THEORIES

OF
PERSONALITY
Sigmund Freud
 PERSONALITY

ID-pleasure

EGO-reality

SUPEREGO-conscience
 Conscious-within individual’s awareness

AWARENESS Preconscious-memories that can be recalled

Unconscious-memories that are repressed

 Unconscious mind
PSYCHOANALYTICAL

Childhood experience

Defense mechanisms
Repression-unconscious and
Involuntary forgetting of painful
events, ideas, events and conflicts

Suppression-conscious-exclusion
from awareness anxiety producing
feelings
Sublimation-consciuosly or unconsciously
channeling instinctual drives into acceptable
activities
Identification-attempt to model oneself
after a respected person
• Compensation-consciously
covering up for a weakness by
making up a desirable trait
• Intellectualization-using logical
explanations without feelings
Displacement-unconsciuosly discharging pent-
up emotion to a less threatening object

Rationalization-attempt to prove that one’s

feelings or behaviors are justifiable

Conversion-unconscious expression of
intrapsychic conflict symbolically through
physical symptoms
Symbolization-representing an idea or
object by a substitute object

Reaction Formation-conscious behavior

that is exact opposite of an unconscious
feeling
Regression-unconscious return to an
earlier and comfortable developmental
level

Introjection-unconsciously incorporating
values and attitudes of others as if your
own
Projection-unconsciously blaming
someone else for one’s difficulties
Undoing-consciously doing something
to counter act or make up for a
wrongdoing
• Denial- unconscious refusal to admit
unacceptable behavior
• Dissociation-unconscious separation
of painful feelings and emotions from
an unacceptable idea or situation
Management:

Free association

Dream analysis
 PSYCHOSOCIAL

TRUST vs. MISTRUST

AUTONOMY vs. SHAME & DOUBT

INITIATIVE vs. GUILT

INDUSTRY vs. INFERIORITY

IDENTITY vs. ROLE CONFUSION

INTIMACY vs. ISOLATION

GENERATIVITY vs. STAGNATION

INTEGRITY vs. DESPAIR

 Erik Erikson

I. Trust vs. Mistrust

• Those who develop trust
-Realistic trust to self and others
-confidence in others
-Optimism and hope
-sharing openly
 Not able to accomplish task

-suspicious
-fear of criticism
-denial of problem
-withdrawal from others
-overly trusting
-naïve and gullible
 II.Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

-self-control and will power

-cooperativeness
-knows give and take
-pride and sense of goodwill
 Not able to accomplish task

-self-doubt
-dependence on others
-ritualistic behavior
-excessive independence
-impulsive
-defiance,grandiosity
 III. Initiative vs. guilt

-adequate conscience
-appropriate social behaviors
-healthy competitiveness
-purposeful activities
 Not able to accomplish task

-excessive guilt
-passivity and apathy
-reluctance to show emotions
-labile emotions
-multiple incomplete projects
-showing off
 IV.Industry vs. Inferiority

-sense of competence
-sense of direction
-balance of work and play
-completion of projects
 Not able to accomplish task

-feeling unworthy
-poor work history
-manipulation of others
-perfectionist
-violation of others rights
-workaholic
 V.Identity vs. Role diffusion

-confident sense of self

-emotional stability
-establishing relationship with opposite sex
-development of personal values
 Not able to accomplish task

-feeling of confusion, indecision

-overconfidence
-acting out behaviors
-seductive or “macho” behaviors
-superficial rel with opposite sex
 VI. Intimacy vs. isolation

-ability to give and receive love

-commitment with others
-responsible sexual behaviors
 Not able to accomplish task

-aloneness or isolation
-emotional distance
-prejudices
-possessiveness, jealousy, abusive
-dependency on partner
 VII. Generativity vs. stagnation

-productive
-constructive
-personal and professional growth
 Not able to accomplish task

-self-centeredness
-lack of interest in the welfare of others
-loss of interest in marriage, extra marital affairs
-taking care of others
 VIII. Integrity vs. despair

-feelings of self-acceptance
-sense of dignity
-sharing of wisdom
-valuing one’s life
 Not able to accomplish task

-regression
-withdrawal and loneliness
-focusing on past mistakes and failure
-feeling indespensable