamentals and Design, Kakaç, S., Bergles, A. E., and Fernandes, E. O., Eds.,
Kluwer, The Netherlands, 1988, 221
 Gulley, D., Troubleshooting shell and tube heat exchangers, Hydrocarb. Process., 75(9), 91–98
(1996).
 Emerson, W. H., The application of a digital computer to the design of surface condenser, Chem.
Eng., 228(5), 178, 1969.
Head of Department: Dr. Arkan Jasim Hadi Signature:
Page 31 of 31

Awat Muhammad Heat Transfer Final Assestment

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Awat Muhammad Heat Transfer Final Assestment

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SEMESTER II awat muhammad 3rd stage [2019-2020]

Course Name: Heat transfer II

Starting Time: 24 / 06 /2020, at 09:00 am

First Part: Problem Solving and Open Book [35 Marks]

Second Part: Report

2. Why does chemical engineer study about Heat Exchanger?

3. Classification of heat exchangers

3.1. Classification of heat exchangers (explain each one)

4. Heat Exchanger design

Consider a generic heat exchanging device. Let

We can obtain Eqn. 2by integrating Eqn. 1:

Compare Eqns. 2 and 3:

Adding Eqns. 5and 6:

Substituting the results in Eqns. 8, 9 and 11 into Eqn. 4:

4.2. Prove of Effectiveness-NTU method

Using the following equation,

From energy balance

By using the last two equations, we obtained

he last two equations may be written as

size of the heat exchanger,

4.3. Put one example includes equations obtained above.

Head of Department: Dr. Arkan Jasim Hadi Signature:

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